Fortification of staple foods with vitamin a for vitamin a deficiency

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2019, Issue 5, 2019, Pages

  Hombali, Aditi S ^a   Solon, Juan Antonio ^b   Venkatesh, Bhumika T ^c   Nair, N Sreekumaran ^d   Peña Rosas, Juan Pablo ^e  

^a INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (Singapore)

^b Nutrition Center of the Philippines   (Philippines)

^c PRASANNA SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (India)

^d GOVERNMENT OF INDIA   (India)

^e WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDIBLE OIL; FAT; MINERAL; RETINOL; SUGAR; TRACE ELEMENT;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CONDIMENT; CORN FLOUR; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIET THERAPY; FOOD; FORTIFIED FOOD; HUMAN; LACTATION; MILK; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINOL DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; STAPLE FOOD; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; WHEAT FLOUR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; FEMALE; INFANT; MALE; NEWBORN; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PREGNANCY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; FOOD, FORTIFIED; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; PREGNANCY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85065844925     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010068.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Candelaria 2005. Allocation concealment method, blinding and attrition, morbidity [personal communication]. Conversation with: Maria Regina Pedro (Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology, Metro Manila, Philippines) 16 May 2015. Candelaria LV, Magsadia CR, Velasco RE, Pedro MR, Barba CV, Tanchoco CC. The effect of vitamin A-fortified coconut cooking oil on the serum retinol concentration of Filipino children 4-7 years old. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;14(1):43–53.
2. ∗Lopez-Teros V, Quihui-Cota L, Mendez-Estrada RO, Grijalva-Haro MI, Esparza-Romero J, Valencia ME, et al. Vitamin A-fortified milk increases total body vitamin A stores in Mexican preschoolers. Journal of Nutrition 2013; 143(2):221–6.
3. Lopez-Teros 2013. Supplementary files [personal communication]. Converstation with: Lopez-Treos V (Department of Nutrition, Research Center for Food and Development, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico) 11 June 2015.
4. Lopez-Teros V, Quihui-Cota L, Mendez-Estrada RO, Grijalva-Haro MI, Valencia M, Esparza-Romero J, et al. Effect of vitamin A fortified milk intake on total body vitamin A stores in Mexican preschoolers. FASEB Journal 2012;26(1 Suppl):114.2.
5. Rahman AS, Ahmed T, Ahmed F, Alam MS, Wahed MA, Sack DA. Double-blind cluster randomised controlled trial of wheat flour chapatti fortified with micronutrients on the status of vitamin A and iron in school-aged children in rural Bangladesh. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2015;11(Suppl 4): 120–31.
6. Solon FS, Solon MS, Mehansho H, West KP Jr, Sarol J, Perfecto C, et al. Evaluation of the effect of vitamin A-fortified margarine on the vitamin A status of preschool Filipino children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;50(11):720–3.
7. Solon 2000. Randomization process used [personal communication]. Email to: Rolf DW Klemm 16 January 2016.
8. Solon FS, Klemm RD, Sanchez L, Darnton-Hill I, Craft NE, Christian P, et al. Efficacy of a vitamin A-fortified wheat-flour bun on the vitamin A status of Filipino schoolchildren. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;72(3):738–44.
9. Trinidad TP, Mallillin AC, Sagum RS, de Leon MP, Borlagdan MS, Baquiran MF. Fortified milk consumption among 6-year old children: changes in biochemical markers of trace minerals and vitamins. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 2015;32(3):112–8.
10. Vinod Kumar 2009a (C). Details of randomization process and statistical method for analysis [personal communication]. Email to: Vinod Kumar 14 October 2015.
11. Vinodkumar M, Erhardt JG, Rajagopalan S. Impact of a multiple-micronutrient fortified salt on the nutritional status and memory of schoolchildren. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin-und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition 2009;79(5-6):348–61.
12. Kumar MV, Nirmalan PK, Erhardt JG, Rahmathullah L, Rajagopalan S. An efficacy study on alleviating micronutrient deficiencies through a multiple micronutrient fortified salt in children in South India. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;23(3):413–22.
13. Vinod Kumar 2014. Details of randomization process [personal communication]. Email to: Vinod Kumar 26 June 2016.
14. Wang X, Hui Z, Dai X, Terry PD, Zhang Y, Ma M, et al. Micronutrient-Fortified Milk and Academic Performance among Chinese Middle School Students: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2017;9(3):226.
15. Winichagoon P, McKenzie JE, Chavasit V, Pongcharoen T, Gowachirapant S, Boonpraderm A, et al. A multimicronutrient-fortified seasoning powder enhances the hemoglobin, zinc, and iodine status of primary school children in North East Thailand: a randomized controlled trial of efficacy. Journal of Nutrition 2006;136(6):1617–23.
16. Abrams SA, Mushi A, Hilmers DC, Griffin IJ, Davila P, Allen L. A multinutrient-fortified beverage enhances the nutritional status of children in Botswana. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(6):1834–40.
17. Ackatia-Armah RS, Donald CM, Doumbia S, Earhardt J, Peerson J, Brown KH. Effect of selected dietary supplements on micronutrient status during recovery from moderate acute malnutrition in young Malian children (PO1203). Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(1 Suppl):842.
18. Ackatia-Armah RS, McDonald C, Doumbia S, Brown KH. Effect of selected dietary regimens on recovery from moderate acute malnutrition in young Malian children. FASEB Journal 2012;26(1 Suppl):1031.10.
19. Alexy U, Kersting M, Sichert-Hellert W. Trends in dietary intake of vitamins A, C, and E in German children and adolescents--results of the DONALD Study. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin-und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition 2003;73(5): 335–42.
20. Anand K, Lakshmy R, Janakarajan VN, Ritvik A, Misra P, Pandey RM, et al. Effect of consumption of micronutrient fortified candies on the iron and vitamin A status of children aged 3-6 years in rural Haryana. Indian Pediatrics 2007;44 (11):823–9.
21. Andersen AB, Schmidt LKh, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Roos N, Friis H, Kongsbak K, et al. The effect of daily consumption of the small fish Amblypharyngodon mola or added vitamin A on iron status: a randomised controlled trial among Bangladeshi children with marginal vitamin A status. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;25(3):464–71.
22. Andrade JE, Rosales E, Lopez JR, Carrillo EP, Engeseth NJ, Helferich WG. Development of a point-of-use fortification technology for delivery of micronutrients in Honduras. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2015;95(2): 393–400.
23. Araujo RL, Souza, MSL, Mata-Machado AJ, Mata-Machado LT, Mello ML, et al. Response of retinol serum levels to the intake of vitamin A fortified sugar by pre-school children (Brazil). Nutrition Reports International 1978;17 (3):307–14.
24. Arroyave G, Mejia LA, Aguilar JR. The effect of vitamin A fortification of sugar on the serum vitamin A levels of preschool Guatemalan children: a longitudinal evaluation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34(1):41–9.
25. Mejia LA, Arroyave G. The effect of vitamin A fortification of sugar on iron metabolism in preschool children in Guatemala. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;36 (1):87–93.
26. Ash DM, Tatala SR, Frongillo EA Jr, Ndossi GD, Latham MC. Randomized efficacy trial of a micronutrient-fortified beverage in primary school children in Tanzania. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77(4):891–8.
27. Barkley JS, Wheeler KS, Pachón H. Anaemia prevalence may be reduced among countries that fortify flour. British Journal of Nutrition 2015;114(2):265–73.
28. Benade AJS. The potential of red palm oil-based shortening as a food fortificant for vitamin A in the baking industry. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2001;22(4):416–8.
29. Bianchini R, Penteado MVC. Amounts of retinol, b-carotene and a-tocopherol in cow milk comercialized in the city of São Paulo [Teores de retinol, b–caroteno e a–tocoferol em leites bovinos comercializados na cidade de Sao Paulo]. Food Science and Technology 1999;19(3): 349–55.
30. Bielderman I, Vossenaar M, Melse-Boonstra A, Solomons NW. The potential double-burden of vitamin A malnutrition: under-and overconsumption of fortified table sugar in the Guatemalan highlands. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;70(8):947–53.
31. Bishop WB, Laubscher I, Labadarios D, Rehder P, Louw ME, Fellingham SA. Effect of vitamin-enriched bread on the vitamin status of an isolated rural community--a controlled clinical trial. South African Medical Journal 1996; 86(4 Suppl):458–62.
32. Borges EL, Araujo RL, Oliveria JR. Effect of the ingestion of sugar fortified with vitamin A (500 IU/g) in the prevention of vitamin A deficiency. AMB: Revista da Associa Médica Brasileira 1981;27(8):234–6.
33. Bracken B, Bonorden M, Salazar M, Salazar P, Hernandez L, Salguero S, Armas L, Solomons N. Cognitive development among preschoolers improves in relation to endline ferritin and vitamin D levels only among recipients randomized to a fortified poultry-based spread (Spammy™) intervention group. FASEB Journal 2014;28(1 Suppl):250.6.
34. Cabalda AB, Tengco LW, Solon JA, Sarol JN Jr, Rayco-Solon P, Solon FS. Efficacy of pandesal baked from wheat flour fortified with iron and vitamin a in improving the iron and anthropometric status of anaemic schoolchildren in the Philippines. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2009;28(5):591–600.
35. Cardoso MA, Augusto RA, Bortolini GA, Oliveira CS, Tietzman DC, Sequeira LA, et al. Effect of providing multiple micronutrients in powder through primary healthcare on anaemia in young Brazilian children: a multicentre pragmatic controlled trial. PLOS ONE 2016; 11(3):e0151097.
36. Carrasco Quintero Mdel R, Ortiz Hernandez L, Roldan Amaro JA, Chavez Villasana A, Aguirre Arenas J, Aguilar Carrasco FR. Effect of consumption of corn flour enriched with soja on nutrition status of indigenous women of Mexico [Efecto del consumo de una harina de maiz enriquecida con soja en el estado de nutricion de mujeres indigenas de Mexico]. Revista Española de Salud Publica 2013;87(3):293–302.
37. Chen K, Li TY, Chen L, Qu P, Liu YX. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on preschool children in a suburb of Chongqing, China. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2008;54(6):440–7.
38. Chen K, Liu YF, Chen L, Zhang X, Liu YX, Chen J, et al. Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on iron metabolic homeostasis. Chinese Journal of Pediatrics 2011;49(12): 926–32.
39. Chen K, Zhang X, Li TY, Chen L, Wei XP, Qu P, et al. Effect of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on infectious morbidity of preschool children. Nutrition 2011;27(4): 428–34.
40. Davidsson L, Adou P, Zeder C, Walczyk T, Hurrell R. The effect of retinyl palmitate added to iron-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of iron in African children with vitamin A deficiency. British Journal of Nutrition 2003;90(2):337–43.
41. Deavenport-Saman A, Britt A, Smith K, Jacobs RA. Milestones and controversies in maternal and child health: examining a brief history of micronutrient fortification in the US. Journal of Perinatology 2017;37(11):1180–1184.
42. Del Real S, Paez MC, Solano L, Fajardo Z. Pre-cooked corn flour intake and its contribution of iron and vitamin A in low income preschoolers [Consumo de harina de maíz precocida y su aporte de hierro y vitamina A en preescolares de bajos recursos económicos]. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 2002;52(3):274–81.
43. Del Real S, Páez MC, Solano L, Fajardo Z. Corn flour intake and its contribution of iron and vitamin A in low income preschoolers. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición 2002;52(3):274–81.
44. De Oliveira JE Dutra, Desai ID, Favaro RMD, Ferreira JF. Effect of heat treatment during cooking on the biological value of vitamin A fortified soybean oil in human. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1994, 1994;45(3):203–7.
45. Economos CD, Moore CE, Hyatt RR, Kuder J, Chen T, Meydani SN, et al. Multinutrient-fortified juices improve vitamin D and vitamin E status in children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2014;114(5):709–17.
46. Engle-Stone R, Nankap M, Ndjebayi A, Gimou MM, Friedman A, Haskell MJ, et al. Vitamin A status of women and children in Yaoundé and Douala, Cameroon, is unchanged one year after initiation of a national vitamin A oil fortification program. Nutrients 2017;9(5):522.
47. Engle-Stone R, Nankap M, Ndjebayi AO, Brown KH. Simulations based on representative 24-h recall data predict region-specific differences in adequacy of vitamin A intake among Cameroonian women and young children following large-scale fortification of vegetable oil and other potential food vehicles. Journal of Nutrition 2014;144(11):1826–34.
48. Engle-Stone R, Ndjebayi A, Nakap M, Gimou MM, Firedman A, Brown K. Vitamin A and iron status of women and children in urban Cameroon before and after introduction of vitamin A-fortified vegetable oil and iron fortified wheat flour. FASEB Journal 2014;28(1 Suppl): 208.18.
49. Faber M, Kvalsvig JD, Lombard CJ, Benade AJ. Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;82(5):1032–9.
50. Faber M, van Jaarsveld PJ, Kunneke E, Kruger HS, Schoeman SE, van Stuijvenberg ME. Vitamin A and anthropometric status of South African preschool children from four areas with known distinct eating patterns. Nutrition 2015;31(1):64–71.
51. Fiedler JL, Lividini K, Bermudez OI. Estimating the impact of vitamin A-fortified vegetable oil in Bangladesh in the absence of dietary assessment data. Public Health Nutrition 2015;18(3):414–20.
52. Fulgoni VL, Buckley RB. The contribution of fortified ready-to-eat cereal to vitamin and mineral intake in the US population, NHANES 2007-2010. Nutrients 2015;7(6): 3949–58.
53. Girard AW, Deneen M, Lubowa A, Okuku H, Low J, Grant F. An integrated agriculture, health and nutrition program increased vitamin A intakes among mothers and their infants in Western Kenya. FASEB Journal 2015;29(1): 729–2.
54. Goyle A, Prakash S. Effect of supplementation of micronutrient fortified biscuits on serum total proteins and vitamin A levels of adolescent girls (10-16 years) of Jaipur city, India. Nepal Medical College Journal: NMCJ 2011;13 (4):233–7.
55. Greene MD, Kabaghe G, Musonda M, Palmer AC. Retail Sugar From One Zambian Community Does Not Meet Statutory Requirements for Vitamin A Fortification. Food Nutrition Bulletin 2017;38(4):594–598.
56. Gurmu F, Hussein S, Laing M. The potential of orange-fleshed sweet potato to prevent vitamin A deficiency in Africa. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin-und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition 2014;84(1-2):65–78.
57. Han JH, Li XY, Li YP. Risk assessment of fortification level for vitamin A in food in China. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 2012;46(4): 294–8.
58. Herrero-Barbudo C, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Granado-Lorencio F, Blanco-Navarro I. Bioavailability of vitamins A and E from whole and vitamin-fortified milks in control subjects. European Journal of Nutrition 2006;45(7):391–8.
59. Hieu NT, Sandalinas F, de Sesmaisons A, Laillou A, Tam NP, Khan NC, et al. Multi-micronutrient-fortified biscuits decreased the prevalence of anaemia and improved iron status, whereas weekly iron supplementation only improved iron status in Vietnamese school children. British Journal of Nutrition 2012;108(8):1419–27.
60. Huo J, Sun J, Huang J, Li W, Wang L, Selenje L, et al. The effectiveness of fortified flour on micro-nutrient status in rural female adults in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;20(1):118–24.
61. Sun J, Huo J, Li W, Wang L. Observation on effectiveness of fortified flour on nutrition status improvement of poor area women in Weichang County of Hebei Province in China. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2008;37(2):199–202.
62. Huo J, Sun J, Huang J, Li W, Wang L, Selenje L, et al. Effectiveness of fortified flour for enhancement of vitamin and mineral intakes and nutrition status in northwest Chinese villages. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2012;33(2): 161–8.
63. Huo J, Sun J, Huang J, Wang J, Li W, Wang B. School food fortification improves nutrition status of students from poor migrant families. Journal of Food and Nutritional Disorders 2014;3(2):1–8.
64. Hyder SM, Haseen F, Khan M, Schaetzel T, Jalal CS, Rahman M, et al. A multiple-micronutrient-fortified beverage affects hemoglobin, iron, and vitamin A status and growth in adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition 2007;137(9):2147–53.
65. Jinabhai CC, Taylor M, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM, Tomkins AM, Sullivan KR. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of antihelminthic treatment and micronutrient fortification on health status and school performance of rural primary school children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2001;21(4):319–33.
66. Kafwembe EM, Chipipa J, Njunju E, Chilengi R. The vitamin A status of Zambian children in a community of vitamin A supplementation and sugar fortification strategies as measured by the modified relative dose response (MRDR) test. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin-und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition 2009;79(1):40–7.
67. Kopec RE, Cooperstone JL, Schweiggert RM, Young GS, Harrison EH, Francis DM, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. Avocado consumption enhances human postprandial provitamin A absorption and conversion from a novel high-?-carotene tomato sauce and from carrots. Journal of Nutrition 2014;8(1):1158–66.
68. Krause VM, Delisle H, Solomons NW. Fortified foods contribute one half of recommended vitamin A intake in poor urban Guatemalan toddlers. Journal of Nutrition 1998; 128(5):860–4. PUBMED: 9566994
69. Kurihayashi AY, Augusto RA, Escaldelai FMD, Martini LA. Vitamin A and D status among child participants in a food supplementation program. Cadernos de Saude Publica / Ministerio da Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saude Publica 2015;31(3):531–42.
70. Laillou A, Mai le B, Hop le T, Khan NC, Panagides D, Wieringa F, et al. An assessment of the impact of fortification of staples and condiments on micronutrient intake in young Vietnamese children. Nutrients 2012;4(9): 1151–70. PUBMED: 23112906]
71. Lam NT, Gross R, Sastroamidjojo S, Khoi HH. Effects of vitamin a and iron fortified supplementary food on vitamin A and iron status of rural preschool children in Vietnam. Medical Journal of Indonesia 1997;6(2):113–32.
72. Lamardo LCA, Stofer M, Navas SA, Inomata EI, Fonseca FS, Santana RL, et al. Determination of vitamin A concentration in enriched type C milk in São Paulo city, Brazil [Teor de vitamina A em leites tipo C fortificados na cidade de São Paulo]. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz 2004; 63(2):155–8.
73. Leyvraz M, Laillou A, Rahman S, Ahmed T, Rahman AS, Alam N, et al. An assessment of the potential impact of fortification of staples and condiments on micronutrient intake of young children and women of reproductive age in Bangladesh. Nutrients 2015;7(12):9960–71.
74. Lim LS, Harnack LJ, Lazovich D, Folsom AR. Vitamin A intake and the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women: the Iowa women’s health study. Osteoporosis International 2004;15(7):552–9.
75. Lopriore C, Guidoum Y, Briend A, Branca F. Spread fortified with vitamins and minerals induces catch-up growth and eradicates severe anemia in stunted refugee children aged 3-6 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80(4):973–81.
76. Makola D, Ash DM, Tatala SR, Latham MC, Ndossi G, Mehansho H. A micronutrient-fortified beverage prevents iron deficiency, reduces anemia and improves the hemoglobin concentration of pregnant Tanzanian women. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(5):1339–46.
77. Malpeli A, Ferrari MG, Varea A, Falivene M, Etchegoyen G, Vojkovic M, et al. Short-term evaluation of the impact of a fortified food aid program on the micronutrient nutritional status of Argentinian pregnant women. Biological Trace Element Research 2013;155(2):176–83.
78. Manders M, de Groot CP, Blauw YH, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, van Hoeckel-Prust L, Bindels JG, et al. Effect of a nutrient-enriched drink on dietary intake and nutritional status in institutionalised elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(10):1241–50.
79. Mardones F, Urrutia MT, Villarroel L, Rioseco A, Castillo O, Rozowski J, et al. Effects of a dairy product fortified with multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on birth weight and gestation duration in pregnant Chilean women. Public Health Nutrition 2008;11(1):30–40.
80. Mason JB, Ramirez MA, Fernandez CM, Pedro R, Lloren T, Saldanha L, et al. Effects on vitamin A deficiency in children of periodic high-dose supplements and of fortified oil promotion in a deficient area of the Philippines. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin-und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition 2011;81(5):295–305.
81. Mejia LA, Pineda O. Replacement of peanut oil used for the fortification of sugar with vitamin A for other vegetable oils available in Central America [Sustitucion del aceite de mani usado para la fortificacion de azucar con vitamina “A” por otros aceites vegetales disponibles en Centroamerica]. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 1986;36(1):127–34.
82. Meller M, Litschig S. Saving lives evidence from a conditional food supplementation program. Journal of Human Resources 2014;49(4):1014–52.
83. Mirmiran P, Golzarand M, Serra-Majem L, Azizi F. Iron, iodine and vitamin A in the Middle East; A systematic review of deficiency and food fortification. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2012;41(8):8–19.
84. Murphy SP, Gewa C, Grillenberger M, Bwibo NO, Neumann CG. Designing snacks to address micronutrient deficiencies in rural Kenyan schoolchildren. Journal of Nutrition 2007;137(4):1093–6.
85. Nesamvuni AE, Vorster HH, Margetts BM, Kruger A. Fortification of maize meal improved the nutritional status of 1-3-year-old African children. Public Health Nutrition 2005;8(5):461–7.
86. Neumann CG, Bwibo NO, Jiang L, Weiss RE. School snacks decrease morbidity in Kenyan schoolchildren: a cluster randomized, controlled feeding intervention trial. Public Health Nutrition 2013;16(9):1593–604.
87. Nga TT, Winichagoon P, Dijkhuizen MA, Khan NC, Wasantwisut E, Furr H, et al. Multi-micronutrient-fortified biscuits decreased prevalence of anemia and improved micronutrient status and effectiveness of deworming in rural Vietnamese school children. Journal of Nutrition 2009;139 (5):1013–21.
88. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Sha W. Ingestion of micronutrient fortified breakfast cereal has no influence on immune function in healthy children: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 2011;10(36):1–10.
89. Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Redondo R, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Andres P, Ortega A, et al. Influence of the intake of fortified breakfast cereals on dietary habits and nutritional status of Spanish schoolchildren. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 1996;40(3):146–56.
90. Osei AK, Rosenberg IH, Houser RF, Bulusu S, Mathews M, Hamer DH. Community-level micronutrient fortification of school lunch meals improved vitamin A, folate, and iron status of schoolchildren in Himalayan villages of India. Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(6):1146–54.
91. Osendarp SJ, Baghurst KI, Bryan J, Calvaresi E, Hughes D, Hussaini M, et al. Effect of a 12-mo micronutrient intervention on learning and memory in well-nourished and marginally nourished school-aged children: 2 parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled studies in Australia and Indonesia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86 (4):1082–93.
92. Ouedraogo HZ, Traore T, Zeba AN, Dramaix-Wilmet M, Hennart P, Donnen P. Effect of an improved local ingredient-based complementary food fortified or not with iron and selected multiple micronutrients on Hb concentration. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13(11): 1923–30.
93. Papathakis PC, Pearson KE. Food fortification improves the intake of all fortified nutrients, but fails to meet the estimated dietary requirements for vitamins A and B6, riboflavin and zinc, in lactating South African women. Public Health Nutrition 2012;15(10):1810–7.
94. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie-Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell-mediated immune function in elderly long-stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 1991;20(3):169–74.
95. Pineda O. Fortification of sugar with vitamin A. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1998;19(2):131–36.
96. Prasad MPR, Benhur D, Kommi K, Madhari R, Rao MV, Patil JV. Impact of Sorghum supplementation on growth and micronutrient status of school going children in southern India-a randomized trial. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2016;83(1):9–14.
97. Quilez J, Rafecas M, Brufau G, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Bullo M, et al. Bakery products enriched with phytosterol esters, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol and maintain plasma beta-carotene concentrations in normocholesterolemic men and women. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(10):3103–9.
98. Ribaya-Mercado JD, Solomons NW, Medrano Y, Bulux J, Dolnikowski GG, et al. Use of the deuterated-retinol-dilution technique to monitor the vitamin A status of Nicaraguan schoolchildren 1 y after initiation of the Nicaraguan national program of sugar fortification with vitamin A. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80 (5):1291–8.
99. Rohner F, Northrop-Clewes C, Raso G, Ake-Tano O, Tschannen A, Jungjohann S, et al. Effect of a fortified oil and flour program in Cote d’Ivoire on micronutrient status of pre-school children and women. IUNS 20th International Congress of Nutrition Granada (Spain), September 15-20 2013.
100. Rohner F, Raso G, Aké-Tano SO, Tschannen AB, Mascie-Taylor CG, Northrop-Clewes CA. The effects of an oil and wheat flour fortification program on pre-school children and women of reproductive age living in Cote d’Ivoire, a malaria-endemic area. Nutrients 2016;8(3):148.
101. Rojas C, Dominguez C, Ortiz D, Chavez H, Barboza J. Characteristics of energy and nutrients intake and supply with the addition of papilla» to diet in 6 to 36 months old children who participate in a complementary feeding program [Características del consumo y aporte de energía y nutrientes de una papilla a la dieta de niños de 6 a 36 meses de edad beneficiarios de un programa de complementación alimentaria]. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica 2004;21(3):118–25.
102. Romeo J, Warnberg J, Garcia-Marmol E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Diaz LE, Gomez-Martinez S, et al. Daily consumption of milk enriched with fish oil, oleic acid, minerals and vitamins reduces cell adhesion molecules in healthy children. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD 2011;21(2):113–20.
103. Rosado JL, González KE, Caamaño Mdel C, García OP, Preciado R, Odio M. Efficacy of different strategies to treat anemia in children: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Nutrition 2010;9(40):1–10.
104. Sail SS, Shah DG, Ambady SK. Effect of dietary supplementation with high protein biscuits on the nutritional status of pre-school children. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 1972;39(293):185–93.
105. Sandjaja, Jus’at I, Jahari AB, Ifrad, Htet MK, Tilden RL, et al. Vitamin A-fortified cooking oil reduces vitamin A deficiency in infants, young children and women: results from a programme evaluation in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition 2015;18(14):2511–22.
106. Sankhala A, Sankhla AK, Bhatnagar B, Singh A. Impact of intervention feeding trial on nutritional status of 6-10 years old malnourished children. Anthropologist 2004;6(3): 185–9.
107. Sarma KV, Udaykumar P, Balakrishna N, Vijayaraghavan K, Sivakumar B. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: growth and morbidity. Nutrition 2006;22(1 Suppl):S8–14.
108. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Kumar J, Sarkar A, et al. Effects of fortified milk on morbidity in young children in north India: community based, randomised, double masked placebo controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2007;334(7585):140.
109. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Dhingra P, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dutta A, et al. Micronutrient fortified milk improves iron status, anemia and growth among children 1-4 years: a double masked, randomized, controlled trial. PLOS ONE 2010;5(8):e12167.
110. Sazawal S, Habib A, Dhingra U, Dutta A, Dhingra P, Sarkar A, et al. Impact of micronutrient fortification of yoghurt on micronutrient status markers and growth-a randomized double blind controlled trial among school children in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2013;13:514.
111. Seal A, Kafwembe E, Kassim IA, Hong M, Wesley A, Wood J, Abdalla F, van den Briel T. Maize meal fortification is associated with improved vitamin A and iron status in adolescents and reduced childhood anaemia in a food aid-dependent refugee population. Public Health Nutrition 2007;11(7):720–8.
112. Semba RD, Moench-Pfanner R, Sun K, de Pee S, Akhter N, Rah JH, et al. Consumption of micronutrient-fortified milk and noodles is associated with lower risk of stunting in preschool-aged children in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2011;32(4):347–53.
113. Sheenko IuA, Chuprynina SA, Biriukova ZA, Kovalenko LM, Panteleeva OG. The experience of using sterilized milk enriched with beta-carotene in the diet of preschool age children in Kursk [Opyt ispol’zovaniia sterilizovannogo moloka, obogashchennogo beta–karotinom, v pitanii doshkol’nikov Kurska]. Voprosy pitaniia 2002;71(5):13–5.
114. Silva LLS, Augusto RA, Tietzmann DC, Sequeira LAS, Hadler MCCM, Muniz PT, et al. The impact of home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder on vitamin A status in young children: A multicenter pragmatic controlled trial in Brazil. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2017; 13(4):e12403.
115. Solon F, Fernandez TL, Latham MC, Popkin BM. An evaluation of strategies to control vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32(7):1445–53.
116. Solon FS, Fernandez TL, Latham MC, Popkin BM. Planning, implementation, and evaluation of a fortification program. Control of vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1979;74(2): 112–8.
117. Stuetz W, Carrara VI, McGready R, Lee SJ, Erhardt JG, Breuer J, et al. Micronutrient status in lactating mothers before and after introduction of fortified flour: cross-sectional surveys in Maela refugee camp. European Journal of Nutrition 2012;51(4):425–34.
118. Stuetz W, Carrara VI, Mc Gready R, Lee SJ, Sriprawat K, Po B, et al. Impact of food rations and supplements on micronutrient status by trimester of pregnancy: cross-sectional studies in the Maela refugee camp in Thailand. Nutrients 2016;8(2):66.
119. Taljaard C, Covic NM, van Graan AE, Kruger HS, Smuts CM, Baumgartner J, et al. Effects of a multi-micronutrient-fortified beverage, with and without sugar, on growth and cognition in South African schoolchildren: a randomised, double-blind, controlled intervention. British Journal of Nutrition 2013;110(12):2271–84.
120. Tatala SR, Ash D, Makola D, Latham M, Ndosi G, Grohn Y. Effect of micronutrient fortified beverage on nutritional anaemia during pregnancy. East African Medical Journal 2002;79(11):598–603.
121. Thankachan P, Selvam S, Surendran D, Chellan S, Pauline M, Abrams SA, et al. Efficacy of a multi micronutrient-fortified drink in improving iron and micronutrient status among schoolchildren with low iron stores in India: a randomised, double-masked placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;67(1):36–41.
122. Thomas T, Eilander A, Muthayya S, McKay S, Thankachan P, Theis W, et al. The effect of a 1-year multiple micronutrient or n-3 fatty acid fortified food intervention on morbidity in Indian school children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;66(4):452–8.
123. Toro O, de Pablo S, Aguayo M, Gattán V, Contreras I, Monckeberg F. Prevention of vitamin A deficiency by fortification of sugar. A field study. Archivos Latinoamericanos De Nutricion 1977;27(2):169–79.
124. Traore L, Banou AA, Sacko D, Malvy D, Schemann JF. Strategies to control vitamin A deficiency [Strategies de lutte contre les deficits en vitamine A]. Sante (Montrouge, France) 1998;8(2):158–62.
125. Unger SA, Drammeh S, Hasan J, Ceesay K, Sinjanka E, Beyai S, et al. Impact of fortified versus unfortified lipid-based supplements on morbidity and nutritional status: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in ill Gambian children. PLoS medicine 2017;14(8):e1002377.
126. Van Stuijvenberg ME, Kruger M, Badenhorst CJ, Mansvelt EP, Laubscher JA. Response to an iron fortification programme in relation to vitamin A status in 6-12-year-old school children. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1997;48(1):41–9.
127. Van Stuijvenberg ME, Dhansay MA, Smuts CM, Lombard CJ, Jogessar VB, Benade AJ. Long-term evaluation of a micronutrient-fortified biscuit used for addressing micronutrient deficiencies in primary school children. Public Health Nutrition 2001;4(6):1201–9.
128. Van Stuijvenberg ME, Kvalsvig JD, Faber M, Kruger M, Kenoyer DG, Benade AJ. Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(3):497–503.
129. Van Stuijvenberg ME, Kvalsvig JD, Faber M, Kruger M, Kenoyer DG, Benadé AJ. Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial (erratum). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69 (6):1294.
130. Van Stuijvenberg ME, Dhansay MA, Lombard CJ, Faber M, Benadé AJ. The effect of a biscuit with red palm oil as a source of beta-carotene on the vitamin A status of primary school children: a comparison with beta-carotene from a synthetic source in a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;55(8):657–62.
131. ∗ Van Stuijvenberg ME, Faber M, Dhansay MA, Lombard CJ, Vorster N, Benade AJ. Red palm oil as a source of beta-carotene in a school biscuit used to address vitamin A deficiency in primary school children. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2000;51(Suppl):S43–50.
132. Venkatramanan S, Marquis G, Neufeld L, Wenger M, Murray-Kolb L, Reinhart G, et al. Double Fortified Salt Intervention Improved Iron Intake But Not Energy and Other Nutrient Intakes in Female Tea Plantation Workers From West Bengal, India. Food Nutrition Bulletin 2017;38 (3):369–383.
133. Villanueva LE, Santos FS, Martin JS. The effect of zinc supplementation on serum vitamin A levels of pre-school children (in the Phillipines). Philippine Journal of Nutrition 1982;34(3):131–4.
134. Villanueva L, Ponce S, Alfonso V, Reinhart G. Effect of providing a micronutrient-fortified corn/soy atole or milk powder on linear growth in young Guatemalan children. FASEB Journal 2014;28(1 Suppl):828.6.
135. Vinodkumar M, Rajagopalan S. Impact of a multiple-micronutrient food supplement on the nutritional status of schoolchildren. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2006;27(3): 203–10.
136. Vinod Kumar M, Rajagopalan S. Multiple micronutrient fortification of salt and its effect on cognition in Chennai school children. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;16(3):505–11.
137. Vinod Kumar M, Rajagopalan S. Multiple micronutrient fortification of salt. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(3):437–45.
138. Viteri FE, Alvarez E, Batres R, Torun B, Pineda O, Mejia LA, et al. Fortification of sugar with iron sodium ethylenediaminotetraacetate (FeNaEDTA) improves iron status in semirural Guatemalan populations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61(5):1153–63.
139. Widhalm HK, Herkner K, Kiefer I, Seemann R, Rieder A, Kunze M, et al. Effect of daily intake of yogurt and bread enriched with biologically active substances on blood lipids and vitamin A in adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2011;62 (1):52–9.
140. Yadav RJ, Pandey A, Nigam AK, Singh P, Gulati D. Impact assessment of ICDS food fortification in the state of Uttar-Pradesh. Indian Journal of Community Health 2013;25(3): 285–92.
141. Yeudall F, Gibson RS, Cullinan TR, Mtimuni B. Efficacy of a community-based dietary intervention to enhance micronutrient adequacy of high-phytate maize-based diets of rural Malawian children. Public Health Nutrition 2005;8 (7):826–36.
142. Aguenaou H. Efficiency study of iodine fortification of milk on iodine status markers: A longitudinal interventional non randomized, controlled study among school children in Morocco [(trial number PACTR201410000896410)]. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/ TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=896) 2014:1–3.
143. Benjeddou K, Qandoussi L, Mekkaoui B, Rabi B, El Hamdouchi A, Raji F, et al. The effect of multiple micronutrient fortified milk consumption on vitamin D status amongschool-age children in rural region of Morocco. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2018;0(ja): 1–30.
144. Zahrou FE, el Menchawy I, Benjeddou K, Baddou I, El Kari K, El Hamdouchi A, et al. Efficacy study of iodine fortification of milk on iodine status markers: a longitudinal interventional, controlled study among schoolchildren in Morocco. International Journal of New Technology and Research 2015;1(3):17–24.
145. Zahrou FZ, Achour A, El Menchawy I, Benjed K, Azlaf M, El Hamdouchi A, et al. Impact of consumption of milk fortified in vitamins and minerals on the nutritional status of school children in Morocco. Acta Physiologica 2015;214 (S700):16.
146. Xuan Zhang, Ke Chen, Ping Qu, You Xue Liu, Ting Yu Li. Effect of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing. Public Health Nutrition 2011;14(4):751.
147. ∗ Zhang X, Chen K, Qu P, Liu YX, Li TY. Effects of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13(9):1462–71.
148. Arcot J. Effect of nutrition-improved wheat-based food on the health of primary school children aged 6-12 years in Morobe province [Efficacy of multi–micronutrient fortified wheat–based food on the nutrition status of primary school children aged 6–12 years in Lae, Papua New Guinea]. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12616001271493 (first received 9 September 2016). ACTRN12616001271493]
149. Arroyave G. Evaluation of sugar fortification with vitamin A at the national level. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 1979.
150. Ashong J, Muthayya S, De-Regil LM, Laillou A, Guyondet C, Moench-Pfanner R, et al. Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009902
151. Balshem H, Helfanda M, Schunemann HJ, Oxmand AD, Kunze R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: rating the quality of evidence: introduction. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2010;64(4):401–6.
152. Bauernfeind JC. The Safe Use of Vitamin A. Washington, DC,: International Vitamin A Consultative Group, 1980.
153. Beaton GH, Martorell R, Aronson KJ, Edmonston B, McCabe G, Ross AC, et al. Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Geneva: United Nations, Administrative Committee on Coordination/ Subcommittee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN); 1993. Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No.13. Available from: www.unscn.org/layout/modules/resources/files/ Policy paper No 13.pdf. Geneva: United Nations, Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN).
154. Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Oduwole O. Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007719.pub3
155. Bessa EM. Sugar fortification in Zambia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2001;22(4):419–22.
156. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis (Statistics in Practice). Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
157. Chavasit B, Tontisirin K. Triple fortification: instant noodles in Thailand. Food Fortification to End Micronutrient Malnutrition. State of the Art. Ottawa: Micronutrient Initiative, 1998:72–6.
158. The Cochrane Public Health Group. Guide for developing a Cochrane protocol. 2nd Edition. Melbourne: Cochrane, 2011.
159. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX for edible fats and oils not covered by individual standards (CODEX STAN 19-1981 (Rev. 2-1999)). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
160. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX standards for olive oils and olive pomace oils (CODEX STAN 33-198). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
161. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX standard for wheat flour (CODEX STAN 152-1985). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
162. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX standard for whole maize (corn) meal (CODEX STAN 154-1985). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
163. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX standard for degermed maize (corn) meal and maize (corn) grits (CODEX STAN 155-1985). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
164. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX standard for named vegetable oils (CODEX STAN 210-1999). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
165. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX standard for sugars (CODEX STAN 212-1999). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
166. CODEX alimentarius. CODEX standard for general standards for the use of dairy terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999). www.codexalimentarius.org (accessed 26 July 2012).
167. Codex Alimentarius. Codex General Standard for Food Additives (Codex STAN 192-1995). Adopted in 1995. Revision 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016. www.fao.org/gsfaonline/docs/CXS 192e.pdf(accessed 17 February 2017).
168. Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review. Version available at www.covidence.org. Melbourne: Veritas Health Innovation, 2018.
169. Darlow BA, Graham PJ, Rojas-Reyes MX. Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short-and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 8. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000501.pub4
170. Dary O, Mora JO, International Vitamin A Consultative Group. Food fortification to reduce vitamin A deficiency: International Vitamin A Consultative Group recommendations. Journal of Nutrition 2002;132(9 Suppl): 2927S–33S.
171. Das JK, Salam RA, Kumar R, Bhutta ZA. Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review. Systematic Reviews 2013;2(67): 1–24.
172. De-Regil LM, Suchdev PS, Vist GE, Walleser S, Peña-Rosas JP. Home fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008959.pub2
173. De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Flores-Ayala R, Del Socorro Jefferds ME. Development and use of the generic WHO/ CDC logic model for vitamin and mineral interventions in public health programmes. Public Health Nutrition 2013; 17(3):634–9.
174. De-Regil LM, Jefferds MED, Peña-Rosas JP. Point-of-use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and school-age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 11. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009666.pub2
175. Dibley MJ, Jeacocke DA. Vitamin A in pregnancy: impact on maternal and neonatal health. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2001;22:267–84.
176. Echler K, Wieser S, Rüthemann I, Brügger U. Effects of micronutrient fortified milk and cereal food for infants and children: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2012;12: 506. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-506
177. EPOC. EPOC data collection checklist, chapter 6. www.epoc.cochrane.org/sites/epoc.cochrane.org/files/ uploads/Risk%20of%20Bias%2005-01-2009.doc 2010 (accessed 26 July 2012).
178. Evans T, Brown H. Road traffic crashes: operationalising equity in the context of health sector reform. Injury Control and Safety Promotion 2003;10:11–12.
179. Fawzi WW, Chalmers TC, Herrera MG, Mosteller F. Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1993;269(7):898–903.
180. Friedman DI. The pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. Neurologic Clinics 2014;32(2):363–96.
181. Garcia-Casal MN, Peña-Rosas JP, Pachón H, De-Regil LM, Centeno Tablante E, Flores-Urrutia MC. Staple crops biofortified with increased micronutrient content: effects on vitamin and mineral status, as well as health and cognitive function in the general population. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 8. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012311
182. Garcia-Casal MN, Mowson R, Rogers L, Grajeda R, consultation working groups. Risk of excessive intake of vitamins and minerals delivered through public health interventions: objectives, results, conclusions of the meeting, and the way forward. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2018 Oct 5 [Epub ahead of print]: 1–16. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13975
183. Gogia S, Sachdev HS. Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants six months of age or less. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 10. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007480.pub2
184. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime, Inc.). GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. Version accessed prior to 12 November 2018. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime, Inc.), 2015.
185. Haider BA, Sharma R, Bhutta ZA. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in low and middle income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 2. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006980.pub3
186. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
187. Horvath T, Madi BC, Iuppa IM, Kennedy GE, Rutherford GE, Read JS. Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2
188. International Margarine Association of the Countries of Europe. Code of practice on vitamin A and D fortification of margarines and fat spreads, 2004. web.archive.org/web/ 20111003222930/http://www.imace.org/margarine/pdf/vitamin.pdf (accessed prior to 12 November 2018):1–7.
189. Imdad A, Ahmed Z, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 9. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007480.pub3
190. Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta Z. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3
191. Institute of Medicine, Food, Nutrition Board. Vitamin A. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001:82-146.
192. Mayo-Wilson E, Imdad A, Herzer K, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA, Sheriff NN. Vitamin A supplements for preventing mortality, illness, and blindness in children aged under 5: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;343 (d5094):1–19.
193. McCauley ME, van den Broek N, Dou L, Othman M. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008666.pub3
194. Mills J, Terasawa E, Tanumihardjo S. Ingestion of excessive preformed vitamin A by mothers amplifies storage of retinyl esters in early fetal livers of captive old world monkeys. American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 2007;57: 458–64.
195. Mora JO, Navas GE, Bonilla J, Sandino I. Virtual control of vitamin A deficiency in Nicaragua. In: Freiere W editor (s). Nutrition in an Active Life. From Knowledge to Action. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization, Scientific and Technical Publication No. 612, 2005:61–92.
196. Muhilal, Permeisih D, Idjradinata YR, Muherdiyantiningsih, Karyadi D. Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1988;48 (5):1271–6.
197. Nalubola R, Nestel P. The effect of vitamin A nutriture on health: a review. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 1999.
198. Oliveira JM, Allert R, East CE. Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005944.pub3
199. Penniston KL, Tanumihardjo SA. The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;83(2):191–201.
200. Quadro L, Hamberger L, Gottesman ME, Wang F, Colantuoni V, Blaner WS, et al. Pathways of vitamin A delivery to the embryo: insights from a new tunable model of embryonic vitamin A deficiency. Endocrinology 2005;146 (10):4479–90.
201. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
202. Ross AC. Metabolism of vitamin A in early life. Report: WHO Technical Consultation on Vitamin A in Newborn Health: Mechanistic Studies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012:47–76.
203. Sommer A, West KP Jr. Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival, and vision. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
204. Stevens GA, Bennett JE, Hennocq Q, Lu Y, De-Regil LM, Rogers L, et al. Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys. Lancet Global Health 2015;3 (9):e528–36.
205. Suchdev PS, Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM. Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point-of-use) fortification of foods in pregnant women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011158.pub2
206. Tanumihardjo SA, Russell RM, Stephensen CB, Gannon BM, Craft NE, et al. Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)-vitamin A review. Journal of Nutrition 2016;146(9):1816S–48S.
207. Tanumihardjo SA, Kaliwile C, Boy E, Dhansay MA, van Stuijvenberg ME. Overlapping vitamin A interventions in the United States, Guatemala, Zambia, and South Africa: case studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2018. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13965
208. Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2014;14:135. [PUBMED: 25524443]
209. West KP. Dietary vitamin A deficiency: effects on growth, infection and mortality. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1991; 13(2):77.
210. World Health Organization. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1993-2005. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
211. World Health Organization. Serum retinol concentrations for determining the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations. Geneva: WHO, 2011.
212. World Health Organization. Guideline: vitamin A supplementation for infants and children 6-59 months of age. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
213. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016. [ISBN 978 92 4 154991 2]
214. World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Logic model for micronutrient interventions in public health. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (WHO/NMH/NHD/EPG/ 16.1), 2016. www.who.int/vmnis/toolkit/logic model/ en. Geneva: World Health Organization, (accessed 6 September 2016).
215. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.
216. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. 1. Vol. 1, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.
217. Wirth JP, Petry N, Tanumihardjo SA, Rogers LM, McLean E, Greig A, et al. Vitamin A supplementation programs and country-level evidence of vitamin A deficiency. Nutrients 2017;9(3):E190. DOI: 10.3390/nu9030190
218. Wiysonge CS, Ndze VN, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey MS. Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 9. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003648.pub4
219. Wu T, Ni J, Wei J. Vitamin A for non-measles pneumonia in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003700.pub2
220. Saeterdal I, Mora JO, De-Regil LM. Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for preventing vitamin A deficiency. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010068