Stem cells today: B1. Bone marrow stem cells

Reproductive BioMedicine Online

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 541-583

  Edwards, R G ^a  

^a Dry Drayton   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Clinical value; Embryology and genetics; Haemopoietic stem cells; History; Mesenchymal stem cells

Indexed keywords

CD34 ANTIGEN; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6;

ADIPOCYTE; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CELL FUSION; CELL LINE; CELL MATURATION; CELL POPULATION; CELL SUBPOPULATION; CLASSIFICATION; COLONY FORMING UNIT F; COLONY FORMING UNIT M; COLONY FORMING UNIT S; EMBRYO; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EPIGENETICS; EPITHELIOID CELL; FIBROBLAST; GENE INSERTION; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; LYMPHOCYTE HOMING; MESENCHYME CELL; MYOBLAST; NONHUMAN; OSTEOBLAST; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SOMATIC CELL GENETICS; TISSUE GRAFT;

EID: 8744246241     PISSN: 14726483     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61639-2     Document Type: Review

References (195)

1. Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C et al. 2003 Essential role for endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilisation of stem and progenitor cells. Nature Medicine 9, 1370-1376.
2. Alison MR, Poulsom R, Jeffery R et al. 2000 Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells. Nature 406, 257.
3. Anasetti C, Petersdorf EW, MartinPJ et al. 2001 Trends in transplantation of haemopoietic stem cells from unrelated donors. Current Opinion in Haematology 8, 337-341.
4. Anderson DI, Gage FH, Weissman IL 2001 Can stem cells cross lineage boundaries? Nature Medicine 7, 393-395.
5. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A et al. 1997 Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275, 964-967.
6. Asakura A, Seale P, Girgis-Gabardo A, Rudnicki MA 2002 Myogenic specification of side population cells in skeletal muscle. Journal of Cell Biology 159, 123-134.
7. Aubert J, Dunstan H, Chambers I, Smith A 2004 Functional gene screening in embryonic stem cells implicates Wnt antagonism in neural differentiation. Nature Biotechnology 20, 1240-1245.
8. Azizi SA, Stokes D, Augelli BT et al. 1998 Engraftment and migration of human bone marrow stromal cells implanted in the brains of albino rats - similarities to astrocyte grafts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95, 3908-3913.
9. Bailey AS, Jiang S, Afentoulis M et al. 2004 Transplanted adult haemopoietic stem cells differentiate into functional endothelial cells. Blood 103, 13-19.
10. Bermúdez MG, Wells D, Malter H et al. 2004 Expression profiles of individual human oocytes using microarray technology. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 8, 325-327.
11. Bhatia M, Wang JC, Kapp U et al. 1997 Preparation of primitive human haemopoietic cells capable of repopulating immune-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94, 5320-5325.
12. Bhatia M, Bonnet D, Murdoch B et al. 1998 A newly discovered class of human haemopoietic cells with SCID-repopulating activity. Nature Medicine 4, 1038-1045.
13. Bianco P, Robey PG 2000 Marrow stromal stem cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 105, 1663-1668.
14. Bianco P, Riminveci M, Gronthos S, Robey PG 2000 Bone marrow stromal cells: nature, biology and potential applications. Stem Cells 19, 180-192.
15. Bittner RE, Schöfer C, Weipoltshammer K et al. 1999 Recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells by skeletal and cardiac muscle in adult dystrophic mdx mice. Anatomy and Embryology 199, 391-396.
16. Blau HM, Brazelton TR, Weimann JM 2001 The evolving concept of a stem cell: entity or function? Cell 105, 829-841.
17. Brazelton TR, Rossi FMV, Keshet GI, Blau HM 2000 From marrow to brain: expression of neuronal phenotypes in adult mice. Science 290, 1775-1779.
18. Buehr M, Smith A 2003 Genesis of embryonic stem cells. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 358, 1363-1370.
19. Byrd N, Beckeer S, Maaye P et al. 2002 Hedgehog is required for marine yolk sac angiogenesis. Development 129, 361-372.
20. Camargo FD, Green R, Capetenati Y et al. 2003 Single haemopoietic stem cells generate skeletal muscle through myeloid intermediates. Nature Medicine 9, 1520-1527.
21. Caplan AI 1991 Mesenchyme stem cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 9, 641-650.
22. Ceradini DJ, Kutkarni AR, Callaghan MJ et al. 2004 Progenitor trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 and SDF-1. Nature Medicine 10, 858-864.
23. Celis JE (ed.) 1998 Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook Academic Press, New York.
24. Chen C-Z, Li L, Lodish HF, Bartel DP 2004 MicroRNAs modulate haemopoietic lineage differentiation. Science 303, 83-86.
25. Chen J, Li Y, Wang L et al. 2001 Therapeutic benefit of intracerebral transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells after cerebral ischaemia in rats. Neurological Science 189, 49-57.
26. Cheng J, Baumhueter S, Gacalano K et al. 1996 Haematopoietic defects in mice lacking the sialomucin CD34. Blood 87, 479-490.
27. Chute JP, Saini AA, Chute DJ et al. 2002 Ex vivo culture with human brain endothelial cells increases the SCID-repopulating capacity of adult human bone marrow. Blood 100 4433-4439.
28. Civin CI, Strauss LC, Brovall C et al. 1984 Antigenic analysis of haematopoiesis. III. A haemopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-1a cells. Journal of Immunology 133, 157-167.
29. Civin CI, Trischmann TH, Fackler MJ et al. 1990 Summary of CD34 cluster workshop section. In: Knapp W et al. (eds) Leucocyte Typing IV. Oxford University Press, UK, p. 818.
30. Civin CI, Almeida-Porada G, Lee M et al. 1996 Sustained, retransplantable, multilineage engraftment of highly purified adult bone marrow stem cells in vivo. Blood 88, 4102-4109.
31. Clarke DL, Johansson CB, Wilberz J et al. 2000 Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells. Science 288 1660-1663.
32. Cole R, Edwards RG, Paul J 1966 Cytodifferentiation and embryogenesis in cell colonies and tissue cultures derived from ova and blastocysts of the rabbit. Developmental Biology 13, 285-407.
33. Conheim J 1867 Original reference in Acta Path. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 40, i.
34. Corbel SY, Lee A, Yi L et al. 2003 Contribution of haemopoietic stem cells to skeletal muscle. Nature Medicine 9 1528-1532.
35. Corti S, Strazzer S, Bo RD et al. 2002 A subpopulation of murine bone marrow cells fully differentiates in muscle repair in the mdx dystrophic mouse. Experimental Cell Research 277, 74-85
36. Couzen J, Vogel G 2004 Renovating the heart. Science, 304, 192-194.
37. Davis BM, Humeau L, Slepushkin V et al. 2004 ABC transporter inhibitors that are substrates enhance lentiviral vector transduction into primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 104, 364-373.
38. Dennis S 2003 Take a cell, any cell.... Nature 426 490.
39. Dexter TM, Allen TD, Lajtha LG 1977 Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro. Journal of Cellular Physiology 91, 335-344.
40. Dorshkind K 1990 Regulation of haematopoiesis by bone marrow stromal cells and their products. Annual Review of Immunology 8 111-137.
41. Edwards RG 1980 Conception in the Human Female. Academic Press, New York.
42. Edwards RG 1982 The case for studying human embryos and their constituent tissues in vitro. In: Edwards RG, Purdy JM (eds) Human Conception In Vitro. Academic Press, New York, pp 371-388.
43. Edwards RG (ed.) 1992 Fetal Tissue Transplants in Medicine.. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
44. Edwards RG 2004 Stem cells today: A. Origin and potential of embryo stem cells. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 8, 275-306.
45. Edwards RG, Surani MAH 1978 The primate blastocyst and its environment. Uppsala Journal of Medicine 522, 39-50.
46. Eglitis MA, Mezey E 1997 Haematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94, 4080-4085.
47. Elder M, Golbus MS, Cowan MJ 1992 Ontogeny of T- and B-cell immunity. In: Edwards RG (ed.) Fetal Tissue Transplants in Medicine Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 87-128.
48. Engstrom M, Karlsson R, Jonsson JI 2003 Inactivation of the forkhead transcription factor FoxO3 is essential for PKB-mediated survival of haemopoietic progenitor cells by kit ligand. Experimental Haematology 31, 316-323.
49. Evans T, Felsenfield G 1989 The erythroid-specific transcription factor Eryf1: a new finger protein. Cell 58, 877-885.
50. Ferrari G, Cusella-De Angelis G, Coletta M et al. 1998 Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors. Science 279, 1528-1530.
51. Ferrari G, Stomaiuolo A, Mavilio F et al. 2001 Failure to correct murine muscular dystrophy. Nature 411, 1014-1015.
52. Flamme I, Risau W 1992 Induction of vasculogenesis and haematopoiesis in vitro. Development 116, 435-439.
53. Ford CE, Hamerton JL, Barnes DWT, Loutit JF 1956 Cytological identification of radiation chimaeras. Nature 177, 452.
54. Frassoni F, Podestà M, Maccario R et al. 2002 Cord blood transplantation provides better reconstitution of hematopoietic reservoir compared with bone marrow transplantation. Blood 102 1138-1141.
55. Friedenstein AJ, Gorskaja UF, Kulagina NN 1970 Fibrobast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse haemopoietic organs. Experimental Haematology 4, 267-274.
56. Friedenstein AT, Chailakhjan RK, Lalynka KS 1979 The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells. Cell and Tissue Kinetics 3, 393-403.
57. Fuchs E, Segre JA 2000 Stem cells: a new lease on life. Cell 100, 143-155.
58. Gage FH, Coates PW, Plamer TO et al. 1995 Survival and differentiation of adult neuronal progenitors transplanted to the adult brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Washington 92, 11,879-11,883.
59. Gardner RL 1968 Mouse chimaeras obtained by the injection of cells into the blastocyst. Nature 220, 596-597.
60. Geiger H, Sick S, Bonifer C, Müller AM 1998 Globin gene expression is reprogrammed in chimaeras generated by injecting adult haemopoietic stem cells into mouse blastocysts. Cell 93, 1055-1065.
61. Goodell MA 2003 Stem-cell 'plasticity': befuddled by the muddle. Current Opinion in Hematology 10, 208-213.
62. + antigen exist in multiple species. Nature Medicine 3, 1337-1345.
63. Goodell MA, Brose K, Paradis G et al. 1996b Isolation and functional properties of marine haemopoietic stem cells that are replicating in vitro. Journal of Experimental Medicine 183, 1797-1806.
64. Graham GJ, Wright EG 1997 Haemopoietic stem cells: their heterogeneity and regulation. International Journal of Experimental Pathology 78, 197-218.
65. Griffith LG, Naughton G 2002 Tissue engineering - current challenge and expanding opportunities. Science 295, 1009-1014.
66. Gronthos S, Zannettino AC, Hay SJ et al. 2003 Molecular and cellular characterisation of highly purified stromal stem cells derived from human bone marrow. Journal of Cell Science 116, 1827-1835.
67. Gussoni E, Soneoka Y, Strickland CD et al. 1999 Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation. Nature 401 390-394.
68. Gussoni E, Bennett RR, Muskievicz KR et al. 2002 Long-term persistence of donor nuclei in a Duchennes muscular dystrophy patient receiving bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, 807-814.
69. Hamatani T, Carter MG, Sharov AA, Ko MSH 2004 Dynamics of global gene expression changed during mouse preimplantation development. Developmental Cell 6, 117-131.
70. Hanazono Y, Asano T, Ueda Y, Ozawa K 2003 Genetic manipulation of primate embryonic and haemopoietic stem cells with simian lentivirus vectors. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 13, 106-110.
71. Hansis C, Edwards RG 2002 Cell differentiation in the preimplantation human embryo. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 6 215-220.
72. Hansis C, Grifo JA, Tang YX et al. 2002 Assessment of β-HCG, β-LH mRNA and ploidy in individual human blastomeres. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 5, 156-161.
73. - cells in cord blood and bone marrow. Blood 86, 3,745-3,753.
74. Hao HN, Zhao J, Thomas RL et al. 2003 Fetal human haemopoietic stem cells can differentiate sequentially into neural stem cells and then astrocytes in vitro. Journal of Hematotherapy and Stem Cell Research 12, 23-32.
75. Hatzopoulos AK, Folkman J, Vasile E et al. 1998 Isolation and characterization of endothelial progenitor cells from mouse embryos. Development 125, 1457-1468.
76. + cells into the myeloid lineage. Blood 80, 1405-1412.
77. Hidaka M, Stanford WL, Berstein B 1999 Conditional requirement for the Flk-1 receptor in the in vitro generation of early haematopoietic cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, 7370-7375.
78. Hirsch E, Iglesias A, Potocnik AJ 1996 Impaired migration but not differentiation of haemopoietic stem cells in the absence of β1 integrins. Nature 380, 171-175.
79. Hollands P 1987 Differentiation and grafting of haemopoietic stem cells from early postimplantation mouse fetuses. Development 99, 69-76.
80. Hollands P 1988 Differentiation of embryonic haemopoietic stem cells from mouse blastocysts grown in vitro. Development 102, 135-141.
81. Hollands P 1997 Comparative stem cell biology. International Journal of Developmental Biology 41, 245-254.
82. Horwitz EM, Prockop DF, Fitzpatrick LA et al. 1999 Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Nature Medicine 5, 309-317.
83. Humpherys D, Eggan K, Akatsu H 2001 Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice. Science 293, 95-97.
84. Huynh KD, Lee JT 2003 Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos. Nature 426, 857-862.
85. International HapMap Consortium 2003 The International HapMap project. Nature 426, 789-796.
86. Ivanova NB, Dimos JT, Schammel C et al. 2003 A stem cell molecular signature. Science 298, 601-604.
87. Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL et al. 2002 Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult bone marrow. Nature 418, 41-49.
88. Johnson RT, Rao PN 1970 Mammalian cell fusion: induction of premature chromosome condensation in interphase nuclei. Nature 226, 717-722.
89. Jones RJ, Caleno P, Sharkis SJ, Sensenbrenener LL 1989 The phases of engraftment established by serial bone marrow transplantation in mice. Blood 73, 397-401.
90. Kahn J 2001 Designer babies - are they a reality yet? A reply. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2, 5.
91. Kang H-J, Kim H-S, Zhang S-Y et al. 2004 Effects of intracoronary infusion of peripheal blood stem-cells mobilised with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on left ventricular systolic function and restenosis after coronary stenting in myocardial infarction: the MAGIC cell-randomised clinical trial. Lancet 363, 751.
92. Keller GM 1995 In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 7, 862-869.
93. Khosla S, Dean W, Brown D, Feil R 2001 Culture of preimplantation mouse embryos affects fetal development and the expression of imprinted genes. Biology of Reproduction 64, 918-926.
94. Kögler G, Sensken S, Airey JA et al. 2004 A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent developmental potential. Journal of Experimental Medicine 200, 123-135.
95. Kopen GC, Prokop DJ. Phinney DG 1999 Marrow stromal cells migrate through forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after insertion into neonatal mouse brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 10711-10716.
96. Körbling M, Katz RL, Khanna MA et al. 2002 Hepatocytes and epithelial cells of donor origin in recipients of peripheral-blood stem cells. New England Journal of Medicine 346 738-746.
97. Krause DS, Ho T, Fackler MJ et al. 1994 Characterisation of mouse CD34, a marker for hemopoietic progenitors and stem cells. Blood 84, 691-701.
98. Krause DS, Theise ND, Collector MI et al. 2001 Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone-marrow-derived stem cell. Cell 105, 369-377.
99. Kronenweft R, Martin S, Hass R 2000 The role of cytokines and adhesion molecules for mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells. Stem Cells 18, 320-330.
100. La Barge MA, Blau HM 2003 Biological progression from adult bone marrow to mononucleate muscle stem cell to multinucleate muscle fiber in response to injury. Cell 111, 589-601.
101. Lagasse E, Connors H, Al-Dhalimy M et al. 2000 Purified haematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vitro. Nature Medicine 6, 1229-1234.
102. Lajtha LG 1979 Haemopoietic stem cells concepts and definitions. Blood Cells 5, 447-455.
103. Lee H, Habas R, Abate-Shen C 2004 Msx1 co-operates with histone H1b for inhibition of transcription and myogenesis. Science 304, 1675-1678.
104. Lemischka IR, Raulet DH, Mulligan RC 1986 Developmental potential and dynamic behaviour of haemopoietic stem cells. Cell 45, 917-927.
105. Lorenz E, Uphoff DE, Reid TR, Shelton E 1951 Modification of irradiation injury in mice and guinea pigs by bone marrow injection. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 12, 197-201.
106. Macek M, Huyych J, Smetana K 2001 Rediscovery of mesenchye cells in human fetal blood. In: Early Prenatal Diagnosis, Fetal Cells and DNA in the Mother: Present State and Perspectives. 12th Fetal Cell Workshop, Prague, May, pp. 96-112.
107. McKay R 1997 Stem cells in the central nervous system. Science 276, 66.
108. Matsubara H 2004 Risk to the coronary arteries of intracoronary stem cell infusion and G-CSF cytokine therapy. Lancet 363, 746-747.
109. Maximov AA 1924 Relation of blood cells to connective tissue and endothelium. Physiological Reviews 4, 533-563.
110. Maximov AA 1925 Tissue Cultures of Young Mammalian Embryos. Contributions to Embryology. Carnegie Institute, Washington, 16, 47-113.
111. Mezey E, Chandross KJ, Harta G et al. 2000 Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science 290, 1779-1782.
112. Milhem M, Mahmud N, Lavelle D et al. 2004 Modification of haemopoietic stem cells by 5aza 2′ deoxycytidine and trichostatin A. Blood 103, 4102-4110.
113. Moore MA, Metcalf D 1970 Ontogeny of the haemopoietic system: Yolk sac origin of in vivo and in vitro colony forming cells in the developing mouse embryo. British Journal of Haematology 18, 279-296.
114. Morley M, Moloney CM, Weber TM et al. 2004 Genetic analysis of genome-wide variations in human gene expression. Nature 430, 743-747.
115. - haemopoietic cells. Blood 94, 4053-4059.
116. Niwa H, Miyazaki J, Smith AG 2000 Quantitative expression of Oct3/4 defines differentiation, differentiation or self renewal of ES cells. Nature Genetics 24, 372-376.
117. Nygren JM, Jovinge S, Breitbach M et al. 2004 Bone marrow-derived hemopoietic cells egenerate cardiomyocytes at low frequency through cell fusion but not transdifferentiation. Nature Medicine 10, 494-501.
118. Odorico JS, Kaufman DS, Thomson JA 2002 Multilineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cells 19, 193-204.
119. Ogawa M 1993 Differentiation and proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells. Blood 81, 2844-2849.
120. Ooi J, Iseki T, Takahashi S et al. 2004 Unrelated cord blood transplantation for adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 103, 489-491.
121. Opferman JT, Letai A, Beard C et al. 2003 Development and maintenance of B and T lymphocytes requires anti-apoptic Mcl-1. Nature 426, 671-676.
122. Orkin SH 1998 Embryonic stem cells and transgenic mice in the study of haematopoiesis. International Journal of Developmental Biology 42, 927-934.
123. Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S et al. 2001 Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 410, 701-705.
124. - low /negative haemopoietic stem cell. Science 273, 242-245.
125. Owen M, Friedenstein HJ 1988 Marrow stromal stem cells. Journal of Cell Science 10 (suppl.), 63-76.
126. Palmer TD, Markakis EA, Willhoite AR et al. 1999 Fibroblast growth factor 2 activates a latent neurogenic program in neural stem cells from diverse regions of the adult CNS. Journal of Neuroscience 19, 8,487-8,497.
127. Pearson H 2002 Articles of faith unadulterated. Nature 420, 734.
128. Pereira RF, Halford KW, O'Hara MD et al. 1995 Cultured adherent cells from marrow can serve as long-lasting precursor cells for bone, cartilage and lung in irradiated mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 92, 4857-4861.
129. Periera RF, O'Hara MD, Laptev AV et al. 1998 Marrow stromal cells as a source of progenitor cells for nonhaemopoetic tissues in transgeniC mice with a phenotype of osteogenesis imperfecta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95, 1142-1147.
130. Persons DA, Allay ER, Sawai N et al. 2003 Successful treatment of murine beta-thalassemia using in vivo selection of genetically modified, drug-resistant hematopoietic cells. Blood 102, 506-513.
131. Petersen BE, Bowen WC, Patrene KD et al. 1999 Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 284 1168-170.
132. Pevny L, Simon MC, Robertson E et al. 1991 Erythroid differentiation in chimaeric mice blocked by a targetted mutation in the gene for transcription factor GATA-1. Nature 349, 257-260.
133. Piersma AH, Ploemacher RE, Brockbank KGM 1983 Transplantation of bone marrow fibroblastoid stromal cells in mice via the intravenous route. British Journal of Haematology 54, 285-290.
134. Pittenger ME, Mackay AM, Beck SC et al. 1999 Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284, 143-147.
135. Podestà M 2001 Transplantation haematopoiesis. Current Topics in Haematology 8, 331-336.
136. + adult stem cells during muscle regeneration. Cell 113, 841-852.
137. Priller J, Flugel T, Wehner T et al. 2001 Targeting gene-modified haemopoietic cells to the central neuron system: use of green fluorescent protein uncovers microglial engraftment. Nature Medicine 7, 1356-1360.
138. Prockop DJ 1997 Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhaematopoietic tissues. Science 276, 71-74.
139. Ramalho-Santos M, Yoon S, Matsuzaki Y et al. 2002 'Stemness': transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells. Science 298, 597-600.
140. Rechitsky S, Kuliev A, Tur-Kaspa I 2004 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis with HLA matching. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 9, 210-221.
141. Reya T et al. 2003 A role for Wnt signalling in self renewal of haemopoietic stem cells. Nature 423, 409-414.
142. Reyes M, Lund T, Lenvik T et al. 2001 Purification and ex vivo expansion of postnatal human marrow mesodermal progenitor cells. Blood 98, 2615-2625.
143. Reyes M, Dudek A, Jahagirdar B et al. 2002 Origin of endothelial progenitors in human post-natal bone marrow. Journal of Clinical Investigation 109, 337-346.
144. Rideout WM III, Hochedlinger K, Kyba M et al. 2002 Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy. Cell 109, 17-27.
145. Risau W, Sariola H, Zenzes H-G et al. 1988 Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic stem-cell derived embryoid bodies. Development 102, 471-478.
146. Saitou M, Barton SC, Surani MA 2002 A molecular programme for the specification of germ cell fate in mice. Nature 418, 293-300.
147. Salooja N, Szydio RM, Socie G et al. 2001 Pregnancy outcomes after peripheral blood or bone marrow transplantation. Lancet 358, 271-275.
148. Sauer H, Dunnett SB, Brundin P 1992 The biology of fetal brain tissue grafts: from mouse to man. In: Edwards RG (ed.) Fetal Tissue Transplants in Medicine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 177-214.
149. Schipper LF, Brand A, Reniers N et al. 2003 Differential maturation of megakaryocyte progenitor cells from cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood. Experimental Haematology 31, 324-330.
150. Schöler HR, Hatzopoulos AK, Balling R et al. 1989 A family of octamer-specific binding proteins present during during mouse embryogenesis: evidence for germline-specific expression of an Oct factor. EMBO Journal 8, 2543-2550.
151. -/- embryonic stem cells and embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 2159-2164.
152. Schwartz RE, Reyes M, Koodie L et al. 2002 Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 109, 1291-1302.
153. Sharov AA, Piao Y, Matoba R et al. 2004 Transcriptome analysis of mouse stem cells and early embryos. Public Library of Science 1, 410-419.
154. Smith LG, Weissman IL, Heimfeld S 1991 Clonal analysis of haemopoietic stem-cell differentiation in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88 2788-2792.
155. Spangrude GJ, Heimfeld S, Weissman IL 1988 Identification and characterisation of mouse haemopoietic stem cells. Science 241 58-62.
156. Suzuki A, Andrew DP, Gonzalo J-P et al. 1996 CD34-deficient mice have reduced eosinophil accumulation after allogen exposure and show a novel cross-reactive 90-kD protein. Blood 87 3550-3562.
157. Tada M, Tada T, Lefebvre L et al. 1997 Embryonic germ cells induce epigenctic reprogramming of somatic nucleus in hybrid cells. EMBO Journal 16, 6510-6520.
158. Tada M, Takahama Y, Abe K et al. 1998 Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells by in vitro hybridization with ES cells. Current Biology 11, 1553-1558.
159. Terada N, Hamazaki T, Oka M et al. 2002 Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous fusion. Nature 416, 542-545.
160. Theise ND, Nimmakayalu M, Gardner R et al. 2000 Liver from bone marrow in human. Hepatology 32, 11-16.
161. Till JE, McCulloch EA 1961 A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells. Radiation Research 14, 213-222.
162. Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS et al. 2002 Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 105, 93-98.
163. Tomita C, Li R-K, Weisel RD et al. 1999 Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function. Circulation 100, II247-II256.
164. Touraine J-L 1992 Transplantation of fetal haemopoietic and lymphopoietic cells in humans, with special reference to in utero transplantation. In: Edwards RG (ed.) Fetal Tissue Transplants in Medicine. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 155-176.
165. Tran SD, Pillemer SR, Dutra A et al. 2003 Differentiation of human bone marrow-derived cells into buccal epithelial cells: a molecular analytical study. Lancet 361, 1084-1088.
166. Tsai F-Y, Browne CP, Orkin SH 1998 Knock-in mutation of transcription factor GATA-3 into the GATA-1 locus: partial rescue of GATA-1 loss of function in erythroid cells. Developmental Biology 196, 218-227.
167. Uphoff D 1958 Preclusion of secondary phase of irradiation syndrome by inoculation of foetal haemopoietic, tissue following lethal total body X irradiation. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 20, 625-632.
168. Vassilopoulos G, Wang P-R, Russell DW 2003 Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion. Nature 422, 901-904.
169. Verfaille CM et al. 2002 Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. See Jiang et al. 2002.
170. Verlinsky Y, Rechitsky S, Schoolcraft W et al. 2000 Case report: simultaneous preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Fanconi anaemia and HLA typing for cord blood transplantation. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 1, 31.
171. Verlinsky Y, Rechitsky S, Schoolcraft W et al. 2001 Preimplantation diagnosis for Fanconi anaemia combined with HLA matching. Journal of the American Medical Association 285, 3130-3133.
172. Verlinsky Y, Rechitsky S, Shaparova T et al. 2004 Preimplantation HLA testing. Journal of the American Medical Association 291, 2079-2085.
173. Wagers AJ, Sherwood RI, Christensen JL, Weissman IL 2002 Little evidence for developmental plasticity of adult haemopoietic stem cells. Science 297, 2256-3259.
174. Wakitani S, Saito T, Caplan A et al. 1995 Myogenic cells can be derived from rat bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells exposed to 5-azacytidine. Muscle Nerve 18, 1417-1426.
175. Wang JCY, Doedans M, Dick JE 1997 Primitive human haemopoietic cells are enriched in cord blood compared with adult bone marrow or mobilised peripheral blood as measured by the quantitative SCIP-repopulating assay. Blood 89, 3919-3924.
176. Wang X, Willenbring H, Akkari Y et al. 2003 Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow derived hepatocytes. Nature 422, 897-901.
177. Weiss S, Dunne C, Hewson I et al. 1996 Multipotent CNS stem cells are present in the adult mammalian spinal cord and ventricular neurones. Journal of Neuroscience 16, 7599-7609.
178. Weissman IL 1994 Stem cells, clonal progenitors and commitment to the three lymphocyte lineages. Immunity 1, 529-531.
179. Wells WA 2002 Is transdifferentiation in trouble? Journal of Cell Biology 157, 15-18.
180. Westerman KA, Leboulch P 1996 Reversible immortalisation of mammalian cells by retroviral transfer and site-specific recombination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93 8971-8976.
181. Wexler SA, Donaldson C, Denning-Kendall P et al. 2003 Adult bone marrow is a rich source of human mesenchymal 'stem' cells but umbilical cord and mobilized adult blood are not. British Journal of Haematology 121, 368-374.
182. Whetton AD, Graham GT 1999 Homing and mobilization in the stem cell nuclei. Trends in Cell Biology 9, 233-238.
183. Whitlock CA, Witte ON 1982 Long-term culture of B lymphocytes and their precursors from murine bone marrow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 79, 3608-3612.
184. Williams DA, Lemischka IR, Nathan DG, Mulligan RC 1984 Introduction of new genetic material into pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells of the mouse. Nature 310, 476-480.
185. Williams RL, Hilton DJ, Pease S et al. 1988 Myeloid leukemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryo stem cells. Nature 336, 684-690.
186. Wong L 1992 The procurement of human fetal tissues for clinical transplantation. Practice and problems. In: Edwards RG (ed.) Fetal Tissue Transplants in Medicine. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 129-153.
187. Woodbury D, Schwarz EJ, Prockup DJ, Black IB 2000 Adult rat and human bone marrow stem cells differentiate into neurons. Journal of Neuroscience Research 61, 364-370.
188. Wulf GG, Luo KL, Jackson KA et al. 2003 Cells of the hepatic side population contribute to liver regeneration and can be replenished with bone marrow stem cells. Haematologica 88, 368-378.
189. Wurmser AE, Gage FH 2002 Stem cells: cell fusion causes confusion. Nature 416, 485-487.
190. Xue L, Chen X, Chang Y, Bieker JJ 2004 Regulatory elements in the EKLF gene that direct erythroid cell-specific expression during mammalian development. Blood 103, 4078-4083.
191. Ying Q-L, Nichols J, Evans EP, Smith AG 2002 Changing potency by spontaneous fusion. Nature 416, 545-548.
192. + cells. Experimental Haematology 26, 353-360.
193. Zhao Y, Glesne D, Hubernan E 2003 A human peripheral blood monocyte-derived subset acts as pluripotent stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100, 2426-2431.
194. Zhou S, Morris JJ, Barnes Y et al. 2002 Brcp1 expression is required for normal numbers of side population stem cells in mice and confers relative protection to mitoxanthrone in haematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99, 12339-12344.
195. Ziegler BL, Valtieri M, Porada GA et al. 1999 KDR receptor: a key marker defining haematopoietic stem cells. Science 285, 1553-1558.