Transplacental transport of nanomaterials

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology

Volumn 1, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 671-684

  Saunders, Margaret ^a  

^a BRISTOL HAEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL BARRIER; CELLULAR INTERACTION; HUMAN BODIES; INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES; NEW TECHNOLOGIES; POTENTIAL RISKS; TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; TRANSPORT MODELS;

BIOLOGICAL ORGANS;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

NANOPARTICLE;

FEMALE; FETOMATERNAL TRANSFUSION; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW;

FEMALE; HUMANS; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PREGNANCY;

EID: 72549086946     PISSN: 19395116     EISSN: 19390041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wnan.53     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Muhlfeld C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Blank F, Vanhecke D, Ochs M, et al. Interactions of nanoparticles with pulmonary structures and cellular responses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008, 294:L817-L829.
2. Stone V, Johnston H, CliftMJ. Air pollution, ultrafine and nanoparticle toxicology: cellular and molecular interactions. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2007, 6:331-340.
3. Peters A, Veronesi B, Calderon-Garciduenas L, Gehr P, Chen LC, et al. Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles a critical update. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006, 3:13.
4. Evans SA, Al-Mosawi A, Adams RA, Berube KA. Inflammation, edema, and peripheral blood changes in lung-compromised rats after instillation with combustion-derived and manufactured nanoparticles. Exp Lung Res 2006, 32:363-378.
5. Aitken RJ, Chaudhry MQ, Boxall AB, Hull M. Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends. Occup Med (Lond) 2006, 56:300-306.
6. Maynard AD. Nanotechnology: the next big thing, or much ado about nothing? Ann Occup Hyg 2007, 51:1-12.
7. Roco MC. Nanotechnology: convergence with modern biology and medicine. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2003, 14:337-346.
8. Roco MC. Science and technology integration for increased human potential and societal outcomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004, 1013:1-16.
9. Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:823-839.
10. Maynard AD, Aitken RJ, Butz T, Colvin V, Donaldson K, et al. Safe handling of nanotechnology. Nature 2006, 444:267-269.
11. Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Möller W. Health implications of nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 2006, 8:543-562.
12. Panyam J, Labhasetwar V. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003, 55:329-347.
13. Gelperina S, Kisich K, Iseman MD, Heifets L. The potential advantages of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172:1487-1490.
14. Cho K, Wang X, Nie S, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:1310-1316.
15. Oberörster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K, Castranova V, Fitzpatrick J, et al. Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005, 2:8.
16. DEFRA. Characterising the Potential Risks Posed by Engineered Nanoparticles, A first UK Government research report. DEFRA, HM Government, London, 2005.
17. DEFRA. Characterising the Potential Risks Posed by Engineered Nanoparticles, A second UK Government research report. DEFRA, HM Government, London, 2007.
18. EPA. Nanotechnology White Paper. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2007.
19. The Royal Society, London. Industry should disclose nano safety testing methods. Press release, 4 May 2006.
20. Chan VS. Nanomedicine: an unresolved regulatory issue. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006, 46:218-224.
21. Cassee FR, Muijser H, Duistermaat E, Freijer JJ, Geerse KB, et al. Particle size-dependent total mass deposition in lungs determines inhalation toxicity of cadmium chloride aerosols in rats. Application of a multiple path dosimetry model. Arch Toxicol 2002, 76:277-286.
22. Huang M, Khor E, Lim LY. Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Pharm Res 2004, 21:344-353.
23. Oberdörster G. Significance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose-response relationships of inhaled particles. Inhal Toxicol 1996, 8(suppl):73-89.
24. Warheit DB. Nanoparticles: Health Impacts? Mater Today 2004, 7:32-35.
25. Yang H, Asaad N, Held KD. Medium-mediated intercellular communication is involved in bystander responses of X-ray-irradiated normal human fibroblasts. Oncogene 2005, 24:2096-2103.
26. Donaldson K. Resolving the nanoparticles paradox. Nanomed 2006, 1:229-234.
27. Albrecht MA, Evans CW, Eraston CL. Green chemistry and the health implications of nanoparticles. Green Chem 2006, 8:417-432.
28. Borm PJ, Müller-Schulte D. Nanoparticles in drug delivery and environmental exposure: same size, same risks? Nanomed 2006, 1:235-249.
29. Donaldson K, Stone V, Tran CL, Kreyling W, Borm PJ. Nanotoxicology. Occup Environ Med 2004, 61:727-728.
30. Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, et al. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2002, 65:1531-1543.
31. Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol 2004, 16:437-445.
32. Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vanquickenborne B, Dinsdale D, Thomeer M, et al. Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 2002, 105:411-414.
33. Brown JS, Zeman KL, Bennett WD. Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:1240-1247.
34. Mills NL, Amin N, Robinson SD, Anand A, Davies J, et al. Do inhaled carbon nanoparticles translocate directly into the circulation in humans? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 173:426-431.
35. Wiebert P, Sanchez-Crespo A, Seitz J, Falk R, Philipson K, et al. Negligible clearance of ultrafine particles retained in healthy and affected human lungs. Eur Respir J 2006, 28:286-290.
36. Kreyling WG, Semmler M, Erbe F, Mayer P, Takenaka S, et al. Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2002, 65:1513-1530.
37. Semmler M, Seitz J, Erbe F, Mayer P, Heyder J, et al. Long-term clearance kinetics of inhaled ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from the rat lung, including transient translocation into secondary organs. Inhal Toxicol 2004, 16:453-459.
38. Gwinn MR, Vallyathan V. Nanoparticles: health effects-pros and cons. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:1818-1825.
39. Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Dinsdale D, Smith T, et al. Ultrafine particles affect experimental thrombosis in an in vivo hamster model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:998-1004.
40. Meiring JJ, Borm PJ, Bagate K, Semmler M, Seitz J, et al. The influence of hydrogen peroxide and histamine on lung permeability and translocation of iridium nanoparticles in the isolated perfused rat lung. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005, 2:3.
41. Heckel K, Kiefmann R, Dorger M, Stoeckelhuber M, Goetz AE. Colloidal gold particles as a new in vivo marker of early acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004, 287:L867-L878.
42. Garnett MC, Kallinteri P. Nanomedicines and nanotoxicology: some physiological principles. Occup Med (Lond) 2006, 56:307-311.
43. Hardman R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:165-172.
44. Mehta D, Malik AB. Signaling mechanisms regulating endothelial permeability. Physiol Rev 2006, 86:279-367.
45. Semmler-Behnke M, Fertsch S, Schmid G, Wenk A, Kreyling W. Uptake of 1.4 nm Versus 18 nm Gold Particles by Secondary Target Organs is Size Dependent in Control and Pregnant Rats After Intratracheal or Intravenous Application. EuroNanoForum 2007. Dü sseldorf: European Commission; 2007, 102-104.
46. Barker DJ. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2004, 23(suppl):588S-595S.
47. King BF. Comparative studies of structure and function in mammalian placentas with special reference to maternal-fetal transfer of iron. Am Zool 1992, 32:331-342.
48. Jansson T, Powell TL. Role of the placenta in fetal programming: underlying mechanisms and potential interventional approaches. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007, 113:1-13.
49. Ceckova-Novotna M, Pavek P, Staud F. Pglycoprotein in the placenta: Expression, localization, regulation and function. Reprod Toxicol 2006, 22:400-410.
50. Bourget P, Roulot C, Fernandez H. Models for placental transfer studies of drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995, 28:161-180.
51. Garcia-Lloret MI, Winkler-Lowen B, Guilbert LJ. Monocytes adhering by LFA-1 to placental syncytiotrophoblasts induce local apoptosis via release of TNF-alpha. A model for hematogenous initiation of placental inflammations. J Leukoc Biol 2000, 68:903-908.
52. Sastry BVR. Techniques to study human placental transport. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999, 38:17-39.
53. Moore KL, Persaud TVN. Placenta and Fetal membranes. The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998, 129-166.
54. Audus KL. Controlling drug delivery across the placenta. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999, 8:161-165.
55. Pacifici GM, Nottoli R. Placental transfer of drugs administered to the mother. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995, 28:235-269.
56. Reynolds F, Knott C. Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and placental drug transfer. Oxf Rev Reprod Biol 1989, 11:389-449.
57. Tuma PL,Hubbard AL. Transcytosis: crossing cellular barriers. Physiol Rev 2003, 83:871-932.
58. Aherne W, Dunnill MS. Morphometry of the human placenta. Br Med Bull 1966, 22:5-8.
59. Wiwanitkit V. Re: HIV transmission from mother to child: an aspect on the placenta barrier at the nanolevel. AustNZ JObstetGynaecol 2005, 45:539-540.
60. Syme MR, Paxton JW, Keelan JA. Drug transfer and metabolism by the human placenta. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004, 43:487-514.
61. Ganapathy V, Prasad PD, Ganapathy ME, Leibach FH. Placental transporters relevant to drug distribution across the maternal-fetal interface. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000, 294:413-420.
62. Myllynen P, Pienimäki P, Vähäkangas K. Human placental perfusion method in the assessment of transplacental passage of antiepileptic drugs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2005, 207(suppl 1):489-494.
63. Bode CJ, Jin H, Rytting E, Silverstein PS, Young AM, et al. In vitro models for studying trophoblast transcellular transport. Methods Mol Med 2006, 122:225-239.
64. Vähäkangas K, Myllynen P. Experimental methods to study human transplacental exposure to genotoxic agents. Mutat Res 2006, 608:129-135.
65. Myren M, Mose T, Mathiesen L, Knudsen LE. The human placenta-an alternative for studying foetal exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2007, 21:1332-1340.
66. Saunders M. Placental biological barrier models for evaluation of nanoparticle transfer. In: Monteiro- Riviere NA, Tran CL, eds. Nanotoxicology. Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007, 115-126.
67. Myllynen PK, Loughran MJ, Howard CV, Sormunen R, Walsh AA, et al. Kinetics of gold nanoparticles in the human placenta. Reprod Toxicol 2008, 26:130-7.
68. van TellingenO. The importance of drug-transporting P-glycoproteins in toxicology. Toxicol Lett 2001, 120:31-41.
69. Hua W, Sheff D, Toomre D, Mellman I. Vectorial insertion of apical and basolateral membrane proteins in polarized epithelial cells revealed by quantitative 3D live cell imaging. J Cell Biol 2006, 172:1035-1044.
70. Nelson WJ, Yeaman C. Protein trafficking in the exocytic pathway of polarized epithelial cells. Trends Cell Biol 2001, 11:483-486.
71. Muth TR, Caplan MJ. Transport protein trafficking in polarized cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2003, 19:333-366.
72. Kliman HJ, Nestler JE, Sermasi E, Sanger JM, Strauss JF III. Purification, characterization, and in vitro differentiation of cytotrophoblasts from human term placentae. Endocrinology 1986, 118:1567-1582.
73. Wadsack C, Hrzenjak A, Hammer A, Hirschmugl B, Levak-Frank S, et al. Trophoblast-like human choriocarcinoma cells serve as a suitable in vitro model for selective cholesteryl ester uptake from high density lipoproteins. Eur J Biochem 2003, 270:451-462.
74. Grümmer R, Hohn HP, Mareel MM, Denker HW. Adhesion and invasion of three human choriocarcinoma cell lines into human endometrium in a threedimensional organ culture system. Placenta 1994, 15:411-429.
75. Chandorkar GA, Ampasavate C, Stobaugh JF, Audus KL. Peptide transport and metabolism across the placenta. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999, 38:59-67.
76. Vidricaire G, Imbeault M, Tremblay MJ. Endocytic host cellmachinery plays a dominant role in intracellular trafficking of incoming human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human placental trophoblasts. J Virol 2004, 78:11904-11915.
77. Liu F, Soares MJ, Audus KL. Permeability properties of monolayers of the human trophoblast cell line BeWo. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:C1596-C1604.
78. Hardman B,Michalczyk A, GreenoughM, Camakaris J, Mercer JF, et al. Hormonal regulation of the Menkes and Wilson copper-transporting ATPases in human placental Jeg-3 cells. Biochem J 2007, 402:241-250.
79. Ampasavate C, Chandorkar GA, Vande Velde DG, Stobaugh JF, Audus KL. Transport and metabolism of opioid peptides across BeWo cells, an in vitro model of the placental barrier. Int J Pharm 2002, 233:85-98.
80. Cariappa R, Heath-Monnig E, Smith CH. Isoforms of amino acid transporters in placental syncytiotrophoblast: plasma membrane localization and potential role in maternal/fetal transport. Placenta 2003, 24:713-726.
81. Pattillo RA, Hussa RO, Ruckert AC, Kurtz JW, Cade JM, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin in BeWo trophoblastic cells after 12 years in continuous culture: retention of intact human chorionic gonadotropin secretion in mechanically versus enzyme-dispersed cells. Endocrinology 1979, 105:967-974.
82. Nickel BE, Cattini PA. Tissue-specific expression and thyroid hormone regulation of the endogenous placental growth hormone variant and chorionic somatomammotropin genes in a human choriocarcinoma cell line. Endocrinology 1991, 128:2353-2359.
83. Sacks GP, Clover LM, Bainbridge DRJ, Redman CWG, Sargent IL. Flow cytometric measurement of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokine production by human villous and extravillous cytotrophoblast. Placenta 2001, 22:550-559.
84. Fujisawa K, Nasu K, Arima K, Sugano T, Narahara H, et al. Production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by a choriocarcinoma cell line, BeWo. Placenta 2000, 21:354-360.
85. Bennett WA, Lagoo-Deenadayalan S, Brackin MN, Hale E, Cowan BD. Cytokine expression by models of human trophoblast as assessed by a semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996, 36:285-294.
86. Thadani PV, Strauss JF III, Dey SK, Anderson VM, Audus KL, et al. National Institute on Drug Abuse Conference report on placental proteins, drug transport, and fetal development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 191:1858-1862.
87. Jin H, Audus KL. Effect of bisphenol A on drug efflux in BeWo, a human trophoblast-like cell line. Placenta 2005, 26(suppl A):S96-S103.
88. Gedeon C, Koren G. Designing pregnancy centered medications: drugs which do not cross the human placenta. Placenta 2006, 27:861-868.
89. Evseenko DA, Paxton JW, Keelan JA. ABC drug transporter expression and functional activity in trophoblast-like cell lines and differentiating primary trophoblast. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006, 290:R1357-R1365.
90. Audus KL, Bartel RL, Hidalgo IJ, Borchardt RT. The use of cultured epithelial and endothelial cells for drug transport and metabolism studies. Pharm Res 1990, 7:435-451.
91. Wice B, Menton D, Geuze H, Schwartz AL. Modulators of cyclic AMP metabolism induce syncytiotrophoblast formation in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1990, 186:306-316.
92. Jones CR, Srinivas SR, Devoe LD, Ganapathy V, Prasad PD. Inhibition of system A amino acid transport activity by ethanol in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002, 187:209-216.
93. van der Ende A, du Maine A, Simmons CF, Schwartz AL, Strous GJ. Iron metabolism in BeWo chorion carcinoma cells. Transferrin-mediated uptake and release of iron. J Biol Chem1987, 262:8910-8916.
94. Thomas H, Ashworth C, Page K, McArdle HJ. Comparison of two clones of the BeWo choriocarcinoma line. J Physiol 2003, 547P:C48.
95. Parry S, Zhang J, Koi H, Arechavaleta-Velasco F, Elovitz MA. Transcytosis of Human immunodeficiency virus 1 across the placenta is enhanced by treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha. J Gen Virol 2006, 87:2269-2278.
96. Mark PJ, Waddell BJ. P-glycoprotein restricts access of cortisol and dexamethasone to the glucocorticoid receptor in placental BeWo cells. Endocrinology 2006, 147:5147-5152.
97. Danzeisen R, Ponnambalam S, Lea RG, Page K, Gambling L, et al. The effect of ceruloplasmin on iron release from placental (BeWo) cells; evidence for an endogenous Cu oxidase. Placenta 2000, 21:805-812.
98. Lagaye S, Derrien M, Menu E, Coito C, Tresoldi E, et al. Cell-to-cell contact results in a selective translocation of maternal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies across a trophoblastic barrier by both transcytosis and infection. J Virol 2001, 75:4780-4791.
99. Takahashi T, Utoguchi N, Takara A, Yamamoto N, Nakanishi T, et al. Carrier-mediated transport of folic acid in BeWo cell monolayers as amodel of the human trophoblast. Placenta 2001, 22:863-869.
100. Vardhana PA, Illsley NP. Transepithelial glucose transport and metabolism in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Placenta 2002, 23:653-660.
101. Cerneus DP, van der Ende A. Apical and basolateral transferrin receptors in polarized BeWo cells recycle through separate endosomes. J Cell Biol 1991, 114:1149-1158.
102. Bhat P, Anderson DA. Hepatitis B virus translocates across a trophoblastic barrier. J Virol 2007, 81:7200-7207.
103. Ellinger I, Schwab M, Stefanescu A, Hunziker W, Fuchs R. IgG transport across trophoblast-derived BeWo cells: a model system to study IgG transport in the placenta. Eur J Immunol 1999, 29:733-744.
104. Leitner K, Ellinger I, Grill M, Brabec M, Fuchs R. Efficient apical IgG recycling and apical-to-basolateral transcytosis in polarized BeWo cells overexpressing hFcRn. Placenta 2006, 27:799-811.
105. Jones HN, Ashworth CJ, Page KR, McArdle HJ. Expression and adaptive regulation of amino acid transport system A in a placental cell line under amino acid restriction. Reproduction 2006, 131:951-960.
106. Pascolo L, Fernetti C, Garcia-Mediavilla MV, Ostrow JD, Tiribelli C. Mechanisms for the transport of unconjugated bilirubin in human trophoblastic BeWo cells. FEBS Lett 2001, 495:94-99.
107. Rytting E, Bryan J, Southard M, Audus KL. Lowaffinity uptake of the fluorescent organic cation 4-(4- (dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (4-Di-1-ASP) in BeWo cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2007, 73:891-900.
108. Schmid KE, Davidson WS, Myatt L, Woollett LA. Transport of cholesterol across a BeWo cell monolayer: implications for net transport of sterol from maternal to fetal circulation. J Lipid Res 2003, 44:1909-1918.
109. Szepfalusi Z, Loibichler C, Hanel-Dekan S, Dehlink E, Gerstmayr M, et al. Most of diaplacentally transferred allergen is retained in the placenta. Clin Exp Allergy 2006, 36:1130-1137.
110. Ushigome F, Takanaga H, Matsuo H, Tsukimori K, Nakano H, et al. Uptake mechanism of valproic acid in human placental choriocarcinoma cell line (BeWo). Eur J Pharmacol 2001, 417:169-176.
111. Utoguchi N, Audus KL. Carrier-mediated transport of valproic acid in BeWo cells, a human trophoblast cell line. Int J Pharm 2000, 195:115-124.
112. Utoguchi N, Magnusson M, Audus KL. Carriermediated transport of monocarboxylic acids in BeWo cell monolayers as a model of the human trophoblast. J PharmSci 1999, 88:1288-1292.
113. Russell-Jones GJ, Arthur L, Walker H. Vitamin B12- mediated transport of nanoparticles across Caco-2 cells. Int J Pharm 1999, 179:247-255.
114. Brayden DJ, Jepson MA, Baird AW. Keynote review: intestinal Peyer's patch M cells and oral vaccine targeting. Drug Discov Today 2005, 10:1145-1157.
115. Kerneis S, Bogdanova A, Kraehenbuhl JP, Pringault E. Conversion by Peyer's patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria. Science 1997, 277:949-952.
116. Gullberg E, Leonard M, Karlsson J, Hopkins AM, Brayden D, et al. Expression of specific markers and particle transport in a new human intestinal M-cell model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000, 279:808-813.
117. Lai YH, D'souza MJ. Microparticle transport in the human intestinal M cell model. J Drug Target 2008, 16:36-42.
118. Kratzer I, Wernig K, Panzenboeck U, Bernhart E, Reicher H, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I coating of protamine-oligonucleotide nanoparticles increases particle uptake and transcytosis in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. J Control Release 2007, 117:301-311.
119. Fenart L, Casanova A, Dehouck B, Duhem C, Slupek S, et al. Evaluation of effect of charge and lipid coating on ability of 60-nm nanoparticles to cross an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999, 291:1017-1022.
120. Yacobi NR, Demaio L, Xie J, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Borok Z, et al. Polystyrene nanoparticle trafficking across alveolar epithelium. Nanomedicine 2008, 4:139-45.
121. Jayagopal A, Sussman EM, Shastri VP. Functionalized solid lipid nanoparticles for transendothelial delivery. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2008, 7:28-34.
122. Drumm K, Attia DI, Kannt S, Micke P, Buhl R, et al. Soot-exposed mononuclear cells increase inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression and protein secretion in cocultured bronchial epithelial cells. Respiration 2000, 67:291-297.
123. DiabatéS, Mulhopt S, Paur HR, Krug HF. The response of a co-culture lung model to fine and ultrafine particles of incinerator fly ash at the air-liquid interface. Altern Lab Anim 2008, 36:285-298.
124. Rotoli BM, Bussolati O, Bianchi MG, Barilli A, Balasubramanian C, et al. Non-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes alter the paracellular permeability of human airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2008, 178:95-102.
125. Yacobi NR, Phuleria HC, Demaio L, Liang CH, Peng CA, et al. Nanoparticle effects on rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayer barrier properties. Toxicol In Vitro 2007, 21:1373-1381.