New weapons to fight old enemies: Novel strategies for the (bio)control of bacterial biofilms in the food industry

Frontiers in Microbiology

Volumn 7, Issue OCT, 2016, Pages

  Coughlan, Laura M ^a,b   Cotter, Paul D ^a,c   Hill, Colin ^b,c   Alvarez Ordóñez, Avelino ^a  

^a TEAGASC FOOD RESEARCH CENTRE   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Biofilm; Food; Industry; Quorum sensing; Quorum sensing inhibitors

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; BACTERIOCIN; ESSENTIAL OIL;

BACTERIOPHAGE; BIOFILM; CAMPYLOBACTER; CELL DENSITY; DEVICE MAINTENANCE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD PROCESSING; FOOD SAFETY; GENE EXPRESSION; HAFNIA ALVEI; LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MICROBIAL ADHESION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGEN LOAD; PSEUDOMONAS; QUORUM SENSING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS;

EID: 84996844184     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01641     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Abee, T., Kovács,Á. T., Kuipers, O. P., and van der Veen, S. (2011). Biofilm formation and dispersal in Gram-positive bacteria. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 22, 172-179. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.10.016
2. Adonizio, A., Kong, K.-F., and Mathee, K. (2008). Inhibition of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factor production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by South Florida plant extracts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 198-203. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00612-07
3. Ait Ouali, F., Al Kassaa, I., Cudennec, B., Abdallah, M., Bendali, F., Sadoun, D., et al. (2014). Identification of lactobacilli with inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria on stainless steel surfaces. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 191, 116-124. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.011
4. Akbas, M. Y., and Cag, S. (2016). Use of organic acids for prevention and removal of Bacillus subtilis biofilms on food contact surfaces. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 22, 587-597. doi: 10.1177/1082013216633545
5. Al-Adawi, A. S., Gaylarde, C. C., Sunner, J., and Beech, I. B. (2016). Transfer of bacteria between stainless steel and chicken meat: a CLSM and DGGE study of biofilms. AIMS Microbiol. 2, 340-358. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2016.3.340
6. Alfaro, J. F., Zhang, T., Wynn, D. P., Karschner, E. L., and Zhou, Z. S. (2004). Synthesis of LuxS inhibitors targeting bacterial cell-cell communication. Org. Lett. 6, 3043-3046. doi: 10.1021/ol049182i
7. Annonymous (1997). Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics-Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics used in Food. Industrial, Domestic and Institutional Areas-Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2/Step1). EN 1276. Londn: British Standards Institution.
8. Antoniouand, K., and Frank, J. F. (2005). Removal of Pseudomonas putida biofilm and associated extracellular polymeric substances from stainless steel by alkali cleaning. J. Food Prot. 68, 277-281.
9. Augustin, M., Ali-Vehmas, T., and Atroshi, F. (2004). Assessment of enzymatic cleaning agents and disinfectants against bacterial biofilms. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 7, 55-64.
10. Bai, A. J., and Rai, V. R. (2011). Bacterial quorum sensing and food industry. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 10, 183-193. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00150.x
11. Balestrino, D., Haagensen, J. A. J., Rich, C., and Forestier, C. (2005). Characterization of type 2 quorum sensing in Klebsiella pneumoniae and relationship with biofilm formation. J. Bacteriol. 187, 2870-2880. doi: 10.1128/JB.187.8.2870-2880.2005
12. Banat, I. M., Franzetti, A., Gandolfi, I., Bestetti, G., Martinotti, M. G., Fracchia, L., et al. (2010). Microbial biosurfactants production, applications and future potential. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87, 427-444. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2589-0
13. Bassler, B. L., Wright, M., Showalter, R. E., and Silverman, M. R. (1993). Intercellular signalling in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes regulating expression of luminescence. Mol. Microbiol. 9, 773-786. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01737.x
14. Baumann, A. R., Martin, S. E., and Feng, H. (2009). Removal of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms from stainless steel by use of ultrasound and ozone. J. Food Prot. 72, 1306-1309.
15. Bezek, K., Kurincic, M., Knauder, E., Klancnik, A., Raspor, P., Bucar, F., et al. (2016). Attenuation of adhesion, biofilm formation and quorum sensing of Campylobacter jejuni by Euodia ruticarpa. Phytother. Res. 30, 1527-1532. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5658
16. Bijtenhoorn, P., Mayerhofer, H., Müller-Dieckmann, J., Utpatel, C., Schipper, C., Hornung, C., et al. (2011). A novel metagenomic short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence on Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS ONE 6:e26278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026278
17. Bjarnsholt, T., Tolker-Nielsen, T., Hoiby, N., and Givskov, M. (2010). Interference of Pseudomonas aeruginosa signalling and biofilm formation for infection control. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 12:e11. doi: 10.1017/S1462399410001420
18. Bourdichon, F., Casaregola, S., Farrokh, C., Frisvad, J. C., Gerds, M. L., Hammes, W. P., et al. (2012). Food fermentations: microorganisms with technological beneficial use. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 154, 87-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.030
19. Brackman, G., and Coenye, T. (2015). Quorum sensing inhibitors as anti-biofilm agents. Curr. Pharm. Des. 21, 5-11. doi: 10.2174/1381612820666140905114627
20. Bremer, P. J., Fillery, S., and McQuillan, A. J. (2006). Laboratory scale Clean-In-Place (CIP) studies on the effectiveness of different caustic and acid wash steps on the removal of dairy biofilms. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 106., 254-262. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.07.004
21. Briandet, R., Lacroix-Gueu, P., Renault, M., Lecart, S., Meylheuc, T., Bidnenko, E., et al. (2008). Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study diffusion and reaction of bacteriophages inside biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 2135-2143. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02304-07
22. Bridier, A., Sanchez-Vizuete, P., Guilbaud, M., Piard, J. C., Naitali, M., and Briandet, R. (2015). Biofilm-associated persistence of food-borne pathogens. Food Microbiol. 45, 167-178. doi: 10.1016/J.Fm.2014.04.015
23. Brown, H. L., Hanman, K., Reuter, M., Betts, R. P., and Van Vliet, A. H. M. (2015). Campylobacter jejuni biofilms contain extracellular DNA and are sensitive to DNase I treatment. Front. Microbiol. 6: 699. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00699
24. Brown, H. L., Reuter, M., Salt, L. J., Cross, K. L., Betts, R. P., and van Vliet, A. H. M. (2014). Chicken juice enhances surface attachment and biofilm formation of Campylobacter jejuni. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 7053-7060. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02614-14
25. Bruhn, J. B., Christensen, A. B., Flodgaard, L. R., Nielsen, K. F., Larsen, T. O., Givskov, M., et al. (2004). Presence of acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) and AHL-producing bacteria in meat and potential role of AHL in spoilage of meat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 4293-4302. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4293-4302.2004
26. Buckenhüskes, H. J. (1993). Selection criteria for lactic acid bacteria to be used as starter cultures for various food commodities. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 12, 253-271. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.022
27. Burmølle, M., Webb, J. S., Rao, D., Hansen, L. H., Sørensen, S. J., and Kjelleberg, S. (2006). Enhanced biofilm formation and increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and bacterial invasion are caused by synergistic interactions in multispecies biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 3916-3923. doi: 10.1128/aem.03022-05
28. Cabeça, T. K., Pizzolitto, A. C., and Pizzolitto, E. L. (2012). Activity of disinfectants against foodborne pathogens in suspension and adhered to stainless steel surfaces. Braz. J. Microbiol. 43, 1112-1119. doi: 10.1590/S1517-838220120003000038
29. Cao, Y., He, S., Zhou, Z., Zhang, M., Mao, W., Zhang, H., et al. (2012). Orally administered thermostable N-Acyl homoserine lactonase from Bacillus sp. strain AI96 attenuates Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 1899-1908. doi: 10.1128/AEM.06139-11
30. Cappello, S., and Guglielmino, S. P. P. (2006). Effects of growth temperature on polystyrene adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Braz. J. Microbiol. 37, 205-207. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822006000300001
31. Carpentier, B., and Cerf, O. (1993). Biofilms and their consequences, with particular reference to hygiene in the food industry. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75., 499-511. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb01587.x
32. Champomier-Verges, M. C., Chaillou, S., Cornet, M., and Zagorec, M. (2001). Lactobacillus sakei: recent developments and future prospects. Res. Microbiol. 152, 839-848. doi: 10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01267-0
33. Chan, K. G., Atkinson, S., Mathee, K., Sam, C. K., Chhabra, S. R., Camara, M., et al. (2011). Characterization of N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacteria associated with the Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizosphere: co-existence of quorum quenching and quorum sensing in Acinetobacter and Burkholderia. BMC Microbiol. 11:51. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-51
34. Characklis, W. G., and Marshall, K. C. (eds). (1990). "Biofilm processes," in Biofilms, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 195-231.
35. Chen, F., Gao, Y., Chen, X., Yu, Z., and Li, X. (2013). Quorum quenching enzymes and their application in degrading signal molecules to block quorum sensing-dependent infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, 17477-17500. doi: 10.3390/ijms140917477
36. Chen, R., Zhou, Z., Cao, Y., Bai, Y., and Yao, B. (2010). High yield expression of an AHL-lactonase from Bacillus sp. B546 in Pichia pastoris and its application to reduce Aeromonas hydrophila mortality in aquaculture. Microb. Cell Fact. 9, 39. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-39
37. Chmielewski, R. A. N., and Frank, J. F. (2003). Biofilm formation and control in food processing facilities. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2, 22-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00012.x
38. Christiaen, S. E., Brackman, G., Nelis, H. J., and Coenye, T. (2011). Isolation and identification of quorum quenching bacteria from environmental samples. J. Microbiol. Methods 87, 213-219. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.08.002
39. Claessen, D., Rozen, D. E., Kuipers, O. P., Sogaard-Andersen, L., and van Wezel, G. P. (2014). Bacterial solutions to multicellularity: a tale of biofilms, filaments and fruiting bodies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 12, 115-124. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3178
40. Cloete, T. E., and Jacobs, L. (2001). Surfactants and the attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 3CR12 stainless steel and glass. Water SA 27, 21-26.
41. Cookson, A. L., Cooley, W. A., and Woodward, M. J. (2002). The role of type 1 and curli fimbriae of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in adherence to abiotic surfaces. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 292, 195-205. doi: 10.1078/1438-4221-00203
42. Costerton, J. W., Irvin, R. T., and Cheng, K. J. (1981). The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 35, 299-324. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.35.100181.001503
43. Coton, M., Delbés-Paus, C., Irlinger, F., Desmasures, N., Le Fleche, A., Stahl, V., et al. (2012). Diversity and assessment of potential risk factors of Gram-negative isolates associated with French cheeses. Food Microbiol. 29, 88-98. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.08.020
44. Cotter, P. D., Hill, C., and Ross, R. P. (2005). Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 777-788. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1273
45. Coughlan, L. M., Cotter, P. D., Hill, C., and Alvarez-Ordóñez, A. (2015). Biotechnological applications of functional metagenomics in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Front. Microbiol. 6:672. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00672
46. Craigen, B., Dashiff, A., and Kadouri, D. E. (2011). The use of commercially available alpha-amylase compounds to inhibit and remove Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Open Microbiol. J. 5, 21-31. doi: 10.2174/1874285801105010021
47. Croxatto, A., Chalker, V. J., Lauritz, J., Jass, J., Hardman, A., Williams, P., et al. (2002). VanT, a homologue of Vibrio harveyi LuxR, regulates serine, metalloprotease, pigment, and biofilm production in Vibrio anguillarum. J. Bacteriol. 184, 1617-1629. doi: 10.1128/JB.184.6.1617-1629.2002
48. Crump, J. A., and Mintz, E. D. (2010). Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50, 241-246. doi: 10.1086/649541
49. da Silva, E., and De Martinis, E. (2013). Current knowledge and perspectives on biofilm formation: the case of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97, 957-968. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4611-1
50. Dewanti, R., and Wong, A. C. L. (1995). Influence of culture conditions on biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 26, 147-164. doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00103-D
51. Di Bonaventura, G., Piccolomini, R., Paludi, D., D'Orio, V., Vergara, A., Conter, M., et al. (2008). Influence of temperature on biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes on various food-contact surfaces: relationship with motility and cell surface hydrophobicity. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104, 1552-1561. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03688.x
52. Dong, Y.-H., Wang, L.-H., Xu, J.-L., Zhang, H.-B., Zhang, X.-F., and Zhang, L.-H. (2001). Quenching quorum-sensing-dependent bacterial infection by an N-acyl homoserine lactonase. Nature 411, 813-817. doi: 10.1038/35081101
53. Dong, Y.-H., Xu, J.-L., Li, X.-Z., and Zhang, L.-H. (2000). AiiA, an enzyme that inactivates the acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal and attenuates the virulence of Erwinia carotovora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 3526-3531. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3526
54. Donlan, R. M. (2009). Preventing biofilms of clinically relevant organisms using bacteriophage. Trends Microbiol. 17, 66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.11.002
55. Duanis-Assaf, D., Steinberg, D., Chai, Y., and Shemesh, M. (2015). The LuxS based quorum sensing governs lactose induced biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis. Front. Microbiol. 6:1517. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01517
56. Dykes, G. A., and Moorhead, S. M. (2000). Survival of osmotic and acid stress by Listeria monocytogenes strains of clinical or meat origin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 56, 161-166. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00205-6
57. Dzieciol, M., Schornsteiner, E., Muhterem-Uyar, M., Stessl, B., Wagner, M., and Schmitz-Esser, S. (2016). Bacterial diversity of floor drain biofilms and drain waters in a Listeria monocytogenes contaminated food processing environment. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 223, 33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.02.004
58. EFSA (2009). The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in the European Union in 2007. EFSA J. 2009:223. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.223r
59. Endersen, L., O'Mahony, J., Hill, C., Ross, R. P., McAuliffe, O., and Coffey, A. (2014). Phage therapy in the food industry. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 5, 327-349. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092415
60. Ercolini, D., Russo, F., Ferrocino, I., and Villani, F. (2009). Molecular identification of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria from raw cow's milk. Food Microbiol. 26, 228-231. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.09.005
61. Faille, C., and Carpentier, B. (2009). "11-Food contact surfaces, surface soiling and biofilm formation," in Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industries, eds P. M. Fratamico, B. A. Annous and N. W. Gunther. (Oxford: Woodhead Publishing), 303-330.
62. Favre-Bonte, S., Kohler, T., and Van Delden, C. (2003). Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: role of the C4-HSL cell-to-cell signal and inhibition by azithromycin. J. Antimicrob Chemother. 52, 598-604. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkg397
63. Fenton, M., Keary, R., McAuliffe, O., Ross, R. P., O'Mahony, J., and Coffey, A. (2013). Bacteriophage-derived peptidase eliminates and prevents Staphylococcal biofilms. Int. J. Microbiol. 2013:625341. doi: 10.1155/2013/625341
64. Field, D., Gaudin, N., Lyons, F., O'Connor, P. M., Cotter, P. D., Hill, C., et al. (2015). A Bioengineered nisin derivative to control biofilms of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. PLoS ONE 10: e0119684. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119684
65. Flemming, H.-C., and Wingender, J. (2010). The biofilm matrix. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8, 623-633.
66. Freitag, N. E., Port, G. C., and Miner, M. D. (2009). Listeria monocytogenes [mdash] from saprophyte to intracellular pathogen. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 623-628. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2171
67. Fuqua, W. C., Winans, S. C., and Greenberg, E. P. (1994). Quorum sensing in bacteria: the LuxR-LuxI family of cell density-responsive transcriptional regulators. J. Bacteriol. 176, 269-275.
68. Gahan, C. G. M., and Hill, C. (2014). Listeria monocytogenes: survival and adaptation in the gastrointestinal tract. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 4: 9. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00009
69. García-Almendárez, B.E., Cann, I.K.O., Martin, S.E., Guerrero-Legarreta, I., and Regalado, C. (2008). Effect of Lactococcus lactis UQ2 and its bacteriocin on Listeria monocytogenes biofilms. Food Control 19, 670-680. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.07.015
70. Gilbert, P., Allison, D. G., and McBain, A. J. (2002). Biofilms in vitro and in vivo: do singular mechanisms imply cross-resistance? J. Appl. Microbiol. 92, 98S-110S. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.5.x
71. Girennavar, B., Cepeda, M. L., Soni, K. A., Vikram, A., Jesudhasan, P., Jayaprakasha, G. K., et al. (2008). Grapefruit juice and its furocoumarins inhibits autoinducer signaling and biofilm formation in bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 125, 204-208. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.028
72. Gopal, N., Hill, C., Ross, P. R., Beresford, T. P., Fenelon, M. A., and Cotter, P. D. (2015). The Prevalence and control of Bacillus and related spore-forming bacteria in the dairy industry. Front. Microbiol. 6: 1418. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01418
73. Gu, H., Lee, S. W., Buffington, S. L., Henderson, J. H., and Ren, D. (2016). On-demand removal of bacterial biofilms via shape memory activation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 21140-21144. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b06900
74. Guenther, S., Huwyler, D., Richard, S., and Loessner, M. J. (2009). Virulent bacteriophage for efficient biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 93-100. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01711-08
75. Hall-Stoodley, L., Costerton, J. W., and Stoodley, P. (2004). Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2, 95-108. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro821
76. Hamon, M., Bierne, H., and Cossart, P. (2006). Listeria monocytogenes: a multifaceted model. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, 423-434. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1413
77. Harmsen, M., Lappann, M., Knøchel, S., and Molin, S. (2010). Role of extracellular DNA during biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 2271-2279. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02361-09
78. Hoffmann, S., Maculloch, B., and Batz, M. (2015). Economic Burden of Major Foodborne Illnesses Acquired in the United States, EIB-140. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1837791/eib140.pdf
79. Huang, J. J., Han, J. I., Zhang, L. H., and Leadbetter, J. R. (2003). Utilization of acyl-homoserine lactone quorum signals for growth by a soil pseudomonad and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5941-5949. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.10.5941-5949.2003
80. Jackson, B. R., Griffin, P. M. G., Cole, D., Walsh, K. A., and Chai, S. J. (2013). Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica serotypes and food commodities, United States, 1998-2008. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19, 1239-1244. doi: 10.3201/eid1908.121511
81. Jahid, I., and Ha, S.-D. (2012). A review of microbial biofilms of produce: future challenge to food safety. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 21, 299-316. doi: 10.1007/s10068-012-0041-1
82. Kalai Chelvam, K., Chai, L. C., and Thong, K. L. (2014). Variations in motility and biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Gut Pathog. 6, 1-10. doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-2
83. Kaplan, J. B. (2010). Biofilm dispersal: mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic uses. J. Dent. Res. 89, 205-218. doi: 10.1177/0022034509359403
84. Karatan, E., and Watnick, P. (2009). Signals, regulatory networks, and materials that build and break bacterial biofilms. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 73, 310-347. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00041-08
85. Kelly, D., McAuliffe, O., Ross, R. P., and Coffey, A. (2012). Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and reduction in established biofilm density using a combination of phage K and modified derivatives. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 54, 286-291. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03205.x
86. Kim, S.-H., Park, C., Lee, E.-J., Bang, W.-S., Kim, Y.-J., and Kim, J.-S. (2017). Biofilm formation of Campylobacter strains isolated from raw chickens and its reduction with DNase I treatment. Food Control 71, 94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.06.038
87. Koh, C.-L., Sam, C.-K., Yin, W.-F., Tan, L. Y., Krishnan, T., Chong, Y. M., et al. (2013). Plant-derived natural products as sources of anti-quorum sensing compounds. Sensors 13, 6217-6228. doi: 10.3390/s130506217
88. Krysciak, D., Schmeisser, C., Preuß, S., Riethausen, J., Quitschau, M., Grond, S., et al. (2011). Involvement of multiple loci in quorum quenching of autoinducer I molecules in the nitrogen-fixing symbiont Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) sp. Strain NGR234. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 5089-5099. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00112-11
89. Kusari, P., Kusari, S., Lamshöft, M., Sezgin, S., Spiteller, M., and Kayser, O. (2014). Quorum quenching is an antivirulence strategy employed by endophytic bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98, 7173-7183. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5807-3
90. Laroussi, M. (1996). Sterilization of contaminated matter with an atmospheric pressure plasma. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 24, 1188-1191. doi: 10.1109/27.533129
91. Le Thi, T.-T., Prigent-Combaret, C., Dorel, C., and Lejeune, P. (2001). "[15] First stages of biofilm formation: Characterization and quantification of bacterial functions involved in colonization process," in Methods in Enzymology, ed. J. D. Ron (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press), 152-159.
92. Leong, D., Alvarez-Ordonez, A., and Jordan, K. (2014). Monitoring occurrence and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in foods and food processing environments in the republic of Ireland. Front. Microbiol. 5:436. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00436
93. Lequette, Y., Boels, G., Clarisse, M., and Faille, C. (2010). Using enzymes to remove biofilms of bacterial isolates sampled in the food-industry. Biofouling 26, 421-431. doi: 10.1080/08927011003699535
94. Leroy, F., and De Vuyst, L. (2004). Lactic acid bacteria as functional starter cultures for the food fermentation industry. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15, 67-78. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.09.004
95. Lin, Y. H., Xu, J. L., Hu, J., Wang, L. H., Ong, S. L., Leadbetter, J. R., et al. (2003). Acyl-homoserine lactone acylase from Ralstonia strain XJ12B represents a novel and potent class of quorum-quenching enzymes. Mol. Microbiol. 47, 849-860. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03351.x
96. Listex (2006). LISTEX Against Listeria: 100% Natural and Organic [Online]. Available at: http://www.listex.eu/
97. Liu, M., Wang, H., and Griffiths, M. W. (2007). Regulation of alkaline metalloprotease promoter by N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing in Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103, 2174-2184. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03488.x
98. Lu, T. K., and Collins, J. J. (2007). Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 11197-11202. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704624104
99. Luppens, S. B. I., Reij, M. W., van der Heijden, R. W. L., Rombouts, F. M., and Abee, T. (2002). Development of a standard test to assess the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm cells to disinfectants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 4194-4200. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4194-4200.2002
100. Ma, M., Li, J., and McClane, B. A. (2015). Structure-function analysis of peptide signaling in the Clostridium perfringens Agr-like quorum sensing system. J. Bacteriol. 197, 1807-1818. doi: 10.1128/JB.02614-14
101. Maderova, Z., Horska, K., Kim, S.-R., Lee, C.-H., Pospiskova, K., Safarikova, M., et al. (2016). Decrease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by food waste materials. Water Sci. Technol. 73, 2143-2149. doi: 10.2166/wst.2016.058
102. Mandlik, A., Swierczynski, A., Das, A., and Ton-That, H. (2008). Pili in Gram-positive bacteria: assembly, involvement in colonization and biofilm development. Trends Microbiol. 16, 33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.010
103. Manefield, M., Rasmussen, T. B., Henzter, M., Andersen, J. B., Steinberg, P., Kjelleberg, S., et al. (2002). Halogenated furanones inhibit quorum sensing through accelerated LuxR turnover. Microbiology 148, 1119-1127. doi: 10.1099/00221287-148-4-1119
104. Marchand, S., De Block, J., De Jonghe, V., Coorevits, A., Heyndrickx, M., and Herman, L. (2012). Biofilm formation in milk production and processing environments; influence on milk quality and safety. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 11, 133-147. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00183.x
105. Marchand, S., Vandriesche, G., Coorevits, A., Coudijzer, K., De Jonghe, V., Dewettinck, K., et al. (2009). Heterogeneity of heat-resistant proteases from milk Pseudomonas species. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 133, 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.04.027
106. McDougald, D., Rice, S. A., Barraud, N., Steinberg, P. D., and Kjelleberg, S. (2012). Should we stay or should we go: mechanisms and ecological consequences for biofilm dispersal. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10, 39-50. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2695
107. Mei, G.-Y., Yan, X.-X., Turak, A., Luo, Z.-Q., and Zhang, L.-Q. (2010). AidH, an Alpha/Beta-hydrolase fold family member from an Ochrobactrum sp. strain, is a novel N-acylhomoserine lactonase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 4933-4942. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00477-10
108. Melaugh, G., Hutchison, J., Kragh, K. N., Irie, Y., Roberts, A., Bjarnsholt, T., et al. (2016). Shaping the growth behaviour of biofilms initiated from bacterial aggregates. PLoS ONE 11: e0149683. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149683
109. Molobela, I. P., Cloete, T. E., and Beukes, M. (2010). Protease and amylase enzymes for biofilm removal and degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 4, 1515-1524.
110. Morohoshi, T., Nakazawa, S., Ebata, A., Kato, N., and Ikeda, T. (2008). Identification and characterization of N-acylhomoserine lactone-acylase from the fish intestinal Shewanella sp. Strain MIB015. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72, 1887-1893. doi: 10.1271/bbb.80139
111. Morohoshi, T., Tominaga, Y., Someya, N., and Ikeda, T. (2012). Complete genome sequence and characterization of the N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading gene of the potato leaf-associated Solibacillus silvestris. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 113, 20-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.09.006
112. Morohoshi, T., Wang, W.-Z., Someya, N., and Ikeda, T. (2011). Genome sequence of Microbacterium testaceum StLB037, an N-acylhomoserine lactone-degrading bacterium isolated from potato leaves. J. Bacteriol. 193, 2072-2073. doi: 10.1128/JB.00180-11
113. Myszka, K., Schmidt, M. T., Majcher, M., Juzwa, W., Olkowicz, M., and Czaczyk, K. (2016). Inhibition of quorum sensing-related biofilm of Pseudomonas fluorescens KM121 by Thymus vulgare essential oil and its major bioactive compounds. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 114, 252-259. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.07.006
114. Nachamkin, I., Allos, B. M., and Ho, T. (1998). Campylobacter species and guillain-barré syndrome. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11, 555-567.
115. National Institutes of Health (2002). Research on Microbial Biofilms (PA-03-047). Available at: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-047.html (accessed January 10, 2015).
116. Neyret, C., Herry, J.-M., Meylheuc, T., and Dubois-Brissonnet, F. (2014). Plant-derived compounds as natural antimicrobials to control paper mill biofilms. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41, 87-96. doi: 10.1007/s10295-013-1365-4
117. Nickel, J. C., Ruseska, I., Wright, J. B., and Costerton, J. W. (1985). Tobramycin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells growing as a biofilm on urinary catheter material. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27, 619-624. doi: 10.1128/AAC.27.4.619
118. Niu, C., Robbins, C. M., Pittman, K. J., Osborn, J. L., Stubblefield, B. A., Simmons, R. B., et al. (2013). LuxS influences Escherichia coli biofilm formation through autoinducer-2-dependent and autoinducer-2-independent modalities. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 83, 778-791. doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12034
119. Nostro, A., Roccaro, A. S., Bisignano, G., Marino, A., Cannatelli, M. A., Pizzimenti, F. C., et al. (2007). Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. J. Med. Microbiol. 56, 519-523. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46804-0
120. O'Leary, D., McCabe, E. M., McCusker, M. P., Martins, M., Fanning, S., and Duffy, G. (2015). Acid environments affect biofilm formation and gene expression in isolates of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 206, 7-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.030
121. Orgaz, B., Kives, J., Pedregosa, A. M., Monistrol, I. F., Laborda, F., and SanJosé, C. (2006). Bacterial biofilm removal using fungal enzymes. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 40, 51-56. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.037
122. Oulahal, N., Martial-Gros, A., Bonneau, M., and Blum, L. J. (2007). Removal of meat biofilms from surfaces by ultrasounds combined with enzymes and/or a chelating agent. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 8, 192-196. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2006.10.001
123. Oulahal-Lagsir, N., Martial-Gros, A., Bonneau, M., and Blum, L. J. (2003). "Escherichia coli-milk" biofilm removal from stainless steel surfaces: synergism between ultrasonic waves and enzymes. Biofouling 19, 159-168. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2003.10382978
124. Palmer, J. S., Flint, S. H., Schmid, J., and Brooks, J. D. (2010). The role of surface charge and hydrophobicity in the attachment of Anoxybacillus flavithermus isolated from milk powder. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37, 1111-1119. doi: 10.1007/s10295-010-0758-x
125. Peng, J.-S., Tsai, W.-C., and Chou, C.-C. (2002). Inactivation and removal of Bacillus cereus by sanitizer and detergent. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 77, 11-18. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00060-0
126. Pereira, A., Mendes, J., and Melo, L. F. (2008). Using nanovibrations to monitor biofouling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 99, 1407-1415. doi: 10.1002/bit.21696
127. Pereira, A., Mendes, J., and Melo, L. F. (2009). Monitoring cleaning-in-place of shampoo films using nanovibration technology. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 136, 376-382. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2008.11.043
128. Pérez-Ibarreche, M., Castellano, P., Leclercq, A., and Vignolo, G. (2016). Control of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on industrial surfaces by the bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus sakei CRL1862. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 363:fnw118. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw118
129. Persat, A., Nadell, C. D., Kim, M. K., Ingremeau, F., Siryaporn, A., Drescher, K., et al. (2015). The mechanical world of bacteria. Cell 161, 988-997. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.005
130. Peterson, R. V., and Pitt, W. G. (2000). The effect of frequency and power density on the ultrasonically-enhanced killing of biofilm-sequestered Escherichia coli. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 17, 219-227. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7765(99)00117-4
131. Petrova, M. I., Imholz, N. C. E., Verhoeven, T. L. A., Balzarini, J., Van Damme, E. J. M., Schols, D., et al. (2016). Lectin-like molecules of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG inhibit pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella biofilm formation. PLoS ONE 11: e0161337. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161337
132. Petrova, O. E., and Sauer, K. (2012). Sticky situations: key components that control bacterial surface attachment. J. Bacteriol. 194, 2413-2425. doi: 10.1128/JB.00003-12
133. Pilchová, T., Hernould, M., Prévost, H., Demnerová, K., Pazlarová, J., and Tresse, O. (2014). Influence of food processing environments on structure initiation of static biofilm of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 35, 366-372. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.021
134. Pinto, U. M., de Souza Viana, E., Martins, M. L., and Vanetti, M. C. D. (2007). Detection of acylated homoserine lactones in gram-negative proteolytic psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from cooled raw milk. Food Control 18, 1322-1327. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.09.005
135. Pope, J. E., Krizova, A., Garg, A. X., Thiessen-Philbrook, H., and Ouimet, J. M. (2007). Campylobacter reactive Arthritis: a systematic review. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 37, 48-55. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.12.006
136. Rasmussen, T. B., Bjarnsholt, T., Skindersoe, M. E., Hentzer, M., Kristoffersen, P., Köte, M., et al. (2005). Screening for Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors (QSI) by use of a novel genetic system, the QSI selector. J. Bacteriol. 187, 1799-1814. doi: 10.1128/JB.187.5.1799-1814.2005
137. Reeser, R. J., Medler, R. T., Billington, S. J., Jost, B. H., and Joens, L. A. (2007). Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni biofilms under defined growth conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 1908-1913. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00740-06
138. Riedel, C. U., Monk, I. R., Casey, P. G., Waidmann, M. S., Gahan, C. G., and Hill, C. (2009). AgrD-dependent quorum sensing affects biofilm formation, invasion, virulence and global gene expression profiles in Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 71, 1177-1189. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06589.x
139. Rodríguez-Guardado, A., Boga, J. A., Diego, I. D., Ordás, J., álvarez, M. E., and Pérez, F. (2005). Clinical characteristics of nosocomial and community-acquired extraintestinal infections caused by Hafnia alvei. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 37, 870-872. doi: 10.1080/00365540500333699
140. Safefood (2012). Whitepaper. Cleaning and Disinfection in Food Processing Operations. New York: Safefood 360, Inc. Available at: http://safefood360.com/resources/Cleaning.pdf
141. Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R. M., Angulo, F. J., Tauxe, R. V., Widdowson, M. A., Roy, S. L., et al. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 7-15. doi: 10.3201/eid1701.091101p1
142. Schipper, C., Hornung, C., Bijtenhoorn, P., Quitschau, M., Grond, S., and Streit, W. R. (2009). Metagenome-derived clones encoding two novel lactonase family proteins involved in biofilm inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 224-233. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01389-08
143. Schwille-Kiuntke, J., Enck, P., Zendler, C., Krieg, M., Polster, A. V., Klosterhalfen, S., et al. (2011). Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: follow-up of a patient cohort of confirmed cases of bacterial infection with Salmonella or Campylobacter. Neurogastroenterol. Motility 23, e479-e488. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01779.x
144. Sela, S., Frank, S., Belausov, E., and Pinto, R. (2006). A mutation in the luxS gene influences Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 5653-5658. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00048-06
145. Sharma, M., and Anand, S. K. (2002). Biofilms evaluation as an essential component of HACCP for food/dairy processing industry-a case. Food Control 13, 469-477. doi: 10.1016/S0956-7135(01)00068-8
146. Shen, G., Rajan, R., Zhu, J., Bell, C. E., and Pei, D. (2006). Design and synthesis of substrate and intermediate analogue inhibitors of S-ribosylhomocysteinase. J. Med. Chem. 49, 3003-3011. doi: 10.1021/jm060047g
147. Shikongo-Nambabi, M. N., Kachigunda, B., and Venter, S. N. (2010). Evaluation of oxidising disinfectants to control Vibrio biofilms in treated seawater used for fish processing. Water Sa 36, 215-220.
148. Sillankorva, S., Oliveira, R., Vieira, M. J., Sutherland, I., and Azeredo, J. (2004). Bacteriophage F S1 infection of Pseudomonas fluorescens planktonic cells versus biofilms. Biofouling 20, 133-138. doi: 10.1080/08927010410001723834
149. Simões, M., Simões, L. C., and Vieira, M. J. (2010). A review of current and emergent biofilm control strategies. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 43, 573-583. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.12.008
150. Sio, C. F., Otten, L. G., Cool, R. H., Diggle, S. P., Braun, P. G., Bos, R., et al. (2006). Quorum quenching by an N-acyl-homoserine lactone acylase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Infect. Immun. 74, 1673-1682. doi: 10.1128/IAI.74.3.1673-1682.2006
151. Skandamis, P. N., and Nychas, G. J. (2012). Quorum sensing in the context of food microbiology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 5473-5482. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00468-12
152. Soni, K. A., and Nannapaneni, R. (2010). Removal of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms with bacteriophage P100. J. Food Prot. 73, 1519-1524.
153. Sperandio, V., Torres, A. G., Jarvis, B., Nataro, J. P., and Kaper, J. B. (2003). Bacteria-host communication: the language of hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 8951-8956. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1537100100
154. Srey, S., Jahid, I. K., and Ha, S.-D. (2013). Biofilm formation in food industries: a food safety concern. Food Control 31, 572-585. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.001
155. Steenackers, H., Hermans, K., Vanderleyden, J., and De Keersmaecker, S. C. J. (2012). Salmonella biofilms: an overview on occurrence, structure, regulation and eradication. Food Res. Int. 45, 502-531. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.038
156. Stewart, P. S., and William Costerton, J. (2001). Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 358, 135-138. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05321-1
157. Stiefel, P., Rosenberg, U., Schneider, J., Mauerhofer, S., Maniura-Weber, K., and Ren, Q. (2016). Is biofilm removal properly assessed? Comparison of different quantification methods in a 96-well plate system. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 100, 4135-4145. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7396-9
158. Sutherland, I. W. (1983). Microbial exopolysaccharides-their role in microbial adhesion in aqueous systems. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 10, 173-201. doi: 10.3109/10408418209113562
159. Tan, C. H., Koh, K. S., Xie, C., Tay, M., Zhou, Y., Williams, R., et al. (2014). The role of quorum sensing signalling in EPS production and the assembly of a sludge community into aerobic granules. ISME J. 8, 1186-1197. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.240
160. Tan, C. H., Koh, K. S., Xie, C., Zhang, J., Tan, X. H., Lee, G. P., et al. (2015). Community quorum sensing signalling and quenching: microbial granular biofilm assembly. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes 1:15006. doi: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.6
161. Teh, A. H. T., Lee, S. M., and Dykes, G. A. (2014). Does Campylobacter jejuni form biofilms in food-related environments? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 5154-5160. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01493-14
162. Toté, K., Horemans, T., Berghe, D. V., Maes, L., and Cos, P. (2010). Inhibitory effect of biocides on the viable masses and matrices of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 3135-3142. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02095-09
163. Tresse, O., Lebret, V., Benezech, T., and Faille, C. (2006). Comparative evaluation of adhesion, surface properties, and surface protein composition of Listeria monocytogenes strains after cultivation at constant pH of 5 and 7. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101, 53-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02968.x
164. Tresse, O., Lebret, V., Garmyn, D., and Dussurget, O. (2009). The impact of growth history and flagellation on the adhesion of various Listeria monocytogenes strains to polystyrene. Can. J. Microbiol. 55, 189-196. doi: 10.1139/W08-114
165. Uroz, S., and Heinonsalo, J. (2008). Degradation of N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing signal molecules by forest root-associated fungi. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 65, 271-278. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00477.x
166. Uroz, S., Oger, P., Chhabra, S., Cámara, M., Williams, P., and Dessaux, Y. (2007). N-acyl homoserine lactones are degraded via an amidolytic activity in Comamonas sp. strain D1. Arch. Microbiol. 187, 249-256. doi: 10.1007/s00203-006-0186-5
167. Uroz, S., Oger, P. M., Chapelle, E., Adeline, M.-T., Faure, D., and Dessaux, Y. (2008). A Rhodococcus qsdA-encoded enzyme defines a novel class of large-spectrum quorum-quenching lactonases. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 1357-1366. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02014-07
168. van der Veen, S., and Abee, T. (2011). Mixed species biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus plantarum show enhanced resistance to benzalkonium chloride and peracetic acid. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 144, 421-431. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.10.029
169. Van Houdt, R., Aertsen, A., Jansen, A., Quintana, A. L., and Michiels, C. W. (2004). Biofilm formation and cell-to-cell signalling in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from a food processing environment. J. Appl. Microbiol. 96, 177-184. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02131.x
170. Van Houdt, R., and Michiels, C. W. (2010). Biofilm formation and the food industry, a focus on the bacterial outer surface. J. Appl. Microbiol. 109, 1117-1131. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04756.x
171. Vandervoort, K. G., and Brelles-Mariño, G. (2014). Plasma-mediated inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on borosilicate surfaces under continuous culture system. PLoS ONE 9:e108512. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108512
172. Viana, E. S., Campos, M. E., Ponce, A. R., Mantovani, H. C., and Vanetti, M. C. (2009). Biofilm formation and acyl homoserine lactone production in Hafnia alvei isolated from raw milk. Biol. Res. 42, 427-436. doi: 10.4067/S0716-97602009000400004
173. Vidal, J. E., Shak, J. R., and Canizalez-Roman, A. (2015). The CpAL quorum sensing system regulates production of hemolysins CPA and PFO To Build Clostridium perfringens Biofilms. Infect. Immun. 83, 2430-2442. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00240-15
174. Wahjudi, M., Papaioannou, E., Hendrawati, O., van Assen, A. H. G., van Merkerk, R., Cool, R. H., et al. (2011). PA0305 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a quorum quenching acylhomoserine lactone acylase belonging to the Ntn hydrolase superfamily. Microbiology 157, 2042-2055. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.043935-0
175. Walker, S. J., Archer, P., and Banks, J. G. (1990). Growth of Listeria monocytogenes at refrigeration temperatures. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68, 157-162. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02561.x
176. Walker, S. L., Fourgialakis, M., Cerezo, B., and Livens, S. (2007). Removal of microbial biofilms from dispense equipment: the effect of enzymatic pre-digestion and detergent treatment. J. Inst. Brew. 113, 61-66. doi: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2007.tb00257.x
177. Walters, M., Sircili, M. P., and Sperandio, V. (2006). AI-3 synthesis is not dependent on luxS in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 188, 5668-5681. doi: 10.1128/JB.00648-06
178. Wang, H., Wang, H., Xing, T., Wu, N., Xu, X., and Zhou, G. (2016). Removal of Salmonella biofilm formed under meat processing environment by surfactant in combination with bio-enzyme. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 66, 298-304. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.10.049
179. Wang, R., Kalchayanand, N., Schmidt, J. W., and Harhay, D. M. (2013). Mixed biofilm formation by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium enhanced bacterial resistance to sanitization due to extracellular polymeric substances. J. Food Prot. 76, 1513-1522. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-077
180. Wang, W.-Z., Morohoshi, T., Ikenoya, M., Someya, N., and Ikeda, T. (2010). AiiM, a novel class of N-acylhomoserine lactonase from the leaf-associated bacterium Microbacterium testaceum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 2524-2530. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02738-09
181. Waters, C. M., and Bassler, B. L. (2005). Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 21, 319-346. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131001
182. Weiland-Bräuer, N., Kisch, M. J., Pinnow, N., Liese, A., and Schmitz, R. A. (2016). Highly effective inhibition of biofilm formation by the first metagenome-derived AI-2 quenching enzyme. Front. Microbiol. 7:1098. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01098
183. World Health Organization (2012). The Global View of Campylobacteriosis: Report of an Expert Consultation. Utrecht: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/80751
184. Winkelströter, L., Teixeira, F., Silva, E., Alves, V., and De Martinis, E. (2014a). Unraveling microbial biofilms of importance for food microbiology. Microb. Ecol. 68, 35-46. doi: 10.1007/s00248-013-0347-4
185. Winkelströter, L. K., Gomes, B. C., Thomaz, M. R. S., Souza, V. M., and De Martinis, E. C. P. (2011). Lactobacillus sakei 1 and its bacteriocin influence adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel surface. Food Control 22, 1404-1407. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.021.
186. Winkelströter, L. K., Teixeira, F. B., Silva, E. P., Alves, V. F., and De Martinis, E. C. (2014b). Unraveling microbial biofilms of importance for food microbiology. Microb. Ecol. 68, 35-46. doi: 10.1007/s00248-013-0347-4
187. Wong, C.-S., Yin, W.-F., Choo, Y.-M., Sam, C.-K., Koh, C.-L., and Chan, K.-G. (2012a). Coexistence of quorum-quenching and quorum-sensing in tropical marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MW3A. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 453-461. doi: 10.1007/s11274-011-0836-x
188. Wong, C. S., Yin, W. F., Sam, C. K., Koh, C. L., and Chan, K. G. (2012b). Characterization of wetland quorum quenching Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 2SW8 and its 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone production. New Microbiol. 35, 43-51.
189. Woo, J., and Ahn, J. (2013). Probiotic-mediated competition, exclusion and displacement in biofilm formation by food-borne pathogens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 56, 307-313. doi: 10.1111/lam.12051
190. Wu, C., Lim, Ji Y., Fuller, G. G., and Cegelski, L. (2012). Quantitative analysis of amyloid-integrated biofilms formed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli at the air-liquid interface. Biophys. J. 103, 464-471. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.049
191. Yang, F., Wang, L.-H., Wang, J., Dong, Y.-H., Hu, J. Y., and Zhang, L.-H. (2005). Quorum quenching enzyme activity is widely conserved in the sera of mammalian species. FEBS Lett. 579, 3713-3717. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.060
192. Yang, L., Liu, Y., Wu, H., Hoiby, N., Molin, S., and Song, Z.-J. (2011). Current understanding of multi-species biofilms. Int. J. Oral. Sci. 3, 74-81. doi: 10.4248/IJOS11027
193. Yin, X. T., Xu, L., Fan, S. S., Xu, L. N., Li, D. C., and Liu, Z. Y. (2010). Isolation and characterization of an AHL lactonase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26, 1361-1367. doi: 10.1007/s11274-010-0308-8
194. Zetzmann, M., Okshevsky, M., Endres, J., Sedlag, A., Caccia, N., Auchter, M., et al. (2015). DNase-sensitive and-resistant modes of biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes. Front. Microbiol. 6: 1428. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01428
195. Zezzi do Valle Gomes, M., and Nitschke, M. (2012). Evaluation of rhamnolipid and surfactin to reduce the adhesion and remove biofilms of individual and mixed cultures of food pathogenic bacteria. Food Control 25, 441-447. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.025
196. Zhang, H.-B., Wang, L.-H., and Zhang, L.-H. (2002). Genetic control of quorum-sensing signal turnover in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 4638-4643. doi: 10.1073/pnas.022056699
197. Zhao, G., Wan, W., Mansouri, S., Alfaro, J. F., Bassler, B. L., Cornell, K. A., et al. (2003). Chemical synthesis of S-ribosyl-l-homocysteine and activity assay as a LuxS substrate. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 13, 3897-3900. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.015
198. Zhou, Q., Feng, X., Zhang, Q., Feng, F., Yin, X., Shang, J., et al. (2012). Carbon catabolite control is important for Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation in response to nutrient availability. Curr. Microbiol. 65, 35-43. doi: 10.1007/s00284-012-0125-4
199. Zhu, H., Liu, H.-J., Ning, S.-J., and Gao, Y.-L. (2011). A luxS-dependent transcript profile of cell-to-cell communication in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mol. Biosyst. 7, 3164-3168. doi: 10.1039/C1MB05314K