Prioritizing research needs for analytical techniques suited for engineered nanomaterials in food

Trends in Food Science and Technology

Volumn 50, Issue , 2016, Pages 219-229

  Grieger, Khara D ^a   Harrington, James ^a   Mortensen, Ninell ^a  

^a RTI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Analytical tools; Decision support; Engineered nanomaterials; Food; Risk

Indexed keywords

FOOD PRODUCTS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; RISKS;

ANALYTICAL TOOL; CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES; CONSUMER EXPOSURE; DECISION SUPPORTS; ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS; FOOD APPLICATIONS; LITERATURE REVIEWS;

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS;

EID: 84960500284     PISSN: 09242244     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.02.004     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Arora A., Padua G.W. Review: nanocomposites in food packaging. Journal of Food Science 2010, 75:R43-R49.
2. Aschberger K., Rauscher H., Crutzen H., Rasmussen K., Christensen F.M., Sokull-Kluettgen B., et al. Considerations on information needs for nanomaterials in consumer products; discussion of a labelling and reporting scheme for nanomaterials in consumer products in the EU 2014, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre: Publications Office of the European Union.
3. Auttachoat W., McLoughlin C.E., White K.L., Smith M.J. Route-dependent systemic and local immune effects following exposure to solutions prepared from titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Journal of Immunotoxicology 2014, 11:273-282.
4. Beltrami D., Calestani D., Maffini M., Suman M., Melegari B., Zappettini A., et al. Development of a combined SEM and ICP-MS approach for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of metal microparticles and sub-microparticles in food products. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2011, 401:1401-1409.
5. BiPRO Study of the scope of a Belgian national register for nanomaterials and products containing nanomaterials. Food chain safety and environment 2013, Federal Public Service Health, Brussels, Belgium.
6. Blasco C., Picó Y. Determining nanomaterials in food. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2011, 30:84-99.
7. Bouwmeester H., Brandhoff P., Marvin H.J.P., Weigel S., Peters R.J.B. State of the safety assessment and current use of nanomaterials in food and food production. Trends in Food Science and Technology 2014, 40:200-210.
8. Calzolai L., Gilliland D., Rossi F. Measuring nanoparticles size distribution in food and consumer products: a review. Food Additives and Contaminants -Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 2012, 29:1183-1193.
9. Chen T., Yan J., Li Y. Genotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2014, 22:95-104.
10. Choi J.Y., Ramachandran G., Kandlikar M. The impact of toxicity testing costs on nanomaterial regulation. Environmental Science and Technology 2009, 43:3030-3034.
11. Cockburn A., Bradford R., Buck N., Constable A., Edwards G., Haber B., et al. Approaches to the safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in food. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2012, 50:2224-2242.
12. Contado C. Nanomaterials in consumer products: a challenging analytical problem. Frontiers in Chemistry 2015, 3:1-20.
13. Danish EPA Hazard assessment of nanomaterials in consumer products 2015, Danish Ministry of the Environment, Environmental project No. 1637.
14. Dekkers S., Krystek P., Peters R.J.B., Lankveld D.P.K., Bokkers B.G.H., Van Hoeven-Arentzen P.H., et al. Presence and risks of nanosilica in food products. Nanotoxicology 2011, 5:393-405.
15. Dimkpa C.O., McLean J.E., Latta D.E., Manangón E., Britt D.W., Johnson W.P., et al. CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: phytotoxicity, metal speciation, and induction of oxidative stress in sand-grown wheat. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2012, 14.
16. Dudkiewicz A., Luo P., Tiede K., Boxall A. Detecting and characterizing nanoparticles in food, beverages and nutraceuticals. Nanotechnology in the food, beverage and nutraceutical industries 2012, 53-81. Woodhead Publishing, Ltd, Cambridge. Q. Huang (Ed.).
17. Dudkiewicz A., Tiede K., Loeschner K., Jensen L.H.S., Jensen E., Wierzbicki R., et al. Characterization of nanomaterials in food by electron microscopy. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2011, 30:28-43.
18. EC Infographic explaining new food labelling rules: New EU food labeling rules from 13th December 2014 2014, Available:. http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/labellingnutrition/foodlabelling/docs/infographic_food_labelling_rules_2014_en.pdf.
19. EC Food: EU consumers to benefit from better labelling as of 13 December 2014 2014, Press release. Brussels, 11 December 2014. Available. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-2560_en.htm.
20. EC Opinion on silica, hydrated silica, and silica surface modified with alkyl silylates (nano form) 2015, Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), 20 March 2015, Revision of 29 September 2015. Available. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_175.pdf.
21. Echegoyen Y., Nerín C. Nanoparticle release from nano-silver antimicrobial food containers. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013, 62:16-22.
22. EFSA Guidance on the risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain. Scientific Opinion. EFSA Journal 2011, 9:2140.
23. EFSA Annual report of the EFSA scientific network of risk assessment of nanotechnologies in food and feed for 2013 2013, EFSA supporting publication 2013:EN-531 (pp. 58). Parma, Italy.
24. EFSA Inventory of nanotechnology applications in the agricultural, feed and food sector 2014, CFT/EFSA/FEED/2012/01. In EFSA supporting publication 2014:EN-621 (pp. 125). Parma, Italy.
25. EFSA Annual report of the EFSA scientific network of risk assessment of nanotechnologies in food and feed for 2014 2015, In EFSA Supporting publication 2015:EN-762 (pp. 58). Parma, Italy.
26. European Commission (EC) Questions and answers on food information to consumers 2014, Brussels, 11 December 2014. Available:. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-2561_en.htm.
27. European Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004. Official Journal of the European Union 2011, L304:18-63.
28. Farhoodi M., Mousavi S.M., Sotudeh-Gharebagh R., Emam-Djomeh Z., Oromiehie A. Migration of aluminum and silicon from PET/clay nanocomposite bottles into acidic food simulant. Packaging Technology and Science 2014, 27:161-168.
29. Farkas J., Peter H., Christian P., Gallego Urrea J.A., Hassellöv M., Tuoriniemi J., et al. Characterization of the effluent from a nanosilver producing washing machine. Environment International 2011, 37:1057-1062.
30. Feichtmeier N.S., Leopold K. Detection of silver nanoparticles in parsley by solid sampling high-resolution-continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry Characterisation of Nanomaterials in Biological Samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2014, 406:3887-3894.
31. Friends of the Earth (FOE) Tiny ingredients, big risks: Nanomaterials rapidly entering food and farming 2014.
32. Gallego-Urrea J.A., Tuoriniemi J., Hassellöv M. Applications of particle-tracking analysis to the determination of size distributions and concentrations of nanoparticles in environmental, biological and food samples. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2011, 30:473-483.
33. Gatti A.M., Tossini D., Gambarelli A., Montanari S., Capitani F. Investigation of the presence of inorganic micro- and nanosized contaminants in bread and biscuits by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2009, 49:275-282.
34. Graf V., Behsnilian D., Hetzer B., Walz E., Greiner R. Detection and characterization of engineered nanomaterials in foods. The World of Food Science 2014, 16.
35. Grieger K.D., Baun A., Owen R. Redefining risk research priorities for nanomaterials. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2010, 12:383-392.
36. Grombe R., Charoud-Got J., Emteborg H., Linsinger T.P.J., Seghers J., Wagner S., et al. Production of reference materials for the detection and size determination of silica nanoparticles in tomato soup Characterisation of Nanomaterials in Biological Samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2014, 406:3895-3907.
37. Gschwind S., Aja Montes M.D.L., Günther D. Comparison of sp-ICP-MS and MDG-ICP-MS for the determination of particle number concentration. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2015, 407:4035-4044.
38. Heroult J., Nischwitz V., Bartczak D., Goenaga-Infante H. The potential of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation hyphenated to multiple detectors for the quantification and size estimation of silica nanoparticles in a food matrix Characterisation of Nanomaterials in Biological Samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2014, 406:3919-3927.
39. Huang Y., Chen S., Bing X., Gao C., Wang T., Yuan B. Nanosilver migrated into food-simulating solutions from commercially available food fresh containers. Packaging Technology and Science 2011, 24:291-297.
40. Joint Research Commision (JRC) Considerations on information needs for nanomateirals in consumer products 2014, JRC Science and Policy Reports, Discussion of a labeling and reporting scheme for nanomaterials in consumer products in the EU, European Commission, (April).
41. JORF Décret n° 2012-232 du 17 février 2012 relatif à la déclaration annuelle des substances à l'état nanoparticulaire pris en application de l'article L. 523-4 du code de l'environnement 2012.
42. Jovanović B., Guzmán H.M. Effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on caribbean reef-building coral (Montastraea faveolata). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2014, 33:1346-1353.
43. Kammer F.V.D., Legros S., Hofmann T., Larsen E.H., Loeschner K. Separation and characterization of nanoparticles in complex food and environmental samples by field-flow fractionation. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2011, 30:425-436.
44. Kim Y.S., Kim J.S., Cho H.S., Rha D.S., Kim J.M., Park J.D., et al. Twenty-eight-day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and gender-related tissue distribution of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhalation Toxicology 2008, 20:575-583.
45. Lamberty A., Franks K., Braun A., Kestens V., Roebben G., Linsinger T.P.J. Interlaboratory comparison for the measurement of particle size and zeta potential of silica nanoparticles in an aqueous suspension. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2011, 13:7317-7329.
46. Larue C., Veronesi G., Flank A.M., Surble S., Herlin-Boime N., Carrière M. Comparative uptake and impact of TiO2 nanoparticles in wheat and rapeseed. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues 2012, 75:722-734.
47. Lee J.H., Kim Y.S., Song K.S., Ryu H.R., Sung J.H., Park J.D., et al. Biopersistence of silver nanoparticles in tissues from Sprague-Dawley rats. Particle and Fiber Toxicology 2013, 10:36-49.
48. Lee S., Bi X., Reed R.B., Ranville J.F., Herckes P., Westerhoff P. Nanoparticle size detection limits by single particle ICP-MS for 40 elements. Environmental Science and Technology 2014, 48:10291-10300.
49. Lerner A., Matthias T. Changes in intestinal tight junction permeability associated with industrial food additives explain the rising incidence of autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity Reviews 2015, 14:479-489.
50. Lim J.H., Sisco P., Mudalige T.K., Sánchez-Pomales G., Howard P.C., Linder S.W. Detection and characterization of SiO2 and TiO2 nanostructures in dietary supplements. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015, 63:3144-3152.
51. Linkov I., Anklam E., Collier Z., DiMase D., Renn O. Risk-based standards: integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches. Environment Systems and Decisions 2014, 34:134-137.
52. Lin Q.B., Li H., Zhong H.N., Zhao Q., Xiao D.H., Wang Z.W. Migration of Ti from nano-TiO2-polyethylene composite packaging into food simulants. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 2014, 31:1284-1290.
53. Linsinger T.P.J., Chaudhry Q., Dehalu V., Delahaut P., Dudkiewicz A., Grombe R., et al. Validation of methods for the detection and quantification of engineered nanoparticles in food. Food Chemistry 2013, 138:1959-1966.
54. Linsinger T.P.J., Peters R., Weigel S. International interlaboratory study for sizing and quantification of Ag nanoparticles in food simulants by single-particle ICPMS Characterisation of Nanomaterials in Biological Samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2014, 406:3835-3843.
55. Loeschner K., Hadrup N., Qvortrup K., Larsen A., Gao X., Vogel U., et al. Distribution of silver in rats following 28 days of repeated oral exposure to silver nanoparticles or silver acetate. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2011, 8.
56. Loeschner K., Navratilova J., Grombe R., Linsinger T.P.J., Købler C., Mølhave K., et al. In-house validation of a method for determination of silver nanoparticles in chicken meat based on asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Food Chemistry 2015, 181:78-84.
57. Lomer M.C.E., Thompson R.P.H., Powell J.J. Fine and ultrafine particles of the diet: influence on the mucosal immune response and association with Crohn's disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2002, 61:123-130.
58. López-Heras I., Madrid Y., Cámara C. Prospects and difficulties in TiO2 nanoparticles analysis in cosmetic and food products using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014, 124:71-78.
59. López-Lorente Á.I., Valcárcel M. Chapter 10-determination of gold nanoparticles in biological, environmental, and agrifood samples. Comprehensive analytical chemistry 2014, Volume 66:395-426. Elsevier.
60. Lozano O., Mejia J., Tabarrant T., Masereel B., Dogné J.M., Toussaint O., et al. Quantification of nanoparticles in aqueous food matrices using particle-induced X-ray Emission. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2012, 403:2835-2841.
61. Martirosyan A., Schneider Y.J. Engineered nanomaterials in food: Implications for food safety and consumer health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014, 11:5720-5750.
62. Ministere de l'Ecologie du Developpement durable et de l'Energie Elements issus des declarations des substances a l'etat nanoparticulaire 2014, Rapport d'etude 2014.
63. Mohammadipour A., Fazel A., Haghir H., Motejaded F., Rafatpanah H., Zabihi H., et al. Maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles during pregnancy; impaired memory and decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in rat offspring. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2014, 37:617-625.
64. Özel R.E., Liu X., Alkasir R.S.J., Andreescu S. Electrochemical methods for nanotoxicity assessment. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2014, 59:112-120.
65. Park E.J., Bae E., Yi J., Kim Y., Choi K., Lee S.H., et al. Repeated-dose toxicity and inflammatory responses in mice by oral administration of silver nanoparticles. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2010, 30:162-168.
66. Pereira de Abreu D.A., Paseiro Losada P., Angulo I., Cruz J.M. Development of new polyolefin films with nanoclays for application in food packaging. European Polymer Journal 2007, 43:2229-2243.
67. Peters R., Dam G.T., Bouwmeester H., Helsper H., Allmaier G., Kammer F.V., et al. Identification and characterization of organic nanoparticles in food. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2011, 30:100-112.
68. Peters R.J.B., Rivera Z.H., Van Bemmel G., Marvin H.J.P., Weigel S., Bouwmeester H. Development and validation of single particle ICP-MS for sizing and quantitative determination of nano-silver in chicken meat Characterisation of Nanomaterials in Biological Samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2014, 406:3875-3885.
69. Peters R.J.B., van Bemmel G., Herrera-Rivera Z., Helsper H.P.F.G., Marvin H.J.P., Weigel S., et al. Characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food products: analytical methods to define nanoparticles. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2014, 62:6285-6293.
70. Qu H., Mudalige T.K., Linder S.W. Capillary electrophoresis/inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: development and optimization of a high resolution analytical tool for the size-based characterization of nanomaterials in dietary supplements. Analytical Chemistry 2014, 86:11620-11627.
71. Raz S.R., Leontaridou M., Bremer M.G.E.G., Peters R., Weigel S. Development of surface plasmon resonance-based sensor for detection of silver nanoparticles in food and the environment. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2012, 403:2843-2850.
72. Reed R.B., Faust J.J., Yang Y., Doudrick K., Capco D.G., Hristovski K., et al. Characterization of nanomaterials in metal colloid-containing dietary supplement drinks and assessment of their potential interactions after ingestion. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering 2014, 2:1616-1624.
73. Roebben G., Rasmussen K., Kestens V., Linsinger T.P.J., Rauscher H., Emons H., et al. Reference materials and representative test materials: the nanotechnology case. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2013, 15.
74. Rollerova E., Tulinska J., Liskova A., Kuricova M., Kovriznych J., Mlynarcikova A., et al. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: some aspects of toxicity/focus on the development. Endocrine Regulations 2015, 49:97-112.
75. Siega-Riz A.M., Deming D.M., Reidy K.C., Fox M.K., Condon E., Briefel R.R. Food consumption patterns of infants and toddlers: where are we now?. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2010, 110:S38-S51.
76. Singh G., Stephan C., Westerhoff P., Carlander D., Duncan T.V. Measurement methods to detect, characterize, and quantify engineered nanomaterials in foods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2014, 13:693-704.
77. Sk M.P., Jaiswal A., Paul A., Ghosh S.S., Chattopadhyay A. Presence of amorphous carbon nanoparticles in food caramels. Scientific Reports 2012, 2.
78. Smolkova B., El Yamani N., Collins A.R., Gutleb A.C., Dusinska M. Nanoparticles in food. Epigenetic changes induced by nanomaterials and possible impact on health. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2015, 77:64-73.
79. Snyder R.W., Fennell T.R., Wingard C.J., Mortensen N.P., Holland N.A., Shannahan J.H., et al. Distribution and biomarker of Carbon-14 labeled fullerene C60 ([14C(U)]C60) in pregnant and lactating rats and their offspring after maternal intravenous exposure. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2015, 35:1438-1451.
80. Stamm H., Gibson N., Anklam E. Detection of nanomaterials in food and consumer products: bridging the gap from legislation to enforcement. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 2012, 29:1175-1182.
81. Susanne R., Klaus R., Angelika N. A quantitative analytical method for the identification and characterization of mineralized nanoparticles in food supplements. Solid state phenomena 2012, Vol. 186:28-31.
82. Szakal C., Roberts S.M., Westerhoff P., Bartholomaeus A., Buck N., Illuminato I., et al. Measurement of nanomaterials in foods: Integrative consideration of challenges and future prospects. ACS Nano 2014, 8:3128-3135.
83. Tiede K., Boxall A.B.A., Tear S.P., Lewis J., David H., Hassellov M. Detection and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in food and the environment. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 2008, 25:795-821.
84. Trapiella-Alfonso L., Costa-Fernández J.M., Encinar J.R., Pereiro R., Sanz-Medel A. Mass spectrometry for the characterization of gold nanoparticles. Comprehensive analytical chemistry 2014, Vol. 66:329-356.
85. US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Average daily intake of food by food source and demographic characteristics, 2007-2010 2014, Available. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-consumption-and-nutrient-intakes.aspx#26667.
86. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Agency response letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000321. US Food and Drug Administration office of food additive safety 2010, (Silver Spring, MD).
87. Verleysen E., Van Doren E., Waegeneers N., De Temmerman P.J., Abi Daoud Francisco M., Mast J. TEM and SP-ICP-MS analysis of the release of silver nanoparticles from decoration of pastry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015, 63:3570-3578.
88. Wang S., Yu J., Yu J. Conformation and location of amorphous and semi-crystalline regions in C-type starch granules revealed by SEM, NMR and XRD. Food Chemistry 2008, 110:39-46.
89. Weir A., Westerhoff P., Fabricius L., Hristovski K., Von Goetz N. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products. Environmental Science and Technology 2012, 46:2242-2250.
90. Yamashita K., Yoshioka Y., Higashisaka K., Mimura K., Morishita Y., Nozaki M., et al. Silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause pregnancy complications in mice. Nature Nanotechnology 2011, 6:321-328.
91. Yin N., Zhang Y., Yun Z., Liu Q., Qu G., Zhou Q., et al. Silver nanoparticle exposure induces rat motor dysfunction through decrease in expression of calcium channel protein in cerebellum. Toxicology Letters 2015, 237:112-120.
92. Zabar S., Shimoni E., Bianco-Peled H. Development of nanostructure in resistant starch type III during thermal treatments and cycling. Macromolecular Bioscience 2008, 8:163-170.
93. Zhang X.F., Gurunathan S., Kim J.H. Effects of silver nanoparticles on neonatal testis development in mice. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2015, 10:6243-6256.
94. Zhang Z., Kong F., Vardhanabhuti B., Mustapha A., Lin M. Detection of engineered silver nanoparticle contamination in pears. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012, 60:10762-10767.
95. Ataei M.L., Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A.R. The effects of nano-silver and garlic administration during pregnancy on neuron apoptosis in rat offspring hippocampus. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 2014, 17:411-418.
96. Austin C.A., Umbreit T.H., Brown K.M., Barber D.S., Dair B.J., Francke-Carroll S., et al. Distribution of silver nanoparticles in pregnant mice and developing embryos. Nanotoxicology 2012, 6:912-922.
97. Buerki-Thurnherr T., von Mandach U., Wick P. Knocking at the door of the unborn child: engineered nanoparticles at the human placental barrier. Swiss Med Wkly 2012, 142:w13559.
98. Cui Y., Chen X., Zhou Z., Lei Y., Ma M., Cao R., et al. Prenatal exposure to nanoparticulate titanium dioxide enhances depressive-like behaviors in adult rats. Chemosphere 2014, 96:99-104.
99. Danish Ministry of the Environment Occurrence and effects of nanosized anatase titanium dioxide in consumer products 2014, 81. Copenhagen. Danish Environmental Protection Agency (Ed.).
100. Dankovic D., Kuempel E., Wheeler M. An approach to risk assessment for TiO2. Inhalation Toxicology 2007, 19:205-212.
101. Danish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Exposure assessment of nanomaterials in consumer products 2015, Danish Ministry of the Environment, Environmental project No. 1636.
102. Elbastawisy Y.M., Almasry S.M. Histomorphological evaluation of maternal and neonatal distal airspaces after maternal intake of nanoparticulate titanium dioxide: an experimental study in Wistar rats. Journal of Molecular Histology 2014, 45:91-102.
103. European Parliament and Council European Parliament and Council Directive 94/35/EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffs. Offical Journal of the European Communities 1994, L237/13:13-29.
104. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Calcium silicate and silicon dioxide/silicic acid gel added for nutritional purposes to food supplements; Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food. EFSA Journal 2009, 1132:1-24.
105. Fedulov A.V., Leme A., Yang Z., Dahl M., Lim R., Mariani T.J., et al. Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2008, 38:57-67.
106. Gao X., Yin S., Tang M., Chen J., Yang Z., Zhang W., et al. Effects of developmental exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal dentate gyrus area: an in vivo study in anesthetized rats. Biological Trace Element Research 2011, 143:1616-1628.
107. Gatti A.M., Bosco P., Rivasi F., Bianca S., Ettore G., Gaetti L., et al. Heavy metals nanoparticles in fetal kidney and liver tissues. Frontiers in Bioscience 2011, 1:221-226.
108. Hougaard K.S., Jackson P., Jensen K.A., Sloth J.J., Löschner K., Larsen E.H., et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to surface-coated nanosized titanium dioxide (UV-Titan). A study in mice. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2010, 7.
109. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc 2010, IARC Working Group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 93. Lyon, France.
110. Junnila S.K. Type 1 diabetes epidemic in Finland is triggered by zinc-containing amorphous silica nanoparticles. Medical Hypotheses 2015, 84:336-340.
111. Keelan J.A. Nanotoxicology: nanoparticles versus the placenta. Nature Nanotechnology 2011, 6:263-264.
112. Kulvietis V., Zalgeviciene V., Didziapetriene J., Rotomskis R. Transport of nanoparticles through the placental barrier. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2011, 225:225-234.
113. Lewis, Harrison L.L.C. Letter to the FDA: Notification of the GRAS determination of silicon dioxide when added directly or indirectly to human food - GRN 000321 2010.
114. Lomer M.C.E., Thompson R.P.H., Commisso J., Keen C.L., Powell J.J. Determination of titanium dioxide in foods using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Analyst 2000, 125:2339-2343.
115. Mathias F.T., Romano R.M., Kizys M.M., Kasamatsu T., Giannocco G., Chiamolera M.I., et al. Daily exposure to silver nanoparticles during prepubertal development decreases adult sperm and reproductive parameters. Nanotoxicology 2015, 9:64-70.
116. Melnik E.A., Buzulukov Y.P., Demin V.F., Demin V.A., Gmoshinski I.V., Tyshko N.V., et al. Transfer of silver nanoparticles through the placenta and breast milk during in vivo experiments on rats. Acta Naturae 2013, 5:107-115.
117. Miller G., Senjen R. Out of the laboratory and on to our plates: nanotechnology in food and agriculture. Friends of the earth 2008.
118. Poulsen M.S., Mose T., Maroun L.L., Mathiesen L., Knudsen L.E., Rytting E. Kinetics of silica nanoparticles in the human placenta. Nanotoxicology 2015, 9:79-86.
119. Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies Consumer Products Inventory: An inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products introduced on the market 2015, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Available. http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/.
120. Saunders M. Transplacental transport of nanomaterials. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2009, 1.
121. Shi H., Magaye R., Castranova V., Zhao J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2013, 10.
122. Shimizu M., Tainaka H., Oba T., Mizuo K., Umezawa M., Takeda K. Maternal exposure to nanoparticulate titanium dioxide during the prenatal period alters gene expression related to brain development in the mouse. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2009, 6:20.
123. Sleiman H.K., Romano R.M., Oliveira C.A., Romano M.A. Effects of prepubertal exposure to silver nanoparticles on reproductive parameters in adult male Wistar rats. Journal of Toxicolology and Environmental Health Part A 2013, 76:1023-1032.
124. Stapleton P.A., Nichols C.E., Yi J., McBride C.R., Minarchick V.C., Shepherd D.L., et al. Microvascular and mitochondrial dysfunction in the female F1 generation after gestational TiO2 nanoparticle exposure. Nanotoxicology 2015, 0:1-11.
125. Sumner S.C.J., Snyder R., Wingard C.J., Mortensen N.P., Holland N.A., Shannahan J.H., et al. Distribution and biomarkers of Carbon-14 labeled fullerene C60 ([14C(U)]C60) in female rats and mice for up to 30 days after intravenous exposure. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2015, 35:1452-1464.
126. Takeda K., Suzuki K.I., Ishihara A., Kubo-Irie M., Fujimoto R., Tabata M., et al. Nanoparticles transferred from pregnant mice to their offspring can damage the genital and cranial nerve systems. Journal of Health Science 2009, 55:95-102.
127. The Nanodatabase. (2015). Available: http://nanodb.dk.
128. US FDA Guidelines for the validation of chemical methods for the FDA foods program. U. F. A. D. A. O. of Foods 2012, (Silver Spring, MD).
129. US FDA 21 CFR Part 73-listing of color additives exempt from certification subpart A - Foods section 73.575 titanium dioxide 2014.
130. US FDA 21 CFR Part 172-Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption section 172.480 silicon dioxide 2014.
131. US FDA Title 21- food and drugs, chapter I- food and drug administration 2014, Deparment of Health and Human Services, Subchapter B- Food for Human Consumption, Part 165- Beverages. Available. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=165.110.
132. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Silver (CASRN 7440-22-4) 1996, Integrated Risk Information System, Available. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0099.htm.
133. Vaughan A. Colorcon email in preparation for the 67th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives 2006, P.M. Kuznesof (Ed.).
134. Wang Z., Qu G., Su L., Wang L., Yang Z., Jiang J., et al. Evaluation of the biological fate and the transport through biological barriers of nanosilver in mice. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2013, 19:6691-6697.
135. Wick P., Malek A., Manser P., Meili D., Maeder-Althaus X., Diener L., et al. Barrier capacity of human placenta for nanosized materials. Environmental Health Perspectives 2010, 118:432-436.
136. World Health Organization (WHO) Silver in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 2003, WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/14, WHO, Geneva.
137. Yu W.J., Son J.M., Lee J., Kim S.H., Lee I.C., Baek H.S., et al. Effects of silver nanoparticles on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development in rats. Nanotoxicology 2014, 8(Suppl 1):85-91.