Medicinal plants used in the traditional management of diabetes and its sequelae in Central America: A review

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 184, Issue , 2016, Pages 58-71

  Giovannini, Peter ^a,b   Howes, Melanie Jayne R ^c,d   Edwards, Sarah E ^a,e  

^a ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^c JODRELL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^d KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Abbreviations AMPK AMP activated protein kinase; IRS 1 insulin receptor substrate 1; NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PKB Akt protein kinase B; PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ; PTP 1B protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; RCT randomised controlled trial

Indexed keywords

HERBACEOUS AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT;

ACALYPHA ARISTATA; ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM; ARTICLE; AVOCADO; BIXA ORELLANA; CACAO; CAPRARIA BIFLORA; CAPSICUM ANNUUM; CAPSICUM CHINENSE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CASHEW NUT; CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS; CENTRAL AMERICA; CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES; COCONUT; DIABETES MELLITUS; GUAVA; HAMELIA PATENS; HIRAEA QUAPARA; HUMAN; IPOMOEA PES CAPRAE; JATROPHA CURCAS; KIDNEY DISEASE; MAIZE; MANGO; MEDICINAL PLANT; MOMORDICA CHARANTIA; NERVE INJURY; NEUROLAENA LOBATA; PAPAYA; PENTACLETHRA MACROLOBA; QUASSIA; SAPODILLA; SENNA RETICULATA; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SKIN DISEASE; SOLANUM TORVUM; SPERMACOCE LAEVIS; SYZYGIUM; TECOMA STANS; TOMATO; TRIDAX PROCUMBENS; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; ANIMAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL AMERICA; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT PREPARATIONS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 84960386652     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: 18727573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.034     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. H.A. Abdelgadir, and J. Van Staden Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): A review S. Afr. J. Bot. 88 2013 204 218
2. A.A Adeneye, and J.A. Olagunju. Preliminary hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of the aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya Linn in Wistar rats Biol. Med. 1 1 2009 1 10
3. E. Agardh, P. Allebeck, J. Hallqvist, T. Moradi, and A. Sidorchuk Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: A systematic review and meta-analysis Int. J. Epidemiol. 40 3 2011 804 818
4. L. Aguilar-Santamariá, G. Ramírez, P. Nicasio, C. Alegriá-Reyes, and A. Herrera-Arellano Antidiabetic activities of Tecoma stans (L.) juss. ex Kunth J. Ethnopharmacol. 124 2 2009 284 288
5. F.J. Alarcon-Aguilara, R. Roman-Ramos, S. Perez-Gutierrez, A. Aguilar-Contreras, C.C. Contreras-Weber, and J.L. Flores-Saenz Study of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics J. Ethnopharmacol. 61 2 1998 101 110
6. R.L. Alexander-Lindo, E. Morrison, M.G. Nair, and D.A. McGrowder Effect of the fractions of the hexane bark extract and Stigmast-4-en-3-one isolated from Anacardium Occidentale on Blood glucose tolerance test in an animal model Int. J. Pharmacol. 3 2007 41 47
7. A.J. Alonso-Castro, S. Balleza-Ramos, A. Hernández-Morales, J.R. Zapata-Morales, M.M. González-Chávez, and C. Carranza-Álvarez Toxicity and Antinociceptive effects of Hamelia patens Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 25 2 2015 170 176
8. American Diabetes Association Diagnosis and classification of diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Care 27 1 2004 5 10
9. V.T. Amiguet, J.T. Arnason, P. Maquin, V. Cal, P. Sanchez-Vindas, and L.P. Alvarez A regression analysis of Q'eqchi' Maya medicinal plants from southern Belize Econ. Bot. 60 1 2006 24 38
10. A. Andrade-Cetto, J. Becerra-Jiménez, E. Martínez-Zurita, P. Ortega-Larrocea, and M. Heinrich Disease-consensus index as a tool of selecting potential hypoglycemic plants in Chikindzonot, Yucatán, México J. Ethnopharmacol. 107 2 2006 199 204
11. A. Andrade-Cetto, R. Cárdenas, and B. Ramírez-Reyes Hypoglycemic effect of Cecropia peltata L. on N5-STZ type 2 diabetic rats Pharmacologyonline 3 2007 203 210
12. A. Andrade-Cetto, and M. Heinrich Mexican plants with hypoglycaemic effect used in the treatment of diabetes J. Ethnopharmacol. 99 3 2005 325 348
13. A. Andrade-Cetto, and H. Wiedenfeld Hypoglycemic effect of Cecropia obtusifolia on streptozotocin diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 78 2 2001 145 149
14. A. Andrade-Cetto, and H. Wiedenfeld Hypoglycemic effect of Acosmium panamense bark on streptozotocin diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 90 2 2004 217 220
15. A. Andrade-Cetto, H. Wiedenfeld, M.C. Revilla, and I.A. Sergio Hypoglycemic effect of Equisetum myriochaetum aerial parts on streptozotocin diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 72 1 2000 129 133
16. B.S. Antia, J.E. Okokon, and P.A. Okon Hypoglycemic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Persea americana mill Indian J. Pharmacol. 37 5 2005 325
17. T. Arnason, F. Uck, J. Lambert, and R. Hebda Maya medicinal plants of San Jose Succotz, Belize J. Ethnopharmacol. 2 4 1980 345 364
18. P. Aschner, C. Aguilar-Salinas, L. Aguirre, L. Franco, J.J. Gagliardino, S.G. de Lapertosa, S. Seclen, and M. Vinocour Diabetes in South and Central America: An update Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 103 2 2014 238 243
19. Z. Bahadoran, P. Mirmiran, and F. Azizi Dietary Polyphenols as potential nutraceuticals in management of diabetes: A review J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 12 1 2013 43
20. M.J. Balick, and R. Arvigo Message from the Gods. A Guide to the Useful Plants of Belize 2015 Oxford University Press Oxford
21. A. Barcelo, C. Aedo, S. Rajpathak, and S. Robles The cost of diabetes in Latin America and the Caribe B. World Health Organ 81 1 2003 19 27
22. A. Barcelo, E.W. Gregg, R.B. Gerzoff, R. Wong, E. Perez Flores, M. Ramirez-Zea, Cafiero, L. Altamirano, M. Ascencio Rivera, G. de Cosio, M.D. de Maza, R. del Aguila, E. Emanuel, E. Gil, E. Gough, V. Jenkins, P. Orellana, R. Palma, R. Palomo, M. Pastora, R. Penã, E. Pineda, B. Rodriguez, L. Tacsan, L. Thompson, L. Villagra, and CAMDI collaborative study group Prevalence of diabetes and intermediate hyperglycemia among adults from the first multinational study of noncommunicable diseases in six Central American countries: The Central America Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI) Diabetes Care 35 4 2012 738 740
23. B. Barrett Medicinal plants of Nicaragua's Atlantic coast Econ. Bot. 48 1 1994 8 20
24. B. Barrett Herbal knowledge on Nicaragua's Atlantic coast: Consensus within diversity J. Community Health 20 5 1995 403 421
25. D.A. Bhagwat, S.G. Killedar, and R.S. Adnaik Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract of Tridax Procumbens Int. J. Green. Pharm. 2 2 2008 126
26. S. Bhattacharya, K.B. Christensen, L.C.B. Olsen, L.P. Christensen, K.N. Grevsen, J. Faergeman, K. Kristiansen, J.F. Young, and N. Oksbjerg Bioactive components from flowers of Sambucus Nigra L. increase glucose uptake in primary porcine Myotube cultures and reduce fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis Elegans J. Agric. Food Chem. 61 46 2013 11033 11040
27. P.M. Bork, M.L. Schmitz, C. Weimann, M. Kist, and M. Heinrich Nahua Indian medicinal plants (Mexico): Inhibitory activity on NF-κB as an anti-inflammatory model and antibacterial effects Phytomedicine 3 3 1996 263 269
28. B.I.C. Brai, A.A. Odetola, and P.U. Agomo Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic potential of Persea americana leaf extracts J. Med. Food 10 2 2007 356 360
29. N. Bunyapraphatsara, S. Yongchaiyudha, V. Rungpitarangsi, and O. Chokechaijaroenporn Antidiabetic activity of Aloe Vera L. juice II. Clinical trial in diabetes Mellitus patients in combination with Glibenclamide Phytomedicine 3 3 1996 245 248
30. A. Caceres, B.R. Lopez, M.A. Giron, and H. Logemann Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of Dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for Antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts J. Ethnopharmacol. 31 3 1991 263 276
31. A. Camporese, M.J. Balick, R. Arvigo, R.G. Esposito, N. Morsellino, F. De Simone, and A. Tubaro Screening of anti-bacterial activity of medicinal plants from Belize (Central America) J. Ethnopharmacol. 87 1 2003 103 107
32. P.D. Cárdenas, P.D. Sonawane, U. Heinig, S.E. Bocobza, S. Burdman, and A. Aharoni The bitter side of the nightshades: Genomics Drives discovery in Solanaceae steroidal alkaloid metabolism Phytochemistry 113 2015 24 32
33. D.G. Casagrande Ecology, Cognition, and Cultural Transmission of Tzeltal Maya Medicinal Plant Knowledge (Ph.D thesis) 2002 University of Georgia Athens
34. C. Chang, C. Chou, M. Liao, T. Chen, C. Cheng, R. Anggriani, C. Tsai, H. Tseng, and H. Cheng Bitter melon Triterpenes work as insulin sensitizers and insulin substitutes in insulin-resistant cells J. Funct. Foods 13 2015 214 224
35. H. Cheng, H. Huang, C. Chang, C. Tsai, and C. Chou A cell-based screening identifies compounds from the stem of Momordica charantia that overcome insulin resistance and activate AMP-activated protein kinase J. Agric. Food Chem. 56 16 2008 6835 6843
36. N. Chinchilla, C. Carrera, A.G. Durán, M. Maciás, A. Torres, and F.A. Maciás Aloe barbadensis: How a miraculous plant becomes reality Phytochem. Rev. 12 4 2013 581 602
37. A.K. Chintaluri, A.L. Komarraju, V.K. Chintaluri, and B. Vemulapalli Comparative study of antimicrobial activity of essential oils of selected plants of Rutaceae and TLC Bioautographic studies for detection of bioactive compounds J. Essent. Oil Res. 27 1 2015 9 16
38. P. Chithra, G.B. Sajithlal, and G. Chandrakasan Influence of Aloe vera on the healing of dermal wounds in diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 59 3 1998 195 201
39. K.B. Christensen, R.K. Petersen, K. Kristiansen, and L.P. Christensen Identification of bioactive compounds from flowers of black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) that activate the human Peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) Γ Phytother. Res. 24 S2 2010 S129 S132
40. M. Ciocoiu, A. Mirón, Mares, L.D. Tutunaru, C. Pohaci, M. Groza, and M. Badescu The effects of Sambucus Nigra Polyphenols on oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in experimental diabetes Mellitus J. Physiol. Biochem. 65 3 2009 297 304
41. F.G. Coe Ethnomedicine of the Rama of Southeastern Nicaragua J. Ethnobiol. 28 1 2008 1 38
42. F.G. Coe, and G.J. Anderson Ethnobotany of the Garifuna of Eastern Nicaragua Econ. Bot. 50 1 1996 71 107
43. F.G. Coe, and G.J. Anderson Ethnobotany of the Miskitu of eastern Nicaragua J. Ethnobiol. 17 1997 171 214
44. F.G. Coe, and G.J. Anderson Ethnobotany of the Sumu (Ulwa) of Southeastern Nicaragua and comparisons with Miskitu plant lore Econ. Bot. 53 4 1999 363 386
45. G.A. Cordell, M.L. Quinn-Beattie, and N.R. Farnsworth The potential of alkaloids in drug discovery Phytother. Res. 15 3 2001 183 205
46. L. Costantino, A.P. Lins, D. Barlocco, F. Celotti, S.A. el-Abady, T. Brunetti, R. Maggi, and L. Antolini Characterization and pharmacological actions of tecostanine, an alkaloid of Tecoma stans Pharmazie 58 2 2003 140 142
47. E.C. Cruz, and A. Andrade-Cetto Ethnopharmacological field study of the plants used to treat type 2 diabetes among the Cakchiquels in Guatemala J. Ethnopharmacol. 159 2015 238 244
48. H.M. Daradka, M.M. Abas, M.A.M. Mohammad, and M.M. Jaffar Antidiabetic effect of Artemisia absinthium extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats Comp. Clin. Pathol. 23 6 2014 1733 1742
49. T.M.E. Davis Antimalarial drugs and glucose metabolism Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44 1 1997 1 7
50. V. De Luca, V. Salim, A. Thamm, A.M.K. Masada-Atsumi, and S. Yu, F. Making Iridoids/secoiridoids and Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids: Progress on pathway elucidation Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 19 2014 35 42
51. G.S. Desai, S.V. Desai, R.S. Gavaskar, V. Mulabagal, Y. Wu, and S.T. Mathews Blood glucose-lowering effect of T. Procumbens L.: A pilot clinical study in individuals with type 2 diabetes Phytother. Res. 29 9 2015 1404 1411
52. M.L. Dreher, and A.J. Davenport Hass avocado composition and potential health effects Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 53 7 2013 738 750
53. J.A. Duke Isthmian Ethnobotanical Dictionary 3rd ed. 1986 Scientific Publishers Jodhpur, India
54. T. Eidenberger, M. Selg, and K. Krennhuber Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase activity by Flavonol glycosides of guava (Psidium guajava L.): A key to the beneficial effects of guava in type II diabetes Mellitus Fitoterapia 89 2013 74 79
55. F.K. El-Baz, H.F. Aly, H.I. Abd-alla, and S.A.S. Saad Bioactive flavonoid glycosides and antidiabetic activity of Jatropha curcas on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 29 2 2014 143 156
56. S.M. El-Said, and A.S. Al-Barak Extraction of insulin like compounds from bitter melon plants Am. J. Drug. Discov. Dev. 1 1 2011 1 7
57. F. Epifano, S. Fiorito, S. Genovese, S. Granica, S. Vitalini, and C. Zidorn Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae) Phytochemistry 115 2015 27 43
58. C.O. Esimone, C.S. Nworu, and C.L. Jackson Cutaneous wound healing activity of a herbal ointment containing the leaf extract of Jatropha curcas L.(Euphorbiaceae) Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod. 1 4 2008 1 4
59. C.O. Esimone, J.M. Okonta, and C.O. Ezugwu Blood sugar lowering effect of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract in experimental rabbit model J. Nat. Remedies 1 1 2001 60 63
60. A.N. Ezejiofor, A. Okorie, and O.E. Orisakwe Hypoglycaemic and tissue-protective effects of the aqueous extract of Persea americana seeds on alloxan-induced albino rats. Malays J. Med. Sci. 20 5 2013 31
61. S.F. Ferreira, S.C.S.F. Azevedo, M. Vardanega-Peicher, C.L.S. Pagadigorria, and R.F. Garcia Anti-Hiperglycemic effect of Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) in normal and diabetic rats Rev. Bras. Plantas Med. 15 3 2013 368 372
62. J.M. Ferreira, D.F. Sousa, M.B. Dantas, S.G.C. Fonseca, D.B. Menezes, A. Martins, M. Goretti, and R. Queiroz Effects of Bixa orellana L. Seeds on hyperlipidemia Phytother. Res. 27 1 2013 144 147
63. J. Ferrier Ethnobotany. Pharmacology, Metabolomics of Antidiabetic Plants Used by the Eeyou Istchee Cree, Lukomir Highlanders and Q'eqchi' Maya (Ph.D. thesis) 2014 University of Ottawa and Institute of Economic Botany New York Botanic Garden Ottawa
64. J. Ferrier, L. Šačiragić, E.C.H. Chen, S. Trakić, A. Saleem, A. Alikadić, A. Cuerrier, M.J. Balick, J.T. Arnason, and S. Redžić Ways the Lukomir Highlanders of Bosnia and Herzegovina treat diabetes A. Pieroni, C.L. Quave, Ethnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans 2014 Springer New York 13 28
65. GBIF, 2015a. Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass.-Checklist View. (http://www.gbif.org/species/3096775) (accessed 02.10.15.)
66. GBIF, 2015b. Anacardium occidentale L.-Checklist View. (http://www.gbif.org/species/5421368) (accessed 02.10.15.)
67. GBIF, 2015c. Acosmium panamense (Benth.) Yakovlev-Checklist View. (http://www.gbif.org/species/2970508) (accessed 02.10.15.)
68. GBIF, 2015d. Quassia amara L.-Checklist View. (http://www.gbif.org/species/3190647) (accessed 02.10.15.)
69. P. Giovannini, M.J.R. Howes, and S.E. Edwards Data on medicinal plants used in Central America to manage diabetes and its sequelae (skin conditions, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, urinary problems and vision loss) Data Brief 2016 (Under review)
70. L.M. Girón, V. Freire, A. Alonzo, and A. Cáceres Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala J. Ethnopharmacol. 34 2 1991 173 187
71. A. Gomez-Beloz, J.C. Rucinski, M.J. Balick, and C. Tipton Double incision wound healing bioassay Using Hamelia patens from EL Salvador J. Ethnopharmacol. 88 2-3 2003 169 173
72. M. Gondwe, D.R. Kamadyaapa, M.A. Tufts, A.A. Chuturgoon, J.A.O. Ojewole, and C.T. Musabayane Effects of Persea americana mill (Lauraceae) ['Avocado'] Ethanolic leaf extract on Blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and on kidney cell lines of the proximal (LLCPK1) and distal Tubules (MDBK) Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 30 1 2008 25 35
73. Gonzalez-Ayala, J.C., 1994. Botanica Medicinal Popular. Etnobotanica Medicinal de El Salvador. Jardin Botanico La Laguna, San Salvador
74. R. Govindarajan, H. Asare-Anane, S. Persaud, P. Jones, and P.J. Houghton Effect of Desmodium Gangeticum extract on Blood glucose in rats and on insulin secretion in Vitro Planta Med. 73 5 2007 427 432
75. J.S. Gracioso, C.A. Hiruma-Lima, and A.R.M. Souza Brito Antiulcerogenic effect of a Hydroalcoholic extract and its organic fractions of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br Phytomedicine 7 4 2000 283 289
76. J.S. Gracioso, M.Q. Paulo, C.A. Hiruma Lima, and A.R. Souza Brito Natural products: Antinociceptive effect in mice of a hydroalcoholic extract of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. and its organic fractions J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 50 12 1998 1425 1429
77. A.M. Gray, Y.H.A. Abdel-Wahab, and P.R. Flatt The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in Vitro J. Nutr. 130 1 2000 15 20
78. W.J. Griffin, and G.D. Lin Chemotaxonomy and geographical distribution of Tropane alkaloids Phytochemistry 53 6 2000 623 637
79. J.K. Grover, and S.P. Yadav Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: A review J. Ethnopharmacol. 93 1 2004 123 132
80. M. Guiso, C. Marra, F. Piccioni, and M. Nicoletti Iridoid and Phenylpropanoid Glucosides from Tecoma capensis Phytochemistry 45 1 1997 193 194
81. M.P. Gupta, T.D. Arias, M. Correa, and S.S. Lamba Ethnopharmacognostic observations on Panamanian medicinal plants. Part I Pharm. Biol. 17 3-4 1979 115 130
82. M.P. Gupta, N.G. Solis, M.E. Avella, and C. Sanchez Hypoglycemic activity of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. BR J. Ethnopharmacol. 10 3 1984 323 327
83. M.P. Gupta, P.N. Solis, A.I. Calderon, F. Guinneau-Sinclair, M. Correa, C. Galdames, C. Guerra, A. Espinosa, G.I. Alvenda, G. Robles, and R. Ocampo Medical ethnobotany of the Teribes of Bocas Del Toro, Panama J. Ethnopharmacol. 96 3 2005 389 401
84. R.M. Gutiérrez, S. Mitchell, and R.V. Solis Psidium guajava: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology J. Ethnopharmacol. 117 1 2008 1 27
85. R.M. Gutierrez Effect of the hexane extract of Piper auritum on insulin release from β-cell and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat Pharmacogn. Mag. 8 32 2012 308 313
86. Y. Hammouda, and N. Khalafallah Stability of Tecomine, the major Antidiabetic factor of Tecoma stans (juss.) F. Bignoniaceae J. Pharm. Sci. 60 8 1971 1142 1145
87. Y. Han, R. Van der Heijden, and R. Verpoorte Biosynthesis of Anthraquinones in cell cultures of the Rubiaceae Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 67 3 2001 201 220
88. L. Harinantenaina, M. Tanaka, S. Takaoka, M. Oda, O. Mogami, M. Uchida, and Y. Asakawa Momordica charantia constituents and Antidiabetic screening of the isolated major compounds Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54 7 2006 1017 1021
89. M. Heinrich, M. Robles, J.E. West, B.R. Ortiz de Montellano, and E. Rodriguez Ethnopharmacology of Mexican Asteraceae (compositae) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 38 1 1998 539 565
90. E. Hernandez-Galicia, A. Aguilar-Contreras, L. Aguilar-Santamaria, R. Roman-Ramos, A.A. Chavez-Miranda, L.M. Garcia-Vega, J.L. Flores-Saenz, and F.J. Alarcon-Aguilar Studies on hypoglycemic activity of Mexican medicinal plants Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 45 2002 118 124
91. A. Herrera-Arellano, L. Aguilar-Santamaria, B. Garcia-Hernandez, P. Nicasio-Torres, and J. Tortoriello Clinical trial of Cecropia obtusifolia and Marrubium vulgare leaf extracts on Blood glucose and serum lipids in type 2 diabetics Phytomedicine 11 7 2004 561 566
92. K. Hori, T. Mukaiyama, M. Kimura, K. Sakamoto, and S. Takahashi Antibacterial Isoflavans from Eysenhardtia adenostylis Natural Med 58 4 2004 166
93. P. House, and I. Sanchez Mayangna Panan Basni: Plantas Medicinales del Pueblo Tawahka 1997 The Natural History Museum London
94. G.M. Husain, P. Nath Singh, R. Kumar Singh, and V. Kumar Antidiabetic activity of standardized extract of Quassia amara in Nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Phytother. Res. 25 12 2011 1806 1812
95. IDF, 2014. IDF Diabetes Atlas Sixth Edition 2014 Update. International Diabetes Federation. (http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/update-2014). (accessed 08.08.15.)
96. O.O. Igbinosa, I.H. Igbinosa, V.N. Chigor, O.E. Uzunuigbe, S.O. Oyedemi, E.E. Odjadjare, A.I. Okoh, and E.O. Igbinosa Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant potential of stem bark extracts from Jatropha curcas (Linn) Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12 5 2011 2958 2971
97. K.E. Imafidon, and F.C. Amaechina Effects of aqueous seed extract of Persea americana mill.(avocado) on Blood pressure and lipid profile in hypertensive rats Adv. Biol. Res. 4 2 2010 116 121
98. M.A. Islam, M. Afia Akhtar, M.R. Islam, M.S. Hossain, M.K. Alam, M.I.I. Wahed, B.M. Rahman, A.S.M. Anisuzzaman, S.M. Shaheen, and M. Ahmed Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic effects of different fractions of Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) on normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats J. Sci. Res. 1 2 2009 334 344
99. M. Jayanthi, N. Sowbala, G. Rajalakshmi, U. Kanagavalli, and V. Sivakumar Study of Antihyperglycemic effect of Catharanthus roseus in alloxan induced diabetic rats Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2 4 2010 114 116
100. L. Jing, Z. Lei, G. Zhang, A.C. Pilon, D.V. Huhman, R. Xie, W. Xi, Z. Zhou, and L.W. Sumner Metabolite profiles of essential oils in citrus peels and their Taxonomic implications Metabolomics 11 4 2015 952 963
101. I.E. Juárez-Rojop, J.C. Diáz-Zagoya, J.L. Ble-Castillo, P.H. Miranda-Osorio, A.E. Castell-Rodríguez, C.A. Tovilla-Zárate, A. Rodríguez-Hernández, H. Aguilar-Mariscal, T. Ramón-Friás, and D.Y. Bermúdez-Ocanã Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats BMC Complement. and. Altern. Med. 12 1 2012 236
102. J.V. Rossoni-Júnior, G.R. Araújo, C. Pádua Dda, C.L. Magalhães, M.M. Chaves, M.L. Pedrosa, M.E. Silva, and D.C. Costa Annatto extract and Β-carotene enhances antioxidant status and regulate gene expression in neutrophils of diabetic rats Free Radic. Res. 46 3 2012 329 338
103. K. Kim, H. Kim, J. Kwon, S. Lee, H. Kong, S.A. Im., Y.H. Lee, Y.R. Lee, St Oh, T.H. Jo, Y.I. Park, C.K. Lee, and K. Kim Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic effects of processed Aloe vera gel in a mouse model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes Mellitus Phytomedicine 16 9 2009 856 863
104. M.B. Krawinkel, and G.B. Keding Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia Nutr. Rev. 64 7 2006 331 337
105. J. Kufer, M. Heinrich, H. Förther, and E. Pöll Historical and modern medicinal plant Uses-the example of the Ch'orti 'Maya and Ladinos in eastern Guatemala J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 57 9 2005 1127 1152
106. M. Laakso Cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetes from population to man to mechanisms the Kelly west award lecture 2008 Diabetes Care 33 2 2010 442 449
107. C. Leduc, J. Coonishish, P. Haddad, and A. Cuerrier Plants used by the Cree nation of Eeyou Istchee (Quebec, Canada) for the treatment of diabetes: A novel approach in quantitative ethnobotany J. Ethnopharmacol. 105 1 2006 55 63
108. D.L. Lentz, A.M. Clark, C.D. Hufford, B. Meurer-Grimes, C.M. Passreiter, J. Cordero, O. Ibrahimi, and A.L. Okunade Antimicrobial properties of Honduran medicinal plants J. Ethnopharmacol. 63 3 1998 253 263
109. M. Leonti The future IS written: Impact of scripts on the cognition, selection, knowledge and transmission of medicinal plant use and its implications for ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology J. Ethnopharmacol. 134 3 2011 542 555
110. M. Leonti, F. Ramirez, O. Sticher, and M. Heinrich Medicinal flora of the Popoluca, Mexico: A botanical systematical perspective Econ. Bot. 57 2 2003 218 230
111. L. Leung, R. Birtwhistle, J. Kotecha, S. Hannah, and S. Cuthbertson Anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon): A mini review Br. J. Nutr. 102 12 2009 1703 1708
112. T.K. Lim Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits Vol. 3 2012 Springer Dordrecht
113. C.R. Lima, C.F.B. Vasconcelos, J.H. Costa-Silva, C.A. Maranhaõ, J. Costa, T.M. Batista, E.M. Carneiro, L.A.L. Soares, F. Ferreira, and A.G. Wanderley Anti-diabetic activity of extract from Persea americana mill. Leaf via the activation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 141 1 2012 517 525
114. A.L. MacVean Plantas útiles de Sololá, Guatemala 2006 Herbario, Instituto de Investigaciones, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala
115. Y. Maniyar, and P. Bhixavatimath Antihyperglycemic and Hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya Linn. Leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 3 2 2012 70 74
116. D.R.A. Mans Efficacy of Surinamese plants in the therapy of diabetes Mellitus-analysis of the literature Accad. J. Suriname 3 2012 276 283
117. L.M. McCune, and T. Johns Antioxidant activity in medicinal plants associated with the symptoms of diabetes Mellitus used by the indigenous peoples of the North American boreal forest J. Ethnopharmacol. 82 2 2002 197 205
118. L.M. McCune, and T. Johns Symptom-specific antioxidant activity of boreal diabetes treatments Pharm. Biol. 41 5 2003 362 370
119. R. McKinnon, M. Binder, I. Zupkó, T. Afonyushkin, I. Lajter, A. Vasas, R. de Martin, C. Unger, H. Dolznig, R. Diaz, R. Frisch, C.M. Passreiter, G. Krupitza, J. Hohmann, B. Kopp, and V.N. Bochkov Pharmacological insight into the anti-inflammatory activity of Sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass Phytomedicine 21 12 2014 1695 1701
120. S.B. Mishra, M. Vijayakumar, S.K. Ojha, and A. Verma Antidiabetic effect of Jatropha curcas L. Leaves extract in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 1 2010 482 487
121. D.E. Moerman An analysis of the food plants and drug plants of native North America J. Ethnopharmacol. 52 1 1996 1 22
122. E.Y. Morrison, H. Thompson, K. Pascoe, M. West, and C. Fletcher Extraction of an hyperglycaemic principle from the annatto (Bixa orellana), a medicinal plant in the west Indies Trop. Geogr. Med. 43 1-2 1990 184 188
123. M. Mostofa, M.E. Choudhury, M.A. Hossain, M.Z. Islam, M.S. Islam, and M.H. Sumon Antidiabetic effects of Catharanthus roseus, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum and Glimepride in experimentally diabetic induced rat Bangladesh J. Vet. Med. 5 1 2007 99 102
124. M.L. Mota, G. Thomas, and J.M. Barbosa Filho Anti-inflammatory actions of tannins isolated from the bark of Anacardium occidentale L. J. Ethnopharmacol. 13 3 1985 289 300
125. A. Mroczek Phytochemistry and bioactivity of Triterpene Saponins from Amaranthaceae family Phytochem. Rev. 14 4 2014 577 605
126. N.O. Muhammad Effects of aqueous root extract of Jatropha Curcas on hyperglycaemic and haematological indices in alloxan-induced diabetic rats Fountain J. Nat. Appl. Sci. 2 1 2013 52 58
127. H.M. Mukhtar, S.H. Ansari, M. Ali, T. Naved, and Z.A. Bhat Effect of water extract of Psidium guajava leaves on alloxan-induced diabetic rats Pharm.-Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 59 9 2004 734 735
128. H.M. Mukhtar, S.H. Ansari, Z.A. Bhat, T. Naved, and P. Singh Antidiabetic activity of An ethanol extract obtained from the stem bark of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) Pharm.-Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 8 2006 725 727
129. S. Nammi, M.K. Boini, S.D. Lodagala, and R.B.S. Behara The juice of fresh leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn. Reduces blood glucose in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 3 1 2003 4
130. M. Naqshbandi, S.B. Harris, J.G. Esler, and F. Antwi-Nsiah Global complication rates of type 2 diabetes in indigenous Peoples: A comprehensive review Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 82 1 2008 1 17
131. J.M. Narvaéz-Mastache, M.L. Gardunõ-Ramírez, L. Alvarez, and G. Delgado Antihyperglycemic activity and chemical constituents of Eysenhardtia platycarpa J. Nat. Prod. 69 12 2006 1687 1691
132. S. Naskar, U.K. Mazumder, G. Pramanik, M. Gupta, R.S. Kumar, A. Bala, and A. Islam Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic activity of Cocos nucifera Linn. on streptozotocin induced Type 2 diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 138 3 2011 769 773
133. A. Natarajan, K.S.Z. Ahmed, S. Sundaresan, A. Sivaraj, K. Devi, and B.S. Kumar Effect of aqueous flower extract of Catharanthus roseus on alloxan induced diabetes in male albino rats Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug. Res. 4 2 2012 150 153
134. B.S. Nayak Cecropia peltata L. (Cecropiaceae) has wound-healing potential: A preclinical study in a Sprague Dawley rat model Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 5 1 2006 20 26
135. B.S. Nayak, L.P. Pereira, and D. Maharaj Wound healing activity of Carica papaya L. In experimentally induced diabetic rats Indian J. Exp. Biol. 45 8 2007 739
136. B.S. Nayak, S. Ramlogan, A.C. Rao, and S. Maharaj Neurolaena lobata L. Promotes wound healing in Sprague Dawley rats Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res. 4 2 2014 106
137. N.X. Nhiem, P.V. Kiem, C.V. Minh, N.K. Ban, N.X. Cuong, N.H. Tung, L.M. Ha, D.T. Ha, B.H. Tai, T.H. Quang, T.M. Ngoc, Y.-I. Kwon, H.-D. Jang, and Y.H. Kim Alpha-Glucosidase inhibition properties of Cucurbitane-type Triterpene glycosides from the fruits of Momordica charantia Chem. Pharm. Bull. 58 5 2010 720 724
138. P. Nicasio, L. Aguilar-Santamariá, E. Aranda, S. Ortiz, and M. González Hypoglycemic effect and Chlorogenic acid content in two Cecropia species Phytother. Res. 19 8 2005 661 664
139. J.P. Nicolas Plantes Medicinales des Mayas Kiche du Guatemala 1999 Ibis Press Paris
140. B. Noguera, E. DIáz, M.V. GarcIá, A. San Feliciano, J.L. López-Perez, and A. Israel Anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract and fractions of Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg (Burseraceae) J. Ethnopharmacol. 92 1 2004 129 133
141. W.K. Oh, C.H. Lee, M.S. Lee, E.Y. Bae, C.B. Sohn, H. Oh, B.Y. Kim, and J.S. Ahn Antidiabetic effects of extracts from Psidium guajava J. Ethnopharmacol. 96 3 2005 411 415
142. J.A.O. Ojewole Laboratory evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of Anacardium occidentale Linn (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark extracts in rats Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 25 3 2003 199 204
143. J.A.O. Ojewole Hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects of Psidium guajava Linn.(Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 27 10 2005 689 696
144. L.A. Olatunji, J.I. Okwusidi, and A.O. Soladoye Antidiabetic effect of Anacardium occidentale. stem-bark in fructose-diabetic rats Pharm. Biol. 43 7 2005 589 593
145. C.P. Ooi, Z. Yassin, and T.-A. Hamid Momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes Mellitus Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 17 2 2010 CD007845
146. S. Palanichamy, S. Nagarajan, and M. Devasagayam Effect of Cassia alata leaf extract on hyperglycemic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 22 1 1988 81 90
147. A. Pandurangan, A. Ahmad, S. Koul, B.M. Sharma, and M. Kumar Blood glucose lowering potential of Hamelia patens stem in alloxan induced diabetic rat Glob. J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2 2013 23 27
148. H. Pareek, S. Sharma, B.S. Khajja, K. Jain, and G.C. Jain Evaluation of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic potential of Tridax procumbens (Linn.) BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 9 1 2009 48
149. J. Pelton A survey of the ecology of Tecoma stans Butl. Univ. Bot. Stud. 14 2 1964 53 88
150. C. Pérez-Guerrero, M.D. Herrera, R. Ortiz, M. Alvarez de Sotomayor, and M.A. Fernández A pharmacological study of Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol aqueous extract J. Ethnopharmacol. 76 3 2001 279 284
151. R.M. Perez Gutierrez, L.B. Flores Cotera, and A.M.N. Gonzalez Evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-Glication effects of the hexane extract from Piper auritum leaves in vitro and beneficial activity on oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-product-mediated renal injury in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats Molecules 17 10 2012 11897 11919
152. G.S. Perez, G.R.M. Perez, G.C. Perez, and S.R. Vargas Hypoglycemic effect of Acrocomia mexicana Karw Phyton 53 1 1992 39 42
153. S. Pérez, R.M. Pérez, C. Perez, M.A. Zavala, and R. Vargas Coyolosa, a new hypoglycemic from Acrocomia mexicana Pharm. Acta Helv. 72 2 1997 105 111
154. R.R. Petchi, S. Parasuraman, and C. Vijaya Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic effects of an ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Tridax procumbens (Linn.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats J. Basic Clin. Pharm. 4 4 2013 88
155. E. Pöll Medicinal plants of Guatemala with hypoglycemic effects Acta Hortic. 500 1997 197 202
156. A.B. Pomilio, E.M. Falzoni, and A.A. Vitale Toxic chemical compounds of the Solanaceae Nat. Prod. Commun. 3 4 2008 593 628
157. G.R. Prabu, A. Gnanamani, and S. Sadulla Guaijaverin- A plant Flavonoid as potential Antiplaque agent against Streptococcus mutans J. Appl. Microbiol. 101 2 2006 487 495
158. P.P. Preetha, V. Girija Devi, and T. Rajamohan Comparative effects of mature coconut water (Cocos nucifera) and glibenclamide on some biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetic rats Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 23 3 2013 481 487
159. J.P. Quanico, E.C. Amor, and G.G. Perez Analgesic and hypoglycemic activities of Bixa orellana, Kyllinga monocephala and Luffa acutangula Philipp. J. Sci. 137 1 2008 69 76
160. S. Rajasekaran, K. Sivagnanam, K. Ravi, and S. Subramanian Hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats J. Med. Food 7 1 2004 61 66
161. S. Rajasekaran, K. Sivagnanam, and S. Subramanian Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats Pharmacol. Rep. 57 1 2005 90 96
162. G. Ramírez, M. Zavala, J. Pérez, and A. Zamilpa In Vitro screening of medicinal plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics with glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activities Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012 2012 article ID 701261
163. K. Rasineni, R. Bellamkonda, S.R. Singareddy, and S. Desireddy Antihyperglycemic activity of Catharanthus roseus leaf powder in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Pharmacogn. Res. 2 3 2010 195
164. M.C. Revilla, A. Andrade-Cetto, S. Islas, and H. Wiedenfeld Hypoglycemic effect of Equisetum myriochaetum aerial parts on type 2 diabetic patients J. Ethnopharmacol. 81 1 2002 117 120
165. Ma.C. Revilla-Monsalve, A. Andrade-Cetto, M.A. Palomino-Garibay, H. Wiedenfeld, and S. Islas-Andrade Hypoglycemic effect of Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol aqueous extracts on type 2 diabetic patients J. Ethnopharmacol. 111 3 2007 636 640
166. B.A.S. Reyes, N.D. Bautista, N.C. Tanquilut, R.V. Anunciado, A.B. Leung, G.C. Sanchez, R.L. Magtoto, P. Castronuevo, H. Tsukamura, and K.I. Maeda Anti-diabetic potentials of Momordica charantia and Andrographis paniculata and their effects on estrous cyclicity of alloxan-induced diabetic rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 105 1 2006 196 200
167. E. Roeder Medicinal plants in China containing Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Pharmazie 55 10 2000 711 726
168. M. Roehrs, C.G. Figueiredo, M.M. Zanchi, G.V. Bochi, R.N. Moresco, A. Quatrin, S. Somacal, L. Conte, and T. Emanuelli Bixin and norbixin have opposite effects on glycemia, lipidemia, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Int. J. Endocrinol 2014 Article 2014, ID: 839095
169. R. Román-Ramos, J.L. Flores-Saénz, G. Partida-Hernández, A. Lara-Lemus, and F. Alarcón-Aguilar Experimental study of the hypoglycemic effect of some antidiabetic plants Arch. Investig. Med. 22 1 1990 87 93
170. L. Ruiz, L. Ruiz, M. Maco, M. Cobos, A. Gutierrez-Choquevilca, and V. Roumy Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the Nanay river (Peru) for the treatment of malaria J. Ethnopharmacol. 133 2 2011 917 921
171. K.R. Russell, F.O. Omoruyi, K.O. Pascoe, and E.Y. Morrison Hypoglycaemic activity of Bixa orellana extract in the dog Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 30 4 2008 301 305
172. H.M. Salahdeen, O.K. Yemitan, and A.R.A. Alada Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens on Blood pressure and heart rate in rats Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 7 1 2004 25 27
173. S. Sasidharan, V. Sumathi, N.R. Jegathambigai, and L.Y. Latha Antihyperglycaemic effects of ethanol extracts of Carica papaya and Pandanus amaryfollius leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice Nat. Prod. Res. 25 20 2011 1982 1987
174. D. Sathishsekar, K. Sivagnanam, and S. Subramanian Antidiabetic activity of Momordica charantia seeds on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats Pharm.-Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 60 5 2005 383 387
175. S.C. Shen, F.C. Cheng, and N.J. Wu Effect of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) leaf soluble solids on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats Phytother. Res. 22 11 2008 1458 1464
176. A.K. Shetty, G.S. Kumar, K. Sambaiah, and P.V. Salimath Effect of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) on Glycaemic status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 60 3 2005 109 112
177. S. Shetty, S.L. Udupa, A.L. Udupa, and V.R. Vollala Wound healing activities of bark extract of Jatropha curcas Linn in albino rats Saudi Med. J. 27 10 2006 1473 1476
178. Simmonds, M.S.J., Howes, MJ.R., 2006. Plants used in the treatment of diabetes. In: Soumyamath, A. (Ed.), Traditional Medicines for Modern Times. Antidiabetic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
179. M.S.J. Simmonds, and M.J.R Howes Profile of compounds in different cultivars of apple (Malus×domestica) M.S.J. Simmonds, V.R. Preedy, Nutritional Composition of Fruit Cultivars 2016 Elsevier Oxford, UK 1 18
180. S.D. Sokeng, P. Kamtchouing, P. Watcho, H.B. Jatsa, P.F. Moundipa, F.N. Ngounou, D. Lontsi, and M. Bopelet Hypoglycemic activity of Anacardium occidentale L. Aqueous extract in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Diabetes Res. 36 1 2001 1 9
181. S. Sosa, M.J. Balick, R. Arvigo, R.G. Esposito, C. Pizza, G. Altinier, and A. Tubaro Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of some Central American plants J. Ethnopharmacol. 81 2 2002 211 215
182. A. Soumyanath Traditional Medicines for Modern times: Antidiabetic Plants 2005 CRC Press Boca Raton
183. M.E.A. Stefanello, A.C. Pascoal, and M.J. Salvador Essential oils from Neotropical Myrtaceae: Chemical diversity and biological properties Chem. Biodivers. 8 1 2011 73 94
184. R. Suzuki, Y. Okada, and T. Okuyama The favorable effect of style of Zea mays L. On streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28 5 2005 919 920
185. R. Suzuki, Y. Okada, and T. Okuyama Two flavone C-glycosides from the style of Zea mays with Glycation inhibitory activity J. Nat. Prod. 66 4 2003 564 565
186. M. Tan, J. Ye, N. Turner, C. Hohnen-Behrens, C. Ke, C. Tang, T. Chen, H. Weiss, E.R. Gesing, A. Rowland, D.E. James, and Y. Ye Antidiabetic activities of Triterpenoids isolated from bitter melon associated with activation of the AMPK pathway Chem. Biol. 15 3 2008 263 273
187. R. Tanaka, and S. Matsunaga Terpenoids and Steroids from Several Euphorbiaceae and Pinaceae Plants Yakugaku Zasshi 119 5 1999 319 339
188. L. Tedong, T. Dimo, P.D.D. Dzeufiet, A.E. Asongalem, D.S. Sokeng, P. Callard, J.-F. Flejou, and P. Kamtchouing Antihyperglycemic and renal protective activities of Anacardium Occidentale (Anacardiaceae) leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. 3 1 2006 23 35
189. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2015. Diabetic Kidney Disease: What Does the next Era Hold? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. vol.3 (9), 665.
190. E. Thomas, I. Vandebroek, S. Sanca, and P. Van Damme Cultural significance of medicinal plant families and species among Quechua farmers in Apillapampa, Bolivia J. Ethnopharmacol. 122 1 2009 60 67
191. S.H. Tiong, C.Y. Looi, A. Arya, W.F. Wong, H. Hazni, M.R. Mustafa, and K. Awang Vindogentianine, a hypoglycemic alkaloid from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae) Fitoterapia 102 2015 182 188
192. T.P. Trinidad, D.H. Valdez, A.S. Loyola, A.C. Mallillin, F.C. Askali, J.C. Castillo, and D.B. Masa Glycaemic index of different coconut (Cocos nucifera)-flour products in normal and diabetic subjects Br. J. Nutr. 90 03 2003 551 556
193. S.E. Ukwueze, P.O. Osadebe, and F.B. Okoye A new antibacterial Benzophenone glycoside from Psidium guajava (Linn.) leaves Nat. Prod. Res. 29 18 2015 1728 1734
194. T. Van Andel, and P. Westers Why Surinamese migrants in the Netherlands continue to use medicinal herbs from their home country J. Ethnopharmacol. 127 3 2010 694 701
195. G.K. Varghese, L.V. Bose, and S. Habtemariam Antidiabetic components of Cassia alata leaves: Identification through α-Glucosidase inhibition studies Pharm. Biol. 51 3 2013 345 349
196. H.S. Vasavi, A.B. Arun, and P.D. Rekha Anti-quorum sensing activity of Psidium guajava L. Flavonoids against Chromobacterium Violaceum and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa PAO1 Microbiol. Immunol. 58 5 2014 286 293
197. N.C. Veitch, B.L. Goodwin, G.C. Kite, and M.S. Simmonds Methoxylated quinolizidine alkaloids from Acosmium panamense Phytochemistry 45 4 1997 847 850
198. L.F. Villegas, I.D. Fernández, H. Maldonado, R. Torres, A. Zavaleta, A.J. Vaisberg, and G.B. Hammond Evaluation of the wound-healing activity of selected traditional medicinal plants from Peru J. Ethnopharmacol. 55 3 1997 193 200
199. B. Walshe-Roussel, C. Choueiri, A. Saleem, M. Asim, F. Caal, V. Cal, M.O. Rojas, T. Pesek, T. Durst, and J.T. Arnason Potent anti-inflammatory activity of Sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass., a Q'eqchi'Maya traditional medicine Phytochemistry 92 2013 122 127
200. H. Wang, Y.J. Du, and H.C. Song Α-Glucosidase and Α-amylase inhibitory activities of guava leaves Food Chem. 123 1 2010 6 13
201. WHO, 2010. Burden, Mortality, Morbidity and Risk Factors. Chapter 1 In: Global Status Report on NCDs 2010. WHO, Geneva, pp. 9-31
202. WHO, 2015. Diabetes. Fact Sheet No. 312. WHO. Geneva. (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/) (accessed 06.09.15.)
203. J.W. Wu, C.L. Hsieh, H.Y. Wang, and H.Y. Chen Inhibitory effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extracts and its active compounds on the Glycation process of protein Food Chem. 113 1 2009 78 84
204. X. Yao, F. Chen, P. Li, L. Quan, J. Chen, L. Yu, H. Ding, C. Li, L. Chen, Z. Gao, P. Wan, L. Hu, H. Jiang, and X. Shen Natural product Vindoline stimulates insulin secretion and efficiently ameliorates glucose homeostasis in diabetic murine models J. Ethnopharmacol. 150 1 2013 285 297
205. G.Y. Yeh, D.M. Eisenberg, T.J. Kaptchuk, and R.S. Phillips Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for Glycemic control in diabetes Diabetes Care 26 4 2003 1277 1294
206. S. Yongchaiyudha, V. Rungpitarangsi, N. Bunyapraphatsara, and O. Chokechaijaroenporn Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. I. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes Mellitus Phytomedicine 3 3 1996 241 243