Associations of persistent organic pollutants in serum and adipose tissue with breast cancer prognostic markers

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 566-567, Issue , 2016, Pages 41-49

  Arrebola, J P ^a,b,c   Fernandez Rodriguez M ^a,d   Artacho Cordon F ^a,d   Garde, C ^a   Perez Carrascosa, F ^a,b   Linares, I ^a,b   Tovar, I ^a,b   Gonzalez Alzaga B ^a,e   Exposito J ^a,b   Torne, P ^a   Fernandez M F ^a,c,d   Olea, N ^a,c,d  

^a IBS Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DE LAS NIEVES   (Spain)

^c CIBER EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y SALUD PÚBLICA CIBERESP   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^e ANDALUSIAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Spain)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; Breast cancer; Cancer prognosis markers; Persistent organic pollutants; Serum

Indexed keywords

BODY FLUIDS; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASES; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLLUTION; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; TISSUE; TUMORS;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER PROGNOSIS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT (POP); SERUM;

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

1,1 DICHLORO 2,2 BIS(4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHYLENE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; KI 67 ANTIGEN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL DERIVATIVE; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; PROTEIN P53; UVOMORULIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON; ERBB2 PROTEIN, HUMAN; PESTICIDE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL;

CANCER; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PROTEIN; SERUM; TUMOR;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD SAMPLING; BREAST CANCER; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICAL RECORD; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SOCIAL ASPECT; SPAIN; AGED; BLOOD; BREAST TUMOR; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; POLLUTANT;

ANDALUCIA; GRANADA [ANDALUCIA]; SPAIN;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; AGED; BIOMARKERS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED; MIDDLE AGED; PESTICIDES; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; PROGNOSIS; RECEPTOR, ERBB-2; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; RECEPTORS, PROGESTERONE;

EID: 84969199788     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.188     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Adami H.O., Lipworth L., Titus-Ernstoff L., Hsieh C.C., Hanberg A., Ahlborg U., Baron J., Trichopoulos D. Organochlorine compounds and estrogen-related cancers in women. Cancer Causes Control 1995, 6:551-566.
2. Al-Anati L., Kadekar S., Hogberg J., Stenius U. PCB153, TCDD and estradiol compromise the benzo[a]pyrene-induced p53-response via FoxO3a. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2014, 219:159-167.
3. Andersen H.R., Vinggaard A.M., Rasmussen T.H., Gjermandsen I.M., Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C. Effects of currently used pesticides in assays for estrogenicity, androgenicity, and aromatase activity in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002, 179:1-12.
4. Arrebola J.P., Belhassen H., Artacho-Cordon F., Ghali R., Ghorbel H., Boussen H., Perez-Carrascosa F.M., Exposito J., Hedhili A., Olea N. Risk of female breast cancer and serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls: a case-control study in Tunisia. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 520:106-113.
5. Arrebola J.P., Fernandez M.F., Martin-Olmedo P., Molina-Molina J.M., Sanchez-Perez M.J., Sanchez-Cantalejo E., Molina-Portillo E., Exposito J., Bonde J.P., Olea N. Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and total cancer risk in an adult cohort from Southern Spain: preliminary data from year 9 of the follow-up. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 500-501:243-249.
6. Arrebola J.P., Fernandez M.F., Molina-Molina J.M., Martin-Olmedo P., Exposito J., Olea N. Predictors of the total effective xenoestrogen burden (TEXB) in human adipose tissue. A pilot study. Reprod. Toxicol. 2012, 33:45-52.
7. Arrebola J.P., Martin-Olmedo P., Fernandez M.F., Sanchez-Cantalejo E., Jimenez-Rios J.A., Torne P., Porta M., Olea N. Predictors of concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in human adipose tissue: a multivariate analysis by gender in Southern Spain. Environ. Int. 2009, 35:27-32.
8. Artacho-Cordon A., Artacho-Cordon F., Rios-Arrabal S., Calvente I., Nunez M.I. Tumor microenvironment and breast cancer progression: a complex scenario. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2012, 13:14-24.
9. Artacho-Cordon F., Fernandez-Rodriguez M., Garde C., Salamanca E., Iribarne-Duran L.M., Torne P., Exposito J., Papay-Ramirez L., Fernandez M.F., Olea N., Arrebola J.P. Serum and adipose tissue as matrices for assessment of exposure to persistent organic pollutants in breast cancer patients. Environ. Res. 2015, 142:633-643.
10. Aube M., Larochelle C., Ayotte P. Differential effects of a complex organochlorine mixture on the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines. Environ. Res. 2011, 111:337-347.
11. Beausoleil C., Ormsby J.N., Gies A., Hass U., Heindel J.J., Holmer M.L., Nielsen P.J., Munn S., Schoenfelder G. Low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses for endocrine active chemicals: science to practice workshop: workshop summary. Chemosphere 2013, 93:847-856.
12. Belpomme D., Irigaray P., Hardell L., Clapp R., Montagnier L., Epstein S., Sasco A.J. The multitude and diversity of environmental carcinogens. Environ. Res. 2007, 105:414-429.
13. Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C., Andersen H.R., Rasmussen T.H., Vinggaard A.M. Effect of highly bioaccumulated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on estrogen and androgen receptor activity. Toxicology 2001, 158:141-153.
14. Bracke M.E., Van Roy F.M., Mareel M.M. The E-cadherin/catenin complex in invasion and metastasis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1996, 213(Pt 1):123-161.
15. Brauner E.V., Raaschou-Nielsen O., Gaudreau E., Leblanc A., Tjonneland A., Overvad K., Sorensen M. Predictors of adipose tissue concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in a general Danish population. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2012, 22:52-59.
16. Cassidy R.A., Natarajan S., Vaughan G.M. The link between the insecticide heptachlor epoxide, estradiol, and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2005, 90:55-64.
17. Charlier C., Albert A., Herman P., Hamoir E., Gaspard U., Meurisse M., Plomteux G. Breast cancer and serum organochlorine residues. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 60:348-351.
18. Charlier C., Pitance F., Plomteux G. PCB residues in a breast cancer patient population. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2003, 71:887-891.
19. Cohn B.A., La M.M., Krigbaum N.Y., Yeh G., Park J.S., Zimmermann L., Cirillo P.M. DDT exposure in utero and breast cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2015, 100:2865-2872.
20. Cohn B.A., Wolff M.S., Cirillo P.M., Sholtz R.I. DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:1406-1414.
21. Darbre P.D., Fernandez M.F. Environmental oestrogens and breast cancer: long-term low-dose effects of mixtures of various chemical combinations. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2013, 67:203-205.
22. Demers A., Ayotte P., Brisson J., Dodin S., Robert J., Dewailly E. Risk and aggressiveness of breast cancer in relation to plasma organochlorine concentrations. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2000, 9:161-166.
23. Demers A., Ayotte P., Brisson J., Dodin S., Robert J., Dewailly E. Plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and the risk of breast cancer: a congener-specific analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 155:629-635.
24. Dewailly E., Dodin S., Verreault R., Ayotte P., Sauve L., Morin J., Brisson J. High organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1994, 86:232-234.
25. Duggan C., Irwin M.L., Xiao L., Henderson K.D., Smith A.W., Baumgartner R.N., Baumgartner K.B., Bernstein L., Ballard-Barbash R., McTiernan A. Associations of insulin resistance and adiponectin with mortality in women with breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29:32-39.
26. Ellsworth R.E., Mamula K.A., Costantino N.S., Deyarmin B., Kostyniak P.J., Chi L.H., Shriver C.D., Ellsworth D.L. Abundance and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast tissue. Environ. Res. 2015, 138:291-297.
27. Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Dikshit R., Eser S., Mathers C., Rebelo M., Parkin D.M., Forman D., Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer 2015, 136:E359-E386.
28. Gasco M., Shami S., Crook T. The p53 pathway in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2002, 4:70-76.
29. Gatto N.M., Longnecker M.P., Press M.F., Sullivan-Halley J., McKean-Cowdin R., Bernstein L. Serum organochlorines and breast cancer: a case-control study among African-American women. Cancer Causes Control 2007, 18:29-39.
30. Grunfeld H.T., Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C. Effect of in vitro estrogenic pesticides on human oestrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA levels. Toxicol. Lett. 2004, 151:467-480.
31. Hoyer A.P., Gerdes A.M., Jorgensen T., Rank F., Hartvig H.B. Organochlorines, p53 mutations in relation to breast cancer risk and survival. A Danish cohort-nested case-controls study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2002, 71:59-65.
32. Hoyer A.P., Jorgensen T., Brock J.W., Grandjean P. Organochlorine exposure and breast cancer survival. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2000, 53:323-330.
33. Hoyer A.P., Jorgensen T., Rank F., Grandjean P. Organochlorine exposures influence on breast cancer risk and survival according to estrogen receptor status: a Danish cohort-nested case-control study. BMC Cancer 2001, 1:8.
34. Ibarluzea J.J., Fernandez M.F., Santa-Marina L., Olea-Serrano M.F., Rivas A.M., Aurrekoetxea J.J., Exposito J., Lorenzo M., Torne P., Villalobos M., Pedraza V., Sasco A.J., Olea N. Breast cancer risk and the combined effect of environmental estrogens. Cancer Causes Control 2004, 15:591-600.
35. Interagency Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Coordinating Committee (IBCERCC) Breast cancer and the environment: prioritizing prevention https://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/assets/docs/breast_cancer_and_the_environment_prioritizing_prevention_508.pdf.
36. Itoh H., Iwasaki M., Hanaoka T., Kasuga Y., Yokoyama S., Onuma H., Nishimura H., Kusama R., Tsugane S. Serum organochlorines and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: a case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2009, 20:567-580.
37. Johnson N.A., Ho A., Cline J.M., Hughes C.L., Foster W.G., Davis V.L. Accelerated mammary tumor onset in a HER2/Neu mouse model exposed to DDT metabolites locally delivered to the mammary gland. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:1170-1176.
38. Kim M.J., Marchand P., Henegar C., Antignac J.P., Alili R., Poitou C., Bouillot J.L., Basdevant A., Le B.B., Barouki R., Clement K. Fate and complex pathogenic effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in obese subjects before and after drastic weight loss. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:377-383.
39. Knower K.C., To SQ, Leung Y.K., Ho S.M., Clyne C.D. Endocrine disruption of the epigenome: a breast cancer link. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2014, 21:T33-T55.
40. Kupfer D., Bulger W.H. Interaction of o, p'DDT with the estrogen-binding protein (EBP) in human mammary and uterine tumors. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1977, 16:451-462.
41. La Rocca C., Mantovani A. From environment to food: the case of PCB. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 2006, 42:410-416.
42. Laden F., Collman G., Iwamoto K., Alberg A.J., Berkowitz G.S., Freudenheim J.L., Hankinson S.E., Helzlsouer K.J., Holford T.R., Huang H.Y., Moysich K.B., Tessari J.D., Wolff M.S., Zheng T., Hunter D.J. 1.1-Dichloro-2.2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: combined analysis of five U.S. studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2001, 93:768-776.
43. Landau-Ossondo M., Rabia N., Jos-Pelage J., Marquet L.M., Isidore Y., Saint-Aime C., Martin M., Irigaray P., Belpomme D. Why pesticides could be a common cause of prostate and breast cancers in the French Caribbean Island, Martinique. An overview on key mechanisms of pesticide-induced cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2009, 63:383-395.
44. Lemaire G., Mnif W., Mauvais P., Balaguer P., Rahmani R. Activation of alpha- and beta-estrogen receptors by persistent pesticides in reporter cell lines. Life Sci. 2006, 79:1160-1169.
45. Liljegren G., Hardell L., Lindstrom G., Dahl P., Magnuson A. Case-control study on breast cancer and adipose tissue concentrations of congener specific polychlorinated biphenyls, DDE and hexachlorobenzene. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1998, 7:135-140.
46. Liu S., Li S., Du Y. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enhance metastatic properties of breast cancer cells by activating Rho-associated kinase (ROCK). PLoS One 2010, 5:e11272.
47. Lopez-Carrillo L., Blair A., Lopez-Cervantes M., Cebrian M., Rueda C., Reyes R., Mohar A., Bravo J. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane serum levels and breast cancer risk: a case-control study from Mexico. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:3728-3732.
48. Lopez-Carrillo L., Lopez-Cervantes M., Torres-Sanchez L., Blair A., Cebrian M.E., Garcia R.M. Serum levels of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer in Mexican women. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2002, 11:129-135.
49. Lopez-Cervantes M., Torres-Sanchez L., Tobias A., Lopez-Carrillo L. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane burden and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:207-214.
50. Mahalingaiah P.K., Singh K.P. Chronic oxidative stress increases growth and tumorigenic potential of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014, 9:e87371.
51. McPherson K., Steel C.M., Dixon J.M. ABC of breast diseases. Breast cancer-epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. BMJ 2000, 321:624-628.
52. Moysich K.B., Ambrosone C.B., Vena J.E., Shields P.G., Mendola P., Kostyniak P., Greizerstein H., Graham S., Marshall J.R., Schisterman E.F., Freudenheim J.L. Environmental organochlorine exposure and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 1998, 7:181-188.
53. Munoz-de-Toro M., Durando M., Beldomenico P.M., Beldomenico H.R., Kass L., Garcia S.R., Luque E.H. Estrogenic microenvironment generated by organochlorine residues in adipose mammary tissue modulates biomarker expression in ERalpha-positive breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res. 2006, 8:R47.
54. Muscat J.E., Britton J.A., Djordjevic M.V., Citron M.L., Kemeny M., Busch-Devereaux E., Pittman B., Stellman S.D. Adipose concentrations of organochlorine compounds and breast cancer recurrence in Long Island, New York. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2003, 12:1474-1478.
55. Nahta R., Al-Mulla F., Al-Temaimi R., Amedei A., Andrade-Vieira R., Bay S.N., Brown D.G., Calaf G.M., Castellino R.C., Cohen-Solal K.A., Colacci A., Cruickshanks N., Dent P., FR Di, Forte S., Goldberg G.S., Hamid R.A., Krishnan H., Laird D.W., Lasfar A., Marignani P.A., Memeo L., Mondello C., Naus C.C., Ponce-Cusi R., Raju J., Roy D., Roy R., Ryan E.P., Salem H.K., Scovassi A.I., Singh N., Vaccari M., Vento R., Vondracek J., Wade M., Woodrick J., Bisson W.H. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression. Carcinogenesis 2015, 36(Suppl. 1):S2-S18.
56. Olaya-Contreras P., Rodriguez-Villamil J., Posso-Valencia H.J., Cortez J.E. Organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk in Colombian women. Cad. Saude Publica 1998, 14(Suppl. 3):125-132.
57. Orton F., Ermler S., Kugathas S., Rosivatz E., Scholze M., Kortenkamp A. Mixture effects at very low doses with combinations of anti-androgenic pesticides, antioxidants, industrial pollutant and chemicals used in personal care products. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2013.
58. Parada H., Wolff M.S., Engel L.S., White A.J., Eng S.M., Cleveland R.J., Khankari N.K., Teitelbaum S.L., Neugut A.I., Gammon M.D. Organochlorine insecticides DDT and chlordane in relation to survival following breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2015.
59. Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2005, 55:74-108.
60. Pena D., Pontillo C., Garcia M.A., Cocca C., Alvarez L., Chiappini F., Bourguignon N., Frahm I., Bergoc R., Kleiman de P.D., Randi A. Alterations in c-Src/HER1 and estrogen receptor alpha signaling pathways in mammary gland and tumors of hexachlorobenzene-treated rats. Toxicology 2012, 293:68-77.
61. Pereira-Fernandes A., Dirinck E., Dirtu A.C., Malarvannan G., Covaci A., Van G.L., Vanparys C., Jorens P.G., Blust R. Expression of obesity markers and persistent organic pollutants levels in adipose tissue of obese patients: reinforcing the obesogen hypothesis?. PLoS One 2014, 9:e84816.
62. Pinzone J.J., Stevenson H., Strobl J.S., Berg P.E. Molecular and cellular determinants of estrogen receptor alpha expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:4605-4612.
63. Pontillo C., Espanol A., Chiappini F., Miret N., Cocca C., Alvarez L., Pisarev D.K., Sales M.E., Randi A.S. Hexachlorobenzene promotes angiogenesis in vivo, in a breast cancer model and neovasculogenesis in vitro, in the human microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1. Toxicol. Lett. 2015, 239:53-64.
64. Pontillo C.A., Rojas P., Chiappini F., Sequeira G., Cocca C., Crocci M., Colombo L., Lanari C., Kleiman de P.D., Randi A. Action of hexachlorobenzene on tumor growth and metastasis in different experimental models. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2013, 268:331-342.
65. Porta M., Kogevinas M., Zumeta E., Sunyer J., Ribas-Fito N., Ruiz L., Jariod M., Vioque J., Alguacil J., Martin P., Malats N., Ayude D. Concentrations of persistent toxic compounds in the Spanish population: a puzzle without pieces and the protection of public health. Gac. Sanit. 2002, 16:257-266.
66. Quintana P.J., Delfino R.J., Korrick S., Ziogas A., Kutz F.W., Jones E.L., Laden F., Garshick E. Adipose tissue levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:854-861.
67. Reaves D.K., Ginsburg E., Bang J.J., Fleming J.M. Persistent organic pollutants and obesity: are they potential mechanisms for breast cancer promotion?. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2015, 22:R69-R86.
68. Recio-Vega R., Velazco-Rodriguez V., Ocampo-Gomez G., Hernandez-Gonzalez S., Ruiz-Flores P., Lopez-Marquez F. Serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican women and breast cancer risk. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2011, 31:270-278.
69. Scribner J.D., Mottet N.K. DDT acceleration of mammary gland tumors induced in the male Sprague-Dawley rat by 2-acetamidophenanthrene. Carcinogenesis 1981, 2:1235-1239.
70. Silva E., Rajapakse N., Kortenkamp A. Something from "nothing"-eight weak estrogenic chemicals combined at concentrations below NOECs produce significant mixture effects. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36:1751-1756.
71. Snedeker S.M. Pesticides and breast cancer risk: a review of DDT, DDE, and dieldrin. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109(Suppl. 1):35-47.
72. Soto A.M., Sonnenschein C. Endocrine disruptors: DDT, endocrine disruption and breast cancer. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2015, 11:507-508.
73. Soto A.M., Chung K.L., Sonnenschein C. The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994, 102:380-383.
74. Subramanian A., Salhab M., Mokbel K. Oestrogen producing enzymes and mammary carcinogenesis: a review. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2008, 111:191-202.
75. UNEP Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. Mediterranean regional report 2003, United Nations Environment Programme on Chemicals, (www.chem.unep.ch/pts/regreports/mediterranean.pdf (last accesed June 25th 2014)).
76. Victorino V.J., Campos F.C., Herrera A.C., Colado Simao A.N., Cecchini A.L., Panis C., Cecchini R. Overexpression of HER-2/neu protein attenuates the oxidative systemic profile in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Tumour Biol. 2014, 35:3025-3034.
77. Ward E.M., Schulte P., Grajewski B., Andersen A., Patterson D.G., Turner W., Jellum E., Deddens J.A., Friedland J., Roeleveld N., Waters M., Butler M.A., DiPietro E., Needham L.L. Serum organochlorine levels and breast cancer: a nested case-control study of Norwegian women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2000, 9:1357-1367.
78. Wolff M.S., Berkowitz G.S., Brower S., Senie R., Bleiweiss I.J., Tartter P., Pace B., Roy N., Wallenstein S., Weston A. Organochlorine exposures and breast cancer risk in New York City women. Environ. Res. 2000, 84:151-161.
79. Wolff M.S., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Dubin N., Toniolo P. Risk of breast cancer and organochlorine exposure. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2000, 9:271-277.
80. World Cancer Research Fund International (last accesed June 25th 2014). http://www.wcrf.org/index.php.
81. Zheng T., Holford T.R., Mayne S.T., Tessari J., Owens P.H., Zahm S.H., Zhang B., Dubrow R., Ward B., Carter D., Boyle P. Environmental exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and risk of female breast cancer in Connecticut. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 1999, 8:407-411.
82. Zheng T., Holford T.R., Mayne S.T., Ward B., Carter D., Owens P.H., Dubrow R., Zahm S.H., Boyle P., Archibeque S., Tessari J. DDE and DDT in breast adipose tissue and risk of female breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1999, 150:453-458.