Haemopoietic stem cells: Their heterogeneity and regulation

International Journal of Experimental Pathology

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 197-218

  Graham, Gerard J ^a,b   Wright, Eric G ^a,b  

^a BEATSON INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b MRC Radiation And Genome Stability Unit   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Development; Differentiation; Growth factors; Haemopoiesis; Inhibitors; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

CD34 ANTIGEN; CD38 ANTIGEN; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTOR; INHIBITOR PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 3; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; PENTAPEPTIDE; STEM CELL FACTOR; TETRAPEPTIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL HETEROGENEITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CLONOGENIC ASSAY; COLONY FORMING CELL; COLONY FORMING UNIT S; HEMATOPOIESIS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SCID MOUSE; XENOGRAFT;

EID: 0030932012     PISSN: 09599673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.1997.270361.x     Document Type: Article

References (226)

1. ABRAMSON S., MILLER R.G. & PHILLIPS R.A. (1977) The identification in adult bone marrow of pluipotent and restricted stem cells of the myeloid and lymphoid systems. J. Exp. Med. 145, 1567-1579.
2. BAINES P. & VISSER J.W. (1983) Analysis and separation of murine bone marrow stem cells by H33342 fluorescenceactivated cell sorting. Exp. Hematol. 11, 701-708.
3. BARTELMEZ S.H., BRADLEY T.R., BERTONCELLO I., MOCHIZUKY D.Y., TUSHINSK R.J., STANLEY E.R., HAPEL A.J., YOUNG I.G., KRIEFLER A.B. & HODGSON G.S. (1989) Interleukin 1 plus interleukin 3 plus colony-stimulating factor 1 are essential for clonal proliferation of primitive myeloid bone marrow cells. Exp. Hematol. 17, 240-245.
4. BAUMHEUTER S., SINGER M.S., HENZEL W., HEMMERICH S., RENZ M., ROSEN S.D. & LASKY LA. (1993) Binding of l-se!ection to the vascular sialomucin CD34. Science 262, 436-438.
5. BECKER A.J., MCCULLOCH E.A., SIMINOVITCH L. & TILL J.E. (1965) The effect of differing demands for blood eel production on DNA synthesis by haematopoietic colony-forming cells of mice. Blood 26, 296-308.
6. BERTONCELLO I., HODGSON G.S. & BRADLEY T.R. (1989) Multiparameter analysis of transplantable hemopoietic stem cells. I. The separation and enrichment of stem cells homing to marrow and spleen on the basis of rhodamine-123 fluorescence. Exp. Haematol. 13, 999-1006.
7. BLACKETT N.M. (1987) Haemopoietic spleen colony growth: a versatile, parsimonious, predictive model. Cell Tissue Kinet. 20, 393-402.
8. BOCK T.A., ORLIC D., DUNBAR C.E., BROXMEYER H.E. & BODINE D.M. (1995) Improved engraftment of human hematopoietic cells in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice carrying human cytokine transgenes. J. Exp. Med. 182, 2037-2043.
9. BODINE D.M., CROSIER P.S. & CLARK S.C. (1991) Effects of hematopoietic growth factors on the survival of primitive stem cells in liquid suspension culture. Blood7B, 914-920.
10. BOGGS D.R., BOGGS S.S., SAXE D.F., GRESS L.A. & CANFIELD D.R. (1982) Hematopoietic stem cells with high proliferative potential. Assay of their concentration in marrow by the frequency and duration of cure of WAV mice. J. Clin. Invest. 72, 242253.
11. BONNET D., LEMOINE P.M., FROBERT Y., BONNET M.-L, NAJMAN A. & GUIGON M. (1996) Thymosin (4, inhibitor for normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp. Hematol. 24, 776-782.
12. BONNET D., LEMOINE P.M., NAJMAN A. & GUIGON M. (1995) Comparison of the inhibitory effect of AcSDKP, TNF-( TGF-( and MIP-1 ( on marrow-purified CD34+ progenitors. Exp. Hematol. 23, 551-556.
13. BOXMEYER H.E., SHERRY B., Liiu S.C., TEKAMP-OLSON K.O.H.-O.H., P., KWON B.S. & CERAMI A. (1990) Enhancing and suppressing effects of recombinant murine macrophage inflammatory proteins in colony formation in vitro by bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells. Blood 6, 1110-1116.
14. BRADLEY T.R. & HODGSON G.S. (1979) Detection of primitive macrophage progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow. Blood 54, 1446-1450.
15. BROWN P.D., WATERFIELD L.M., LEVINSON A.D. & SPORN M. (1990) Physicochemical activation of recombinant latent transforming growth factor betas, 1, 2 and 3. Growth Factors 3, 35-43.
16. CHANG C.M., LJMANNI A. & BAKER W.H. (1995) Bone marrow and splenic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and transforming growth factor-( mRNA levels in irradiated mice. Blood 86, 2130-2136.
17. CHAOUCHI N., WALLON G., GOUJARD C., TERTIAN G., RUDENT A., CAPUT D., FERRERA P., MINTY A., VAZQUEZ A. & DELFRAISSY J.-F. (1996) lnterleukin-13 inhibits lnterleukin-1- Induced proliferation and protects chronic lymphocytic Leukemia B cells from in vitro apoptosis. Stood 87, 1022-1029.
18. CHAUDHARY P.M. & RONINSON I.B. (1991) Expression and activity of P-Glycoprotein, a multidrug efflux pump, in human hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 66, 85-94.
19. CHEN X.-D. & TURPEN J.B. (1995) Intraembryonic origin of hepatic hematopoiesis in xenopus laevis. The J. Immunol. 154, 25572567.
20. CHENG J., BAUMHEUTER S., CACALONO G., CARVER-MOORE K., THIBODEAUX H., THOMAS R., BROXMEYER H.E., COOPER S., HAGUE N., MOORE M. & LASKY LA. (1996) Hematopoietic defects in mice lacking the sialomucin CD34. Blood 87, 479-490.
21. CIVIN C.I., STRAUSS L.C., BROVALL C., FACKLER M.J., SCHWARTZ J.F. & SHAPER J.H. (1984) Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis. III. A hematopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-1a cells. J. Immunol. 133, 157-165.
22. CLEMENTS Ü.M., CRAIG S., GEARING A.J.H., HUNTER M.G., HEYWORTH C.M., DEXTER T.M. & LORD B.I. (1992) Biological and structural properties of MIP-1 a expressed in yeast. Cytokinet, 76-82.
23. COOK D.N., BECK M.A., COFFMAN T.M., KIRBY S.L., SHERIDAN J.F., PRAGNEU I.B. & SMITHIES O. (1995) Requirement of MIP-1 a for inflammatory response to viral infection. Science 269, 15831586.
24. CUMANO, A., DIETERUEN-LJEVRE F. & ISABELLE G. (1996) Lymphoid potential probed before circulation in mouse is restricted to caudal intraembryonic splanchnopleura. Cell 86, 907-916.
25. CURRY J.L. & TRENTIN J.J. (1967) Hemopoietic spleen colony studies. I. Growth and differentiation. Dev. Biol. 15, 395-413.
26. DEXTER T.M., ALLEN T.D. & LAJTHA L.G. (1977a) Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro. J. Cell. Physiol. 91, 335-344.
27. DEXTER T.M., WRIGHT E.G., KRISZA F. & LAJTHA L.G. (1977b) Regulation of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation in longterm bone marrow cultures. Biomedicine27, 344-349.
28. DICK J. (1996) Normal and leukemic stem cells assayed in SCID mice. Semin. Immunol. 8, 197-206.
29. DICK J.E., MAGU M.C., HUSZAR D., PHILLIPS R.A. & BERNSTEIN A. (1985) Introduction of a selectable gene into primitive stem cells capable of long-term reconstitution of the hematopoietic system of W/Wv mice. Cell 42, 71-79.
30. DICKSON M.C., MARTIN U.S., COUSINS P.M., KULKARNI A.B., KARLSSON S. & AKHURST R.J. (1995) Defective haematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in transforming growth factor-b1 knock out mice. Developments, 1845-1854.
31. DOETSCHMAN T.C., ElSETTER H., KATZ M., SCHMIDT W. & KEMLER R. (1985) The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium. Brit. J. Haematol. 87, 27-45.
32. DUNBAR C.E. & YOUNG N.S. (1996) Gene marking and gene therapy directed at primary hematopoietic cells. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 3, 430-437.
33. DUNLOP D.J., WRIGHT E.G., LORIMORE S.A., GRAHAM G.J., HOLYOAKE T., KERR D.J., WOLPE S.D. & PRAGNELL I.B. (1992) Demonstration of stem cell inhibition and myeloprotective effects of SCI/rhMIP-1a in vivo. Blood 79, 2221-2225.
34. DZIERZAK E. & MEDVINSKY A. (1995) Mouse embryonic hematopoiesis. Trend Gen. 11, 359.
35. FAIRBAIRN L.J., COWLING G.J., REIPERT B.M. & DEXTER T.M. (1993) Suppression of apoptosis allows differentiation and development of a multipotent hemopoietic cell line in the absence of added growth factors. Cell 74, 823-832.
36. FAUSER A.A. & MESSNER H.A. (1979a) Identification of megakaryocytes, macrophages and eosinophils in colonies of human bone marrow containing neutrophilic granulocytes and erythroblasts. Blood 53, 1023-1027.
37. FAUSER A.A. & MESSNER H.A. (1979b) Proliferative state of human pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) in normal individuals and under regenerative conditions after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 54, 1197-1200.
38. FIDANZA V., MELOTTI P., YANOT., NAKAMURAT., BRADLEY A., CANAANI E., CALABRETTA B. & CROCE C.M. (1996) Double knockout of the ALL-1 gene blocks hematopoietic differentiation in vitro. Cancer Res. 56, 1179-1183.
39. FORD C.E., HAMERTON J.L, BARNES D.W.H. & Lourrr J.F. (1956) Cytological identification of radiation chimeras. Nature 177, 452.
40. FRASER C.C., KANESHIMA H., HANSTEEN G., KILPATRICK M., HUFFMAN R. & CHEN B.P. (1995) Human allogeneic stem cell maintenance and differentiation in a long-term multilineage SCID-hu graft. Blood 86, 1680-1693.
41. FRINDEL E. & GUIGON M. (1977) Inhibition of CFU entry into cycle by a bone marrow extract. Exp. Hematol. 5, 74-76.
42. FRINDEL E., MASSE A., PRADELLES P.H., VOLKOV L. & RIGAUD M. (1992) Correlation of endogenous acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro plasma levels in mice and the kinetics of the pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells entry into the cycle after cytosime arabinoside treatment: Fundamental and clinical aspects. Leukemia 6, 599-601.
43. FROSTAD S., KALLAND T., AAKVAAG A. & LAERUM O.D. (1993) Hemoregulatory peptide (HP5b) dimer effects on normal and malignant cells in culture. Stem Cells 11, 303-311.
44. GEORGOPOULOS K., BIGBY M., WANG J.-H., MOLNAR A., WINANCY W.U.P., S. & SHARPE A. (1994) The Ikaros gene is required for the development of all lymphoid lineages. Cell 79, 143-156.
45. GILMORE G.L., DEPASQUALE O.K. & SHADDUCK R.K. (1996) BB10010 a synthetic variant of MIP-1, reduces neutropenic interval in cyclophosphamide treated mice. Blood BO, 3270.
46. GODIN I.E., GARCIA-PORRERO U.A., COUTINHO A., DIETERIEN-UEVRE F. & MARCOS M.A.R. (1993) Para-aortic splanchnopleura from early mouse embryos contains B1a cell progenitors. Nature 364, 67.
47. GRAHAM G.J. & PRAGNELL I.B. (1992) The haemopoietic stem cell: properties and control mechanisms. Semin. Cell Biol. 3, 423-434.
48. GRAHAM G.J., WRIGHT E.G., HEYVICK R., WOLPE S.D., WILKIE N.M., DONALDSON D., LORIMORE S. & PRAGNELL I.B. (1990) Identification and characterisation of an inhibitor of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation. Nature 344, 442-444.
49. GRAINGER D.J., KEMP P.R., Liu A.C., LAWN R.M. & METCALFE J.C. (1994) Activation of transforming growth factor-( is inhibited in transgenic apolipoprotein (a) mice. Nature 370, 460-462.
50. GRILLON C., LENFANT M. & WDZIECZAK-BAKALA J. (1993) Optimization of cell culture conditions for the evaluation of the biological activities of the tetrapeptide N-Acetyle-Ser-AspLys-Pro, a natural hemoregulatory Factor. Growth Factors 9, 133-138.
51. GRILLON C., RIEGER K., BAKALA J., SCHOTT D., MORGAT J.-L, HANNAPPEL E., VOELTER W. & LENFANT M. (1990) Involvement of thymosin (4 and endoproteinase Asp-N in the biosynthesis of the tetrapeptide AcSerAspLysPro, a regulator of the hematopoietic systems. FEES Lett. 274, 30-33.
52. HARA H. & OGAWA M. (1978) Murine hemopoietic colonies in culture containing normoblasts, macrophages and megakaryocytes. Am. J. Hematol. 4, 23-24.
53. HARRIS R.A., HOGARTH P.M., WADESON L.J., COLLINS MCKENZIE P. & PENNINGTON D.G. (1984) An antigenic difference between cells forming early and late haemopoietic spleen colonies (CFU-S). Nature 307, 638-641.
54. HARRISON D.E. & ASTLE C.M. (1982) Loss of stem cell repopulating ability with transplantation: effects of donor age, cell number and transplant procedure. J. Exp. Med. 156: 17671779.
55. HARRISON D.E., ASTLE C.M. & LERNER C. (1988) Numbers and continuous proliferation pattern of transplanted primitive immuno hemopoietic stem cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 822-826.
56. HATZFELD J., Li, M.-L. & BROWN E.L. (1991) Release of early human hematopoietic progenitors from quiescence by antisense transforming growth factor 01 or Rb oligonulceotides. J. Exp. Med. 174, 925-929.
57. HENSCHLER R., BRUGGER W., LUFT T., FREYT., MERTELSMANN R. & KANZ L. (1994) Maintenance of transplantation potential in ex vivo expanded CD 34+- selected human peripheral blood progenitor cells. Blood M, 2898-2903.
58. HIRSCH E., IGLESIAS A., POTOCNIK A.J., HARTMANN U. & FASSLER R. (1996) Impaired migration but not differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells in the absence of 01 integrins. Nature 380, 171-175.
59. HODGSON G.S. & BRADLEY T.R. (1979) Properties of haemopoietic stem cells surviving 5-fluorouracil. Nature 281, 381-382.
60. HODGSON G.S., BRADLEY T.R. & RADLEY J.M. (1982) The organisation of hemopoietic tissue inferred from the effects of 5fluorouracil. Exp. Hematol. 10, 26-31.
61. HOLYOAKE T.L., FRESHNEY M.G., KONWALINKA G., HAUN M., PETZER A., FITSIMMONS E., LUCIE N.P., WRIGHT E.G. & PRAGNELL I.B. (1993) Mixed colony formation in vitro by the heterogeneous compartment of multipotential progenitors in human bone marrow. LeukemiaT, 207-213.
62. HOLYOAKE T.L., FRESHNEY M.G., MCNAIR L., PARKER MCKAY A.N., STEWART P.J., W.P., FITZSIMMONS E., GRAHAM G.J. & PRAGNE I.B. (1996) Ex vivo expansion with stem cell factor and Interleukin11 augments both short-term recovery postransplant and the ability to serially transplant marrow. Blood 87, 4589-4595.
63. HUMPHRIES R.K., EAVES A.C. & EAVES C.J. (1979a) Characterization of a primitive erythropoietic progenitor found in mouse marrow before and after several weeks in culture. Blood 53, 746-763.
64. HUMPHRIES R.K., JACKY P.B., DILL F.J. & EAVES A.C. (1979b) CFUS in individual erythroid colonies in vitro derived from adult mouse marrow. Nature 279, 718-720.
65. JACOBSEN F.W., STOKKE T. & JACOBSEN S. (1991 a) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-/3) inhibits the viability-promoting activity of stem cell factor and other cytokines and induces apoptosis of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 86, 2957-2966.
66. JACOBSEN F.W., RUSCETTI F.F.W., DUBOIS C.M., LEE J., BOONE T.C. & KELLER J.R. (1991 b) Transforming growth factor-beta transmodulates the expression of colony stimulating factor receptors on murine haemopoietic progenitor cell lines. Blood 77, 1706-1716.
67. JACOBSEN F.W., STOKKE T. & JACOBSEN S.E.W. (1995) Transforming growth factor-( potently inhibits the viability-promoting activity of stem cell factor and other cytokines and induces apoptosis of primitive murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. Stood 86, 2957-2966.
68. JOHNSON G.R. (1980) Colony formation in agar by adult bone marrow multipotential hemopoietic cells. J. Cell Physiol. 103, 371-383.
69. JOHNSON G.R. & METCALF D. (1977) Pure and mixed erythroid colony formation in vitro stimulated by spleen conditioned medium with no detectable erythropoietin. Proc. the Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3879-3882.
70. JONES R.J., CELANO P., SHARKIS S.J. & SENSENBRENNER L.L. (1989) Tow phases of engraftment established by serial bone marrow transplantation in mice. Btood73, 397-401.
71. JONES R.J., WAGNER J.E., CELANO P., ZICHA M.S. & SHARKIS S.J. (1990) Separation of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells from spleen colony-forming cells. Nature 347, 188-189.
72. JORDAN C.T. & LEMISCHKA I.R. (1990) Clonal and systemic analysis of long-term hematopoiesis in the mouse. Genes and Development 4, 220-232.
73. KAMEL-REID S. & DICK J.E. (1988) Engraftment of immunedeficient mice with human hematopoietic stem cells. Science 242, 1706-1709.
74. KAMEL-REID S., LETARTE M., SIRARD C., DOEDENS M., GRUNBERGER T., FULOP G., FREEDMAN M.H., PHILLIPS R.A. & DICK J.E. (1989) A model of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia in immunedeficient SCID mice. Sc/ence246, 1597-1600.
75. KAMEL-REID S., LETARTE M., DOEDENS M., GREAVES A., MURDOCH B., GRUNBERGER T., LAPIDOT T., THORNER P., FREEDMAN M., PHILLIPS R. & DICK J. (1991) Bone marrow from children in relapse with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia proliferates and disseminates rapidly in seid mice. Blood 78, 29732981.
76. KANESHIMA H., NAMIKAWA R. & McCuNE J.M. (1994) Human hematolymphoid cells in SCID mice. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 327-333.
77. KATAYAMA N., CLARK S.C. & OGAWA M. (1993) Growth factor requirement for survival in cell-dormancy of primitive murine lymphohematopoietic progenitors. Stood 81, 610-616.
78. KELLER J.R., BARTEIMEZ S.H., SITNICKAE., RUSCETTI F.W., ORTIZM., GOOYA J.M. & JACOBSEN S.E.W. (1994) Distinct and overlapping direct effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 a and transforming growth factor ßon hematopoietic progenitor/ stem cell growth. BloodM, 2175-2181.
79. KELLER G. & SNODGRASS R. (1990) Life span of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1407-1418.
80. KRETCHMAR A.L. & CONOVER. (1970) A difference between spleenderived and bone-marrow-derived colony-forming units in ability to protect lethally irradiated mice. Blood 36, 772-776.
81. KULKARNI A.B., HUH C., BECKER D., GEISR A., LYGHT M., FLANDERS K.C., ROBERTS A.B., SPORN M.B., WARD Ü.M. & KARLSSON S. (1993) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 770-774.
82. KYOIZUMI S., BAUM C.M., KANESHIMA H., MCCUNE J.M., YEE E.J. & NAMIKAWA R. (1992) Implantation and maintenance of functional human bone marrow in SCID-hu mice. Blood79, 17041711.
83. KYOIZUMI S., MURRAY L.J. & NAMIKAWA R. (1993) Preclinical analysis of cytokine therapy in the SCID-hu mouse. Blood 81, 1479-1488.
84. LAERUM O.D. & MAURER H.R. (1973) Proliferation kinetics of myelopoietic cells and macrophages in diffusion chambers after treatment with granulocyte extracts (chalones). Virchows Arch. [CellPathol.]-l4, 293-305.
85. LAJTHA L.G. (1979a) Haemopoietic stem cells concepts and definitions. Blood Cells 5, 447-454.
86. LAJTHA LG. (1979b) Stem cell concepts. Differentiation 14, 2324.
87. LAPIDOT T., PFLUMINO F., DOEDENS M., MURDOCH B., WILLIAMS D.E. & DICK J.E. (1992) Cytokine stimulation of multilineage hematopoiesis from immature human cells engrafted in SCID mice. Science 255, 1137-1141.
88. LAPIDOT T., SIRARD C., VORMOOR J., MURDOCH B., HOANG T., CACERES-CORTES J., MINDEN M., PATERSON B., CALIGIURI M. & DICK J.E. (1994) A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367, 645648.
89. LAROCHELLE A., VORMOOH J., LAPIDOT T., SHEH G., FURUKAWA T., SHULTZ Q.L.I., L., OLIVERI N.F., STAMATOYANNOPOULOS G. & DICK J.E. (1995) Engraftment of immune-deficient mice with primitive hematopoietic cells from betta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia patients: implications for evaluating human gene therapy protocols. Hum. Mol. Gen. 4, 163-172.
90. LATERVEER L., LJNDLEY I.J.D., HEEMSKERK D.P.M., CAMPS J.A.J., PAUWELS E.J.K., WILEMZE R. & FIBBE W.E. (1996) Rapid mobilisation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in Rhesus monkeys by a single intravenous injection in interleukin-8. Blood 87, 781-788.
91. LEARY A.G. & OGAWA M. (1987) Blast colony assay for umbilical cord blood and adult bone marrow progenitors. Blood 69, 953-956.
92. LEARY A.G., HIRARI Y., KISHIMOTO T., CLARK S.C. & OGAWA M. (1992) Survival of hemopoietic progenitors in the Go period of the cell cycle does not require early hemopoietic regulators. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 4335-4338.
93. LEARY A.G., ZENG H.G., CLARK S.C. & OGAWA M. (1992) Growth factor requirements for survival in Go and entry into the cell cycle of primitive human haemopoietic progenitors. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4013-4017.
94. LEMISCHKA I.R., RAULET D.H. & MULLIGAN R.C. (1996) Development potential and dynamic behaviour of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 45, 917-927.
95. LENFANT M., WOLZIECZAK-BAKALA J., GUITTET E., PROME J.-C., SOLTY D. & FRINDEL E. (1989) Inhibitor of haematopoietic pluripotent
96. stem cell proliferation: purification and determination of its structure. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 779-782.
97. LERNER C. & HARRISON D.E. (1990) 5-FluorouraciI spares hemopoietic stem cells responsible for long-term repopulation. Exp. Hematol. 18, 114-118.
98. LETTERIO J.J., GEISER A.G., KULKARNI A.B., KULKARNI A.B., ROCHE N.S., SPORN M.B. & ROBERTS A.B. (1994) Maternal rescue of the transforming growth factor-beta knockout. Science 264: 1936-1938.
99. LEWIS J.P. & TROBAUGH F.E.. JR. (1964) Haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 204, 589-590.
100. Li M.-L., CARDOSO A.A., SANSILVESTRI P., HATZFELD A., BROWN E.L., SOOKDEO H., LEVESOUE J.-P., CLARK S.C. & HATZFELD J. (1994) Additive effects of steel factor and antisense TGF-Beta1 oligodeoxynucleotide on CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Leukaemia 6, 441-445.
101. LIN C.-S., LIM S.-K., D'AGATI V. & CONSTANTIN! F. (1996b) Differential effects of an erythropoietin receptor gene disruption on primitive and definitive erythropoiesis. Genes Develop. 10, 154-164.
102. LIN E.Y., ORIOFSKY A.M., WANG H.-G., REED J.C. & PRYSTOWSKY M.B. (1996a) A1, a BCI-2 family member, prolongs cell survival and permits myeloid differentiation. Blood 87, 983992.
103. LORD B.I. (1990) The architecture of bone marrow populations. Int. J. Cell Clon. 8, 317-331.
104. LORD B.I. & SCHOFIELD R. (1980) Some observations on the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells and their relationship to the spatial cellular organisation of the tissue. Lect. Notes Biomath 38, 9-22.
105. LORD B.I. & SCHOFIELD R. (1985) Haemopoietic spleen colonyforming units. In Cell Clones: Manual of Mammalian Cell Techniques. Eds C.S. Potten & J.H. Hendry Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh pp 13-26.
106. LORD B.I. & WRIGHT E.G. (1984) Spatial organization of CFU-S proliferation regulators in the mouse femur. Leuk. Res. 8, 1073-1083.
107. LORD B.I., TESTA N.G. & HENDRY J.H. (1975) The relative spatial distribution of CPUs and CFUc in the normal mouse femur. e/ooc/46, 65-72.
108. LORD B.I., MOLINEUX G., SCHOFIELD R., HUMPHREYS E.R. & STONES V.A. (1989) On the late seeding of CFU-S to the spleen: 8- vs 12-day CFU-S. Exp. Hematol. 17, 836-842.
109. LORD B.I., DEXTER T.M., CLEMENTS J.M., HUNTER M.A. & GEARING A.J.H. (1992) Macrophage inflammatory protein protects multipotent haemopoietic cells from the cytoxic effects of hydroxyurea in vivo. Blood 79, 2605-2609.
110. LORD B.I., WOOLFORD L.B., WOOD L.M., GZAPLEWSKI L.G., MCCOURT M., HUNTER M.G. & EDWARDS R.M. (1995) Mobilisation of early hematopoietic progenitor cells with BB-10010: a genetically engineered variant of human cacrophage inflammatory protein-1 a. Blood 85, 3412-3415.
111. LORENZ E., UPHOFF D.E., REIDT.R. & SHELTON E. (1951) Modifica-. tion of irradiation injury in mice and guinea pigs by bone marrow injection. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 12, 197.
112. LORIMORE S.A., PRAGNELL I.B., ECKMANN L. & WRIGHT E.G. (1990) Synergistic interactions allow colony formation in vitro by murine haemopoietic stem cells. Leuk. Res. 14, 481-489.
113. MAGLI M.C., ISCOVE N.N. & ODARTCHENKO N. (1982) Transient nature of early haemopoietic spleen colonies. Nature 295, 527-529.
114. MAXIMOW A.A. (1924) Relation of blood cells to connective tissues and endothelium. Physiol. Rev. 4, 533.
115. McCuNE J.M., NAMIKAWA R., KANESHIMA H., SCULTZ L.D., LIEBERMAN M. & WEISSMAN I.L. (1988) The SCID-hu mouse: murine model for the analysis of human hematolymphoid differentiation and function. Science 241, 1632-1639.
116. MCKERCHER S.R., TORBETT B.E., ANDERSON K.L., HENKEL G.W., VESTAL D.J., BAIRBAULT H., KLEMSZ M., FEENEY A.J., PAIGE G.E.W.U., C.J. & MAKI R.A. (1996) Targeted disruption of the Pu. 1 gene results in mutliple hematopoietic abnormalities. EMBOJ. 15, 5647-5658.
117. MCNIECE I.K., KRIEGLER A.B., BRADLEY T.R. & HODGSON G.S. (1986) Subpopulations of mouse bone marrow high-proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC). Exp. Hematol. 14, 856-860.
118. MCNIECE I.K., WILLIAMS N.T., JOHNSON G.R., KRIEGLER A.B., BRADLEY T.R. & HODGSON G.S. (1987) Generation of murine hematopoietic precursor cells from macrophage highproliferative potential colony-forming cells. Exp. Hematol. 15, 972-977.
119. MCNIECE I.K., STEWAHT P.M.&.DEACON D.M. (1989) Detection of a human colony forming cell with a high proliferative potential. Stood 74, 609-612.
120. MCNIECE I.K., BERTONCELLO l., KRIEGLER A. & QUESENBERRY P.J. (1990) Colony-forming cells with high proliferative potential. Int. J. Cell Clon. 8, 146-160.
121. MAYANI H., MANDEL T.E., GARSON O.M. & METCALF D. (1980) The presence of mast cells in agar cultures. Exp. Hematol. 8, 562567.
122. MEDVINSKY A. & DZIERZAK E. (1996) Definitive hematopoiesis is autonomously initiated by the AGM region. Cell 86, 897-906.
123. MEDVINSKY A.L, SAMOYLINA AND DZIERZAK N.L., MULLER E.A. (1993) An early pre-liver intraembryonic source of CFU-S in the developing mouse. Nature 364, 64.
124. METCALF D. (1984) The Hemopoietic Colony Stimulating Factors. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
125. METCALF D. (1988) The Molecular Control of Blood Cells. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
126. METCALF D., JOHNSON G.R. & MANDEL T.R. (1978) Colony formation in agar by multipotential hemopoietic cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 98, 401-420.
127. MICKLEM H.S., ANDERSON N. & Ross E. (1975) Limited potential of circulating haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 256, 41-43.
128. MICKLEM H.S., LENNON J.E., ANSELL J.D. & GRAY R.A. (1987) Numbers and dispersion of repopulation cell clones in radiation chimeras as functions of injected cell dose. Exp. Hematol. 15, 251-257.
129. MOORE M.A.S. & METCALF D. (1970) Ontogeny of haemopoietic system: yolk sac origin of in vivo and in vitro colony forming cells in the developing mouse embryo. Brit. J. Haematol. 18, 279.
130. MORRISON S.J., PROWSE K.R., . H.O.P.&.WEISSMAN I.L. (1996a) Telomerase activity in hematopoietic cells is associated with self-renewal potential. Immunity 5, 207-216.
131. MORRISON S.J., WANDYCZ A.N., AKASHI K., GLOBERSON A. & WEISSMAN I.L. (1996b) The ageing of hematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2, 1011.
132. MORRISON S.J. & WEISSMAN I.L. (1994) The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype. lmmunity\, 661-673.
133. MUCENSKI M.L., MCLAIN K., KIER A.B., SWERDLOW S.H., SCHREINER C.M., MILLER T.A., PIETYRGA D.W., SCOTT W.J.J.R. & POTTER S.S. (1991) A functional c-myb gene is required for normal murine fetal hepatic hematopoiesis. Cell 65, 677-689.
134. MULDER A.M. & VISSER J.W.M. (1987) Separation and fuctional analysis of bone marrow cells separated by rhodaminefluorescence. Exp. Hematol. 15, 99-104.
135. MULLER A.M., MEDVINSKY A., STROUBOULIS J., GROSVELD F. & DZIERZAK E. (1994) Development of hematopoietic stem cell activity in the mouse embryo. Immunity], 291-301.
136. MULLER-SIEBURG C., VlSSER J., ToROK-STORB B. & SlORB R., (eds) (1991) Stem Cells in Hematopoiesis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
137. MUMMERY C.L., VAN DEN EIJNDEN & A.J.M., RAAIJ (1993) Type ß transforming growth factors and activins in differentiating embryonal carcinoma cells, embryonic stem cells and early embryonic development Int. J. Develop. Biol. 37, 169-182.
138. NAGASAWA T., HIROTA S., TACHIBANA K., TAKAKURA N., NISHIKAWA S., KlTAMURA Y., YOSHIDA N., KlKUTANI H. & KlSHMOTO T. (1996) Defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1. Nature 382, 635-638.
139. NAGY A., GOCZA E., DIAZ E.M., PRIDEAUS V.R., IVANYA E. & ROSSANT J. (1990) Embryonic stem cells alone are able to support fetal development in the mouse. Development MO, 815-821.
140. NAGY A., ROSANT J., NAGY R., ABRAMOW-NEWERLY W. & ROFER J.C. (1993) Derivation of completely cell culture derived mice from early passage embryonic stem cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 90, 8424-8428.
141. NAKAHATA T. & OGAWA M. (1982) Hemopoietic colony-forming cells in umbilical cord blood with extensive capability to generate mono-and multipotential hemopoietic progenitors. J. Clin. Invest. 70, 1324-1328.
142. NAKANO T., WAKI N., ASAI M. & KITAMURA Y. (1989) Effect of 5fluoruracil on 'primitive' hematopoietic stem cells that reconstitute whole erythropoiesis of genetically anemic W/Wv mice. Stood 73, 425-430.
143. NOLTA J., DAO M., WELLS S., SMOGORZEWSKA E. & KOHN D. (1996) Transduction of pluripotent human hematopoietic stem cells demonstrated by clonal analysis after engraftment in immune deficient mice. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 2414-2419.
144. OGAWA M., PORTER P.N. & NAKAHATA T. (1983) Renewal and commitment to differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells (an interpretive review). Blood 61, 823-829.
145. OGAWA M. (1989) Hemopoietic stem cells: stochastic differentiation and humoral control of proliferation. Environ. Health Perspect. 80, 199-207.
146. OKUDA T., VAN DEURSEN J., HIEBERT S.W., GROSVELD G. & DOWNING J.R. (1996) AML1, the target of multiple chromosomal translocations in human leukemia, is essential for normal fetal liver hematopoiesis. Cell 84, 321-330.
147. OSHIMA M., OSHIMA H. & TAKETO M.M. (1996) TGF-( receptor type II deficinecy results in defects of yolk sac hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis. Develop. Biol. 179, 297-302.
148. OTSUKA!., EAVES C.J. & HUMPHRIES R.K. (1991) Lack of evidence for abnormal autocrine or paracrine mechanisms underlying the uncontrolled proliferation of primitive chronic myeloid leukemia progenitor cells. Leukemia 5, 861-868.
149. PAUKOVITS W.R. & LAERUM O.D. (1982) Isolation and synthesis of a hemoregulatory peptide. Z. Naturforsh. 37c: 1279.
150. PAUKOVITS W.R., MOSEH M.H., BINDER K.A. & PAUKOVITS J.B. (1990) The use of haemoregulatory peptides (pEEDCK monomer and dimer) for reduction of cytostatic drug-induced haemopoietic damage. Cancer Treat. Rev. 17, 347-354.
151. PAUKOVITS W.R., MOSER M.-H., BINDER K.A. & PAUKOVITS J.B. (1991) Protection from arabinofuranosylcytosine and n-mustard-induced myelotoxicity using hemoregulatory peptide pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys monomer and dimer. Blood 77, 1313-1319.
152. PAUKOVITS W.R., MOSER M.-H. & PAUKOVITS J.B. (1993) Pre-CFUS quiescence and stem cell exhaustion after cytostatic drug treatment: Protective effects of the inhibitory peptide pGluGlu-Asp-Cys-Lys (pEEDCK). Stood 81, 1755-1761.
153. PAUKOVITS W.R. & PAUKOVITS J. (1975) Mechanism of action of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor (chalone). I. Evidence for a receptor protein on bone marrow cells. Exp. Pathol. 10, 343352.
154. PETERS S.O., KITTLER E.L.W., RANSHAW H.S. & QUESENBERRY P.J. (1996) Ex vivo expansion of murine marrow cells with Interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, IL-11, and stem cell factor leads to impaired engraftment in irradiated hosts. Blood 87, 30-37.
155. PETZER A.L., HOGGE D.E., LANSDORP P.M., REID D.S. & EAVES C.J. (1996) Self-renewal of primitive human hematopoietic cells (long-term culture-initiating cells) in vitro and their expansion in defined medium. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14701474.
156. PEVNY L, LIN C.-S., D'AGATI V., SIMON M.C., ORKIN S.H. & COSTANTINI F. (1995) Development of hematopoietic cells lacking transcription factor GATA-1. Development 121, 163-172.
157. PLOEMACHER R.E. & BRONS N.H.C. (1988) Cells with marrow and spleen repopulating ability and forming spleen colonies on days, 16, 12 and 8 are sequentially ordered on the basis of increasing rhodamine 123 retention. J. Cell. Physiol. 136, 531-536.
158. PLOEMACHER R.E. & BRONS R.H.C. (1989) Separation of CFU-S from primitive cells responsible for reconstitution of the bone marrow hemopoietic stem cell compartment following irradiation: evidence for a pre-CFU-S cell. Exp. Hematol. 17, 263266.
159. PLOEMACHER R.E., VAN DER SLUIJS J.P., VOERMAN J.S.A. & BRONS N.H.C. (1989) An in vitro limiting-dilution assay of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells in the mouse. Blood7A, 2755-2763.
160. PORCHER C., SWAT W., ROCKWELL K., FUJIWARA Y., ALT F.W. & ORKIN S.H. (1996) The T cell leukemia oncorprotein SCL/taM is essential for development of all hematopoietic lineages. Cell 86, 47-57.
161. POTTEN C.S. & LOEFFLER M. (1990) Stem cells: Attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the Crypt. Development 110, 1001-1020.
162. PRAGNELL I.B., WRIGHT E.G., LORIMORE S.A., ADAM J., ROSENDAAL M., DELAMARTER J.F., FRESHNEY M., ECKMANN L., SPROUL A. & WILKIé N. (1988) The effect of stem cell proliferation regulators demonstrated with an in vitro assay. Blood72, 196-201.
163. PRIESTLEY G.V. & WOLF N.S. (1985) A technique for the daily examination of spleen colonies in mice. Exp. Hematol. 13, 733-735.
164. QUESNIAUX F.J., GRAHAM G.J. & PRAGNELL L (1993) Use of 5 fluoruracil to analyze the effect of macrophage inflammatory protein-la on long-term reconstituting stem cells in vivo. Blood SI, 1497-1504.
165. RINAUDO R.S., FALK S.U.K., L.A., HALDAR S. & MURFSON R.A. (1995) Human lnterleukin-3 receptor modulates bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels through protein kinase C in TF-1 cells. Blood 86, 80-88.
166. RiTCHiE A., VADHAM-RAJ S. & BROXMETER H.E. (1996) Thrombopoietin suppresses apoptosis and behaves as a survival factor for the human growth factor-dependent cell line, MO7e. Stem Cells 14, 330-336.
167. ROBB L, ELWOOD N.J., ELEFANTY A.G., KONTGEN F., BARNETT L.I.R., LD. & BEGLEY G.G. (1996) The sei gene product is required for the generation of all hematopoietic lineages in the adult mouse. EMBOJ. 15, 4123-4129.
168. ROBS L, LYONS I., HARTLEY L.I.R., L, KONTGEN F., HARVEY R.P., METCALF D. & BEGLEY G.G. (1995) Absence of yolk sac hematopoiesis from mice with a targeted disruption of the scl gene. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7075-7079.
169. ROBERTSON E.J. (1987) Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem ceils: a practical approach. Oxford: IRC press.
170. ROBINSON S., LENFANT M., WDZIECZAK-BAKALA J. & RICHES A. (1993) The molecular specificity of action of the tetrapeptide acetylN-ser-asp-lys-pro (AcSKDP) in the control of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation. Stem Cells 11, 422-427.
171. RODEL J.E. & LINK D.C. (1996) Suppression of apoptosis during cytokine deprivation of 32D cells is not sufficient to induce complete granulocytic differentiation. Blood 87, 858-864.
172. ROSENDAAL M., HooGSON G.S. & BRADLEY T.R. (1979) Organization of haemopoietic stem cells; the generation age hypothesis. Cell Tissue Kin. 12, 17-19.
173. ROUSSEAU A., MICHARD A., CHAUVET M.-T., LENFANT M. & CORVOL P. (1995) The hemeregulatory peptide N- acetyl-Ser-Asp-LysPro is a natural and specific
174. ROWLEY S.D., SHARKIS S.J., HATTENBURG C. & SENSENBRENNER L.L. (1987) Culture from human bone marrow of blast progenitor cells with an extensive proliferative capacity. Blood69, 804808.
175. SANCHEZ M.-J., HOLMES A., MILES C. & DZIERZAK E. (1996) Characterization of the first definitive hematopoietic stem cells in the AGM and liver of the mouse embryo. Immunity 5, SIS525.
176. SATO N., HOTTA K., WAGURI S., NITATORI T., TOHYAMA K., TSUJIMOTO Y. & UCHIYAMA Y. (1994) Neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells as a result of prevention of cell death by bcl-2. J. Neurobiol. 25, 1227-1234.
177. SCHALL T.J. (1991) Biol. of the RANTES/SIS cytokine family. Cytokine 3, 165-183.
178. SCHOFIELD R. (1978) The relationship between the spleen colonyforming cell and the haemopoietic stem cell. Blood Cells 4, 7-25.
179. SCHULL M.M., ORMSBY I., KIER A.B., PAWLOWSKI S., DIEBOLD R.J., YIN M., ALLEN R., SIDMAN C., PROETZEL G. & CALVIN D. (1992) Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factorbeta! gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature. 359, 693.
180. SCOTT E.W., SIMON M.C., ANASTASI J. & SINGH H. (1994) Requirement of transciption factor PU. 1 in the development of multiple hematopoietic lineages. Science 265, 1573.
181. SHALABY F., ROSSANT J., YAMAGUCHI T.P., GERTSENSTEIN M., BREITMAN W.U.X.F., M.L. & SCHUH A.C. (1995) Failure of blood island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1 deficient mice. Nature 376, 62-66.
182. SHIVDASANI R.A., MAYER E.L. & ORKIN S.H. (1995) Absence of blood formation in mice lacking the T-cell leukaemia oncoprotein tal-1/SCL. Nature 373, 432.
183. SHULTZ L, SCHWEITZER P., CHRISTIANSON S., GOTT B., SCHWEITZER I., TENNENT B., MCKENNA S., MOBRAATEN L, RAJAN T., GREINER D. & LEITER E. (1995) Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immune-logical function in NOD/LtSz-sc/d mice. J. Immunol. 154, 180-191.
184. SlEFF C., BlCKNELL D., CAINE G., ROBINSON J., LAM G. & GREAVES M.F. (1982) Changes in cell surface antigen expression during hemopoiet'c differentiation. Blood GO, 703-713.
185. SIMINOVITCH L., MCCUUOCH E.A. &TILL J.E. (1963) The distribution of colony-forming cells among spleen colonies. J. Cell. Comp. Physio!. 62, 327-336.
186. SIMMONS D.L., SATTERTHWArrE A.B., YEMEN D.G. & SE B., (Ed. by) (1992) Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding CD34, a sialomuchin of human hematopoietic stem cells. J. Immunol. 148, 267-271.
187. SIRAD C., LAPIDOT T., VORMOOR J., CASHMAN J., DOEDENS M., MURDOCH B., JAMAL N., MESSNER H., ADDEY L., MINDEN M., LARAYA P., KEATING A., EAVES A., LANSDORP P., EAVES C. & DICK J. (1996) Normal and leukemic SCID-repopulating cells (SRC) co-exist in the bone marrow and peripheral blood from CML patients in chronic phase, whereas leukemic SRC are detected in blast crisis. Blood 87, 1539-1548.
188. SMITH A.G., HEATH J.K., DONALDSON D.D., WONQ G.G., MOREAU J. & STAHL M. (1988) Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature 336, 688690.
189. SMITH L.G., WEISSMAN I.L. & HEIMFELD S. (1991 ) Clonal analysis of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation in vivo. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2788-2792.
190. SNOECK H.W., VAN BOCKSTAELE D.R., NYS G., LENJOU M., LARDON F., HAENEN L., RODRIGUS l., PEETERMANS M.E. & GERNEMAN Z.N. (1994) Interferon gamma selectively inhibits very primitive CD342+ CD39 and not more mature CD34+CD38+ human hematopoietic progenitor cells. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1177-1182.
191. SOMA T., Yu J.M. &.DUNBAR C.E. (1996) Maintenance of murine long-term repopulating stem cells in ex vivo culture is affected by modulation of transforming growth factor-/3 but not macrophage inflammatory protein-1 a activities. Blood 87, 45614567.
192. SPANGRUDE G.J., HEIMFIELD S. & WEISSMAN I.L. (1988) Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Science 241, 58-62.
193. SPORN M.B. & ROBERTS A.B. (1992) Transforming growth factor-/?: recent progress and new challenges. J. CellBiol. 119, 10171021.
194. SPORN M.B., ROBERTS A.B., WAKEFIELD L.M. & CROMBRUGGHE B.D.E. (1987) Some recent advances in the chemistry and biology of transforming growth factor-/?. J. Cell Biol. 105, 1039-1045.
195. SUDA J., SuDoT., ITO M., OHNO N., YAMAGUCHI Y. & SUDAT. (1992) Two types of murine CD34 MRNA generated by alternative splicing. Stood 79, 2288-2295.
196. SUTHERLAND H.J., EAVES C.J., EAVES A.C., DRAGOWSKA W. & LANSDORP P.M. (1989) Characterization and partial purification of human marrow cells capable of initiating long-term hematopoiesis in vitro. Blood 74, 1563-1570.
197. SZILVASSY S.J., FRASER C.C., EAVES C.J., LANSDORP P.M., EAVES A.C. & HUMPHRIES R.K. (1989) Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to purified hemopoietic stem cells with long-term lympho-myelopoietic repopulating ability. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 8798-8802.
198. SziLVASSY S.J., HUMPHREYS R.K., LANSDORP P.M., EAVES A.C. & EAVES C.J. (1990) Quantiative assay for totipolent reconstituting haemopoietic stem cells by a competitive repopulation strategy. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8736-3870.
199. TANAKA R., KATAYAMA N., OSHISHI K., MAHMUD N., ITOH R., TANAKA Y., KOMADA MINAMI Y., SAKURAI N., M., SHIRAKAWA S. & SHIKU H. (1995) Accelerated cell-cycling of hematopoietic progenitor cells by growth factors. Stood 86, 73-79.
200. TERHORST C., VAN AGTHOVEN A., LECLAIR K., SNOW P., REINHERZ E. & SCHLOSSMAN S. (1981) Biochemical studies of the human thymocyte cell-surface antigens, T6, T9 and T10. Cell 23, 771-780.
201. TILL J.E. & MCCULLOCH E.A. (1961 ) A direct measurement of the radiaiton sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells. Radiât. Res. 14, 213-222.
202. TILL J.E. & MCCULLOCH E.A. (1980) Hemopoietic stem cell differentiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 605, 431-459.
203. TILL J.E., MCCULLOCH E.A. & SIMINOVITCH L. (1964) A stochastic model of stem cell proliferation based on the growth of spleen colony-forming cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 51, 29-36.
204. TING C.-N., OLSON M.J.C., BARTON K.P. & LEIDEN J.M. (1996) Transcription factor GATA-3 is required fro development of the T-cell lineage. Nature 384, 474.
205. TOKSOZ D., DEXTER T.M., WRIGHT E.G. & LAJTHA L.G. (1980) The regulation of haemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures. II. Stimulation and ibhibition of stem cell proliferation. Blood 55, 931-936.
206. TSAI F.-Y., KELLER G., Kuo F.C., WEISS M., CHEN J., ROSENBLATT M., ALT F.W. & ORKIN S.H. (1994) An early haematopoietic defect in mice lacking the transcription factor GATA-2. Nature 371, 221.
207. UCKUN F.M., DOWNING R., GüNTHER R., CHELSTROM L., FINNEGAN D., LAND V.J., BOROWITZ M.J., CARROLL A.J. & GRIST W.M. (1993) Human t(1 ;19)(q23;p13) pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. ß/ood81, 3052-3062.
208. UCKUN F.M., SATHER H., REAMAN G., SHUSTER J., LAND V., TRIGG M., GüNTHER R., CHELSTROM L., BLEYER A. & GAYNON P. (1995) Leukemic cell growth in SCID mice as a predictor or relapse in high-risk B-linage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 85, 873-878.
209. VAN DER SLUIJS J.P., DEJONG J.P., BRONS N.H.C. & PLOEMACHER R.E. (1990) Haemopoiesis on a marrow-derived stromal layer. Exp. Haematol. 18, 893-896.
210. VAN ZANT G. (1984) Studies of haematopoietic stem cells spared by 5-fluorouraciI. J. Exp. Med. 159, 679-690.
211. VEIBY O.P., JACOBSEN F.W., GUI L., LYMAN S.D. & JACOBSEN S.E.W. (1996) The flt3 ligand promotes the survival of primitive hemopoetic progenitor cells with myeloid as well as B lymphoid potential: Suppression of apoptosis and counteraction by TNF-α and TGF-/31. J. Immunol. 157, 2953-2960.
212. VERFAILLIE C.M. (1993) Can human hematopoietic stem cells be cultured ex vivo? Stem Cells 12, 466-476.
213. VISSER J.W.M., BAUMAN J.G.J., MULDER A.M., ELIASON J.F. & DELEEUW A.M. (1984) Isolation of murine pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. J. Exp. Med. 50, 1576-1590.
214. VOGEL H., NIEWISCH H. & MATIOLI G. (1968) The self-renewal probability of haemopoietic stem cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 72, 221-228.
215. VOGEL H., NIEWISCH H. & MATIOLI G. (1969) Stochastic development of stem cells. J. Theor. Biol. 22, 249.
216. WARREN A.J., COLLEDGE W.H., CARLTON M.B.L., EVANS M.J., SMITH A.J.H. & RABBITTS T.H. (1994) The oncogenic cysteine-rich LIM domain protein Rbtn2 is essential for erythroid developoment. Cell 78, 45-47.
217. WATANABE T., BROWN G.S., KELSEY L.S., VAN Y., JACKSON J.D., EWEL C., KESSINGER A. & TALMADGE J.E. (1996) In vivo protective effects of tetrapeptide AcSDKP, with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, on murine progenitor cells after sublethal irradiation. Exp. Hematol. 24, 713-721.
218. WIERENGA P.K. & KONINGS A.W.T. (1996) Goralatide (AcSDKP) selectively protects murine hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells against hyperthermic damage. Exp. Hematol. 24, 246-252.
219. WILLIAMS G.T., SMITH C.A., SPOONCER E. & DEXTER T.M. (1990) Haemopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apotosis. Nature 343, 76-79.
220. WOLF N.S. & PRIESTLEY G.V. (1986) Kinetics of early and late spleen colony development. Exp. Hematol. 14, 676-682.
221. WRIGHT D.G. & GREENBERGER J.S., (eds) (1984) Long-term Bone Marrow Culture. New York: Alan R Liss.
222. WRIGHT E.G., LORIMORE S.A. & LORD B.I. (1985) Effects of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation regulators on early and late spleen colony-forming cells. Cell Tissue Kinet. 18, 193-199.
223. WRIGHT E.G. & LORIMORE S.A. (1987) The production of factors regulating the proliferation of haemopoietic spleen colonyforming cells by bone marrow macrophages. Cell Tissue Kinet. 20, 191-203.
224. WRIGHT E.G. & PRAGNELL I.B. (1992) The stem cell compartment: assays and negative regulators. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 177, 137-149.
225. WU A.M., TILL J.E., SIMINOVITCH L & MCCULLOCH E.A. (1967) A cytological study of the capacity for differentiation of normal hemopoietic colony-forming cells. J. Cell Physiol. 69, 177-184.
226. ZHANG Y., HARADA A., BLUETHMANN H., WANG J.B., NAKAO S., MUKAIDA N. & MATSUSHIA K. (1995) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a physiologic regulator of hematopoietic progenitor cells: Increase of early hematopoietic progenitor cells in TNF receptor p55-deficient mice in vivo and potent inhibition of progenitor cell proliferation by TNF-α in vitro. BloodSG, 2930-2937.