Residue analysis of 500 high priority pesticides: Better by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS?

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 838-865

  Alder, Lutz ^a   Greulich, Kerstin ^a   Kempe, Günther ^b   Vieth, Bärbel ^a  

^a FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT   (Germany)

^b Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits und Veterinärwesen Sachsen   (Germany)

Author keywords

Carbamates; Electron impact ionization; Electrospray ionization; Gas chromatography; Liquid chromatography; Multi residue method; Organochlorine pesticides; Organophosphorus pesticides; Pyrethroids; Sulfonylureas; Tandem mass spectrometry; Triazines; Triazoles

Indexed keywords

DEMODULATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; NATURAL FREQUENCIES; PESTICIDES; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE;

CARBAMATES; ELECTRON IMPACT IONIZATION; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION; MULTI RESIDUE METHOD; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; PYRETHROIDS; SULFONYLUREAS; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; TRIAZINES;

MASS SPECTROMETRY;

PESTICIDE;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; METHODOLOGY; POLLUTANT; REPRODUCIBILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; PESTICIDES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 33750918907     PISSN: 02777037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mas.20091     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Agilent Technologies. 1999. RTL Pesticide MS Library. Product No. G1049A. URL available: http://www.chem.agilent.com/ecommerce/product/product_catalog_3. aspx?groupid=&sid=none&catid=&subcatid= &pid=388832.
2. Aguera A, Contreras M, Crespo J, Fernandez-Alba AR. 2002. Multiresidue method for the analysis of multiclass pesticides in agricultural products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 127:347-354.
3. Aguera A, Lopez S, Fernandez-Alba AR, Contreras M, Crespo J, Piedra L. 2004. One-year routine application of a new method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of 16 multiclass pesticides in vegetable samples. J Chromatogr A 1045:125-135.
4. Alder L, Luderitz S. Lindtner K, Stan HJ. 2004. The ECHO technique - the more effective way of data evaluation in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 1058:67-79.
5. Anastassiades M, Mastovska K, Lehotay SJ. 2003. Evaluation of analyte protectants to improve gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides. J Chromatogr A 1015:163-184.
6. Anastassiades M, Scherbaum E, Schwack W. 2000. Multiresidue method for the determination of pre- and postharvest pesticides in citrus fruits- Part 4: Determination of organotin pesticides. Deut Lebensm-Rundsch 96:466-477.
7. Anspach T. 2003. Enforcement method for the determination of BAS 518 H and its metabolites BAS 518-2 and BAS 518-4 in/on materials of plant origin-independent laboratory validation. BASF DocID 2003/1001273 (March 21, 2003), BASF Aktiengesellschaft. BASF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, Germany.
8. Artigas F, Martinez E, Gelpi E. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides by negativeion chemical ionization - Brain-metabolites of Lindane. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 16:279-284.
9. Asperger A, Efer J, Koal T, Engewald W. 2001. On the signal response of various pesticides in electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization depending on the flow-rate of eluent applied in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 937:65-72.
10. Ayano E, Kanazawa H, Ando M, Nishimura T. 2004. Determination and quantitation of sulfonylurea and urea herbicides in water samples using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 507:211-218.
11. Bacher R. 2002. Development and validation of an analytical method for the determiantion of diflufenican in soil. Bayer CropScience Study No. 02F033 (August 30, 2002), Bayer Crop Science, Germany.
12. Baglio D, Kotzias D, Larsen BR. 1999. Atmospheric pressure ionisation multiple mass spectrometric analysis of pesticides. J Chromatogr A 854:207-220.
13. Barnes KA, Fussell RJ, Startin JR, Mobbs HJ, James R. Reynolds SL. 1997. Determination of the pesticide fenbutatin oxide in tomatoes, cucumbers and bananas by high performance liquid chromatographic atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 11:159-164.
14. Benwell L, Burden AN. 1995. MON65500: The development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of residues in wheat grain and straw. Report No.: 64/53-1012 (November 23, 1995). Monsanto Europe SA. Technical Center Europe. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
15. Benz A, Mackenroth Ch. 2001. Validation of BASF method No. 472/0: Determination of BAS 615 H and BH 615-3 in cereal forage, grain and straw. Study Code 96355 (April 6, 2001), BASF Aktiengesellschaft, BASF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, Germany.
16. Bester K, Bordin G, Rodriguez A. Schimmel H, Pauwels J, Van Vyncht G. 2001. How to overcome matrix effects in the determination of pesticides in fruit by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 371:550-555.
17. BfR. 2005. Parameters for the determination of pesticide residues. URL available: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/5832.
18. Blasco C. Font G, Pico Y. 2004. Determination of dithiocarbamates and metabolites in plants by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1028:267-276.
19. Blasco C, Pico Y, Font G. 2002. Monitoring of five postharvest fungicides in fruit and vegetables by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 85:704-711.
20. Blasco C, Font G, Manes J, Pico Y. 2003. Solid-phase microextraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to determine postharvest fungicides in fruits. Anal Chem 75:3606-3615.
21. Borba da Cunha AC, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D, PizzolatoTM, dos Santos JH. 2004. Multianalyte determination of different classes of pesticides (acidic, triazines, phenyl ureas, anilines, organophosphates, molinate and propanil) by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:940-954.
22. Bossi R, Vejrup KV. Mogensen BB, Asman WA. 2002. Analysis of polar pesticides in rainwater in Denmark by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 957:27-36.
23. Bourgade Ch, Chapius M-P, Diot R, Kieken J-L. 1999. Fenamidone (RPA407213) and its metabolites (RPA405862, RPA408056 and RPA717879): Analytical method for the determination of residues in drinking water and surface water. Study No.: 98-218 (June 28, 1999). Rhone-Poulenc Agro, Centre de Recherche de la Dargoire, Lyon, France.
24. Bourry R, Gasser A, Hertl P, Karapally J. 1991. A method for the determination of residues of cyproconazole in various environmental matrices. SDZ 401/930491, Dok. No. BS 2598/5407 (October 24, 1991), Sandoz Agro Ltd., Development Region Basle, Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Basle, Switzerland.
25. Briand O, Millet M. Bertrand F, Clement M, Seux R. 2002. Assessing the transfer of pesticides to the atmosphere during and after application. Development of a multiresidue method using adsorption on Tenax and thermal desorption-GC/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 374:848-857.
26. Bruns G, Tauber RaGR. 1999. Validation of the method of analysis for Ethylenethiourea (ETU) in water by LC/MS/MS. Sponsor Study No. ETU01ETL, ETL Reference No. 99RHC42.REP (July 14 1999), EBDC/ETU Task Force: Rhohm & Haas Company, Elf Atochem North America, Inc.. Griffin L.L.C., BASF Cooperation.
27. Cabras P, Angioni A, Garau VL, Melis M, Pirisi FM, Cabitza F, Dedola F, Navickiene S. 1998a. Determination of buprofezin, pyridaben, and tebufenpyrad residues by gas chromatography mass-selective detection in clementine citrus. J Agric Food Chem 46:4255-4259.
28. Cabras P, Angioni A, Garau VL, Pirisi FM, Brandolini V. 1998b. Gas chromatographic determination of azoxystrobin, fiuazinam, kresoxim-methyl, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole in grapes, must, and wine. J AOAC Int 81:1185-1189.
29. Cairns T, Chiu KS, Navarro D, Siegmund E. 1993. Multiresidue pesticide analysis by ion-trap mass-spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 7:971-988.
30. Cajka T, Hajslova J. 2004. Gas chromatography-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry in pesticide residue analysis: Advantages and limitations. J Chromatogr A 1058:251-261.
31. Castro R, Moyano E, Galceran MT. 2001. Determination of quaternary ammonium pesticides by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 914:111-121.
32. Chaler R, Vilanova R, Santiago-Silva M, Fernandez P, Grimait JO. 1998. Enhanced sensitivity in the analysis of trace organochlorine compounds by negative-ion mass spectrometry with ammonia as reagent gas. J Chromatogr A 823:73-79.
33. Chen AW. 2005. ELISA and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods for sulfentrazone and its acid metabolite in groundwater samples. New Discov Agrochem 892:295-303.
34. Chu XG, Hu XZ, Yao HY. 2005. Determination of 266 pesticide residues in apple juice by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass selective detection. J Chromatogr A 1063:201-210.
35. Class T. 2001. Analytical method for the determination of Pyraflufen-ethyl (ET-751) and its acid metabolite E-1 in soil. Method AR 278-01, PTRL Study No. P 469 G, Aventis CropScience Study No. 01-14 (September 14, 2001), Aventis CropScience, Frankfurt, Germany.
36. Crescenzi C, DiCorcia A, Guerriero E, Samperi R. 1997. Development of a multiresidue method for analyzing pesticide traces in water based on solid-phase extraction and electrospray liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 31:479-488.
37. Dalluge J, Roose P, Brinkman UAT. 2002. Evaluation of a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the gas chromatographic determination of selected environmental contaminants. J Chromatogr A 970: 213-223.
38. Dalluge J, van Stee LLP, Xu XB, Williams J, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UAT. 2002. Unravelling the composition of very complex samples by comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry - Cigarette smoke. J Chromatogr A 974:169-184.
39. de Koning S, Lach G, Linkerhagner M, Loscher R, Horst TP, Brinkman UA. 2003. Trace-level determination of pesticides in food using difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1008:247-252.
40. Di Corcia A, Nazzari M, Rao R, Samperi R, Sebastiani E. 2000. Simultaneous determination of acidic and non-acidic pesticides in natural waters by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 878:87-98.
41. Draper WM. 2002. Near UV quantum yields for rotenone and piperonyl butoxide. Analyst 127:1370-1374.
42. Ehrenstorfer GmbH. 2005. Library of Mass Spectra. Catalog No. B 01000000. URL available: http://www.analytical-standards.com.
43. Evans CS, Startin JR, Goodall DM, Keely BJ. 2001. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of quaternary ammonium pesticides. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:699-707.
44. Fernandez M, Pico Y, Girotti S, Manes J, 2001a. Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in honeybee by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 49:3540-3547.
45. Fernandez M, Rodriguez R, Pico Y, Manes J. 2001 b. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of postharvest fungicides in citrus fruits. J Chromatogr A 912:301-310.
46. Ferrer I, Garcia-Reyes JF, Mezcua M, Thurman EM, Fernandez-Alba AR. 2005. Multi-residue pesticide analysis in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1082:81-90.
47. Fillion J, Sauve F, Selwyn J. 2000. Multiresidue method for the determination of residues of 251 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J AOAC Int 83:698-713.
48. Fischer R, Haenel R, Siebers J. 2003b. Residue analysis of new pesticides. 9 Indoxacarb, picolinafen. Nachrichtenbl Dtsch Pflanzenschutzd 55:29-38.
49. Fischer R, Franz H, Haenel R, Siebers J. 2003a. Residue analysis of new pesticides. 10 Pyraclostrobin. Nachrichtenbl Dtsch Pflanzenschutzd 55:189-197.
50. Freitas LG, Gotz CW, Ruff M, Singer HP, Muller SR. 2004. Quantification of the new triketone herbicides, sulcotrione and mesotrione, and other important herbicides and metabolites, at the ng/1 level in surface waters using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1028:277-286.
51. Frenich AC, Garcia MDG, Arrebola FJ, Vidal JLM, Galera MM, Lopez T. 2000. Determination of parts per trillion levels of benzoylurea pesticides in groundwater by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 52: 569-574.
52. Fuchsbichler G. 2000. Independent Laboratory Validation of Analytical Method AR 165-198 for the Determination of Pyraflufen-ethyl (ET-751) in Cereal (Winter Wheat). Report No. HVA 22/00/Aventis CropScience Study No. 00-149/C011460 (October 24, 2000), Bayerische Hauptversuchsanstalt für Landwirtschaft der TUM-Weihenstephan, Abteilung Rückstandsanalytik, Freising, Germany.
53. Funk H, Mackenroth Ch. 2001. Validation of BASF method no. 445/0: Determination of BAS 510 F in plant matrices. Study Code 41840 (February 19, 2001), BASF Aktiengesellschaft, BASF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, Germany.
54. Gamon M, Lleo C, Ten A, Mocholi F. 2001. Multiresidue determination of pesticides in fruit and vegetables by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 84:1209-1216.
55. Garcia-Reyes JF, Ferrer 1, Thurman EM, Molina-Diaz A, Fernandez-Alba AR. 2005. Searching for non-target chlorinated pesticides in food by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:2780-2788.
56. Ghini S, Fernandez M, Pico Y, Marin R, Fini F, Manes J, Girotti S. 2004. Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in the province of Bologna, Italy, using honeybees as bioindicators. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 47:479-488.
57. Goncalves C, Alpendurada MF. 2004. Solid-phase micro-extractiongas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry as a tool for pesticide residue analysis in water samples at high sensitivity and selectivity with confirmation capabilities. J Chromatogr A 1026:239-250.
58. Goodenowe DB, Orescan DB, Babicki WA, Jr. 1999. Multianalyte method for the simultaneous quantitation and confirmation of 21 sulfonylurea Herbicides in soil using electrospray LC-triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometry. Report No AMR 4808-4897 (April 15, 1999), E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, DuPont Agricultural Products. Global Technology Division, USA.
59. Granby K, Andersen JH, Christensen HB. 2004. Analysis of pesticides in fruit, vegetables and cereals using methanolic extraction and detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 520:165-176.
60. Granby K, Johannesen S, Vahl M. 2003. Analysis of glyphosate residues in cereals using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam 20:692-698.
61. Guillet M, Jendrzejczak N, Chapuis Ch, Mauger L, Kieken J-L. 1999. Fenamidone (RPA407213) and its metabolites (RPA408056 and RPA717879): Analytical method for the determination of residues in products of animal origin. Study No.: 98-150 (AR 178-98) (June 07, 1999), Rhone-Polenc AGRO, Centre de Recherche de la Dargoire, Lyon, France.
62. Haenel R. Fischer R. Siebers J. 2002. Residue analysis of new pesticides. 8 Clethodim, dimethenamid-P, iprovalicarb, mesotrione, sulfosulfuron. Nachrichtenbl Dtsch Pflanzenschutzd 54:217-225.
63. Haib J. Hofer I. Renaud JM. 2003. Analysis of multiple pesticide residues in tobacco using pressurized liquid extraction, automated solid-phase extraction clean-up mid gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1020:173-187.
64. Hajslova J. Zrostlikova J. 2003. Matrix effects in (ultra)trace analysis of pesticide residues in food and biotic matrices. J Chromatogr A 1000: 181-197.
65. Hall GL. Engehretson J. Hengel MJ. Shibamoto T. 2004. Analysis of methoxyfenozide residues in fruits, vegetables, and mint by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Agric Food Chem 52:672-676.
66. Hargreaves SL. 1999. Analytical method for the Determination of Residues of Pirimicarb, Prosulfocarb, Picoxystrobin and Flutriafol in Water Technical Letter 49045/01 and 46932/01 (December 09, 1999), Zeneca Agrochemicals. Jealott's Hill Research Station. Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.
67. Hargreaves S. 2004. Residue analytical method for the determination of residues of trinexapac-ethyl in soil. Standard operation procedure RAM 436/01. CGA 163935/0947 (June 21, 2004), Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Center, Berkshire. UK.
68. Hengel MJ, Shibamoto T. 2002. Method development and fate determination of pesticide-treated hops and their subsequent usage in the production of beer. J Agric Food Chem 50:3412-3418.
69. Henriksen T, Svensmark B, Juhler RK. 2002. Analysis of Metribuzin and transformation products in soil by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 957:79-87.
70. Hernandez F. Sancho JV, Pozo OJ. 2005. Critical review of the application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to the determination of pesticide residues in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 382:934-946.
71. Hernandez F. Sancho JV. Pozo O, Lara A. Pitarch E. 2001. Rapid direct determination of pesticides and metabolites in environmental water samples at sub-microg/1 level by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography- elcctrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 939:1-11.
72. Hernandez F, Ibanez M. Sancho JV, Pozo OJ. 2004. Comparison of different mass spectrometric techniques combined with liquid chromatography for confirmation of pesticides in environmental water based on the use of identification points. Anal Chem 76:4349-4357.
73. Hernando MD. Aguera A. Fernandez-Alba AR. Piedra L, Contreras M. 2001. Gas chromatographic determination of pesticides in vegetable samples by sequential positive and negative chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation using an ion trap analyser. Analyst 126:46-51.
74. Hetherton CL, Sykes MD, Fussell RJ, Goodall DM. 2004. A multi-residue screening method for the determination of 73 pesticides and metabolites in fruit and vegetables using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:2443-2450.
75. Hogenboom AC, Niessen WM. Little D, Brinkman UA. 1999. Accurate mass determinations for the confirmation and identification of organic microcontaminants in surface water using on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography electrospray orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13:125-133.
76. Hui JY, Aizawa T, Magara Y. 1999. Analysis of pesticides in water with liquid chormatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Water Res 33:417-425.
77. Ingelse BA, van Dam RCJ, Vreeken RJ. Mol HGJ, Steijger OM. 2001. Determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous samples by direct injection using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 918:67-78.
78. Jansson C. Pihlstrom T, Osterdahl BG, Markides KE. 2004. A new multiresidue method for analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1023:93-104.
79. Jeannot R. Sabik H, Sauvard E. Genin E. 2000. Application of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry combined with photodiode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry for monitoring pesticides in surface waters. J Chromatogr A 879:51-71.
80. Juan-Garcia A. Font G. Pico Y. 2005. Quantitative analysis of six pesticides in fruits by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 26:1550-1561.
81. Juan-Garcia A. Manes J, Font G, Pico Y. 2004. Evaluation of solid-phase extraction and stir-bar sorptive extraction for the determination of fungicide residues at low-microg kg(-1) levels in grapes by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1050:119-127.
82. Juhler RK. Vahl M. 1999. Residues of chlormequat and mepiquat in grain - Results from the Danish National Pesticide Survey. J AOAC Int 82: 331-336.
83. Kaune A. 2001. Validation of the analytical method EM F02/01-0 for the determination of AE F1079892 and its metabolites AE F113225, AE F109453 and AE F094270 in water and storage stability in water. C013908! 01F004 (June 29, 2001), Aventis CropSciences GmbH. Residues and Human Exposure, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
84. Kerl W. 2002. Validation of the analytical method 494/0: Method for the determination of BAS 119 H in plant matrices. Study code 121483 (August 29, 2002), BASF Aktiengesellschaft. BASF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, Germany.
85. Klein J. Alder L. 2003. Applicability of gradient liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to the simultaneous screening for about 100 pesticides in crops. J AOAC Int 86:1015-1037.
86. Knoch E. 2002. Method validation - determination of Flumioxazin in water. Institut Fresenius Project Identification IF-02/00015115 (September04. 2002); Sumitomo Chemical Agro Europe S.A.. St Diedier au Mont d'Or, France.
87. Koal T. Asperger A. Efer J, Engewald W. 2003. Simultaneous determination of a wide spectrum of pesticides in water by means of fast on-line SPE-HPLC-MS-MS - a novel approach. Chromatographia 57:93-101.
88. Lagana A. Fago G, Marino A. Mosso M. 1998. Soil column extraction followed by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the efficient determination of aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides in soil samples at ng g(-l) I levels. Anal Chim Acta 375: 107-116.
89. Lagana A. Bacaloni A, De Leva I, Faberi A, Fago G, Marino A. 2002. Occurrence and determination of herbicides and their major transformation products in environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 462:187-198.
90. Laporte F. 2001. Determination of residues of triticonazole in air: Use of GC-MS as confirmatory technique. Code AE C632720/C014405 (July 13, 2001), Aventis CropSciences GmbH. Residues and Human Exposure, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
91. LeandroCC, Fussell RJ, Keely BJ. 2005, Determination of priority pesticides in baby foods by gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1085:207-212.
92. Lehotay SJ, de Kok A, Hiemstra M, van Bodegraven P. 2005. Validation of a fast and easy method for the determination of residues from 229 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection. J AOAC Int 88: 595-614.
93. Maizels M, Budde WL. 2001. Exact mass measurements for confirmation of pesticides and herbicides determined by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73:5436-5440.
94. Marek LJ, Koskinen WC, Bresnahan GA. 2000. LC/MS analysis of cyclohexanedione oxime herbicides in water. J Agric Food Chem 48:2797-2801.
95. Martinez Vidal JL, Arrebola FJ, Mateu-Sanchez M. 2002. Application of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 959:203-213.
96. Memmesheimer H. 1999. AC 900001 (CL 900001): Validation of method FAMS 109-01 for the determination of AC 900001 and CL 153815 residues in animal tissues (milk, meat, eggs and fat). Study No. DER134, Repoert No. CFS 1999-010 (January 28, 1999), Cyanamid Forschung GmbH (CFS), Schwabenheim, Germany.
97. Mol HGJ, van Dam RCJ, Steijger OM. 2003. Determination of polar organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables and fruits using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Selection of extraction solvent. J Chromatogr A 1015:119-127.
98. Nauen R, Ebbinghaus-Kintscher U, Salgado VL, Kaussmann M. 2003. Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid precursor converted to clothianidin in insects and plants. Pest Biochem Physiol 76:55-69.
99. Navalon A, Prieto A, Araujo L, Vilchez JL. 2002. Determination of pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl in green groceries by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 975:355-360.
100. Netl MT, Lipton CR. 1994. Tefluthrin: Validation of an analytical method for the determination of Tefluthrin residues in soil/water slurry (WCR-92-017) (WINO 2419). Report No. RR 92-013B (July 21, 1994), Zeneca Ag Products, Western Research Center.
101. Neuss B, Losse K. 1999. Analytical method and validation for the determination of AE F122006 and its metabolite AE C637375 in rice grain. C004156 (June 10, 1999), Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH, Entwicklung, Rückstände und Verbrauchersicherheit, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
102. Neuss B, Schuld G. 1999. Analytical method and validation for the determination of residues of AE F122006 and its metabolites in rice using LC-MS/MS. Method No. DGM F02/98-0, Laboratory identification code CR98/020 (March 23, 1999), AgrEvo GmbH, Rueckstaende und Verbrauchersicherheit, Frankfurt, Germany.
103. NIST/EPA/NIH. 2005. Mass Spectral Database, 2005. National Insitute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD. URL available: http://www.nist.gov/ srd/nist1.htm.
104. Nuesslein F. 1999. Residue analytical method 00552 for the determination of TI 435 in plant materials by LC-MS/MS. Report MR-036/99 (August 19, 1999), Bayer AG, PF-E/MR, Leverkusen, Germany.
105. Nunez O, Moyano E, Galceran MT. 2004. Time-of-flight high resolution versus triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of quaternary ammonium herbicides in drinking water. Anal Chim Acta 525:183-190.
106. Ortelli D, Edder P, Corvi C. 2004. Multiresidue analysis of 74 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 520:33-45.
107. Patel K, Fussell RJ, Goodall DM, Keely BJ. 2004. Evaluation of large volume-difficult matrix introduction-gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LV-DMI-GC-TOF-MS) for the determination of pesticides in fruit-based baby foods. Food Add Contam 21:658-669.
108. Pelz S, Steinhauer S. 2001. BAS 560F (AC 375839): Validation of DFG method S 19 for the determination of residues of BAS 560F in milk, meat, and eggs. Final report BAS-0103V, DocID 2001/7000486 (November 13, 2001), BASF Agro Research, Princeton, NJ, USA.
109. Pfleger K, Maurer HH, Weber A. 2000. Mass spectral and gc data of drugs, pollutants, pesticides and metabolites, 2nd edition. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Parts I-IV.
110. Pico Y, Blasco C, Font G. 2004. Environmental and food applications of LC-tandem mass spectrometry in pesticide-residue analysis: An overview. Mass Spectrom Rev 23:45-85.
111. Pigeon IRO. 1999. Determination of residues of fosthiazate in potatoes after treatment with ASCE 3829. Study No. 11250 (December 08, 1999), Personnalite Juridique du Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux, Department de Phytopharmacie, Gembloux, Belgique.
112. Pointurier R. 2002. Determination of Dimethachlor (CGA17020), CGA 50266 and CGA 354742 in water by LC/MS. Residue method AGR/MOA/DMC.6 (13.05.2002), Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland.
113. Pous X, Ruiz MJ, Pico Y, Font G. 2001. Determination of imidacloprid, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, propham, and thiabendazole in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Fresenius J Anal Chem 371:182-189.
114. Ramesh A, Ravi PE. 2004. Negative ion chemical ionization-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of residues of different pyrethroid insecticides in whole blood and serum. J Anal Toxicol 28:660-666.
115. Reichert N. 2003. Independent laboratory validation of the analytical method for the determination of propaquizafop and propaquizafop-acid in wheat (grain) and tomato (1st Amendment). Institut Fresenius project no. IF-03/00061233 (September 26, 2003), Makhteshim-Agan Deutschland GmbH, Germany.
116. Rial OR, Yague RC, Cancho GB, Simal GJ. 2002. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of the fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil in white wines. J Chromatogr A 942:41-52.
117. Rippington D, Dick JP. 1990. ICI agrochemicals residue analytical method No. 183: The determination of residues of pirimicarb and its desmethyl metabolic in soil (October 17, 1990), ICI Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.
118. Robinson NJ, Patel A. 1999. Residue analytical method for the analysis of ZA1963 in cereal crops. Standard operation procedure RAM 288/01 (September 9, 1999), Zeneca Agrochemicals, Jealott's Hill Research Station, Berkshire, UK.
119. Rodriguez R, Manes J, Pico Y. 2003. Off-line solid-phase microextraction and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry to determine acidic pesticides in fruits. Anal Chem 75:452-459.
120. Rodriguez R, Pico Y, Font G, Manes J. 2002. Analysis of thiabendazole and procymidone in fruits and vegetables by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 949:359-366.
121. Russo MV, Campanella L, Avino P. 2002. Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in human tissues by capillary gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 780:431-441.
122. Rzepka S. 2004. Validation of the DFG method S 19 (extended and revised version) for the determination of residues of flumioxazin in specimens of cereals and other dry crops (wheat grain and straw). SUM-0350V! G03-0129 (February 10, 2004), Sumitomo Chemical Agro Europe S.A. (SCAE), St. Didier-auMont-d' Or, France.
123. Saha M. 1997. Validation of BASF method no. D9606: Analytical method validation for the determination of residues of BAS 620 H and its metabolites (DP-6 and GP) in soil using LC-MS/MS. Study No. 96084 (March 14, 1997), BASF Cooperation, Agrucultural Products Group, Research Triangle Park, USA.
124. Sancho JV, Pozo OJ, Hernandez F. 2004. Liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry: A powerful approach for the sensitive and rapid multiclass determination of pesticides and transformation products in water. Analyst 129:38-44.
125. Sannino A, Bolzoni L, Bandini M. 2004. Application of liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of a new generation of pesticides in processed fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 1036:161-169.
126. Schöning R, Seym M. 1998. Residue analytical method for the determination of RH 2485 residues in/on plant material by HPLC with electrospray MS/MS-detection. Method 00470, Study no. P 61260510 (September 16, 1998), Bayer AG, PF-E/MR, Leverkusen. Germany.
127. Schneider V. 2001. Determination of residue od UR 50601 (Beflubutamid) in soil dissipation study with Herbaflex in Germany. Report No. PR00/018 (January 19. 2001), UBE Industries Ltd., Shibaura Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan and Stähler Agrochemie GmbH & Co, KG, Stade, Germany.
128. Serodio P, Nogueira JM. 2005. Development of a stir-bar-sorptive extraction-liquid desorption-large-volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for pyrethroid pesticides in water samples 5. Anal Bioanal Chem 382:1141-1151.
129. Siebers J, Fischer R, Haenel R. 2000. Residue analysis of new pesticides. 6. Azadirachtin (neem), carfentrazone, fenhexamid, flupyrsulfuron, isoxaflutol. Nachrichtenbl Dtsch Pflanzenschutzd 52:73-81.
130. Siebers J, Fischer R, Haenel R. 2001. Residue analysis of new pesticides. 7. Cinidon, famoxadone, florasulam, iodosulfuron, metconazol. Nachrichtenbl Dtsch Pflanzenschutzd 53:1-10.
131. Smalley R. 2001. Method validation of RLA 12618.00 "LC-MS determination of CL 375839 and CL 377160 residues in soil". Report No. 4603, BASF DocID 2001/7000247 (July 11, 2001), BASF Agro Research, BASF plc., Hampshire, UK.
132. Smith K, Clouser-Roche A. 2001. Determination of BAS 635 H and Metabolites BH 635-2, BH 635-3, BH 635-4 and BH 635-5 in soil by LC/MS/MS. Method No. D9907, BASF Registration document no. 1999/5128 (January 24, 2001), BASF Corperation, Agricultural Products Group, Research Triangle Park, USA.
133. Soler C, Manes J, Pico Y. 2004. Liquid chromatography-electrospray quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry of nine pesticides in fruits. J Chromatogr A 1048:41-49.
134. Soler C, Manes J, Pico Y. 2005. Comparison of liquid chromatography using triple quadrupole and quadrupole ion trap mass analyzers to determine pesticide residues in oranges. J Chromatogr A 1067:115-125.
135. Sommer H. 2002. Enforcement method no. 00758 for the determination of residues of metosulam in soil by HPLC-MS/MS. Laboratory Project ID P681020013 (July 18, 2002), Bayer AG, Business Group Crop Protection, Leverkusen, Germany.
136. Sommer H. 2003. Enforcement method for the determination of Fuberidazole in drinking and surface water by HPLC-MS/MS. Bayer CropScience Report MR-525/01 (February 17, 2003). Bayer CropScience AG, Development, Residues, Operator and Consumer Safety, Monheim, Germany.
137. Souvignet I. 1999. Triticonazole: Validation of analytical method to determine residues of triticonazole and its metabolite (RPA406341) in soil. Covance Study No. 198/120, Sponsor Reference No. 98-180 (January 1999). Rhone-Poulenc Agro, Centre de Recherche de La Dargoire, Lyon, France.
138. Stajnbaher D, Zupancic-Kralj L. 2003. Multiresidue method for determination of 90 pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A 1015:185-198.
139. Stan HJ, 2000. Pesticide residue analysis in foodstuffs applying capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. State-of-the-art use of modified DFG-multimethod S19 and automated data evaluation. J Chromatogr A 892:347-377
140. Stolker AAM, Niesing W. Hogendoorn EA. Rambali AB, Vleeming W. 2003. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1020:35-43.
141. Stout SJ, daCunha AR, Picard GL, Safarpour MM. 1998. Simplification of analytical methods in pesticide residue analysis by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 81:685-690.
142. Stuber M, Reemtsma T. 2004. Evaluation of three calibration methods to compensate matrix effects in environmental analysis with LC-ES1-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:910-916.
143. Sundaram KMS, Nott R, Lewin EE. 1994. Comparative-Study of the determination of Tebufenozide in formulated products by gas-chromatographic and liquid-chromatographic methods. J Chromatogr A 687:323-332.
144. Takino M, Yamaguchi K, Nakahara T. 2004. Determination of carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 52:727-735.
145. Tate S. 2003. Validation of methodology for the determination of residues of quizalofop-p-ethyl and quizalofop-p in drinking and ground water. Project Identity NAS 559/033492 (September 30, 2003), Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., Kowa Hitotsubashi Building, Tokyo, Japan.
146. Taylor MJ, Hunter K, Hunter KB, Lindsay D, Le Bouhellec S. 2002. Multiresidue method for rapid screening and confirmation of pesticides in crude extracts of fruits and vegetables using isocratic liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 982:225-236.
147. Thier HP, Zeumer H. 1992. Manual of pesticide residue analysis. Vol. II. Weinheim: Wiley VCH. pp 26-28.
148. Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Barcelo D. 2001. Choosing between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization interfaces for the HPLC/MS analysis of pesticides. Anal Chem 73:5441-5449.
149. Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Fernandez-Alba AR. 2005. Matching unknown empirical formulas to chemical structure using LC/MS TOF accurate mass and database searching: Example of unknown pesticides on tomato skins. J Chromatogr A 1067:127-134.
150. Tomlin C.D.S. 2003. The pesticide manual - A world compendium, 13th edition. Hampshire: British Crop Protection Council (BCPC).
151. Vahl M, Graven A, Juhler RK. 1998. Analysis of Chlormequat residues in grain using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fresenius J Anal Chem 361:817-820.
152. Valenzuela Al, Pico Y, Font G. 2000. Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometric analysis of benzoylurea insecticides in citrus fruits. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14:572-577.
153. van Zoonen P. 1998. Analytical methods for residues of pstictdes in foodstuffs, 6th edition. Part 1. Annex B. The Hague: General Inspectorate for Health Protection, pp 1-8.
154. Vidal JLM, Frenich AG, Lopez TL, Salvador IM, el Hassani LH, Benajiba MH. 2005. Selection of a representative matrix for calibration in multianalyte determination of pesticides in vegetables by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 61:127-131.
155. Wais A. 2001. Validation of the residue analytical method for SL-160 (Flazasulfuron) in soil. RCC Study No. 802124 (October 17, 2001), Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha. Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan.
156. Wang J, Cheung W, Grant D. 2005. Determination of pesticides in apple-based infant foods using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 53:528-537.
157. Wang IH, Moorman R, Burleson J. 2003. Isocratic reversed-phase liquid Chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of (S)-methoprene, MGK264, piperonyl butoxide, sumithrin and permethrin in pesticide formulation. J Chromatogr A 983:145-152.
158. Weber H, Pelz S. 2002. Enforcement method 00086/M040 for the determination of the residues of Trifloxystrobin in cucumber (fruit), citrus (fruit), wheat (grain), almond (seed), hop and leek. Report 00086/M040 (February 26, 2002), Bayer AG, Landwirtschaftszentrum Monheim, Leverkusen, Germany.
159. Weeren RD, Pelz S. 2001. Validation of dfg method s 19 (extended revision) for the deternination of hexythiazox in plant materials (cucumber, orange, corn, rapeseed and dried hops), 2001/1000931/BAS-0003V/G00-0028 (January 25, 2001), BASF Aktiengesellschaft, BASF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, Germany.
160. Wong JW, Webster MG, Halverson CA, Hengel MJ, Ngim KK, Ebeler SE. 2003. Multiresidue pesticide analysis in wines by solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection with selective ion monitoring. J Agric Food Chem 51:1148-1161.
161. Yokley RA, Mayer LC, Huang SB, Vargo JD. 2002. Analytical method for the determination of metolachlor, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethenamid, and their corresponding ethanesulfonic and oxanillic acid degradates in water using SPE and LC/ESI-MS/MS. Anal Chem 74: 3754-3759.
162. Zang XJ, Fukuda EK, Rosen JD. 1998. Multiresidue analytical procedure for insecticides used by organic farmers. J Agric Food Chem 46:2206-2210.
163. Zangmeister W. 1999. Validation of analytical method 455: Determination of BAS 500 F, BF 500-11, BF 500-12, BF 500-13, BF 500-14 and BF 500-15 residues in water (tap water and surface water). Study No. 35888 (December 17, 1999), BASF Aktiengesellschaft, BASF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, Germany.
164. Zangmeister W. 2000. Validation of analytical method 460, determination of BAS 510 F (Reg.no. 300355) in air by GC-MS. Study Code 41886, BASF DocID 2000/1014992 (October 19, 2000), BASF Aktiengesellschaft, BASF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof, Germany.
165. Zimmer D. 2004. Enforcement method 00814/M001 for the determination of residues of Mefenpyr-diethyl (AE F107892) and its metabolite AE F094270 in/on plant material by HPLC-MS/MS. Report No. MR-031/04 (August 25, 2004), Bayer CropScience AG, Monheim, Germany.
166. Zrostlikova J, Hajslova J, Poustka J, Begany P. 2002. Alternative calibration approaches to compensate the effect of co-extracted matrix components in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues in plant materials. J Chromatogr A 973:13-26.
167. Zrostlikova J, Hajslova J, Kovalczuk T, Stepan R, Poustka J. 2003. Determination of seventeen polar/thermolabile pesticides in apples and apricots by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 86:612-622.
168. Zywitz D, Anastassiades M, Scherbaum E. 2003. Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in fruits and vegetables by LC-MS and LC-MS-MS-Methodology and residue data. Deut Lebensm-Rundsch 99:188-196.