Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms

Environmental Research

Volumn 160, Issue , 2018, Pages 152-182

  Rodgers, Kathryn M ^a   Udesky, Julia O ^a   Rudel, Ruthann A ^a   Brody, Julia Green ^a  

^a SILENT SPRING INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast development; Endocrine disruptors; Mammary carcinogens; Prevention; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

1,1 DICHLORO 2,2 BIS(4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHYLENE; 1,3 BUTADIENE; 2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; 4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; ACRYLAMIDE; AROMATIC AMINE; CARCINOGEN; CHLORPHENOTANE; DIOXIN; DRINKING WATER; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; ETHYLENE OXIDE; FLAME RETARDANT; GASOLINE; NONYLPHENOL; ORGANIC SOLVENT; ORGANOCHLORINE DERIVATIVE; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE; PERFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCE; PESTICIDE; PHTHALIC ACID; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCE; SOLVENT; STYRENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CANCER; DATABASE; DDT; DNA; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETIOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RISK FACTOR; TOXICOLOGY; TUMOR;

ADOLESCENCE; AIR POLLUTION; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; BREAST DEVELOPMENT; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER RISK; CONSUMER; DNA REPAIR; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GENETIC VARIATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WORK ENVIRONMENT; ANIMAL; BREAST TUMOR; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; FEMALE; GENETICS; MORTALITY; POLLUTANT; TOXICITY;

CHANGDAO ISLANDS; CHINA; SHANDONG;

ANIMALIA;

ANIMALS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS;

EID: 85030532422     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.045     Document Type: Review

References (330)

1. Abstrackr. Available: 〈http://abstrackr.cebm.brown.edu/〉 [accessed 1 Aug 2016.
2. Acevedo, N., Davis, B., Schaeberle, C.M., Sonnenschein, C., Soto, A.M., Perinatally administered bisphenol a as a potential mammary gland carcinogen in rats. Environ Health Perspect 121 (2013), 1040–1046.
3. Adami, H., Hunter, D.J., Trichopoulos, D., Textbook of cancer epidemiology, 2nd ed, 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. Ahn, J., Gammon, M.D., Santella, R.M., Gaudet, M.M., Britton, J.A., Teitelbaum, S.L., et al. Effects of glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) genotype and potential modifiers on breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006), 1876–1882.
5. Al-Sader, H., Abdul-Jabar, H., Allawi, Z., Haba, Y., Alcohol and breast cancer: the mechanisms explained. J Clin Med Res 1 (2009), 125–131.
6. Alexandrov, L.B., Ju, Y.S., Haase, K., Van Loo, P., Martincorena, I., Nik-Zainal, S., et al. Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer. Science 354 (2016), 618–622.
7. Alonso-Magdalena, P., Ropero, A.B., Soriano, S., Garcia-Arevalo, M., Ripoll, C., Fuentes, E., et al. Bisphenol-A acts as a potent estrogen via non-classical estrogen triggered pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 355 (2012), 201–207.
8. Ambrosone, C.B., Abrams, S.M., Gorlewska-Roberts, K., Kadlubar, F.F., Hair dye use, meat intake, and tobacco exposure and presence of carcinogen-DNA adducts in exfoliated breast ductal epithelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 464 (2007), 169–175.
9. Andersen, H.R., Andersson, A.M., Arnold, S.F., Autrup, H., Barfoed, M., Beresford, N.A., et al. Comparison of short-term estrogenicity tests for identification of hormone-disrupting chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 107:Suppl 1 (1999), 89–108.
10. Arcaro, K.F., O'Keefe, P.W., Yang, Y., Clayton, W., Gierthy, J.F., Antiestrogenicity of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human breast cancer cells. Toxicology 133 (1999), 115–127.
11. Arrebola, J.P., Belhassen, H., Artacho-Cordon, F., Ghali, R., Ghorbel, H., Boussen, H., et al. Risk of female breast cancer and serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls: a case-control study in Tunisia. Sci Total Environ 520 (2015), 106–113.
12. Arrebola, J.P., Fernandez-Rodriguez, M., Artacho-Cordon, F., Garde, C., Perez-Carrascosa, F., Linares, I., et al. Associations of persistent organic pollutants in serum and adipose tissue with breast cancer prognostic markers. Sci Total Environ 566-567 (2016), 41–49.
13. Aschengrau, A., Paulu, C., Ozonoff, D., Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 106:Suppl 4 (1998), 947–953.
14. Ashley-Martin, J., VanLeeuwen, J., Cribb, A., Andreou, P., Guernsey, J.R., Breast cancer risk, fungicide exposure and CYP1A1*2A gene-environment interactions in a province-wide case control study in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health Vol. 9:Part 2012/07/04 (2012), 1846–1858.
15. Badham, H.J., Winn, L.M., Investigating the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in benzene-initiated toxicity in vitro. Toxicology 229 (2007), 177–185.
16. Barry, V., Winquist, A., Steenland, K., Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant. Environ Health Perspect 121 (2013), 1313–1318.
17. Behjati, S., Gundem, G., Wedge, D.C., Roberts, N.D., Tarpey, P.S., Cooke, S.L., et al. Mutational signatures of ionizing radiation in second malignancies. Nat Commun, 7, 2016, 12605.
18. Bellinger, D.C., A strategy for comparing the contributions of environmental chemicals and other risk factors to neurodevelopment of children. Environ Health Perspect 120 (2012), 501–507.
19. Blair, R.M., Fang, H., Branham, W.S., Hass, B.S., Dial, S.L., Moland, C.L., et al. The estrogen receptor relative binding affinities of 188 natural and xenochemicals: structural diversity of ligands. Toxicol Sci 54 (2000), 138–153.
20. Boada, L.D., Zumbado, M., Henriquez-Hernandez, L.A., Almeida-Gonzalez, M., Alvarez-Leon, E.E., Serra-Majem, L., et al. Complex organochlorine pesticide mixtures as determinant factor for breast cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in the Canary Islands (Spain). Environ Health, Vol. 11(Part 2012/04/27), 2012, 28.
21. Bonefeld-Jorgensen, E.C., Long, M., Bossi, R., Ayotte, P., Asmund, G., Kruger, T., et al. Perfluorinated compounds are related to breast cancer risk in Greenlandic Inuit: a case control study. In: Environ Health, Vol. 10(Part 2011/10/08), 2011, 88.
22. Bonefeld-Jorgensen, E.C., Long, M., Fredslund, S.O., Bossi, R., Olsen, J., Breast cancer risk after exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Danish women: a case-control study nested in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Cancer Causes Control 25 (2014), 1439–1448.
23. Boverhof, D.R., Kwekel, J.C., Humes, D.G., Burgoon, L.D., Zacharewski, T.R., Dioxin induces an estrogen-like, estrogen receptor-dependent gene expression response in the murine uterus. Mol Pharmacol 69 (2006), 1599–1606.
24. Braun, J.M., Gennings, C., Hauser, R., Webster, T.F., What Can Epidemiological Studies Tell Us about the Impact of Chemical Mixtures on Human Health?. Environ Health Perspect 124 (2016), A6–9.
25. Braun, J.M., Smith, K.W., Williams, P.L., Calafat, A.M., Berry, K., Ehrlich, S., et al. Variability of urinary phthalate metabolite and bisphenol A concentrations before and during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 120 (2012), 739–745.
26. Brauner, E.V., Loft, S., Wellejus, A., Autrup, H., Tjonneland, A., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Adipose tissue PCB levels and CYP1B1 and COMT genotypes in relation to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal Danish women. Int J Environ Health Res 24 (2014), 256–268.
27. Brighenti-Zogg, S., Mundwiler, J., Schupbach, U., Dieterle, T., Wolfer, D.P., Leuppi, J.D., et al. Physical Workload and Work Capacity across Occupational Groups. PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0154073.
28. Brisken, C., Hess, K., Jeitziner, R., Progesterone and Overlooked Endocrine Pathways in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis. Endocrinology 156 (2015), 3442–3450.
29. Brody, J.G., Aschengrau, A., McKelvey, W., Swartz, C.H., Kennedy, T., Rudel, R.A., Breast cancer risk and drinking water contaminated by wastewater: a case control study. In: Environ Health, Vol. 5, 2006, 28.
30. Brody, J.G., Moysich, K.B., Humblet, O., Attfield, K.R., Beehler, G.P., Rudel, R.A., Environmental pollutants and breast cancer: epidemiologic studies. Cancer 109 (2007), 2667–2711.
31. Brophy, J.T., Keith, M.M., Gorey, K.M., Luginaah, I., Laukkanen, E., Hellyer, D., et al. Occupation and breast cancer: a Canadian case-control study. In: Ann N Y Acad Sci Vol. 1076 (2006), 765–777.
32. Brophy, J.T., Keith, M.M., Watterson, A., Park, R., Gilbertson, M., Maticka-Tyndale, E., et al. Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: a Canadian case—control study. In: Environ Health, Vol. 11(Part 2012/11/21), 2012, 87.
33. Brown, N.M., Lamartiniere, C.A., Xenoestrogens alter mammary gland differentiation and cell proliferation in the rat. Environ Health Perspect 103 (1995), 708–713.
34. Brown, N.M., Manzolillo, P.A., Zhang, J.X., Wang, J., Lamartiniere, C.A., Prenatal TCDD and predisposition to mammary cancer in the rat. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998), 1623–1629.
35. Bruhn, C., Brockmoller, J., Kerb, R., Roots, I., Borchert, H.H., Concordance between enzyme activity and genotype of glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT1). Biochem Pharmacol 56 (1998), 1189–1193.
36. Byrne, C., Divekar, S.D., Storchan, G.B., Parodi, D.A., Martin, M.B., Metals and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 18 (2013), 63–73.
37. Cabello, G., Valenzuela, M., Vilaxa, A., Duran, V., Rudolph, I., Hrepic, N., et al. A rat mammary tumor model induced by the organophosphorous pesticides parathion and malathion, possibly through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Environ Health Perspect 109 (2001), 471–479.
38. Calaf, G.M., Echiburu-Chau, C., Synergistic effect of malathion and estrogen on mammary gland carcinogenesis. Oncol Rep 28 (2012), 640–646.
39. Calafat, A.M., Koch, H.M., Swan, S.H., Hauser, R., Goldman, L.R., Lanphear, B.P., et al. Misuse of blood serum to assess exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates. Breast Cancer Res, 15, 2013, 403.
40. Campeau, P.M., Foulkes, W.D., Tischkowitz, M.D., Hereditary breast cancer: new genetic developments, new therapeutic avenues. Hum Genet 124 (2008), 31–42.
41. Carlin, D.J., Rider, C.V., Woychik, R., Birnbaum, L.S., Unraveling the health effects of environmental mixtures: an NIEHS priority. Environ Health Perspect 121 (2013), A6–8.
42. CDC.2016. Parasites - Lice - Head Lice: Treatment. Atlanta, GA:Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 〈http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/treatment.html〉 [accessed November 22, 2016.
43. Cohn, B.A., La Merrill, M., Krigbaum, N.Y., Yeh, G., Park, J.-S., Zimmermann, L., et al. DDT Exposure in Utero and Breast Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015.
44. Cohn, B.A., Terry, M.B., Plumb, M., Cirillo, P.M., Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners measured shortly after giving birth and subsequent risk of maternal breast cancer before age 50. Breast Cancer Res Treat 136 (2012), 267–275.
45. Cohn, B.A., Wolff, M.S., Cirillo, P.M., Sholtz, R.I., DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 115 (2007), 1406–1414.
46. Colerangle, J.B., Roy, D., Profound effects of the weak environmental estrogen-like chemical bisphenol A on the growth of the mammary gland of Noble rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 60 (1997), 153–160.
47. Cooper, R.L., Stoker, T.E., Tyrey, L., Goldman, J.M., McElroy, W.K., Atrazine disrupts the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function. Toxicol Sci 53 (2000), 297–307.
48. Crew, K.D., Gammon, M.D., Terry, M.B., Zhang, F.F., Agrawal, M., Eng, S.M., et al. Genetic polymorphisms in the apoptosis-associated genes FAS and FASL and breast cancer risk. In: Carcinogenesis Vol. 28 (2007), 2548–2551.
49. Crew, K.D., Gammon, M.D., Terry, M.B., Zhang, F.F., Zablotska, L.B., Agrawal, M., et al. Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts, and breast cancer risk. In: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Vol. 16 (2007), 2033–2041.
50. Crouse, D.L., Goldberg, M.S., Ross, N.A., Chen, H., Labreche, F., Postmenopausal breast cancer is associated with exposure to traffic-related air pollution in Montreal, Canada: a case-control study. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 118:Part 2010/10/07 (2010), 1578–1583.
51. Daniels, R.D., Kubale, T.L., Yiin, J.H., Dahm, M.M., Hales, T.R., Baris, D., et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009). Occup Environ Med 71 (2014), 388–397.
52. de Vocht, F., Sobala, W., Peplonska, B., Wilczynska, U., Gromiec, J., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., et al. Elaboration of a quantitative job-exposure matrix for historical exposure to airborne exposures in the Polish rubber industry. Am J Ind Med 51 (2008), 852–860.
53. DeCastro, B.R., Korrick, S.A., Spengler, J.D., Soto, A.M., Estrogenic activity of polychlorinated biphenyls present in human tissue and the environment. Environ Sci Technol 40 (2006), 2819–2825.
54. Dodson, R.E., Nishioka, M., Standley, L.J., Perovich, L.J., Brody, J.G., Rudel, R.A., Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products. Environ Health Perspect 120 (2012), 935–943.
55. Dodson, R.E., Perovich, L.J., Covaci, A., Van den Eede, N., Ionas, A.C., Dirtu, A.C., et al. After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. Environ Sci Technol 46 (2012), 13056–13066.
56. Doerge, D.R., Twaddle, N.C., Vanlandingham, M., Brown, R.P., Fisher, J.W., Distribution of bisphenol A into tissues of adult, neonatal, and fetal Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 255 (2011), 261–270.
57. Doerge, D.R., Twaddle, N.C., Woodling, K.A., Fisher, J.W., Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A in neonatal and adult rhesus monkeys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 248 (2010), 1–11.
58. Ekenga, C.C., Parks, C.G., D'Aloisio, A.A., DeRoo, L.A., Sandler, D.P., Breast cancer risk after occupational solvent exposure: the influence of timing and setting. Cancer Res Vol. 74:Part 2014/06/01 (2014), 3076–3083.
59. Ekenga, C.C., Parks, C.G., Sandler, D.P., Chemical exposures in the workplace and breast cancer risk: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 137 (2015), 1765–1774.
60. Ekenga, C.C., Parks, C.G., Sandler, D.P., A prospective study of occupational physical activity and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 26 (2015), 1779–1789.
61. El-Zaemey, S., Heyworth, J., Fritschi, L., Noticing pesticide spray drift from agricultural pesticide application areas and breast cancer: a case-control study. Aust N Z J Public Health Vol. 37:Part 2014/06/04 (2013), 547–555.
62. El-Zaemey, S., Heyworth, J., Glass, D.C., Peters, S., Fritschi, L., Household and occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of breast cancer. Int J Environ Health Res 24 (2014), 91–102.
63. Enoch, R.R., Stanko, J.P., Greiner, S.N., Youngblood, G.L., Rayner, J.L., Fenton, S.E., Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats. Environ Health Perspect 115 (2007), 541–547.
64. Espejo-Herrera, N., Cantor, K.P., Malats, N., Silverman, D.T., Tardon, A., Garcia-Closas, R., et al. Nitrate in drinking water and bladder cancer risk in Spain. Environ Res 137 (2015), 299–307.
65. European Food Safety Authority, Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain on Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts. The EFSA. Journal, 2008, 1–131.
66. European Union.2012. Opinion on Dichloromethane. 〈http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_118.pdf〉 [accessed July 22, 2014.
67. Fabjan, E., Hulzebos, E., Mennes, W., Piersma, A.H., A category approach for reproductive effects of phthalates. Crit Rev Toxicol 36 (2006), 695–726.
68. Faggiano, F., Partanen, T., Kogevinas, M., Boffetta, P., Socioeconomic differences in cancer incidence and mortality. IARC Sci Publ, 1997, 65–176.
69. Farooq, U., Joshi, M., Nookala, V., Cheriyath, P., Fischman, D., Graber, N.J., et al. Self-reported exposure to pesticides in residential settings and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Environ Health, Vol. 9, 2010, 30.
70. Fielden, M.R., Fong, C.J., Haslam, S.Z., Zacharewski, T.R., Normal mammary gland morphology in pubertal female mice following in utero and lactational exposure to genistein at levels comparable to human dietary exposure. Toxicol Lett 133 (2002), 181–191.
71. FIFRA. 2000. Atrazine: Hazard and Dose-Response Assessment and Characterization. Arlington:Environmental Protection Agency. 〈http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2000/june27/finalatrazine.pdf〉.
72. Forouzanfar, M.H., Foreman, K.J., Delossantos, A.M., Lozano, R., Lopez, A.D., Murray, C.J., et al. Breast and cervical cancer in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 378 (2011), 1461–1484.
73. Freels S, Chary LK, Turyk M, Piorkowski J, Mallin K, Dimos J, et al. 2007. Congener profiles of occupational PCB exposure versus PCB exposure from fish consumption.
74. Friesen, M.C., Betenia, N., Costello, S., Eisen, E.A., Metalworking fluid exposure and cancer risk in a retrospective cohort of female autoworkers. Cancer Causes Control 23 (2012), 1075–1082.
75. Frydenberg, H., Flote, V.G., Larsson, I.M., Barrett, E.S., Furberg, A.S., Ursin, G., et al. Alcohol consumption, endogenous estrogen and mammographic density among premenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res, 17, 2015, 103.
76. Gallagher, L.G., Vieira, V.M., Ozonoff, D., Webster, T.F., Aschengrau, A., Risk of breast cancer following exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Cape Cod, Massachusetts: reanalysis of a case-control study using a modified exposure assessment. Environ Health, 10, 2011, 47.
77. Gallagher, L.G., Webster, T.F., Aschengrau, A., Vieira, V.M., Using residential history and groundwater modeling to examine drinking water exposure and breast cancer. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 118 (2010), 749–755.
78. Gammon, M.D., Sagiv, S.K., Eng, S.M., Shantakumar, S., Gaudet, M.M., Teitelbaum, S.L., et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and breast cancer: a pooled analysis. Arch Environ Health 59 (2004), 640–649.
79. Gammon, M.D., Santella, R.M., PAH, genetic susceptibility and breast cancer risk: an update from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Eur J Cancer 44 (2008), 636–640.
80. Gammon, M.D., Santella, R.M., Neugut, A.I., Eng, S.M., Teitelbaum, S.L., Paykin, A., et al. Environmental toxins and breast cancer on Long Island. I. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DNA adducts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 (2002), 677–685.
81. Garcia, E., Hurley, S., Nelson, D.O., Hertz, A., Reynolds, P., Hazardous air pollutants and breast cancer risk in California teachers: a cohort study. Environ Health, 14, 2015, 14.
82. Gatto, N.M., Longnecker, M.P., Press, M.F., Sullivan-Halley, J., McKean-Cowdin, R., Bernstein, L., Serum organochlorines and breast cancer: a case-control study among African-American women. In: Cancer Causes Control Vol. 18 (2007), 29–39.
83. Gaudet, M.M., Gammon, M.D., Bensen, J.T., Sagiv, S.K., Shantakumar, S., Teitelbaum, S.L., et al. Genetic variation of TP53, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related exposures, and breast cancer risk among women on Long Island, New York. In: Breast Cancer Res Treat Vol. 108 (2008), 93–99.
84. Gavazzoni Dias, M.F., Hair cosmetics: an overview. Int J Trichology 7 (2015), 2–15.
85. Ghisari, M., Eiberg, H., Long, M., Bonefeld-Jorgensen, E.C., Polymorphisms in phase I and phase II genes and breast cancer risk and relations to persistent organic pollutant exposure: a case-control study in Inuit women. In: Environ Health, Vol. 13(Part 2014/03/19), 2014, 19.
86. Glass, D.C., Heyworth, J., Thomson, A.K., Peters, S., Saunders, C., Fritschi, L., Occupational exposure to solvents and risk of breast cancer. Am J Ind Med 58 (2015), 915–922.
87. Go, V., Garey, J., Wolff, M.S., Pogo, B.G., Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. Environ Health Perspect 107 (1999), 173–177.
88. Godschalk, R.W., Van Schooten, F.J., Bartsch, H., A critical evaluation of DNA adducts as biological markers for human exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds. J Biochem Mol Biol 36 (2003), 1–11.
89. Gray, L.E. Jr., Laskey, J., Ostby, J., Chronic di-n-butyl phthalate exposure in rats reduces fertility and alters ovarian function during pregnancy in female Long Evans hooded rats. Toxicol Sci 93 (2006), 189–195.
90. Gray, L.E. Jr., Ostby, J., Furr, J., Price, M., Veeramachaneni, D.N., Parks, L., Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Sci 58 (2000), 350–365.
91. Greenland, S., Pearl, J., Robins, J.M., Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 10 (1999), 37–48.
92. Gu, F., Han, J., Laden, F., Pan, A., Caporaso, N.E., Stampfer, M.J., et al. Total and cause-specific mortality of U.S. nurses working rotating night shifts. Am J Prev Med 48 (2015), 241–252.
93. Hallier, E., Schroder, K.R., Asmuth, K., Dommermuth, A., Aust, B., Goergens, H.W., Metabolism of dichloromethane (methylene chloride) to formaldehyde in human erythrocytes: influence of polymorphism of glutathione transferase theta (GST T1-1). Arch Toxicol 68 (1994), 423–427.
94. Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R.A., Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144 (2011), 646–674.
95. Harley, K.G., Kogut, K., Madrigal, D.S., Cardenas, M., Vera, I.A., Meza-Alfaro, G., et al. Reducing Phthalate, Paraben, and Phenol Exposure from Personal Care Products in Adolescent Girls: Findings from the HERMOSA Intervention Study. Environ Health Perspect 124 (2016), 1600–1607.
96. Hart, J.E., Bertrand, K.A., DuPre, N., James, P., Vieira, V.M., Tamimi, R.M., et al. Long-term Particulate Matter Exposures during Adulthood and Risk of Breast Cancer Incidence in the Nurses' Health Study II Prospective Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 25 (2016), 1274–1276.
97. Harvey Cushing/John Jay Whitney Medical Library. Available: 〈http://library.medicine.yale.edu/tutorials/577〉 [accessed 2 Dec 2016.
98. Hauser, R., Meeker, J.D., Park, S., Silva, M.J., Calafat, A.M., Temporal variability of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in men of reproductive age. Environ Health Perspect 112 (2004), 1734–1740.
99. Heikkinen, S., Pitkaniemi, J., Sarkeala, T., Malila, N., Koskenvuo, M., Does Hair Dye Use Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Finnish Women. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0135190.
100. Henderson, T.O., Amsterdam, A., Bhatia, S., Hudson, M.M., Meadows, A.T., Neglia, J.P., et al. Systematic review: surveillance for breast cancer in women treated with chest radiation for childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancer. Ann Intern Med 152:444-455 (2010), W144–454.
101. Hernan, M.A., Hernandez-Diaz, S., Werler, M.M., Mitchell, A.A., Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 155 (2002), 176–184.
102. Hill, S.M., Belancio, V.P., Dauchy, R.T., Xiang, S., Brimer, S., Mao, L., et al. Melatonin: an inhibitor of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 22 (2015), R183–204.
103. Holmes, A.K., Koller, K.R., Kieszak, S.M., Sjodin, A., Calafat, A.M., Sacco, F.D., et al. Case-control study of breast cancer and exposure to synthetic environmental chemicals among Alaska Native women. In: Int J Circumpolar Health, Vol. 73(Part 2014/12/03), 2014, 25760.
104. Hoover, R.N., Hyer, M., Pfeiffer, R.M., Adam, E., Bond, B., Cheville, A.L., et al. Adverse health outcomes in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. N Engl J Med 365 (2011), 1304–1314.
105. Hovey, R.C., Asai-Sato, M., Warri, A., Terry-Koroma, B., Colyn, N., Ginsburg, E., et al. Effects of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, tamoxifen, and toremifene on the BALB/c mouse mammary gland. Biol Reprod 72 (2005), 423–435.
106. Hu, X.C., Andrews, D.Q., Lindstrom, A.B., Bruton, T.A., Schaider, L.A., Grandjean, P., et al. Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ Sci Technol Lett 3 (2016), 344–350.
107. Huang, G., Guo, H., Wu, T., Genetic variations of CYP2B6 gene were associated with plasma BPDE-Alb adducts and DNA damage levels in coke oven workers. Toxicol Lett 211 (2012), 232–238.
108. Hurley, S., Reynolds, P., Goldberg, D., Nelson, D.O., Jeffrey, S.S., Petreas, M., Adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 129 (2011), 505–511.
109. Hystad, P., Villeneuve, P.J., Goldberg, M.S., Crouse, D.L., Johnson, K., Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of developing breast cancer among women in eight Canadian provinces: A case-control study. Environ Int Vol. 74:Part 2014/12/03 (2015), 240–248.
110. IARC, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, volume 20: Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons. 1979, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol1-42/mono20.pdf〉.
111. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 60: Acrylamide. 1994, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol60/mono60-16.pdf〉.
112. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 71: Dichloromethane. 1999, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/mono71-10.pdf〉 accessed July 22, 2014.
113. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 82: Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Napthalene and Styrene. 2002, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol82/mono82.pdf〉.
114. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 97: Ethylene Oxide. 2008, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol97/mono97-7.pdf〉.
115. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 92: Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures Lyon. 2010, International Agency for Research on Cancer, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol92/mono92.pdf〉.
116. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 96: Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate. 2010, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol96/mono96.pdf〉 accessed Jul 22, 2014 96.
117. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 99: Some Aromatic Amines, Organic Dyes, and Related Exposures Lyon. 2010, International Agency for Research on Cancer, France 〈https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol99/mono99.pdf〉.
118. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 98: Painting, Firefighting and Shiftwork. 2010, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol98/mono98-8.pdf〉.
119. IARC, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 100F: Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. 2012, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F.pdf〉.
120. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 100F: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzopara-dioxin, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl. 2012, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F-27.pdf〉.
121. IARC, A Review of Human Carcinogens, volume 100F: Benzene. 2012, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2014 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F-24.pdf〉 accessed July 22.
122. IARC, Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–109. 2013, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsAlphaOrder.pdf〉 accessed 13 Dec 2013.
123. IARC, Carcinogenicity of lindane, DDT, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. 2015, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr236_E.pdf〉.
124. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 109: Outdoor Air Pollution. 2016, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol109/mono109.pdf〉.
125. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 107: Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls. 2016, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France 〈http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol107/mono107.pdf〉.
126. IARC, Carcinogenicity of pentachlorophenol and some related compounds. 2016, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30513-7.
127. IBCERCC (Interagency Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Coordinating Committee). 2013. Breast Cancer and the Environment, Prioritizing Prevention. 〈https://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/assets/docs/breast_cancer_and_the_environment_prioritizing_prevention_508.pdf〉.
128. In, S.J., Kim, S.H., Go, R.E., Hwang, K.A., Choi, K.C., Benzophenone-1 and nonylphenol stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer growth by regulating cell cycle and metastasis-related genes via an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent pathway. J Toxicol Environ Health A 78 (2015), 492–505.
129. Ingber, S.Z., Buser, M.C., Pohl, H.R., Abadin, H.G., Murray, H.E., Scinicariello, F., DDT/DDE and breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 67 (2013), 421–433.
130. Inoue-Choi, M., Jones, R.R., Anderson, K.E., Cantor, K.P., Cerhan, J.R., Krasner, S., et al. Nitrate and nitrite ingestion and risk of ovarian cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa. Int J Cancer 137 (2015), 173–182.
131. IOM, Breast Cancer and the Environment: A Life Course Approach. 2012, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC 〈http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13263/breast-cancer-and-the-environment-a-life-course-approach〉.
132. Itoh, H., Iwasaki, M., Hanaoka, T., Kasuga, Y., Yokoyama, S., Onuma, H., et al. Serum organochlorines and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: a case-control study. In: Cancer Causes Control Vol. 20 (2009), 567–580.
133. Iwasaki, M., Inoue, M., Sasazuki, S., Kurahashi, N., Itoh, H., Usuda, M., et al. Plasma organochlorine levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: a nested case-control study. In: Sci Total Environ Vol. 402 (2008), 176–183.
134. Jeong, Y.C., Walker, N.J., Burgin, D.E., Kissling, G., Gupta, M., Kupper, L., et al. Accumulation of M1dG DNA adducts after chronic exposure to PCBs, but not from acute exposure to polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Free Radic Biol Med 45 (2008), 585–591.
135. Ji, B.T., Blair, A., Shu, X.O., Chow, W.H., Hauptmann, M., Dosemeci, M., et al. Occupation and breast cancer risk among Shanghai women in a population-based cohort study. In: Am J Ind Med Vol. 51 (2008), 100–110.
136. Jie, X., Yang, W., Jie, Y., Hashim, J.H., Liu, X.Y., Fan, Q.Y., et al. Toxic effect of gestational exposure to nonylphenol on F1 male rats. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 89 (2010), 418–428.
137. Johnson, N.A., Ho, A., Cline, J.M., Hughes, C.L., Foster, W.G., Davis, V.L., Accelerated mammary tumor onset in a HER2/Neu mouse model exposed to DDT metabolites locally delivered to the mammary gland. Environ Health Perspect 120 (2012), 1170–1176.
138. Kelce, W.R., Stone, C.R., Laws, S.C., Gray, L.E., Kemppainen, J.A., Wilson, E.M., Persistent DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 375 (1995), 581–585.
139. Kerger, B.D., Leung, H.W., Scott, P., Paustenbach, D.J., Needham, L.L., Patterson, D.G. Jr., et al. Age- and concentration-dependent elimination half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Seveso children. Environ Health Perspect 114 (2006), 1596–1602.
140. Khanjani, N., Hoving, J.L., Forbes, A.B., Sim, M.R., Systematic review and meta-analysis of cyclodiene insecticides and breast cancer. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 25 (2007), 23–52.
141. Kjaer, T.K., Hansen, J., Cancer incidence among large cohort of female Danish registered nurses. Scand J Work Environ Health 35 (2009), 446–453.
142. Knerr, S., Schrenk, D., Carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in experimental models. Mol Nutr Food Res 50 (2006), 897–907.
143. Knol, M.J., VanderWeele, T.J., Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction. Int J Epidemiol 41 (2012), 514–520.
144. Kochukov, M.Y., Jeng, Y.J., Watson, C.S., Alkylphenol xenoestrogens with varying carbon chain lengths differentially and potently activate signaling and functional responses in GH3/B6/F10 somatomammotropes. Environ Health Perspect 117 (2009), 723–730.
145. Kociba, R.J., Keyes, D.G., Beyer, J.E., Carreon, R.M., Wade, C.E., Dittenber, D.A., et al. Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 46 (1978), 279–303.
146. Kodavanti, P.R., Coburn, C.G., Moser, V.C., MacPhail, R.C., Fenton, S.E., Stoker, T.E., et al. Developmental exposure to a commercial PBDE mixture, DE-71: neurobehavioral, hormonal, and reproductive effects. Toxicol Sci 116 (2010), 297–312.
147. Kojima, H., Katsura, E., Takeuchi, S., Niiyama, K., Kobayashi, K., Screening for estrogen and androgen receptor activities in 200 pesticides by in vitro reporter gene assays using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Environ Health Perspect 112 (2004), 524–531.
148. Kummer, V., Maskova, J., Zraly, Z., Neca, J., Simeckova, P., Vondracek, J., et al. Estrogenic activity of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in uterus of immature Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 180 (2008), 212–221.
149. Labreche, F., Goldberg, M.S., Valois, M.F., Nadon, L., Postmenopausal breast cancer and occupational exposures. In: Occup Environ Med Vol. 67 (2010), 263–269.
150. Lahmann, P.H., Friedenreich, C., Schuit, A.J., Salvini, S., Allen, N.E., Key, T.J., et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 (2007), 36–42.
151. Land, C.E., Tokunaga, M., Koyama, K., Soda, M., Preston, D.L., Nishimori, I., et al. Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-1990. Radiat Res 160 (2003), 707–717.
152. Lauby-Secretan, B., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., El Ghissassi, F., Bouvard, V., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., et al. Carcinogenicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. Lancet Oncol 14 (2013), 287–288.
153. Lee, H.R., Hwang, K.A., Nam, K.H., Kim, H.C., Choi, K.C., Progression of breast cancer cells was enhanced by endocrine-disrupting chemicals, triclosan and octylphenol, via an estrogen receptor-dependent signaling pathway in cellular and mouse xenograft models. Chem Res Toxicol 27 (2014), 834–842.
154. Lee, K.H., Shu, X.O., Gao, Y.T., Ji, B.T., Yang, G., Blair, A., et al. Breast cancer and urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and oxidative stress in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. In: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Vol. 19 (2010), 877–883.
155. Lee, K.Y., Shibutani, M., Takagi, H., Kato, N., Takigami, S., Uneyama, C., et al. Diverse developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in both sexes of rat offspring after maternal exposure during the period from late gestation through lactation. Toxicology 203 (2004), 221–238.
156. Lee, S.J., Yum, Y.N., Kim, S.C., Kim, Y., Lim, J., Lee, W.J., et al. Distinguishing between genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens by gene expression profiling and bioinformatic pathway analysis. Sci Rep, 3, 2013, 2783.
157. Leng, L., Li, J., Luo, X.M., Kim, J.Y., Li, Y.M., Guo, X.M., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: A congener-specific meta-analysis. Environ Int 88 (2016), 133–141.
158. Lerro, C.C., Koutros, S., Andreotti, G., Friesen, M.C., Alavanja, M.C., Blair, A., et al. Organophosphate insecticide use and cancer incidence among spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup Environ Med 72 (2015), 736–744.
159. Li, H.C., Kupfer, D., Mechanism of induction of rat hepatic CYP2B and 3A by the pesticide methoxychlor. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 12 (1998), 315–323.
160. Li, W., Ray, R.M., Thomas, D.B., Davis, S., Yost, M., Breslow, N., et al. Shift work and breast cancer among women textile workers in Shanghai, China. Cancer Causes Control 26 (2015), 143–150.
161. Li, Z.H., Liu, X.Y., Wang, N., Chen, J.S., Chen, Y.H., Huang, J.T., et al. Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209) in regulation of growth and apoptosis of breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cells. Environ Health Perspect 120 (2012), 541–546.
162. Little, M.P., McElvenny, D.M., Male Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality Risk in the Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors - Differences in Excess Relative and Absolute Risk from Female Breast Cancer. Environ Health Perspect, 2016.
163. Liu, R., Nelson, D.O., Hurley, S., Hertz, A., Reynolds, P., Residential exposure to estrogen disrupting hazardous air pollutants and breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study. Epidemiology 26 (2015), 365–373.
164. Liu, X., Guo, Z., Krebs, K.A., Pope, R.H., Roache, N.F., Concentrations and trends of perfluorinated chemicals in potential indoor sources from 2007 through 2011 in the US. Chemosphere 98 (2014), 51–57.
165. Liu, Y., Nguyen, N., Colditz, G.A., Links between alcohol consumption and breast cancer: a look at the evidence. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 11 (2015), 65–77.
166. Looker, C., Luster, M.I., Calafat, A.M., Johnson, V.J., Burleson, G.R., Burleson, F.G., et al. Influenza vaccine response in adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate. Toxicol Sci 138 (2014), 76–88.
167. Lopez-Carrillo, L., Hernandez-Ramirez, R.U., Calafat, A.M., Torres-Sanchez, L., Galvan-Portillo, M., Needham, L.L., et al. Exposure to phthalates and breast cancer risk in northern Mexico. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 118 (2010), 539–544.
168. Lorber, M., Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18 (2008), 2–19.
169. Lovekamp-Swan, T., Davis, B.J., Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect 111 (2003), 139–145.
170. Luckert, C., Ehlers, A., Buhrke, T., Seidel, A., Lampen, A., Hessel, S., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons stimulate human CYP3A4 promoter activity via PXR. Toxicol Lett 222 (2013), 180–188.
171. Ludewig, G., Lehmann, L., Esch, H., Robertson, L.W., Metabolic Activation of PCBs to Carcinogens in Vivo - A Review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 25 (2008), 241–246.
172. Mandrup, K., Boberg, J., Isling, L.K., Christiansen, S., Hass, U., Low-dose effects of bisphenol A on mammary gland development in rats. Andrology 4 (2016), 673–683.
173. Mariotto, A.B., Yabroff, K.R., Shao, Y., Feuer, E.J., Brown, M.L., Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010-2020. J Natl Cancer Inst 103 (2011), 117–128.
174. Martin, A.M., Weber, B.L., Genetic and hormonal risk factors in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 (2000), 1126–1135.
175. Martinez-Nava, G.A., Burguete-Garcia, A.I., Lopez-Carrillo, L., Hernandez-Ramirez, R.U., Madrid-Marina, V., Cebrian, M.E., PPARgamma and PPARGC1B polymorphisms modify the association between phthalate metabolites and breast cancer risk. In: Biomarkers Vol. 18:Part 2013/07/20 (2013), 493–501.
176. Matthews, J., Gustafsson, J.A., Estrogen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways. Nucl Recept Signal, 4, 2006, e016.
177. McCarty, K.M., Santella, R.M., Steck, S.E., Cleveland, R.J., Ahn, J., Ambrosone, C.B., et al. PAH-DNA adducts, cigarette smoking, GST polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect Vol. 117 (2009), 552–558.
178. McElroy, J.A., Gangnon, R.E., Newcomb, P.A., Kanarek, M.S., Anderson, H.A., Brook, J.V., et al. Risk of breast cancer for women living in rural areas from adult exposure to atrazine from well water in Wisconsin. In: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Vol. 17 (2007), 207–214.
179. Mendelsohn, J.B., Li, Q.Z., Ji, B.T., Shu, X.O., Yang, G., Li, H.L., et al. Personal use of hair dye and cancer risk in a prospective cohort of Chinese women. In: Cancer Sci Vol. 100:Part 2009/04/24 (2009), 1088–1091.
180. Mercado-Feliciano, M., Bigsby, R.M., The polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 is mildly estrogenic. Environ Health Perspect 116 (2008), 605–611.
181. Mikoczy, Z., Tinnerberg, H., Bjork, J., Albin, M., Cancer incidence and mortality in Swedish sterilant workers exposed to ethylene oxide: updated cohort study findings 1972-2006. In: Int J Environ Res Public Health Vol. 8:Part 2011/07/22 (2011), 2009–2019.
182. Miller-Schulze, J.P., Paulsen, M., Kameda, T., Toriba, A., Tang, N., Tamura, K., et al. Evaluation of urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene as biomarkers for exposure to diesel exhaust in taxi drivers of Shenyang, China. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 23 (2013), 170–175.
183. Mnif, W., Hassine, A.I.H., Bouaziz, A., Bartegi, A., Thomas, O., Roig, B., Effect of Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8 (2011), 2265–2303.
184. Moon, H.J., Han, S.Y., Shin, J.H., Kang, I.H., Kim, T.S., Hong, J.H., et al. Gestational exposure to nonylphenol causes precocious mammary gland development in female rat offspring. J Reprod Dev 53 (2007), 333–344.
185. Mordukhovich, I., Beyea, J., Herring, A.H., Hatch, M., Stellman, S.D., Teitelbaum, S.L., et al. Vehicular Traffic-Related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Breast Cancer Incidence: The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). Environ Health Perspect 124 (2016), 30–38.
186. Mordukhovich, I., Beyea, J., Herring, A.H., Hatch, M., Stellman, S.D., Teitelbaum, S.L., et al. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and breast cancer incidence. Int J Cancer 139 (2016), 310–321.
187. Mordukhovich, I., Rossner, P. Jr., Terry, M.B., Santella, R., Zhang, Y.J., Hibshoosh, H., et al. Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related exposures and p53 mutations in breast tumors. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 118 (2010), 511–518.
188. Moyer, B., Hixon, M.L., Reproductive effects in F1 adult females exposed in utero to moderate to high doses of mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP). Reprod Toxicol 34 (2012), 43–50.
189. National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency2006. An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000. Available: 〈http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/2006/dioxin.pdf〉 [accessed 17 Feb 2015.
190. Nebert, D.W., Dalton, T.P., Okey, A.B., Gonzalez, F.J., Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction of the CYP1 enzymes in environmental toxicity and cancer. J Biol Chem 279 (2004), 23847–23850.
191. New Jersey DWQI Health Effects Subcommittee. 2016. Public review draft of Health-based maximum contaminant level support document: Perfluoroooctanoic acid (PFOA).New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute Health Effects Subcommittee. 〈http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/pdf/pfoa-hb—mcl-public-review-draftwithappendices.pdf〉.
192. Nie, J., Beyea, J., Bonner, M.R., Han, D., Vena, J.E., Rogerson, P., et al. Exposure to traffic emissions throughout life and risk of breast cancer: the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) study. Cancer Causes Control Vol. 18 (2007), 947–955.
193. Niehoff, N.M., Nichols, H.B., White, A.J., Parks, C.G., D'Aloisio, A.A., Sandler, D.P., Childhood and Adolescent Pesticide Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk. Epidemiology 27 (2016), 326–333.
194. NIEHS (National Institute of Environmental Health Research). The Sister Study. Available: 〈https://sisterstudy.niehs.nih.gov/English/about.htm〉 [accessed 7 June 2017.
195. NIEHS BCERP (National Institute of Environmental Health Research Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program). Impact of environmental metal/metalloid exposures on mammographic breast density, a marker of breast cancer. Available: 〈https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/centers/breast-cancer/grantees/georgetown/index.cfm〉 [accessed 24 Dec 2016.
196. NIEHS BCERP (National Institute of Environmental Health Research Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program). Breast Cancer & the Environment Research Program home page. Available: 〈http://bcerp.org/index.htm〉 [accessed 24 Dec 2016.
197. Nishihara, T., Nishikawa, J., Kanayama, T., Dakeyama, F., Saito, K., Imagawa, M., et al. Estrogenic activities of 517 chemicals by yeast two-hybrid assay. J Health Sci 46 (2000), 282–298.
198. NLM. 2017. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB).National Library of Medicine.
199. NTP.1986. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) (CAS NO. 75-09-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3FT mice (inhalation studies). Research Triangle Park, NC. 〈http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr306.pdf〉.
200. NTP.2016a. Report of partial findings from the national toxicology program carcinogenesis studies of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley® SD rats (whole body exposures). Research Triangle Park, NC. 〈http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/06/23/055699.full.pdf〉.
201. NTP.2016b. Report on Carcinogens, 14th Edition. Research Triangle Park, NC:United States National Toxicology Program. 〈http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc14〉 [accessed 08 MARCH 2017.
202. O'Brien, K.M., Upson, K., Buckley, J.P., Lipid and Creatinine Adjustment to Evaluate Health Effects of Environmental Exposures. Curr Environ Health Rep 4 (2017), 44–50.
203. Oddone, E., Edefonti, V., Scaburri, A., Vai, T., Bai, E., Modonesi, C., et al. Female breast cancer and electrical manufacturing: results of a nested case-control study. J Occup Health 56 (2014), 369–378.
204. Oddone, E., Edefonti, V., Scaburri, A., Vai, T., Crosignani, P., Imbriani, M., Female breast cancer in Lombardy, Italy (2002-2009): a case-control study on occupational risks. Am J Ind Med 56 (2013), 1051–1062.
205. Odum, J., Pyrah, I.T., Soames, A.R., Foster, J.R., Van Miller, J.P., Joiner, R.L., et al. Effects of p-nonylphenol (NP) and diethylstilboestrol (DES) on the Alderley Park (Alpk) rat: comparison of mammary gland and uterus sensitivity following oral gavage or implanted mini-pumps. J Appl Toxicol 19 (1999), 367–378.
206. Okada, H., Tokunaga, T., Liu, X., Takayanagi, S., Matsushima, A., Shimohigashi, Y., Direct evidence revealing structural elements essential for the high binding ability of bisphenol A to human estrogen-related receptor-gamma. Environ Health Perspect 116 (2008), 32–38.
207. Olesen, P.T., Olsen, A., Frandsen, H., Frederiksen, K., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A., Acrylamide exposure and incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study. Int J Cancer 122 (2008), 2094–2100.
208. Olsen, A., Christensen, J., Outzen, M., Olesen, P.T., Frandsen, H., Overvad, K., et al. Pre-diagnostic acrylamide exposure and survival after breast cancer among postmenopausal Danish women. In: Toxicology Vol. 296:Part 2012/04/03 (2012), 67–72.
209. Olsen, G.W., Burris, J.M., Ehresman, D.J., Froehlich, J.W., Seacat, A.M., Butenhoff, J.L., et al. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers. Environ Health Perspect 115 (2007), 1298–1305.
210. Pan, S.Y., Morrison, H., Gibbons, L., Zhou, J., Wen, S.W., DesMeules, M., et al. Breast cancer risk associated with residential proximity to industrial plants in Canada. In: J Occup Environ Med Vol. 53:Part 2011/04/16 (2011), 522–529.
211. Parada, H. Jr., Wolff, M.S., Engel, L.S., Eng, S.M., Khankari, N.K., Neugut, A.I., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their association with survival following breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 56 (2016), 21–30.
212. Parada, H. Jr., Wolff, M.S., Engel, L.S., White, A.J., Eng, S.M., Cleveland, R.J., et al. Organochlorine insecticides DDT and chlordane in relation to survival following breast cancer. Int J Cancer 138 (2016), 565–575.
213. Pastor-Barriuso, R., Fernandez, M.F., Castano-Vinyals, G., Whelan, D., Perez-Gomez, B., Llorca, J., et al. Total Effective Xenoestrogen Burden in Serum Samples and Risk for Breast Cancer in a Population-Based Multicase-Control Study in Spain. Environ Health Perspect 124 (2016), 1575–1582.
214. Paulose, T., Speroni, L., Sonnenschein, C., Soto, A.M., Estrogens in the wrong place at the wrong time: Fetal BPA exposure and mammary cancer. Reprod Toxicol 54 (2015), 58–65.
215. Pena, D., Pontillo, C., Garcia, M.A., Cocca, C., Alvarez, L., Chiappini, F., et al. Alterations in c-Src/HER1 and estrogen receptor alpha signaling pathways in mammary gland and tumors of hexachlorobenzene-treated rats. Toxicology 293 (2012), 68–77.
216. Peplonska, B., Stewart, P., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Lissowska, J., Brinton, L.A., Gromiec, J.P., et al. Occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in women. In: Occup Environ Med, 2010.
217. Peplonska, B., Stewart, P., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Rusiecki, J., Garcia-Closas, M., Lissowska, J., et al. Occupation and breast cancer risk in Polish women: a population-based case-control study. In: Am J Ind Med Vol. 50 (2007), 97–111.
218. Pesatori, A.C., Consonni, D., Rubagotti, M., Grillo, P., Bertazzi, P.A., Cancer incidence in the population exposed to dioxin after the “Seveso accident”: twenty years of follow-up. In: Environ Health, Vol. 8, 2009, 39.
219. Peters, J.M., Gonzalez, F.J., Why toxic equivalency factors are not suitable for perfluoroalkyl chemicals. Chem Res Toxicol 24 (2011), 1601–1609.
220. Preau, J.L. Jr., Wong, L.Y., Silva, M.J., Needham, L.L., Calafat, A.M., Variability over 1 week in the urinary concentrations of metabolites of diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among eight adults: an observational study. Environ Health Perspect 118 (2010), 1748–1754.
221. Preuss, T.G., Gehrhardt, J., Schirmer, K., Coors, A., Rubach, M., Russ, A., et al. Nonylphenol isomers differ in estrogenic activity. Environ Sci Technol 40 (2006), 5147–5153.
222. Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Andersen, Z.J., Hvidberg, M., Jensen, S.S., Ketzel, M., Sorensen, M., et al. Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. In: Environ Health, Vol. 10(Part 2011/07/21), 2011, 67.
223. Rabstein, S., Bruning, T., Harth, V., Fischer, H.P., Haas, S., Weiss, T., et al. N-acetyltransferase 2, exposure to aromatic and heterocyclic amines, and receptor-defined breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 19 (2010), 100–109.
224. Rai, R., Glass, D.C., Heyworth, J.S., Saunders, C., Fritschi, L., Occupational exposures to engine exhausts and other PAHs and breast cancer risk: A population-based case-control study. Am J Ind Med 59 (2016), 437–444.
225. Raleigh, K.K., Alexander, B.H., Olsen, G.W., Ramachandran, G., Morey, S.Z., Church, T.R., et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in ammonium perfluorooctanoate production workers. In: Occup Environ Med, Vol. 71, 2014, 500–506.
226. Ray, R.M., Gao, D.L., Li, W., Wernli, K.J., Astrakianakis, G., Seixas, N.S., et al. Occupational exposures and breast cancer among women textile workers in Shanghai. Epidemiology 18 (2007), 383–392.
227. Rayner, J.L., Enoch, R.R., Fenton, S.E., Adverse effects of prenatal exposure to atrazine during a critical period of mammary gland growth. Toxicol Sci 87 (2005), 255–266.
228. Recio-Vega, R., Velazco-Rodriguez, V., Ocampo-Gomez, G., Hernandez-Gonzalez, S., Ruiz-Flores, P., Lopez-Marquez, F., Serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican women and breast cancer risk. In: J Appl Toxicol Vol. 31:Part 2011/04/12 (2011), 270–278.
229. Reding, K.W., Young, M.T., Szpiro, A.A., Han, C.J., DeRoo, L.A., Weinberg, C., et al. Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Ambient Air Pollution Exposure at Residences in the Sister Study Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 24 (2015), 1907–1909.
230. Reider, C.R., Hubble, J.P., Test-retest reliability of an epidemiological instrument for Parkinson's disease. J Clin Epidemiol 53 (2000), 863–865.
231. Reif, D.M., Martin, M.T., Tan, S.W., Houck, K.A., Judson, R.S., Richard, A.M., et al. Endocrine profiling and prioritization of environmental chemicals using ToxCast data. Environ Health Perspect 118 (2010), 1714–1720.
232. Rodgers, K.M., Rudel, R.A., Just, A.C., Phthalates in food packaging, consumer products, and indoor environments. In: Snedeker, S.M., (eds.) Toxicants in food packaging and household plastics: Exposure and health risks to consumers, 2014, Humana Press, 31–60.
233. Rollison, D.E., Helzlsouer, K.J., Pinney, S.M., Personal hair dye use and cancer: a systematic literature review and evaluation of exposure assessment in studies published since 1992. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 9 (2006), 413–439.
234. Rosenberg, L., Boggs, D.A., Adams-Campbell, L.L., Palmer, J.R., Hair relaxers not associated with breast cancer risk: evidence from the black women's health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 (2007), 1035–1037.
235. Roth, J.A., Etzioni, R., Waters, T.M., Pettinger, M., Rossouw, J.E., Anderson, G.L., et al. Economic return from the Women's Health Initiative estrogen plus progestin clinical trial: a modeling study. Ann Intern Med 160 (2014), 594–602.
236. Roy, D., Morgan, M., Yoo, C., Deoraj, A., Roy, S., Yadav, V.K., et al. Integrated Bioinformatics, Environmental Epidemiologic and Genomic Approaches to Identify Environmental and Molecular Links between Endometriosis and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 16 (2015), 25285–25322.
237. Ruckart, P.Z., Bove, F.J., Shanley, E. 3rd, Maslia, M., Evaluation of contaminated drinking water and male breast cancer at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. North Carolina: a case control study. Environ Health, 14, 2015, 74.
238. Rudel, R.A., Ackerman, J.M., Attfield, K.R., Brody, J.G., New Exposure Biomarkers as Tools For Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Biomonitoring, and Prevention: A Systematic Approach Based on Animal Evidence. Environ Health Perspect, 2014.
239. Rudel, R.A., Attfield, K.R., Schifano, J.N., Brody, J.G., Chemicals causing mammary gland tumors in animals signal new directions for epidemiology, chemicals testing, and risk assessment for breast cancer prevention. Cancer 109 (2007), 2635–2666.
240. Rudel, R.A., Fenton, S.E., Ackerman, J.M., Euling, S.Y., Makris, S.L., Environmental exposures and mammary gland development: state of the science, public health implications, and research recommendations. Environ Health Perspect 119 (2011), 1053–1061.
241. Rudel, R.A., Gray, J.M., Engel, C.L., Rawsthorne, T.W., Dodson, R.E., Ackerman, J.M., et al. Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate exposure: findings from a dietary intervention. Environ Health Perspect 119 (2011), 914–920.
242. Rudel, R.A., Seryak, L.M., Brody, J.G., PCB-containing wood floor finish is a likely source of elevated PCBs in residents' blood, household air and dust: a case study of exposure. Environ Health, 7, 2008, 2.
243. Rundle, A., Tang, D., Hibshoosh, H., Estabrook, A., Schnabel, F., Cao, W., et al. The relationship between genetic damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast tissue and breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 21 (2000), 1281–1289.
244. Russo J, Russo, Irma H.,. 2004. Molecular Basis of Breast Cancer: Prevention and Treatment:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
245. Sagiv, S.K., Gaudet, M.M., Eng, S.M., Abrahamson, P.E., Shantakumar, S., Teitelbaum, S.L., et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and survival among women with breast cancer. In: Environ Res Vol. 109 (2009), 287–291.
246. Saieva, C., Peluso, M., Masala, G., Munnia, A., Ceroti, M., Piro, S., et al. Bulky DNA adducts and breast cancer risk in the prospective EPIC-Italy study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 129 (2011), 477–484.
247. Santi, S.A., Meigs, M.L., Zhao, Y., Bewick, M.A., Lafrenie, R.M., Conlon, M.S., A case-control study of breast cancer risk in nurses from Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Cancer Causes Control 26 (2015), 1421–1428.
248. Santodonato, J., Review of the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: relationship to carcinogenicity. Chemosphere 34 (1997), 835–848.
249. Sathiakumar, N., Delzell, E., A follow-up study of mortality among women in the North American synthetic rubber industry. In: J Occup Environ Med Vol. 51 (2009), 1314–1325.
250. Schaider, L.A., Rudel, R.A., Ackerman, J.M., Brody, J.G., Residential history and groundwater modeling. Environ Health Perspect, 118, 2010 a378; author reply a378-379.
251. Schisterman, E.F., Whitcomb, B.W., Louis, G.M., Louis, T.A., Lipid adjustment in the analysis of environmental contaminants and human health risks. Environ Health Perspect 113 (2005), 853–857.
252. Scholze, M., Silva, E., Kortenkamp, A., Extending the applicability of the dose addition model to the assessment of chemical mixtures of partial agonists by using a novel toxic unit extrapolation method. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e88808.
253. Schwarzman, M.R., Ackerman, J.M., Dairkee, S.H., Fenton, S.E., Johnson, D., Navarro, K.M., et al. Screening for Chemical Contributions to Breast Cancer Risk: A Case Study for Chemical Safety Evaluation. Environ Health Perspect 123 (2015), 1255–1264.
254. Seitz, H.K., Pelucchi, C., Bagnardi, V., La Vecchia, C., Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcohol and breast cancer: Update 2012. Alcohol Alcohol 47 (2012), 204–212.
255. Shaham, J., Gurvich, R., Goral, A., Czerniak, A., The risk of breast cancer in relation to health habits and occupational exposures. In: Am J Ind Med Vol. 49 (2006), 1021–1030.
256. Shekarrizfard, M., Valois, M.F., Goldberg, M.S., Crouse, D., Ross, N., Parent, M.E., et al. Investigating the role of transportation models in epidemiologic studies of traffic related air pollution and health effects. Environ Res 140 (2015), 282–291.
257. Shen, J., Beth Terry, M., Gammon, M.D., Gaudet, M.M., Teitelbaum, S.L., Eng, S.M., et al. IGHMBP2 Thr671Ala polymorphism might be a modifier for the effects of cigarette smoking and PAH-DNA adducts to breast cancer risk. In: Breast Cancer Res Treat Vol. 99 (2006), 1–7.
258. Shen, J., Gammon, M.D., Terry, M.B., Teitelbaum, S.L., Eng, S.M., Neugut, A.I., et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C genotypes/diplotypes play no independent or interaction role with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-DNA adducts for breast cancer risk. In: Eur J Cancer Vol. 44 (2008), 710–717.
259. Shen, J., Gammon, M.D., Terry, M.B., Wang, L., Wang, Q., Zhang, F., et al. Polymorphisms in XRCC1 modify the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts, cigarette smoking, dietary antioxidants, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14 (2005), 336–342.
260. Sibinski L. 1987. Two year oral (diet) toxicity/carcinogenicity study of fluorochemical FC-143 in rats. 3M Company/Riker Exp. No. 0281CR0012. St. Paul, MN:3M Company/Riker.
261. Silver, S.R., Whelan, E.A., Deddens, J.A., Steenland, N.K., Hopf, N.B., Waters, M.A., et al. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast cancer. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 117 (2009), 276–282.
262. Singh, Z., Chadha, P., Textile industry and occupational cancer. J Occup Med Toxicol, 11, 2016, 39.
263. Smith, M.T., Guyton, K.Z., Gibbons, C.F., Fritz, J.M., Portier, C.J., Rusyn, I., et al. Key Characteristics of Carcinogens as a Basis for Organizing Data on Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 124 (2016), 713–721.
264. Snedeker, S.M., Pesticides and breast cancer risk: a review of DDT, DDE, and dieldrin. Environ Health Perspect 109:Suppl 1 (2001), 35–47.
265. Soto, A.M., Chung, K.L., Sonnenschein, C., The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells. Environ Health Perspect 102 (1994), 380–383.
266. Soto, A.M., Sonnenschein, C., Chung, K.L., Fernandez, M.F., Olea, N., Serrano, F.O., The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 103:Suppl 7 (1995), 113–122.
267. Spencer, W.A., Lehmler, H.J., Robertson, L.W., Gupta, R.C., Oxidative DNA adducts after Cu(2+)-mediated activation of dihydroxy PCBs: role of reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 46 (2009), 1346–1352.
268. Steele, R., Mummery, K., Occupational physical activity across occupational categories. J Sci Med Sport 6 (2003), 398–407.
269. Sturgeon, S.R., Doherty, A., Reeves, K.W., Bigelow, C., Stanczyk, F.Z., Ockene, J.K., et al. Urinary levels of melatonin and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: women's health initiative observational cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23 (2014), 629–637.
270. Sung, T.I., Chen, P.C., Jyuhn-Hsiarn Lee, L., Lin, Y.P., Hsieh, G.Y., Wang, J.D., Increased standardized incidence ratio of breast cancer in female electronics workers. BMC Public Health, Vol. 7, 2007, 102.
271. Tang, D., Cho, S., Rundle, A., Chen, S., Phillips, D., Zhou, J., et al. Polymorphisms in the DNA repair enzyme XPD are associated with increased levels of PAH-DNA adducts in a case-control study of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 75 (2002), 159–166.
272. Tarraf, C., El-Sabban, M., Bassam, R., Beyrouthy, M., Chamoun, J., Talhouk, R., Functional consequence of exposure to dieldrin on mammary development and function. Food Addit Contam 20 (2003), 819–828.
273. Taylor, J.A., Vom Saal, F.S., Welshons, W.V., Drury, B., Rottinghaus, G., Hunt, P.A., et al. Similarity of bisphenol A pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys and mice: relevance for human exposure. Environ Health Perspect 119 (2011), 422–430.
274. Taylor, J.A., Welshons, W.V., Vom Saal, F.S., No effect of route of exposure (oral; subcutaneous injection) on plasma bisphenol A throughout 24h after administration in neonatal female mice. Reprod Toxicol 25 (2008), 169–176.
275. Taylor, K.W., Baird, D.D., Herring, A.H., Engel, L.S., Nichols, H.B., Sandler, D.P., et al. Associations among personal care product use patterns and exogenous hormone use in the NIEHS Sister Study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 2017.
276. Taylor, K.W., Joubert, B.R., Braun, J.M., Dilworth, C., Gennings, C., Hauser, R., et al. Statistical Approaches for Assessing Health Effects of Environmental Chemical Mixtures in Epidemiology: Lessons from an Innovative Workshop. Environ Health Perspect 124 (2016), A227–A229.
277. Teeguarden, J., Hanson-Drury, S., Fisher, J.W., Doerge, D.R., Are typical human serum BPA concentrations measurable and sufficient to be estrogenic in the general population?. Food Chem Toxicol 62 (2013), 949–963.
278. Teeguarden, J.G., Twaddle, N.C., Churchwell, M.I., Doerge, D.R., Urine and serum biomonitoring of exposure to environmental estrogens I: Bisphenol A in pregnant women. Food Chem Toxicol 92 (2016), 129–142.
279. Teitelbaum, S.L., Gammon, M.D., Britton, J.A., Neugut, A.I., Levin, B., Stellman, S.D., Reported residential pesticide use and breast cancer risk on Long Island, New York. In: Am J Epidemiol Vol. 165 (2007), 643–651.
280. Terrell, M.L., Rosenblatt, K.A., Wirth, J., Cameron, L.L., Marcus, M., Breast cancer among women in Michigan following exposure to brominated flame retardants. Occup Environ Med 73 (2016), 564–567.
281. Terry, M.B., Gammon, M.D., Zhang, F.F., Eng, S.M., Sagiv, S.K., Paykin, A.B., et al. Polymorphism in the DNA repair gene XPD, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts, cigarette smoking, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 (2004), 2053–2058.
282. Terry, P.D., Goodman, M., Is the association between cigarette smoking and breast cancer modified by genotype? A review of epidemiologic studies and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (2006), 602–611.
283. Teschke, K., Olshan, A.F., Daniels, J.L., De Roos, A.J., Parks, C.G., Schulz, M., et al. Occupational exposure assessment in case-control studies: opportunities for improvement. Occup Environ Med 59 (2002), 575–593 discussion 594.
284. Tharp, A.P., Maffini, M.V., Hunt, P.A., VandeVoort, C.A., Sonnenschein, C., Soto, A.M., Bisphenol A alters the development of the rhesus monkey mammary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 (2012), 8190–8195.
285. Tomonari, Y., Kurata, Y., David, R.M., Gans, G., Kawasuso, T., Katoh, M., Effect of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on genital organs from juvenile common marmosets: I. Morphological and biochemical investigation in 65-week toxicity study. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69 (2006), 1651–1672.
286. Tonxnet. United States National Library of Medicine2016. Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System. Available: 〈https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?CCRIS.htm〉 [accessed 23 Dec 2016 2016].
287. Trabert B, Falk RT, Figueroa JD, Graubard BI, Garcia-Closas M, Lissowska J, et al. 2014. Urinary bisphenol A-glucuronide and postmenopausal breast cancer in Poland. In: Cancer Causes Control, Part 2014/09/06.
288. Travis, R.C., Balkwill, A., Fensom, G.K., Appleby, P.N., Reeves, G.K., Wang, X.S., et al. Night Shift Work and Breast Cancer Incidence: Three Prospective Studies and Meta-analysis of Published Studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2016, 108.
289. Tsuchiya, Y., Nakajima, M., Yokoi, T., Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of estrogens and its regulation in human. Cancer Lett 227 (2005), 115–124.
290. Tucker, D.K., Macon, M.B., Strynar, M.J., Dagnino, S., Andersen, E., Fenton, S.E., The mammary gland is a sensitive pubertal target in CD-1 and C57Bl/6 mice following perinatal perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure. Reprod Toxicol 54 (2015), 26–36.
291. Turesky, R.J., Freeman, J.P., Holland, R.D., Nestorick, D.M., Miller, D.W., Ratnasinghe, D.L., et al. Identification of aminobiphenyl derivatives in commercial hair dyes. Chem Res Toxicol 16 (2003), 1162–1173.
292. U.S. EPA.1998. Reregistration eligibility decision: Dicofol. Washington, D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/0021red.pdf〉.
293. U.S. EPA.2006a. Registration eligibility decision: Diazinon, Case 0238. Washington D.C:United States Environmental Protection Agency.
294. U.S. EPA.2006b. Registration eligibility decision: Chlorpyrifos, Case 0100. Washington D.C:United States Environmental Protection Agency.
295. U.S. EPA. 2006c. Cumulative Risk From Triazine Pesticides. Docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0481. Washington, D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈www.regulations.gov〉.
296. U.S. EPA.2009. Long-Chain Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs) Action Plan. Washington, DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-01/documents/pfcs_action_plan1230_09.pdf〉.
297. U.S. EPA.2010. Nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) action plan. RIN 2070-ZA09]. Washington, DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/rin2070-za09_np-npes_action_plan_final_2010-08-09.pdf〉.
298. U.S. EPA. 2011. Toxicological Review of Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) (CAS No. 75-09-2) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-10/003. Washington, DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/toxreviews/0070tr.pdf〉.
299. U.S. EPA. 2014. Revised Chlorpyrifos Human Health Risk Assessment. Washington D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈www.regulations.gov〉 [accessed Docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0850.
300. U.S. EPA. 2016a. Drinking Water Health Advisory for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 822-R-16-005. Washington, D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/pfoa_health_advisory_final_508.pdf〉.
301. U.S. EPA.2016b. Malathion: Human Health Draft Risk Assessment for Registration Review. Washington D.C.:United States Environmental Protection Agency. 〈https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/Malathion-Human-Health-Draft-Risk-Assessment-for-Registration-Review.pdf〉.
302. United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Ridding the world of POPs: a guide to the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Available: 〈http://www.pops.int/documents/guidance/beg_guide.pdf〉 [accessed 13 Dec 2013.
303. Valavanidis, A., Fiotakis, K., Vlachogianni, T., Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 26 (2008), 339–362.
304. Van de Wiele, T., Vanhaecke, L., Boeckaert, C., Peru, K., Headley, J., Verstraete, W., et al. Human colon microbiota transform polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to estrogenic metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 113 (2005), 6–10.
305. Vandenberg, L.N., Maffini, M.V., Sonnenschein, C., Rubin, B.S., Soto, A.M., Bisphenol-A and the great divide: a review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. Endocr Rev 30 (2009), 75–95.
306. Vandenberg, L.N., Prins, G.S., Clarity in the face of confusion: new studies tip the scales on bisphenol A (BPA). Andrology 4 (2016), 561–564.
307. Ventura, C., Nieto, M.R., Bourguignon, N., Lux-Lantos, V., Rodriguez, H., Cao, G., et al. Pesticide chlorpyrifos acts as an endocrine disruptor in adult rats causing changes in mammary gland and hormonal balance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 156 (2016), 1–9.
308. Villeneuve, S., Cyr, D., Lynge, E., Orsi, L., Sabroe, S., Merletti, F., et al. Occupation and occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in male breast cancer: a case-control study in Europe. In: Occup Environ Med, Vol. 67, 2010, 837–844.
309. Villeneuve, S., Fevotte, J., Anger, A., Truong, T., Lamkarkach, F., Gaye, O., et al. Breast cancer risk by occupation and industry: analysis of the CECILE study, a population-based case-control study in France. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Vol. 54 (2011), 499–509.
310. Wallace B, Small K, Brodley C, Lau J, Trikalinos T. Deploying an interactive machine learning system in an evidence-based practice center: abstracker. In: Proceedings of the ACM International Health Informatics Symposium (IHI), 2012.
311. Wang, T., Wyrick, K.L., Meadows, G.G., Wills, T.B., Vorderstrasse, B.A., Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by TCDD inhibits mammary tumor metastasis in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. Toxicol Sci 124 (2011), 291–298.
312. Warner, M., Mocarelli, P., Samuels, S., Needham, L., Brambilla, P., Eskenazi, B., Dioxin exposure and cancer risk in the Seveso Women's Health Study. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 119 (2011), 1700–1705.
313. West, J.G., Kapoor, N.S., Liao, S.Y., Chen, J.W., Bailey, L., Nagourney, R.A., Multifocal Breast Cancer in Young Women with Prolonged Contact between Their Breasts and Their Cellular Phones. Case Rep Med, 2013, 2013, 354682.
314. White, A.J., Chen, J., McCullough, L.E., Xu, X., Cho, Y.H., Teitelbaum, S.L., et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts and breast cancer: modification by gene promoter methylation in a population-based study. Cancer Causes Control 26 (2015), 1791–1802.
315. White, A.J., Teitelbaum, S.L., Stellman, S.D., Beyea, J., Steck, S.E., Mordukhovich, I., et al. Indoor air pollution exposure from use of indoor stoves and fireplaces in association with breast cancer: a case-control study. Environ Health, 13, 2014, 108.
316. White, A.J., Teitelbaum, S.L., Wolff, M.S., Stellman, S.D., Neugut, A.I., Gammon, M.D., Exposure to fogger trucks and breast cancer incidence in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project: a case-control study. In: Environ Health, Vol. 12(Part 2013/03/19), 2013, 24.
317. White, S.S., Calafat, A.M., Kuklenyik, Z., Villanueva, L., Zehr, R.D., Helfant, L., et al. Gestational PFOA exposure of mice is associated with altered mammary gland development in dams and female offspring. Toxicol Sci 96 (2007), 133–144.
318. WHO (World Health Organization). The use of DDT in malaria vector control: WHO position statement. 2011, World Health Organization 〈http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69945/1/WHO_HTM_GMP_2011_eng.pdf〉.
319. Wolf, C.J., Schmid, J.E., Lau, C., Abbott, B.D., Activation of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) by perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs): further investigation of C4-C12 compounds. Reprod Toxicol 33 (2012), 546–551.
320. Wolff, M.S., Camann, D., Gammon, M., Stellman, S.D., Proposed PCB congener groupings for epidemiological studies. Environ Health Perspect 105 (1997), 13–14.
321. Xu, X., Dailey, A.B., Talbott, E.O., Ilacqua, V.A., Kearney, G., Asal, N.R., Associations of serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides with breast cancer and prostate cancer in U.S. adults. In: Environ Health Perspect Vol. 118 (2010), 60–66.
322. Yager, J.D., Davidson, N.E., Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 354 (2006), 270–282.
323. Yang, C., Tan, Y.S., Harkema, J.R., Haslam, S.Z., Differential effects of peripubertal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid on mammary gland development in C57Bl/6 and Balb/c mouse strains. Reprod Toxicol 27 (2009), 299–306.
324. Yang, Q., Xie, Y., Alexson, S.E., Nelson, B.D., DePierre, J.W., Involvement of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in the immunomodulation caused by peroxisome proliferators in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 63 (2002), 1893–1900.
325. York, R.G., Kennedy, G.L. Jr., Olsen, G.W., Butenhoff, J.L., Male reproductive system parameters in a two-generation reproduction study of ammonium perfluorooctanoate in rats and human relevance. Toxicology 271 (2010), 64–72.
326. Zhang, G.H., Ye, L.L., Wang, J.W., Ren, J.C., Xu, X.W., Feng, N.N., et al. Effect of polymorphic metabolizing genes on micronucleus frequencies among benzene-exposed shoe workers in China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 217 (2014), 726–732.
327. Zhang, J., Huang, Y., Wang, X., Lin, K., Wu, K., Environmental Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0142513.
328. Zhang, J., Ichiba, M., Feng, Y., Pan, G., Hanaoka, T., Yamano, Y., et al. Aromatic DNA adducts in coke-oven workers, in relation to exposure, lifestyle and genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 73 (2000), 127–135.
329. Zheng, W., Chow, W.H., Yang, G., Jin, F., Rothman, N., Blair, A., et al. The Shanghai Women's Health Study: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics. Am J Epidemiol 162 (2005), 1123–1131.
330. Zota, A.R., Aschengrau, A., Rudel, R.A., Brody, J.G., Self-reported chemicals exposure, beliefs about disease causation, and risk of breast cancer in the Cape Cod Breast Cancer and Environment Study: a case-control study. In: Environ Health, Vol. 9, 2010, 40.