Determination of pesticides in food of vegetal origin

Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 151-176

  Schenck, Frank J ^a   Wong, Jon W ^a  

^a CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84966645520     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420007756     Document Type: Chapter

References (171)

1. Anonymous, European Commission (EC), status of active substances under EU review, http:==europa.eu.int=comm=food=plant=protection=evaluation=stat_active_subs_3010 _en.xls, 2006.
2. Anonymous, What is a pesticide? www.epa.gov=pesticides, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1999.
3. McMahon, B.M. and Wagner, R.F., Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume 1, 3rd edn, http:==vm.cfsan.fda.gov=frf=pami3.html, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., 1999, chap. 3.
4. Mercer, G.E. and Hurlbut, J.A., A multiresidue pesticide monitoring procedure using gas chromatography=mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring for the determination of pesticides containing nitrogen, sulfur, and=or oxygen in fruits and vegetables, J. AOAC Int., 87, 1224, 2004.
5. Mercer, G.E., Determination of 112 halogenated pesticides using gas chromatography=mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring, J. AOAC Int., 88, 1452, 2005.
6. McMahon, B.M. and Wagner, R.F., Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume 1, 3rd edn, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., http:==vm.cfsan.fda. gov=frf=pami3.html, 1994, updated October 1999, chap. 2.
7. Young, S.J.V. et al., Homogeneity of fruits and vegetables comminuted in a vertical cutter mixer, J. AOAC Int., 79, 976, 1996.
8. Schenck, F.J. and Hobbs, J., Evaluation of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach to pesticide residue analysis, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 73, 24, 2004.
9. Bertuzzi, P.F., Kamps, L., and Miles, C.I., Extraction of chlorinated pesticides from nonfatty samples of low moisture content, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 50, 623, 1967.
10. Luke, M.A. and Doose, G.M., A modification of the Luke multiresidue procedure for low moisture, nonfatty products, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 30, 110, 1983.
11. Cook, J. et al., Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using procedures developed by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, J. AOAC Int., 82, 1419, 1999.
12. Anastassiades, M. et al., Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction=partitioning and “dispersive solid phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce, J. AOAC Int., 86, 412, 2003.
13. Čajka, T. et al., Use of automated direct sample introduction with analyte protectants in the GC-MS analysis of pesticide residues, J. Sep. Sci., 28, 1048, 2005.
14. Liu, M. et al., Simultaneous determination of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1097, 183, 2005.
15. Leandro, C.C., Fussell, R.J., and Keely, B.J., Determination of priority pesticides in baby foods by gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1085, 207, 2005.
16. Lehotay, S.J., Maštovská, K., and Lightfeld, A.R., Use of buffering and other means to improve results of problematic pesticides in a fast and easy method for residue analysis of fruits and vegetables, J. AOAC Int., 88, 615, 2005.
17. Lehotay, S.J. et al., Validation of a fast and easy method for the determination of residues from 229 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection, J. AOAC Int., 88, 595, 2005.
18. Thurman, E.M. et al., Discovering metabolites of post-harvest fungicides in citrus with liquid chromatography=time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ion trap mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1082, 71, 2005.
19. Ortelli, D., Edder, P., and Corvi, C., Pesticide residues survey in citrus fruits, Anal. Chim. Acta, 22, 423, 2005.
20. Pérez-Ruiz, T. et al., High performance liquid chromatographic assay of phosphate and organophosphorus pesticides using post column photochemical reaction and fluorimetric detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 540, 383, 2005.
21. Okihashi, M. et al., Rapid method for the determination of 180 pesticide residues in foods by gas chromatography=mass spectrometry and flame photometric detection, J. Pestic. Sci., 30, 368, 2005.
22. Mills, P.A., Onley, J.H., and Gaither, R.A., Rapid method for chlorinated pesticides in nonfatty foods, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 46, 186, 1963.
23. Horowitz, W., Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th edn, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, 2005, chap. 10.
24. Mumma, R.O. et al., Dieldrin: extraction of accumulations by root uptake, Science, 152, 530, 1966.
25. Lee, S.M. et al., Multipesticide residue method for fruits and vegetables: California Department of Food and Agriculture, Frezenius J. Anal. Chem., 339, 376, 1991.
26. Liao, W., Joe, T., and Cusick, W.G., Multiresidue screening method for fresh fruits and vegetables with gas chromatography=mass spectrometric detection, J. AOAC Int., 74, 554, 1991.
27. Fillion, J., Sauvé, F., and Selwyn, J., Multiresidue method for the determination of 251 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography=mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, J. AOAC Int., 83, 698, 2000.
28. Sheridan, R.S. and Meola, J.R., Analysis of pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and milk by gas chromatography=tandem mass spectrometry, J. AOAC Int., 82, 982, 1999.
29. Jones, L.R. and Riddick, J.A., Separation of organic insecticides from plant and animal tissues, Anal. Chem., 24, 569, 1952.
30. Cabras, P. et al., Simplified multiresidue method for the determination of organophosphorus insecticides in olive oil, J. Chromatogr. A, 761, 327, 1997.
31. Garcia Sánchez, A. et al., Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in olive oil by gelpermeation chromatography followedbygas chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometric detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 558, 53, 2006.
32. Di Muccio, A.D. et al., Selective clean-up applicable to aqueous acetone extracts for the determination of carbendazim and thiabendazole in fruits and vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 833, 61, 1999.
33. Leoni, V., Caricchia, A.M., and Chiavarini, S., Multiresidue method for quantitation of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetable and animal foods, J. AOAC Int., 75, 511, 1992.
34. Luke, M.A., Froberg, J.E., and Masumoto, H.T., Extraction and cleanup of organochlorine, organophosphate, organonitrogen, and hydrocarbon pesticides in produce for determination by gas-liquid chromatography, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 58, 1020, 1975.
35. Luke, M.A. et al., Improved multiresidue gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus, organonitrogen and organohalogen pesticides in produce, using flame photometric and electrolytic conductivity detectors, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 64, 1187, 1981.
36. Hopper, M., Improved method for partition of organophosphate pesticide residues on a solid phase partition column, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 71, 131, 1988.
37. Specht, W., Pelz, S., and Gilsbach, W., Gas chromatographic determination of pesticide residues after cleanup by gel-permeation chromatography and mini-silica gel-chromatography, Frezenius J. Anal. Chem., 353, 183, 1995.
38. Luke, M.A., Cassias, I., and Yee, S., A multiresidue analytical method using solid phase extraction without methylene chloride, Laboratory Information Bulletin 4178, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Field Science, HFC-140, Rockville, MD, 1999.
39. Holstedge, D.M. et al., A rapid multiresidue screen for organophosphorus, organochlorine and N-methyl carbamate insecticides in plant and animal tissues, J. AOAC Int., 77, 1263, 1994.
40. Ambrus, A. and Their, H.-P., Applications of multiresidue procedures in pesticide residues analysis, Pure Appl. Chem., 58, 1035, 1986.
41. Krause, R.T., Multiresidue method for determining N-methylcarbamate insecticides in crops using high performance liquid chromatography, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 63, 1114, 1980.
42. Pang, G.F. et al., Multiresidue liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of pyrethroid insecticides in fruits and vegetables, J. AOAC Int., 78, 1474, 1995.
43. Klein, J. and Alder, L., Applicability of gradient liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to the simultaneous screening for about 100 pesticides in crops, J. AOAC Int., 86, 1015, 2003.
44. Alder, L. et al., The ECHO technique-the more effective way of data evaluation in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 1058, 67, 2004.
45. Granby, K., Andersen, J.H., and Christensen, H.B., Analysis of pesticides in fruit, vegetables and cereals using methanolic extraction and detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 520, 165, 2004.
46. Barker, S.A. et al., Isolation of drug residues from tissues by solid phase dispersion, J. Chromatogr. A, 475, 353, 1989.
47. Soler, C., Manes, J., and Picó, Y., Routine application using single quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to pesticides analysis in citrus fruits, J. Chromatogr. A, 1088, 224, 2005.
48. Soler, C., Manes, J., and Picó, Y., Liquid chromatography-electrospray quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry of nine pesticides in fruits, J. Chromatogr. A, 1048, 41, 2004.
49. Valenzuela, A.I. et al., Comparison of various liquid chromatographic methods for the analysis of avermectin residues in citrus fruits, J. Chromatogr. A, 918, 59, 2001.
50. Navarro, M. et al., Application of matrix solid phase dispersion to a new generation of fungicides in fruits and vegetables, J. Chromatogr. A, 968, 201, 2002.
51. Takino, M., Yamaguchi, K., and Nakahara, T., Determination of carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization and -atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 727, 2004.
52. Torres, C.M., Picó, Y., and Manes, J., Comparison of octadecylsilica and graphitized carbon black as materials for solid phase extraction of fungicide and insecticide residues from fruit and vegetables, J. Chromatogr. A, 778, 127, 1997.
53. Blasco, C., Font, G., and Picó, Y., Comparison of microextraction procedures to determine pesticides in oranges by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 970, 201, 2002.
54. Blasco, C. et al., Determination of fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 947, 227, 2002.
55. Kristenson, E.M. et al., Miniaturized automated matrix solid phase dispersion extraction of pesticides in fruit followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 917, 277, 2001.
56. Ferrer, C. et al., Determination of pesticide residues in olives and olive oil by matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography=tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1069, 183, 2005.
57. Hu, Y.-Y. et al., Response surface optimization for determination of pesticide multiresidues by matrix-solid phase dispersion and gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 1098, 188, 2005.
58. Albero, B. et al., Determination of herbicide residues in juice by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1043, 127, 2004.
59. Albero, B., Sánchez-Brunette, C., and Tadeo, J.L., Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit juices by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 6915, 2003.
60. Sanchez-Brunete, C., Albero, B., and Tadeo, J.L., High-performance liquid chromatographic multiresidue method for determination of N-methylcarbamates in fruit and vegetable juices, J. Food Protect., 67, 2565, 2004.
61. Chu, X.G.O., Hu, X.Z., and Yao, H.Y., Determination of 266 pesticide residues in apple juice by matrix solid phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass selective detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 1063, 201, 2005.
62. Sicbaldi, F., Sarra, A., and Copeta, G.L., Diatomaceous earth-assisted extraction for the multiresidue determination of pesticides, J. Chromatogr. A, 765, 23, 1997.
63. Bicchi, C., D’Amato, A., and Balbo, C., Multiresidue method for quantitative gas chromatographic determination of pesticide residues in sweet cherries, J. AOAC Int., 80, 1281, 1997.
64. Perret, D. et al., Validation of a method for multiclass pesticide residues in fruit juices by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after extraction by matrix solid phase dispersion, J. AOAC Int., 85, 724, 2002.
65. Barker, S.A., Applications of matrix solid phase dispersion in food analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 880, 63, 2000.
66. Aharonson, N., Lehotay, S.J., and Ibrahim, M.A., Supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC analysis of benzimidazole fungicides in potato, apple, and banana, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 2817, 1994.
67. Lehotay, S.J. and Eller, K.I., Development of a method of analysis for 46 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography=ion trap mass spectrometry, J. AOAC Int., 78, 821, 1995.
68. Ono, Y. et al., Pesticide multiresidue analysis of 303 compounds using supercritical fluid extraction, Anal. Sci., 22, 1473, 2006.
69. Lehotay, S.J., Determination of pesticide residues in nonfatty foods by supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography=mass spectrometry: collaborative study, J. AOAC Int., 85, 1148, 2002.
70. Camel, V., Supercritical fluid extraction as a useful method for pesticides determination, Analysis, 26, M99, 1998.
71. Lehotay, S.J., Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides in foods, J. Chromatogr. A, 785, 289, 1997.
72. Motohashi, N., Nagashima, H., and Párkányi, C., Supercritical fluid extraction for the analysis of pesticide residues in miscellaneous samples, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 43, 313, 2000.
73. Valcárcel, M. and Tena, M.T., Applications of supercritical fluid extraction in food analysis, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 358, 561, 1997.
74. Torres, C.M., Picó, Y., and Mañes, J., Determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables, J. Chromatogr. A, 754, 301, 1996.
75. Schantz, M., Pressurized liquid extraction in environmental analysis, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 386, 1043, 2006.
76. Obana, H. et al., Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in foods using an accelerated solvent extraction system, Analyst, 122, 217, 1997.
77. Yi, X. and Lu, Y., Multiresidue determination of organophosphorus pesticides in ginkgo leaves by accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection, J. AOAC Int., 88, 729, 2005.
78. Yi, X., Hua, Q., and Lu, Y., Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection, J. AOAC Int., 89, 225, 2006.
79. Adou, K., Bontoyan, W., and Sweeney, P.J., Multiresidue method for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by accelerated solvent extraction and capillary gas chromatography, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 4153, 2001.
80. Bester, K. et al., How to overcome matrix effects in the determination of pesticides in fruit by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 371, 550, 2001.
81. Okihashi, M., Obana, H., and Hori, S., Determination of N-methylcarbamate pesticides in foods using an accelerated solvent extraction with a mini-column cleanup, Analyst, 123, 711, 1998.
82. Garrido Frenich, A. et al., Determination of multiclass pesticides in food commodities by pressurized liquid extraction using GC-MS=MS and LC-MS=MS, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 383, 1106, 2005.
83. Pang, G.-F. et al., Simultaneous determination of 405 pesticide residues in grain by accelerated solvent extraction then gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 384, 1366, 2006.
84. Carabias-Martínez, R. et al., Pressurized liquid extraction in the analysis of food and biological samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1089, 1, 2005.
85. Eskilsson, C. et al., Fast and selective analytical procedures for determination of persistent organic pollutants in food and feed using recent extraction techniques. In: Modern Extraction Techniques. Food and Agricultural Samples, C. Turner, ed., ACS Symposium Series 926, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 2006.
86. Eskilsson, C. and Björklund, E., Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 902, 227, 2000.
87. Pylypiw, H.M. et al., Suitability of microwave-assisted extraction for multiresidue pesticide analysis of produce, J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 3522, 1997.
88. Bouaid, A. et al., Microwave-assisted extraction method for the determination of atrazine and four organophosphorus pesticides in oranges by gas chromatography, Frezenius J. Anal. Chem., 367, 291, 2000.
89. Barriada-Pereira, M. et al., Microwave-assisted extraction versus Soxhlet extraction in the analysis of 21 organochlorine pesticides in plants, J. Chromatogr. A, 1008, 115, 2003.
90. Singh, S.B., Foster, G.D., and Khan, S.U., Microwave-assisted extraction for the simultaneous determination of thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and carbendazim residues in fresh and cooked vegetable samples, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 105, 2004.
91. Pawliszyn, J., Solid Phase Microextraction: Theory and Practice, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1997.
92. Arthur, C.L. and Pawliszyn, J., Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers, Anal. Chem., 62, 2145, 1990.
93. Baltussen, E. et al., Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples: theory and principles, J. Microcol. Sep., 11, 737, 1999.
94. Baltussen, E., Cramers, C.A., and Sandra, P., Sorptive sample preparation-a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 373, 3, 2002.
95. Sandra, P., Tienpont, B., and David, F., Multi-residue screening of pesticides in vegetables, fruits and baby food by stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorptioncapillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1000, 299, 2003.
96. Turner, C., Overview of modern extraction techniques for food and agricultural samples. In: Modern Extraction Techniques: Food and Agricultural Samples, ACS Symposium Series 926, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 2006.
97. Simplicio, A.L. and Boas, L.V., Validation of a solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and fruit juice, J. Chromatogr. A, 833, 35, 1999.
98. Berrada, H., Font, G., and Moltó, J.C., Application of solid-phase microextraction for determining phenylurea herbicides and their homologous anilines from vegetables, J. Chromatogr. A, 1042, 9, 2004.
99. Fytianos, K. et al., Solid phase microextraction applied to the analysis of organophosphorus insecticides in fruits, Chemosphere, 65, 2090, 2006.
100. Beltran, J. et al., Application of solid-phase microextraction for the determination of pyrethroid residues in vegetable samples by GC-MS, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 376, 502, 2003.
101. De Melo Abreu, S. et al., Screening of grapes and wine for azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin fungicides by HPLC with diode array detection, Food Addit. Contam., 22, 549, 2005.
102. Blasco, C. et al., Solid-phase microextraction liquid chromatography=tandem mass spectrometry to determine postharvest fungicides in fruits, Anal. Chem., 75, 3606, 2003.
103. Hogenboom, A.C. et al., Determination of pesticides in vegetables using large volume injection column liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 892, 379, 2000.
104. Grob, K. and Kälin, I., Attempt for an on-line size exclusion chromatography-gas chromatography method for analyzing pesticide residues in foods, J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1950, 1991.
105. Andersson, A. and Pålsheden, H., Comparison of the efficiency of different GLC multi-residue methods on crops containing pesticide residues, Frezenius J. Anal. Chem., 339, 365, 1991.
106. Roos, A.H. et al., Universal extraction=clean-up procedure for screening of pesticides by extraction with ethyl acetate and size exclusion chromatography, Anal. Chim. Acta, 196, 95, 1987.
107. Zrostliková, J., Hajšlová, J., and Čajka, T., Evaluation of two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of multiple pesticides in fruit, J. Chromatogr. A, 1019, 173, 2003.
108. Zhang, W.-G. et al., Simultaneous determination of 109 pesticides in unpolished rice by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and Florisil column purification, and gas chromatography=mass spectrometry, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom., 20, 609, 2006.
109. Poole, C.F., Gunatilleka, A.D., and Sethuraman, R., Contributions of theory to method development in solid-phase extraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 17, 2000.
110. Casanova, J., Use of solid phase extraction disks for analysis of moderately polar and nonpolar pesticides in high moisture foods, J. AOAC Int., 79, 936, 1996.
111. Nordmeyer, K. and Their, H.-P., Solid-phase extraction for replacing dichloromethane partitioning in pesticide multiresidue analysis, Z. Lebensm Unters. Forsch A, 208, 259, 1999.
112. Wong, J.W. et al., Multiresidue determination of pesticides in malt beverages by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 6361, 2004.
113. Wong, J.W. et al., Multiresidue pesticide analysis in wines by solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection with selective ion monitoring, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 1148, 2003.
114. Štajnbaher, D. and Zupančič-Kralj, L., Multiresidue method for determination of 90 pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1015, 185, 2003.
115. Cairns, T. et al., Multiresidue pesticide analysis by ion-trap technology: a cleanup approach for mass spectral analysis, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 7, 1070, 1993.
116. Pang, G.F. et al., Simultaneous determination of 446 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by three cartridge solid phase extraction=gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J. AOAC Int., 89, 740, 2005.
117. Kondo, H. et al., Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in agricultural products by GC=MS, GC=ECD and GC=FTD using acetonitrile extraction and clean-up with mini-columns, J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn., 45, 161, 2003.
118. Chun, O.K., Kang, H.G., and Kim, M.H., Multiresidue method for the determination of pesticides in Korean domestic crops by gas chromatography=mass selective detection, J. AOAC Int., 86, 823, 2003.
119. Valverde García, A. et al., Simple efficient multiresidue screening method for analysis of nine halogen containing pesticides on peppers and cucumbers by GLC-ECD, J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 2188, 1991.
120. Nakamura, Y. et al., Multiresidue analysis of 48 pesticides in agricultural products by capillary gas chromatography, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 2508, 1994.
121. Ueno, E. et al., Determination of nitrogen-and phosphorus-containing pesticide residues in vegetables by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus and flame photometric detection after gel permeation chromatography and a two-step minicolumn cleanup, J. AOAC Int., 86, 1241, 2003.
122. Ling, T., Xiadong, M., and Chongjiu, L., Application of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) with pulsed splitless injection for the determination of multiclass pesticides in vegetables, Anal. Lett., 39, 985, 2006.
123. Shuling, S., Xiadong, M., and Chongjiu, L., Multi-residue determination method of pesticides in leek by gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detector, Food Control, 18, 448, 2006.
124. Pang, G.F. et al., Multi-residue determination of 450 pesticide residues in honey, fruit juice and wine by double-cartridge solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Food Addit. Contam., 23, 777, 2006.
125. Schenck, F.J. and Howard-King, V., Determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in low-moisture nonfatty products using a solid phase extraction cleanup, J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 35, 1, 2000.
126. Saito, Y. et al., Multiresidue determination of pesticides in agricultural products by gas chromatography=mass spectrometry with large volume injection, J. AOAC Int., 87, 1356, 2004.
127. Schenck, F.J. and Howard-King, V., Rapid solid phase extraction cleanup for pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 63, 277, 1999.
128. Podhorniak, L.V., Negron, J.F., and Griffith, F.D. Jr., Gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection multiresidue method for organophosphate pesticide and metabolite residues at parts-per-billion level in representative commodities of fruit and vegetable crop groups, J. AOAC Int., 84, 873, 1999.
129. Hercegová, A. et al., Comparison of sample preparation methods combined with fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for ultratrace analysis of pesticide residues in baby food, J. Sep. Sci., 29, 1102, 2006.
130. Tsumura, Y. et al., Simultaneous determination of 13 synthetic pyrethroids and their metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, in tea by gas chromatography, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 2922, 1994.
131. Hercegová, A. et al., Comparison of sample preparation methods combined with fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for ultratrace analysis of pesticide residues in baby food, J. Sep. Sci., 29, 1102, 2006.
132. Podhorniak, L.V. et al., A multiresidue method (MRM) for N-methyl carbamate and metabolite pesticide residues at ppb levels in selected representative commodities of fruit and vegetable crop groups, J. AOAC Int., 87, 1237, 2004.
133. De Kok, A. and Hiemstra, M., Optimization, automation and validation of the solid phase extraction cleanup and on-line liquid chromatographic determination of N-methylcarbamate pesticides in fruits and vegetables, J. AOAC Int., 75, 1063, 1992.
134. De Kok, A., Hiemstra, M., and Vreeker, C.P., Optimization of the postcolumn hydrolysis reaction on solid phases for the routine high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-methylcarbamate pesticides in food products, J. Chromatogr. A, 507, 459, 1990.
135. De Kok, A., Hiemstra, M., and Vreeker, C.P., Improved cleanup method for the multiresidue analysis of N-methylcarbamates in grains, fruits and vegetables by means of HPLC with postcolumn fluorescence detection, Chromatographia, 24, 469, 1987.
136. Schenck, F.J., Hobbs, J., and Parker, A., A rapid cleanup for Luke extracts, Laboratory Information Bulletin 4320, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Field Science, HFC-140, Rockville, MD, 2004.
137. Sharif, Z. et al., Determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in fruit and vegetables using solid phase extraction cleanup cartridges, J. Chromatogr. A, 1127, 254, 2006.
138. Rial Otero, R. et al., Multiresidue method for fourteen fungicides in white grapes by liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-diode array detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 992, 121, 2003.
139. Díez, C. et al., Comparison of acetonitrile extraction=partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” method with classic multi-residue methods for extraction of herbicides in barley samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1131, 11, 2006.
140. Leandro, C.C., Fussell, R.J., and Keely, B.J., Determination of priority pesticides in baby foods by gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1085, 207, 2005.
141. Wong, J. et al., Multiresidue analysis of organohalogen pesticides in fresh produce by the QuEChERS procedure and GC-MS=SIM, Poster presentation at the California Pesticide Workshop, Sacramento, CA, 2006.
142. Schenck, F.J., Lehotay, S.J., and Vega, V.A., Comparison of solid phase extraction sorbents for cleanup in pesticide residue analysis of fresh fruits and vegetables, J. Sep. Sci., 25, 883, 2002.
143. Schenck, F.J. and Lehotay, S.L., Does further clean-up reduce the matrix enhancement effect in gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in food? J. Chromatogr. A, 868, 51, 2000.
144. Gamón, M., Lleó, C., and Ten, A., Multiresidue determination of pesticides in fruit and vegetables by gas chromatography=tandem mass spectrometry, J. AOAC Int., 84, 1209, 2001.
145. Agüera, A. et al., Multiresidue method for the analysis of multiclass pesticides in agricultural products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Analyst, 127, 347, 2002.
146. de Koning, S. et al., Trace level determination of pesticides in food using difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1008, 247, 2003.
147. Dallüge, J. et al., Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-offlight mass spectrometric detection applied to the determination of pesticides in food extracts, J. Chromatogr. A, 965, 207, 2002.
148. Patel, K. et al., Evaluation of large volume-difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LVI-DMI-GC-TOF-MS) for the determination of pesticides in fruit-based baby foods, Food Addit. Contam., 21, 658, 2004.
149. Zrostliková, J. et al., Performance of programmed temperature vaporizer, pulsed splitless on column injection techniques in analysis of pesticide residues in plant matrices, J. Chromatogr. A, 937, 73, 2001.
150. Taylor, M.J. et al., Multi-residue method for rapid screening and confirmation of pesticides in crude extracts of fruits and vegetables using isocratic liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 982, 225, 2002.
151. Ortelli, D., Edder, P., and Corvi, C., Multiresidue analysis of 74 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 520, 33, 2004.
152. Garrido Frenich, A. et al., Potentiality of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in vanguard and rearguard methods of pesticide residues in vegetables, Anal. Chem., 77, 4640, 2005.
153. Jansson, C. et al., A new multi-residue method for analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 1023, 93, 2004.
154. Sannino, A., Bolzoni, L., and Bandini, M., Application of liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of a new generation of pesticides in processed fruits and vegetables, J. Chromatogr. A, 1036, 161, 2004.
155. Tanizawa, H. et al., Multi-residue method for screening of pesticides in crops by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn., 46, 185, 2005.
156. Hernández, F. et al., Multiresidue liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of 52 non gas chromatography-amenable pesticides and metabolites in different food commodities, J. Chromatogr. A., 1109, 242, 2006.
157. Garrido Frenich, A.G. et al., Monitoring multi-class pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A., 1048, 199, 2004.
158. Ferrer, I., Thurman, E.M., and Fernández-Alba, A.R., Quantitation and accurate mass analysis of pesticides in vegetables by LC=TOF-MS, Anal. Chem., 77, 2818, 2005.
159. García-Reyes, J.F., Molina-Díaz, A., and Fernández-Alba, A.R., Identification of pesticide transformation products in food by liquid chromatography=time-of-flight mass spectrometry via “fragmentation-degradation” relationships, Anal. Chem., 79, 307, 2007.
160. Erney, D.R. et al., Explanation of the matrix-induced chromatographic response enhancement of organophosphorus pesticides during open tubular column gas chromatography with splitless or hot on-column injection and flame photometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 638, 57, 1993.
161. Lehotay, S.J., Analysis of pesticide residues in mixed fruit and vegetable extracts by direct sample introduction=gas chromatography=tandem mass spectrometry, J. AOAC Int., 83, 680, 2000.
162. Patel, K. et al., Evaluation of large volume-difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LVI-DMI-GC-TOF-MS) for the determination of pesticides in fruit-based baby foods, Food Addit. Contam., 21, 658, 2004.
163. Anastassiades, M., Maštovská, K., and Lehotay, S.J., Evaluation of analyte protectants to improve gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides, J. Chromatogr. A, 1015, 163, 2003.
164. Alder, L. et al., Residue analysis of 500 high priority pesticides: better by GC-MS or LC-MS=MS? Mass Spectrom. Rev., 25, 838, 2006.
165. Guillarme, D. et al., Method transfer for fast liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis: application to short columns packed with small particle. Part I. Isocratic separation, Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Biopharmaceut, 66, 475, 2007.
166. Churchwell, M.I. et al., Improving LC-MS sensitivity through increases in chromatographic performance: comparisons of UPLC-ES=MS=MS to HPLC-ES=MS=MS, J. Chromatogr. B, 825, 134, 2005.
167. Lacorte, S. and Fernandez-Alba, A.R., Time of flight mass spectrometry applied to the liquid chromatographic analysis of pesticides in water and food, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 25, 866, 2006.
168. Picó, Y., Blasco, C., and Font, G., Environmental and food applications of LC-tandem mass spectrometry in pesticide-residue analysis. An overview, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 23, 45, 2004.
169. Cody, R.B., Laramée, J.A., and Durst, H.D., Versatile new ion source for the analysis of materials in open air under ambient conditions, Anal. Chem., 77, 2297, 2005.
170. Cooks, R.G. et al., Ambient mass spectrometry, Science, 311, 15, 2006.
171. Williams, J.P. et al., The use of recently described ionization techniques for the rapid analysis of some common drugs and samples of biological origin, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom., 20, 1447, 2006.