Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing, second edition

Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-498

  Gibson, Ian ^a   Rosen, David ^b   Stucker, Brent ^c  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INVESTMENT CASTING; MANUFACTURE; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; RAPID PROTOTYPING;

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY; AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGIES; AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY; DIGITAL MANUFACTURING; EMERGING APPLICATIONS; RAPID MANUFACTURING; RAPID PROTOTYPING TECHNOLOGY; SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY;

3D PRINTERS;

EID: 84944216444     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3     Document Type: Book

References (404)

1. ASTM Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing Technologies. http://www. astm. org/COM MITTEE/F42. htm.
2. Burns M (1993) Automated fabrication: improving productivity in manufacturing. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
3. Wohlers TT (2009) Wohlers report 2009: rapid prototyping & tooling state of the industry. Annual worldwide progress report. Wohlers Associates, Detroit.
4. Jacobs PF (1995) Stereolithography and other RP and M technologies: from rapid prototyping to rapid tooling. SME, New York.
5. 3D Systems. http://www. 3dsystems. com.
6. Sachs EM, Cima MJ, Williams P, Brancazio D, Cornie J (1992) Three dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model. J Eng Ind 114(4): 481-488.
7. Geomagic Reverse Engineering software. http://www. geomagic. com.
8. CGI. Capture geometry inside. http://www. cgiinspection. com.
9. Grossman B. http://www. bathsheba. com.
10. Gao Z, Gibson I (2007) A 6 DOF haptic interface and its applications in CAD. Int J Comput Appl Technol 30(3): 163-171.
11. Sensable. http://www. sensable. com.
12. Zuse Z3 Computer. http://www. zib. de/zuse.
13. Goldstine HH, Goldstine A (1946) The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC). Math Tables Other Aids Comput 2(15): 97-110.
14. Wilkes MV, Renwick W (1949) The EDSAC-an electronic calculating machine. J Sci Instrum 26: 385-391.
15. Waterloo Computer Science Club, talk by Bill Gates. http://csclub. uwaterloo. ca/media.
16. Gatlin J (1999) Bill Gates-the path to the future. Quill, New York, p 39.
17. Piegl L, Tiller W (1997) The NURBS book, 2nd edn. Springer, New York.
18. Jamieson R, Hacker H (1995) Direct slicing of CAD models for rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyping J 1(2): 4-12.
19. 3D Systems Inc. (1989) Stereolithography interface specification. 3D Systems, Valencia.
20. Protoform. Space Puzzle Moulding. http://www. protoform. de.
21. LiD, Architects. http://www. lid-architecture. net.
22. Kruth JP, Leu MC, Nakagawa T (1998) Progress in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. Ann CIRP 47(2): 525-540.
23. Burns M (1993) Automated fabrication: improving productivity in manufacturing. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
24. Chua CK, Leong KF (1998) Rapid prototyping: principles and applications in manufacturing. Wiley, New York.
25. Pham DT, Gault RS (1998) A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 38(10-11): 1257-1287.
26. MCor. http://www. mcortechnologies. com.
27. Fab@home. http://www. fabathome. org.
28. Reprap. http://www. reprap. org.
29. Objet technologies. http://www. objet. com.
30. Microtec. http://www. microtec-d. com.
31. 3D Systems. Stereolithography and selective laser sintering machines. http://www. 3dsystems. com.
32. EOS. http://www. eos. info.
33. Sachs EM, Cima MJ, Williams P, Brancazio D, Cornie J (1992) Three dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model. J Eng Ind 114(4): 481-488.
34. ZCorp. http://www. zcorp. com.
35. Soligen. http://www. soligen. com.
36. Stratasys. http://www. stratasys. com.
37. Solidscape. http://www. solid-scape. com.
38. Kira. Solid Center machine. www. kiracorp. co. jp/EG/pro/rp/top. html.
39. MCor Technologies. http://www. mcortechnologies. com.
40. Stucker BE, Janaki Ram GD (2007) Layer-based additive manufacturing technologies. In: Groza J et al (eds) CRC materials processing handbook. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 26. 1-26. 31.
41. Atwood C, Ensz M, Greene D et al (1998) Laser engineered net shaping (LENS(TM)): a tool for direct fabrication of metal parts. Paper presented at the 17th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics, Orlando, 16-19 November 1998. http://www. osti. gov/energycitations.
42. Optomec. LENS process. http://www. optomec. com.
43. White D (2003) Ultrasonic object consolidation. US Patent 6, 519, 500 B1.
44. Arcam. Electron Beam Melting. http://www. arcam. com.
45. Stratoconception. Thick layer hybrid AM. http://www. stratoconception. com.
46. Roland. SRP technology. http://www. rolanddga. com/solutions/rapidprototyping/.
47. Weiss L, Prinz F (1998) Novel applications and implementations of shape deposition manufacturing. Naval research reviews, vol L(3). Office of Naval Research, Arlington.
48. Phenix. Metal RP technology. http://www. phenix-systems. com.
49. Materialise. AM software systems and service provider. http://www. materialise. com.
50. CMET. Stereolithography technology. http://www. cmet. co. jp.
51. Materialise, AM software systems and service provider. www. materialise. com.
52. Choren J, Gervasi V, Herman T et al (2001) SLS powder life study. Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, pp 39-45.
53. Figureprints, 3DP models from World of Warcraft figures. www. figureprints. com.
54. Jacobs PF (1992) Rapid prototyping & manufacturing, fundamentals of stereolithography. SME, New York.
55. Tang, Y (2002) Stereolithography (SL) cure modeling. Masters Thesis, School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
56. Beaman JJ, Barlow JW, Bourell DL, Crawford RH, Marcus HL, McAlea KP (1997) Solid freeform fabrication: a new direction in manufacturing. Kluwer Academic, Boston.
57. Hull CW (1990) Method for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography, 3D Systems, Inc. US Patent 4, 929, 402, 29 May 1990.
58. Murphy EJ, Ansel RE, Krajewski JJ (1989) Investment casting utilizing patterns produced by stereolithography, DeSoto, Inc. US Patent 4, 844, 144, 4 July 1989.
59. Wohlers T (1991) Rapid prototyping: an update on RP applications, technology improvements, and developments in the industry. Wohlers, Fort Collins.
60. Lu L, Fuh JYH, Nee AYC, Kang ET, Miyazawa T, Cheah CM (1995) Origin of shrinkage, distortion and fracture of photopolymerized material. Mater Res Bull 30(12): 1561-1569.
61. Asahi Denka JP (1988) Patent 2, 138, 471, filed Feb 1988.
62. Asahi Denka JP (1988) Patent 2, 590, 216, filed Jul 1988.
63. Crivello JV, Dietliker K (1998) Photoinitiators for free radical, cationic & anionic photopolymerisation. In: Bradley G (ed) Chemistry & technology of UV & EB formulation for coatings, inks & paints, vol III, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester.
64. Dufour P (1993) State-of-the-art and trends in radiation curing. In: Fouassier JP, Rabek JF (eds) Radiation curing in polymer science and technology, vol I, Fundamentals and methods. Elsevier Applied Science, London, p P1.
65. Jacobs PF (1996) Stereolithography and other RP & M technologies. SME, Dearborn.
66. Wilson JE (1974) Radiation chemistry of monomers, polymers, and plastics. Marcel Dekker, New York.
67. Fouassier JP (1993) An introduction to the basic principles in UV curing. In: Fouassier JP, Rabek JF (eds) Radiation curing in polymer science and technology, vol I, Fundamentals and methods. Elsevier Applied Science, London, p P49.
68. Decker C, Elazouk B (1995) Laser curing of photopolymers. In: Allen NS et al (eds) Current trends in polymer photochemistry. Ellis Horwood, New York, p P130.
69. Andrzejewska E (2001) Photopolymerization kinetics of multifunctional monomers. Prog Polym Sci 26: 605.
70. Hageman HJ (1989) Photoinitiators and photoinitiation mechanisms of free-radical polymerization processes. In: Allen NS (ed) Photopolymerization and photoimaging science and technology. Elsevier Science, London, p P1.
71. Crivello JV (1993) Latest developments in the chemistry of onium salts. In: Fouassier JP, Rabek JF (eds) Radiation curing in polymer science and technology, vol II, Photoinitiated systems. Elsevier Applied Science, London, p P435.
72. Bassi GL (1993) Formulation of UV-curable coatings-how to design specific properties. In: Fouassier JP, Rabek JF (eds) Radiation curing in polymer science and technology, vol II, Photoinitiated systems. Elsevier Applied Science, London, p P239.
73. Crivello JV (1984) Cationic polymerization-iodonium and sulfonium salt photoinitiators. Adv Polym Sci 62: 1.
74. Crivello JV, Lee JL (1988) Method for making polymeric photoactive aryl iodonium salts, products obtained therefrom, and use. General Electric Company, US Patent 4, 780, 511, 25 Oct 1988.
75. Crivello JV, Lee JL (1989) Alkoxy-substituted diaryliodonium salt cationic photoinitiators. J Polym Sci Pol Chem 27: 3951-3968.
76. Crivello JV, Lee JL (1990) Synthesis, characterization, and photoinitiated cationic polymerization of silicon-containing epoxy resins. J Polym Sci Pol Chem 28: 479-503.
77. Melisaris AP, Renyi W, Pang TH (2000) Liquid, radiation-curable composition, especially for producing flexible cured articles by stereolithography. Vantico Inc., US Patent 6, 136, 497, 24 Oct 2000.
78. Pang TH, Melisaris AP, Renyi W, Fong JW (2000) Liquid radiation-curable composition especially for producing cured articles by stereolithography having high heat deflection temperatures. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., US Patent 6, 100, 007, 8 Aug 2000.
79. Steinmann B, Wolf JP, Schulthess A, Hunziker M (1995) Photosensitive compositions. Ciba-Geigy Corporation, US Patent 5, 476, 748, 19 Dec 1995.
80. Steinmann B, Schulthess A (1999) Liquid, radiation-curable composition, especially for stereolithography. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., US Patent 5, 972, 563, 26 Oct 1999.
81. Crivello JV, Lee JL, Conlon DA (1983) Photoinitiated cationic polymerization with multifunctional vinyl ether monomers. J Radiat Cur 10(1): 6-13.
82. Decker C, Decker D (1994) Kinetic and mechanistic study of the UV-curing of vinyl ether based systems. Proc Rad Tech Conf, Orlando, vol I, p 602.
83. Sperling LH (1981) Interpenetrating polymer networks and related materials. Plenum, New York.
84. Decker C, Viet TNT, Decker D, Weber-Koehl E (2001) UV-radiation curing of acrylate/epoxide systems. Polymer 42: 5531-5541.
85. Sperling LH, Mishra V (1996) In: Salomone JC (ed) Polymer materials encyclopedia, vol 5. CRC, New York, p P3292.
86. Chen M, Chen Q, Xiao S, Hong X (2001) Mechanism and application of hybrid UV curing system. Photogr Sci Photochem 19(3): 208-216.
87. Decker C (1996) Photoinitiated crosslinking polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 21: 593-650.
88. Decker C, Xuan HL, Viet TNT (1996) Photocrosslinking of functionalized rubber. III. Polymerization of multifunctional monomers in epoxidized liquid natural rubber. J Polym Sci Pol Chem 34: 1771-1781.
89. Perkins WC (1981) New developments in photo-induced cationic polymerization. J Radiat Cur 8(1): 16.
90. Renap K, Kruth JP (1995) Recoating issues in stereolithography. Rapid Prototyping J 1(3): 4-16.
91. Lynn-Charney CM, Rosen DW (2000) Accuracy models and their use in stereolithography process planning. Rapid Prototyping J 6(2): 77-86.
92. West AP (1999) A decision support system for fabrication process planning in stereolithography. Masters Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology.
93. 3D Systems web page: http://www. 3dsystems. com.
94. 3D Systems, Inc, (1996) AccuMax™ toolkit user guide. 3D Systems, Valencia.
95. Yi F, Wu J, Xian D (1993) LIGA technique for microstructure fabrication. Microfabrication Technol 4: 1.
96. Ikuta K, Hirowatari K (1993) Real three dimensional microfabrication using stereolithography and metal molding. Proc. IEEE MEMS, Fort Lauderdale, pp 42-47, 7-10 Feb 1993.
97. Suzumori K, Koga A, Haneda R (1994) Microfabrication of integrated FMA's using stereo lithography. Proc. MEMS, Oiso, Japan, 25-28 Jan 1994, pp 136-141.
98. Ikuta K, Hirowatari K, Ogata T (1994) Three dimensional micro integrated fluid systems fabricated by micro stereolithography. Proc. IEEE MEMS, Oiso, Japan, 25-28 Jan 1994, pp 1-6.
99. Takagi T, Nakajima N (1994) Architecture combination by microphotoforming process. Proc. IEEE MEMS, pp 211-216.
100. Ikuta K, Maruo S, Fujisawa T, Yamada A (1999) Micro concentrator with opto-sense micro reactor for biochemical IC chip family. Proc. MEMS, Orlando, 17-21 Jan 1999, pp 376-380.
101. Gardner J, Varadan V, Awadelkarim O (2001) Microsensors MEMS and smart devices. Wiley, New York.
102. Ikuta K, Ogata T, Tsubio M, Kojima S (1996) Development of mass productive microstereolithography. Proc. MEMS, San Diego, pp 301-305, 11-15 Feb 1996.
103. Ikuta K, Maruo S, Fujisawa T, Fukaya Y (1998) Chemical IC chip for dynamical control of protein synthesis. Proc Int Symp Micromechatronics and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan, 25-28 Nov 1998, pp 249-254.
104. Dudley D, Duncan W, Slaughter J (2003) Emerging Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) applications. Proc. SPIE, Vol. 4985, San Jose, pp 14-25, 28-29 Jan 2003.
105. Bertsch A, Zissi S, Jezequel J, Corbel S, Andre J (1997) Microstereolithography using liquid crystal display as dynamic mask-generator. Microsyst Technol 3(2): 42-47.
106. Monneret S, Loubere V, Corbel S (1999) Microstereolithography using dynamic mask generator and a non-coherent visible light source. Proc SPIE 3680: 553-561.
107. Chatwin C, Farsari M, Huang S, Heywood M, Birch P, Young R, Richardson J (1998) UV microstereolithography system that uses spatial light modulator technology. Appl Opt 37 (32): 7514-7522.
108. Bertsch A, Bernhard P, Vogt C, Renaud P (2000) Rapid prototyping of small size objects. Rapid Prototyping J 6(4): 259-266.
109. Hadipoespito G, Yang Y, Choi H, Ning G, Li X (2003) Digital Micromirror device based microstereolithography for micro structures of transparent photopolymer and nanocomposites. Proceedings of the 14th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, pp 13-24.
110. Limaye A, Rosen DW (2004) Quantifying dimensional accuracy of a mask projection micro stereolithography system. Proc. Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, Aug 2-4.
111. Sun C, Fang N, Wu D, Zhang X (2005) Projection micro-stereolithography using digital micro-mirror dynamic mask. Sensor Actuat A-Phys 121: 113-120.
112. Varadan VK, Jiang S, Varadan VV (2001) Microstereolithography and other fabrication techniques for 3D MEMS. Wiley, Chichester.
113. V-Flash Modeler, www. modelin3d. com.
114. Limaye A, Rosen DW (2006) Compensation zone approach to avoid Z errors in Mask Projection Stereolithography builds. Rapid Prototyping J 12(5): 283-291.
115. Swanson WK, Kremer SD (1975) Three dimensional systems. US Patent 4078229, filed 27 Jan 1975.
116. Maruo S, Nakamura O, Kawata S (1997) Three-dimensional microfabrication with twophoton-absorbed photopolymerization. Opt Lett 22(2): 132-134.
117. Kawata S, Sun H, Tanaka T, Takada K (2001) Finer features for functional microdevices. Nature 412: 697-698.
118. Miwa M, Juodkazis S, Kawakami T, Matsuo S, Misawa H (2001) Femtosecond two-photon stereolithography. Appl Phys A-Mater 73: 561-566.
119. Sun H, Kawakami T, Xu Y, Ye J, Matsuo S, Misawa H, Miwa M, Kaneko R (2000) Real threedimensional microstructures fabricated by photopolymerization of resins through two-photon absorption. Opt Lett 25(15): 1110-1112.
120. AlbotaM(1998) Design of organic molecules with large two-photon absorption cross sections. Science 281: 1653-1656.
121. Cumpston B, Ananthavel S, Barlow S, Dyer D, Ehrlich J, Erskine L, Heikal A, Kuebler S, Lee I, Mc-Cord Maughon D, Qin J, Rockel H, Rumi M, Wu X, Marder S, Perry J (1999) Two photon polymerization for three dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication. Nature 398: 51-54.
122. Kruth JP, Mercelis P, Van Vaerenbergh J (2005) Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 11(1): 26-36.
123. Williams JD, Deckard CR (1998) Advances in modeling the effects of selected parameters on the PLS process. Rapid Prototyp J 4(2): 90-100.
124. THC Childs, Hauser C, Badrossamay M (2005) Selective laser sintering (melting) of stainless and tool steel powders: experiments and modelling. J Proc Inst Mech Eng B J Eng Manuf 219 (4): 339-357. doi: 10. 1007/978-1-4419-1120-9_5, Publisher Professional Engineering Publishing; ISSN 0954-4054.
125. Gornet TJ, Davis KR, Starr TL, Mulloy KM (2002) Proceedings of the solid freeform fabrication symposium characterization of selective laser sintering materials to determine process stability, University of Texas at Austin.
126. Zarringhalam H, Hopkinson N, Kamperman NF, de Vlieger JJ (2006) Effects of processing on microstructure and properties of PLS Nylon 12. Mater Sci Eng A 435-436: 172-180.
127. Yan Y, Zhang R, Qingping L, Zhaohui D (1998) Study on multifunctional rapid prototyping manufacturing system. J Integr Manuf Syst 9(4): 236-241.
128. Bellini A, Guceri S, Bertoldi M (2004) Liquefier dynamics in fused deposition. J Manuf Sci Eng 126: 237-246.
129. Stevens MJ, Covas JA (1995) Extruder principles and operation, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, 494 pp. ISBN: 0412635909, 9780412635908.
130. Turner BN, Strong R, Gold SA (2014) A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes. Rapid Prototyp J 20(3): 192-204.
131. Smid P (2005) CNC programming techniques: an insider's guide to effective methods and applications. Industrial Press Inc., New York, 343 pp. ISBN: 0831131853, 9780831131852.
132. Yardimci MA, Guceri S (1996) Conceptual framework for the thermal process of fused deposition. Rapid Prototyp J 2(2): 26-31.
133. Agarwala MK, Jamalabad VR, Langrana NA et al (1996) Structural quality of parts processed by fused deposition. Rapid Prototyp J 2(4): 4-19.
134. Stratasys. Fused deposition modelling. http://www. stratasys. com.
135. Osteopore. FDM produced tissue scaffolds. http://www. osteopore. com. sg.
136. Envisiontec. Bioplotting system. http://www. envisiontec. com.
137. Zein I, Hutmacher DW, Tan KC, Teoh SH (2002) Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 23: 1169-1185.
138. Contour Crafting. large scale extrusion-based process. http://www. contourcrafting. org.
139. Klosterman DA, Chartoff RP, Ostborne NR et al (1999) Development of a curved layer LOM process for monolithic ceramics & ceramic matrix composites. Rapid Prototyp J 5(2): 61-71.
140. Liu Y, Gibson I (2007) A framework for development of a fiber-composite, curved FDM system. Proceedings of the international conference on manufacturing automation, ICMA'07, Singapore, 28-30 May 2007. p 93-102.
141. Jafari MA, Han W, Mohammadi F et al (2000) A novel system for fused deposition of advanced multiple ceramics. Rapid Prototyp J 6(3): 161-175.
142. Reprap. Self replicating AM machine concept. http://www. reprap. org.
143. Le HP (1998) Progress and trends in ink-jet printing technology. J Imaging Sci Technol 42 (1): 49-62.
144. The rapid prototyping patent museum: basic technology patents. http://www. additive3d. com/museum/mus_c. htm. Accessed 17 Aug 2013.
145. Wohlers T (2004) Wohlers report 2004. Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins.
146. Derby B, Reis N (2003) Inkjet printing of highly loaded particulate suspensions. MRS Bull 28 (11): 815-818.
147. De Gans BJ, Duineveld PC, Schubert US (2004) Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments. Adv Mater 16(3): 203-213.
148. MicroFab Technologies. MicroFab technote 99-02: fluid properties effects on ink-jet device performance. http://www. microfab. com/equipment/technotes. html.
149. Paton A, Kruse J (1995) Reduced nozzle viscous impedance. US Patent 5, 463, 416.
150. Gao F, Sonin AA (1994) Precise deposition of molten microdrops: the physics of digital fabrication. Proc R Soc Lond A 444: 533-554.
151. Reis N, Seerden KAM, Derby B, Halloran JW, Evans JRG (1999) Direct inkjet deposition of ceramic green bodies: II-jet behaviour and deposit formation. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 542: 147-152.
152. Feng W, Fuh J, Wong Y (2006) Development of a drop-on-demand micro dispensing system. Mater Sci Forum 505-507: 25-30.
153. 3D Systems professional printers. http://www. 3dsystems. com/3d-printers/professional/over view. Accessed 17 Aug 2013.
154. Leyden R, Hull W (1999) Method for selective deposition modeling. US Patent 5, 855, 836.
155. De Gans BJ, Kazancioglu E, Meyer W, Schubert US (2004) Ink-jet printing polymers and polymer libraries using micropipettes. Macromol Rapid Commun 25: 292-296.
156. Xu P, Ruatta S, Schmidt K, Doan V (2004) Phase change support material composition. US Patent 7, 399, 796.
157. Schmidt K (2005) Selective deposition modeling with curable phase change materials. US Patent 6, 841, 116.
158. Tay B, Edirisinghe MJ (2001) Investigation of some phenomena occurring during continuous ink-jet printing of ceramics. J Mater Res 16(2): 373-384.
159. Ainsley C, Reis N, Derby B (2002) Freeform fabrication by controlled droplet deposition of powder filled melts. J Mater Sci 37: 3155-3161.
160. Zhao X, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ (2002) Direct ink-jet printing of vertical walls. J Am Ceram Soc 85(8): 2113-2115.
161. Wang T, Derby B (2005) Ink-jet printing and sintering of PZT. J Am Ceram Soc 88 (8): 2053-2058.
162. Liu Q, Orme M (2001) High precision solder droplet printing technology and the state-of-theart. J Mater Process Technol 115: 271-283.
163. Priest JW, Smith C, DuBois P (1997) Liquid metal jetting for printing metal parts. In: Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX, 11-13 Aug, pp 1-9.
164. Orme M (1993) A novel technique of rapid solidification net-form material synthesis. J Mater Eng Perform 2: 399-405.
165. Orme M, Huang C, Courter J (1996) Precision droplet-based manufacturing and material synthesis: fluid dynamics and thermal control issues. Atomization Sprays 6: 305-329.
166. Yamaguchi K (2003) Generation of 3-dimensional microstructure by metal jet. Microsyst Technol 9: 215-219.
167. Yamaguchi K, Sakai K, Yamanka T, Hirayama T (2000) Generation of three-dimensional micro structure using metal jet. Precis Eng 24: 2-8.
168. Liu Q, Orme M (2001) On precision droplet-based net-form manufacturing technology. Proc Inst Mech Eng B J Eng Manuf 215: 1333-1355.
169. Cao W, Miyamoto Y (2006) Freeform fabrication of aluminum parts by direct deposition of molten aluminum. J Mater Process Technol 173: 209-212.
170. Shimoda T, Morii K, Seki S, Kiguchi H (2003) Inkjet printing of light-emitting polymer displays. MRS Bull 28: 821-827.
171. Zhao X, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ, Song JH (2001) Ceramic freeforming using an advanced multinozzle ink-jet printer. J Mater Synth Proces 9(6): 319-327.
172. Furbank RJ, Morris JF (2004) An experimental study of particle effects on drop formation. Phys Fluids 16(5): 1777-1790.
173. Bechtel SE, Bogy DB, Talke FE (1981) Impact of a liquid drop against a flat surface. IBM J Res Dev 25(6): 963-971.
174. Pasandideh-Fard M, Qiao Y, Chandra S, Mostaghimi J (1996) Capillary effects during droplet impact on a solid surface. Phys Fluids 8(3): 650-659.
175. Thoroddsen ST, Sakakibara J (1998) Evolution of the fingering pattern of an impacting drop. Phys Fluids 10(6): 1359-1374.
176. Bhola R, Chandra S (1999) Parameters controlling solidification of molten wax droplets falling on a solid surface. J Mater Sci 34: 4883-4894.
177. Attinger D, Zhao Z, Poulikakos D (2000) An experimental study of molten microdroplet surface deposition and solidification: transient behavior and wetting angle dynamics. J Heat Transf 122: 544-556.
178. Zhou W, Loney D, Fedorov AG, Degertekin FL, Rosen DW (2013) What controls dynamics of droplet shape evolution upon impingement on a solid surface? AIChE J 59(8): 3071-3082.
179. Bussman M, Chandra S, Mostaghimi J (2000) Modeling the splash of a droplet impacting a solid surface. Phys Fluids 12(12): 3121-3132.
180. Schiaffino S, Sonin AA (1997) Molten droplet deposition and solidification at low Weber numbers. Phys Fluids 9(11): 3172-3187.
181. Orme M, Huang C (1997) Phase change manipulation for droplet-based solid freeform fabrication. J Heat Transfer 119: 818-823.
182. Sanders R, Forsyth L, Philbrook K (1996) 3-D Model maker. US Patent 5, 506, 706.
183. Thayer J, Almquist T, Merot C, Bedal B, Leyden R, Denison K, Stockwell J, Caruso A, Lockard M (2001) Selective deposition modeling system and method. US Patent 6, 305, 769.
184. Gothait H (2005) System and method for three-dimensional model printing. US Patent 6, 850, 334.
185. Gothait H (2001) Apparatus and method for three-dimensional model printing. US Patent 6, 259, 962.
186. Bedal B, Bui V (2002) Method and apparatus for controlling the drop volume in a selective deposition modeling environment. US Patent 6, 347, 257.
187. Tay B, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ (2003) Solid freeform fabrication of ceramics. Int Mater Rev 48(6): 341-370.
188. MicroFab technote 99-01: background on ink-jet technology. http://www. microfab. com/equip ment/technotes/technote99-01. pdf. Accessed 19 Mar 2006.
189. Teng W, EdirisingheMJ (1998) Development of continuous direct ink jet printing of ceramics. Br Ceram Trans 97(4): 169-173.
190. Blazdell PF, Evans JRG, Edirisinghe MJ, Shaw P, Binstead M (1995) The computer aided manufacture of ceramics using multilayer jet printing. J Mater Sci Lett 54: 1562-1565.
191. Blazdell PF (2003) Solid free-forming of ceramics using a continuous jet printer. J Mater Process Technol 137: 49-54.
192. Tseng AA, Lee MH, Zhao B (2001) Design and operation of a droplet deposition system for freeform fabrication of metal parts. J Eng Mater Technol 123: 74-84.
193. Basaran OA (2002) Small-scale free surface flows with breakup: drop formation and emerging applications. AIChE J 48(9): 1842-1848.
194. Sirringhaus H, Kawase T, Friend RH, Shimoda T, Inbasekaran M, Wu W, Woo EP (2000) High-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits. Science 290: 2123-2126.
195. Lee E (2002) Microdrop generation. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
196. Percin G, Khuri-Yakub BT (2002) Piezoelectrically actuated flextensional micromachined ultrasound droplet ejectors. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 49(6): 756-766.
197. Elrod SA, Hadimioglu B, Khuri-Yakub BT, Rawson EG, Richley E, Quate CF (1989) Nozzleless droplet formation with focused acoustic beams. J Appl Phys 65(9): 3441-3447.
198. Meacham JM, Ejimofor C, Kumar S, Degertekin FL, Fedorov AG (2004) Micromachined ultrasonic droplet generator based on a liquid horn structure. Rev Sci Instrum 75(5): 1347-1352.
199. MeachamJM, VaradyM, Degertekin FL, FedorovAG(2005) Droplet formation and ejection from a micromachined ultrasonic droplet generator: visualization and scaling. Phys Fluids 17: 100605.
200. Margolin L (2006) Ultrasonic droplet generation jetting technology for additive manufacturing: an initial investigation. MS Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology.
201. Fukumoto H, Aizawa J, Nakagawa H, Narumiya H (2000) Printing with ink mist ejected by ultrasonic waves. J Imaging Sci Technol 44(5): 398-405.
202. Meacham JM, O'Rourke A, Yang Y, Fedorov AG, Degertekin FL, Rosen DW (2010) Experimental characterization of high viscosity droplet ejection. J Manuf Sci E-TASME 132(3): 030905.
203. Sweet R (1964) High-frequency oscillography with electrostatically deflected ink jets. SEL-64-004, SELTR17221. Stanford Electronics Laboratories, Stanford, CA.
204. Munson B, Young D, Okiishi T (1998) Fundamentals of fluid mechanics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York.
205. Solidscape. T66 Benchtop: product description. http://www. solid-scape. com/t66. html. Accessed 31 July 2006.
206. Stratasys Polyjet Technology. http://stratasys. com/3d-printers/technology/polyjet-technology. Accessed 17 Aug 2013.
207. Sachs EM, Cima MJ, Williams P, Brancazio D, Cornie J (1992) Three-dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model. J Eng Ind 114: 481-488.
208. 3D Systems Professional Printers. http://www. 3dsystems. com/3d-printers/professional/over view. Accessed 14 August 2013.
209. Voxeljet Corporation. www. voxeljet. com.
210. ExOne. www. exone. com/products. Accessed 10 August 2013.
211. Yoo J, Cima MJ, Khanuja S, Sachs EM (1993) Structural ceramic components by 3D printing. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX.
212. Uhland S, Holman RK, Morissette S, Cima MJ, Sachs EM (2001) Strength of green ceramics with low binder content. J Am Ceram Soc 84(12): 2809-2818.
213. Cima MJ, Lauder A, Khanuja S, Sachs E (1992) Microstructural elements of components derived from 3D printing. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX.
214. Grau J, Moon J, Uhland S, Cima MJ, Sachs E (1997) High green density ceramic components fabricated by the slurry-based 3DP process. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX.
215. Williams CB, Rosen DW (2007) Cellular materials manufactured via 3D printing of metal oxide powders. Solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX, 6-8 Aug 2007.
216. Williams CB (2008) Design and development of a layer-based additive manufacturing process for the realization of metal parts of designed mesostructure. Ph. D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology.
217. European patent, EP1631440 A1, apparatus for manufacturing three dimensional items, Christopher Sutcliffe. US Patent US2008109102.
218. Hauser C, Dunschen M, Egan M, Sutcliffe C (2008) Transformation algorithms for image preparation in spiral growth manufacturing (SGM). Rapid Prototyping J 14(4): 188-196.
219. Wimpenny DI, Bryden B, Pashby IR (2003) Rapid laminated tooling. J Mater Process Technol 138: 214.
220. Solidimension. www. solidimension. com.
221. Stratoconception. www. stratoconception. com.
222. Yi S et al (2004) Study of the key technologies of LOM for functional metal parts. J Mater Process Technol 150: 175.
223. Himmer T, Nakagawa T, Anzai M (1999) Lamination of metal sheets. Comput Ind 39: 27.
224. Himmer T et al (2004) Metal laminated tooling-a quick and flexible tooling concept. In: Proceedings of the solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX, p 304.
225. Obikawa T (1998) Rapid manufacturing system by sheet steel lamination. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference computer aided production engineering, Tokyo, Japan, p 265.
226. Yamasaki H (2000) Applying laminated die to manufacture automobile part in large size. Die Mould Technol 15: 36.
227. Weiss L, Prinz F (1998) Novel applications and implementations of shape deposition manufacturing. Naval Research Reviews, Office of Naval Research, Three/1998, Vol L.
228. Blaha F, Langenecker B (1966) Plasticity test on metal crystals in an ultrasonic field. Acta Metall 7: 93-100.
229. Janaki Ram GD, Robinson C, Yang Y, Stucker B (2007) Use of ultrasonic consolidation for fabrication of multi-material structures. Rapid Prototyping J 13(4): 226-235.
230. Robinson CJ, Zhang C, Janaki Ram GD, Siggard EJ, Stucker B, Li L (2006) Maximum height to width ratio of freestanding structures built using ultrasonic consolidation. Proceedings of the 17th solid freeform fabrication symposium, August, Austin, TX.
231. Weare NE, Antonevich JN, Monroe RE (1960) Fundamental studies of ultrasonic welding. Welding J 39: 331s-341s.
232. Flood G (1997) Ultrasonic energy welds copper to aluminum. Welding J 76: 761-766.
233. Gunduz I, Ando T, Shattuck E, Wong P, Doumanidis C (2005) Enhanced diffusion and phase transformations during ultrasonic welding of zinc and aluminum. Scr Mater 52: 939-943.
234. Joshi KC (1971) The formation of ultrasonic bonds between metals. Welding J 50: 840-848.
235. Robinson C, Stucker B, Coperich-Branch K, Palmer J, Strassner B, Navarrete M, Lopes A, MacDonald E, Medina F, Wicker R (2007) Fabrication of a mini-SAR antenna array using ultrasonic consolidation and direct-write. Second international conference on rapid manufacturing. Loughborough, England.
236. Keicher DM, Miller WD (1998) Metal powder report 53: 26.
237. Lewis GK et al (1994) Directed light fabrication. In: Proceedings of the ICALEO'94. Laser Institute of America, Orlando, p 17.
238. House MA, et al (1996) Rapid laser forming of titanium near shape articles: LaserCast. In: Proceedings of the solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX, p 239.
239. Liu W, DuPont JN (2003) Fabrication of functionally graded TiC/Ti composites by Laser Engineered Net Shaping. Scr Mater 48: 1337.
240. Beuth J, Klingbeil N (2001) The role of process variables in laser based direct metal solid freeform fabrication. J Met 9: 36-39.
241. Bontha S, Klingbeil NW, Kobryn PA, Fraser HL (2009) Effects of process variables and sizescale on solidification microstructure in beam-based fabrication of bulky 3D structures. Mater Sci Eng A 513-514: 311-318.
242. Banerjee R et al (2003) Direct laser deposition of in situ Ti-6Al-/4V-/TiB composites. Mater Sci Eng A A358: 343.
243. Mortara L, Hughes J, Ramsundar PS, Livesey F, Probert DR (2009) Proposed classification scheme for direct writing technologies. Rapid Prototyping J 15(4): 299-309.
244. Abraham MH, Helvajian H (2004) Laser direct write of SiO/sub 2/MEMS and nano-scale devices. Proceedings of SPIE, vol 5662, Fifth international symposium on laser precision microfabrication, October 2004, pp. 543-550.
245. Pique A, Chrisey DB (2001) Direct write technologies for rapid prototyping applications. In: Sensors, electronics and integrated power sources. Academic, Boston.
246. Li B, Dutta Roy T, Clark PA, Church KH (2007) A robust true direct-print technology for tissue engineering. Proceedings of the 2007 international manufacturing science and engineering conference MSEC2007, October 15-17, 2007, ASME, Atlanta, paper # MSEC2007-31074.
247. www. nscryptinc. com.
248. www. fabathome. org.
249. www. nanoink. net.
250. Szczech JB et al (2000) Manufacture of microelectronic circuitry by drop-on-demand dispensing of nanoparticle liquid suspensions. In: Proceedings of the materials research society symposium, vol 624, p. 23.
251. Essien M, Renn MJ (2002) Development of mesoscale processes for direct write fabrication of electronic components. In: Keicher D et al (eds) Proceedings of the conference on metal powder deposition for rapid prototyping, p. 209.
252. http://materials. web. psi. ch/Research/Thin_Films/Methods/LIFT. htm.
253. Young D, Chrisey DB (2000) Issues for tissue engineering by direct-write technologies. http://www. fractal. org/Fractal-Research-and-Products/Biomanufacturing. pdf.
254. Fitz-Gerald JM et al (2000) Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct write (MAPLE DW): a new method to rapidly prototype active and passive electronic circuit elements. In: Proceedings of the materials research society symposium, vol 624, p. 143.
255. http://www. laserfocusworld. com/display_article/204194/12/none/none/OptWr/Direct-writelaser-processing-creates-tiny-electrochemical-system.
256. Sampath S et al (2000) Thermal spray techniques for fabrication of meso-electronics and sensors. In: Proceedings of the Materials research society symposium, vol 624, p. 181.
257. www. sulzermetco. com.
258. Chen Q, Longtin JP, Tankiewicz S, Sampath S, Gambino RJ (2004) Ultrafast laser micromachining and patterning of thermal spray multilayers for thermopile fabrication. J Micromech Microeng 14: 506-513.
259. Kadekar V, Fang W, Liou F (2004) Deposition technologies for micromanufacturing: a review. J Manuf Sci Eng 126(4): 787-795.
260. Duty C, Jean D, Lackey WJ (2001) Laser chemical vapor deposition: materials, modeling, and process control. Int Mater Rev 46(6): 271-287.
261. Hoffmann P et al (2000) Focused ion beam induced deposition of gold and rhodium. In: Proceedings of the materials research society symposium, vol 624, p. 171.
262. Longo DM, Hull R (2000) Direct focused ion beam writing of printheads for pattern transfer utilizing microcontact printing. In Proceedings of the materials research society symposium, vol 624, p. 157.
263. Bhushan B (2007) Springer handbook of nanotechnology. Springer, New York, p 179.
264. He Z, Zhou JG, Tseng A (2000) Feasibility study of chemical liquid deposition based solid freeform fabrication. J Materials Design 21: 83-92.
265. McLeod E, Arnold CB (2008) Laser direct write near-field nanopatterning using optically trapped microspheres. Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2008 and 2008 conference on quantum electronics and laser science. CLEO/QELS 2008. 4-9 May 2008.
266. Palmer JA et al (2005) Stereolithography: a basis for integrated meso manufacturing. In: Proceedings of the 16th solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin.
267. Church KH et al (2000) Commercial applications and review for direct write technologies. In: Proceedings of the materials research society symposium, p. 624.
268. Lewis JA (2006) Direct ink writing of 3D functional materials. Adv Funct Mater 16: 2193-2204.
269. Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography google. com. au/patents/US4575330.
270. Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects google. com/patents/US5121329.
271. Wohlers T (2014) Wohlers report 2014: additive manufacturing and 3D printing state of the industry, annual worldwide progress report. Wohlers Associates, Inc., Fort Collins, CO.
272. Hornick, Roland. Many 3D printing patents are expiring soon: here's a round up & overview of them. 3dprintingindustry. com.
273. Christensen CM. The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston: Harvard Business School; 1997. ISBN 978-0-87584-585-2.
274. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Liberator_(gun).
275. theguardian. com/uk-news/2013/oct/25/3d-printed-guns-risk-user.
276. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Improvised_firearm.
277. telegraph. co. uk/technology/news/10629531/The-next-step-3D-printing-the-human-body. html.
278. Make Magazine. makezine. com.
279. RepRap. http://reprap. org/.
280. Gershenfeld N (2007) Fab: the coming revolution on your desktop. ReadHowYouWant Limited. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-4596-1057-6.
281. I2P Lab, facebook. com/Idea2ProductLab.
282. Wohlers T (2013) State of the industry-2013 Worldwide progress report, Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins.
283. Keeney RL, Raiffa H (1976) Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value tradeoffs. Wiley, New York.
284. Hazelrigg G (1996) Systems engineering: an approach to information-based design. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
285. Mistree F, Smith WF, Bras BA (1993) A decision-based approach to concurrent engineering. In: Paresai HR, Sullivan W (eds) Handbook of concurrent engineering. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 127-158.
286. Marston M, Allen JK, Mistree F (2000) The decision support problem technique: integrating descriptive and normative approaches. Eng Valuation Cost Anal, Special Issue on Decisions-Based Design: Status and Promise 3: 107-129.
287. Mistree F, Smith WF, Bras BA, Allen JK, Muster D (1990) Decision-based design: a contemporary paradigm for ship design. Trans Soc Naval Arch Marine Eng 98: 565-597.
288. Bascaran E, Bannerot RB, Mistree F (1989) Hierarchical selection decision support problems in conceptual design. Eng Optim 14: 207-238.
289. Deglin A, Bernard A (2000) A knowledge-based environment for modelling and computeraided process planning of rapid manufacturing processes, CE'2000 conference, Lyon.
290. Fuh JYH, Loh HT, Wong YS, Shi DP, Mahesh M, Chong TS (2002) A web-based database system for RP machines, processes, and materials selection, Chap 2. In: Gibson I (ed) Software solutions for RP. Professional Engineering, London.
291. Xu F, Wong YS, Loh HT (1999) A knowledge-based decision support system for RP&M process selection. In: Proceedings solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, Aug 9-11.
292. Allen JK (1996) The decision to introduce new technology: the fuzzy preliminary selection decision support problem. Eng Optim 26(1): 61-77.
293. Williams CB (2007) Design and development of a layer-based additive manufacturing process for the realization of metal parts of designed mesostructure, PhD dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology.
294. Herrmann A, Allen JK (1999) Selection of rapid tooling materials and processes in a distributed design environment. ASME design for manufacturing conference, paper #DETC99/DFM-8930, Las Vegas, Sept. 12-15.
295. von Neumann J, Morgenstern O (1947) The theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University, Princeton.
296. Luce RD, Raiffa H (1957) Games and decisions. Wiley, New York.
297. Savage LJ (1954) The foundations of statistics. Wiley, New York.
298. Fernandez MG, Seepersad CC, Rosen DW, Allen JK, Mistree F (2001) Utility-based decision support for selection in engineering design. ASME design automation conference, paper #DETC2001/DAC-21106, Pittsburgh, Sept. 9-12.
299. Thurston DL (1991) A formal method for subjective design evaluation with multiple attributes. Res Eng Des 3(2): 105-122.
300. Wilson J, Rosen DW (2005) Selection for rapid manufacturing under epistemic uncertainty. Proceedings ASME design automation conference, paper DETC2005/DFMLC-85264, Long Beach, Sept. 24-28.
301. Rosen DW, Gibson I (2002) Decision support and system selection for RP, Chapter 4. In: Gibson I (ed) Software solutions for RP. Professional Engineering, London.
302. Rosen DW (2005) Direct digital manufacturing: issues and tools for making key decisions. Proceedings SME rapid prototyping and manufacturing conference, Dearborn, May 9-12.
303. Dutta D, Prinz FB, Rosen D, Weiss L (2001) Layered manufacturing: current status and future trends. ASME J Comput Inf Sci Eng 1(1): 60-71.
304. Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Williams R (2006) Rapid manufacture of removable partial denture frameworks. Rapid Prototyping J 12(2): 95-99.
305. Qu X, Stucker B (2003) A 3D surface offset method for STL-format models. Rapid Prototyping J 9(3): 133-141.
306. Stucker B, Qu X (2003) A finish machining strategy for rapid manufactured parts and tools. Rapid Prototyping J 9(4): 194-200.
307. Das S et al (1999) Processing of titanium net shapes by SLS/HIP. Mater Des 20: 115.
308. 3D Systems Inc (1989) Stereolithography interface specification. October 1989.
309. Autodesk CAD software. usa. autodesk. com.
310. Rhinoceros CAD software. http://www. rhino3d. com/.
311. Vatani M, Rahimi AR et al (2009) An enhanced slicing algorithm using nearest distance analysis for layer manufacturing. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol 37, pp 721-726, Jan 2009. ISSN: 2070-3740.
312. Marcam, VisCAM software. http://www. marcam. de.
313. Materialise, AM software systems. http://www. materialise. com/materialise/view/en/92074-Magics. html.
314. Jamieson R, Hacker H (1995) Direct slicing of CAD models for rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyping J 1(2): 4-12, Pub. by Emerald, ISSN 1355-2546.
315. Ling WM, Gibson I (2002) Specification of VRML in color rapid prototyping. Int J CAD/CAM 1(1): 1-9.
316. Siu YK, Tan ST (2002) Representation and CAD modeling of heterogeneous objects. Rapid Prototyping J 8(2): 70-75, ISSN 1355-2546.
317. Delft Spline. http://www. spline. nl/dp/deskproto. html.
318. Roland, desktop milling and subtractive RP. http://www. rolanddga. com/ASD/.
319. Choi SH, Samavedam S (2001) Visualisation of rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyping J 7 (2): 99-114.
320. Zeng K, Pal D, Patil N, Stucker B (2013) A new dynamic mesh method applied to the simulation of selective laser melting. Twenty fourth Annual international solid freeform fabrication symposium-an additive manufacturing conference, Austin, TX, August 2013.
321. AMF, F2915-12 File Format, v1. 1. http://www. astm. org/Standards/F2915. htm.
322. Wikipedia AMF description. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Additive_Manufacturing_File_Format.
323. Wohlers T (2014) Wohlers report 2014: additive manufacturing and 3D printing state of the industry, annual worldwide progress report. Wohlers, Fort Collins.
324. Masters M (2002) Direct manufacturing of custom-made hearing instruments, SME rapid prototyping conference and exhibition, Cincinnati, OH.
325. Masters M, Velde T, McBagonluri F (2006) Rapid manufacturing in the hearing industry, chap. 2. In: Hopkinson N, Hague RJM, Dickens PM (eds) Rapid manufacturing: an industrial revolution for the digital age. Wiley, Chichester.
326. Wohlers T (2008) Wohlers report: state of the industry, annual worldwide progress report. Wohlers, Fort Collins.
327. Hopkinson N (2005) Two projects using SLS of nylon 12, 3D Systems North American Stereolithography User Group Conference, Tucson, AZ, April 3-7.
328. Wohlers T (2013) Wohlers report 2013: additive manufacturing and 3D printing state of the industry, annual worldwide progress report. Wohlers Associates, Inc., Fort Collins.
329. Make Magazine (2013) http://makezine. com/2013/06/27/how-to-3d-print-a-video-gamefigurine/.
330. Hastings B (2007) The transition from rapid prototyping to direct manufacturing, SME RAPID Conference, Detroit, May 20-22.
331. Johnson PL (1993) ISO 9000: meeting the new international standards. McGraw-Hill, New York.
332. Pham DT, Wang X (2000) Prediction and reduction of build times for the selective laser sintering process. Proc Inst Mech Eng 214(B): 425-430.
333. Susman GI (1992) Integrating design and manufacturing for competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, New York.
334. Bralla JG (ed) (1986) Handbook of product design for manufacturing. McGraw-Hill, New York.
335. Boothroyd G, Dewhurst P, Knight W (1994) Product design for manufacture and assembly. Marcel Dekker, New York.
336. Shah J, Wright PK (2000) Developing theoretical foundations of DFM. ASME design for manufacturing conference, Baltimore, MD.
337. Rosen DW, Chen Y, Sambu S, Allen JK, Mistree F (2003) The rapid tooling testbed: a distributed design-for-manufacturing system. Rapid Prototyp J 9(3): 122-132.
338. 3D Systems, Inc. http://www. 3dsystems. com.
339. Hague RJM (2006) Unlocking the design potential of rapid manufacturing. In: Hopkinson N, Hague RJM, Dickens PM (eds) Rapid manufacturing: an industrial revolution for the digital age, Chap. 2. Wiley, Chichester.
340. Mavroidis C, DeLaurentis KJ, Won J, Alam M (2002) Fabrication of non-assembly mechanisms and robotic systems using rapid prototyping. ASME J Mech Des 123: 516-524.
341. Kataria A, Rosen DW (2001) Building around inserts: methods for fabricating complex devices in stereolithography. Rapid Prototyp J 7(5): 253-261.
342. Binnard M (1999) Design by composition for rapid prototyping, 1st edn. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Norwell.
343. Patil L, Dutta D, Bhatt AD, Lyons K, Jurrens K, Pratt MJ, Sriram RD (2000) Representation of heterogeneous objects in ISO 10303 (STEP). Proceedings of the ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition, Mechanical Engineering Division, Orlando, FL, November, pp 355-364.
344. Boeing Corp. http://www. boeing. com.
345. Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) Cellular solids: structure and properties. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
346. Ashby MF, Evans A, Fleck NA, Gibson LJ, Hutchinson JW, Wadley HNG (2000) Metal foams: a design guide. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn.
347. Deshpande VS, Fleck NA, Ashby MF (2001) Effective properties of the octet-truss lattice material. J Mech Phys Solids 49(8): 1747-1769.
348. Wang J, Evans AG, Dharmasena K, Wadley HNG (2003) On the performance of truss panels with Kagome cores. Int J Solids Struct 40: 6981-6988.
349. Wang A-J, McDowell DL (2003) Optimization of a metal honeycomb sandwich beam-bar subjected to torsion and bending. Int J Solids Struct 40(9): 2085-2099.
350. Nguyen J, Park S-I, Rosen DW (2013) Heuristic optimization method for cellular structure design of light weight components. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 14(6): 1071-1078.
351. Kytannen J (2006) Rapid manufacture for the retail industry. In: Hopkinson N, Hague RJM, Dickens PM (eds) Rapid manufacturing: an industrial revolution for the digital age, Chap. 18. Wiley, Chichester.
352. Rosen DW (2007) Computer-aided design for additive manufacturing of cellular structures. Comput Aided Des Appl 4(5): 585-594.
353. Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Research Group, Nottingham University, UK. http://www. nottingham. ac. uk/research/groups/3dprg/index. aspx.
354. Beaman JJ, Atwood C, Bergman TL, Bourell D, Hollister S, Rosen D (2004) Assessment of European Research and Development in Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing, final report from WTEC panel. http://wtec. org/additive/report/welcome. htm.
355. Ensz M, Storti D, Ganter M (1998) Implicit methods for geometry creation. Int J Comput Geom Appl 8(5, 6): 509-536.
356. Shapiro V, Tsukanov I (1999) Meshfree simulation of deforming domains. Comput Aided Des 31(7): 459-471.
357. Zeid I (2005) Mastering CAD/CAM. McGraw-Hill, New York.
358. Rvachev VL, Sheiko TI, Shapiro V, Tsukanov I (2001) Transfinite interpolation over implicitly defined sets. Comput Aided Geom Des 18: 195-220.
359. Michell AGM (1904) The limits of economy of material in frame structures. Philos Mag 8: 589-597.
360. Dewhurst P, Srithongchai S (2005) An Investigation of minimum-weight dual-material symmetrically loaded wheels and torsion arms. ASME J Appl Mech 72: 196-202.
361. Baldick R (2006) Applied optimization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
362. Qi X, Wang MY, Shi T (2013) A method for shape and topology optimization of truss-like structures. Struct Multidisc Optim 47: 687-697.
363. Patel J, Choi S-K (2012) Classification approach for reliability-based topology optimization using probabilistic neural networks. Struct Multidisc Optim 45(4): 529-543.
364. Bendsoe MP (1989) Optimal shape design as a material distribution problem. Struct Optim 1 (193-202): 1989.
365. Sigmund O (2001) A 99 line topology optimization code written in Matlab. Struct Multidiscip Optim 21: 120-127.
366. Rozvany GIN (2009) A critical review of established methods of structural topology optimization. Struct Multidisc Optim 37: 217-237.
367. Suresh K (2013) Efficient generation of large-scale pareto-optimal topologies. Struct Multidisc Optim 47: 49-61.
368. Wei P, Wang MW (2009) Piecewise constant level set method for structural topology optimization. Int J Numer Meth Engng 78: 379-402.
369. Pham DT, Dimov SS (2003) Rapid prototyping and rapid tooling-the key enablers for rapid manufacturing. Proc IME C J Mech Eng Sci 217(1): 1-23.
370. commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Injection_moulding. png, courtesy of Brockey.
371. Rockey B. Created for Wikipedia in the article on Injection Molding.
372. Bolur PC. A guide to injection moulding of plastics. pitfallsinmolding. com.
373. Moldflow injection molding simulation. www. autodesk. com.
374. 3dsystems. com. Rapid Tooling with the SLS® Process and LaserForm™ A6 Steel Material.
375. 3dsystems. ru. 3D Keltool, How it works.
376. Plasticstoday. com. Conformal cooling: why use it now?.
377. Sachs E, Wylonis E et al (2000) Production of injection molding tooling with conformal cooling channels using the three dimensional printing process. Polym Eng Sci 40 (5): 1232-1247.
378. Arthur A, Dickens PM, Cobb RC (1996) Using rapid prototyping to produce electrical discharge machining electrodes. Rapid Prototyp J 2(1): 4-12.
379. Stucker BE, Bradley WL, Eubank PT, Bozkurt B, Norasetthekul S (1999) Manufacture and use of ZrB2/Cu composite electrodes. U. S. Patent 5, 870, 663.
380. Materialise metrology system. manufacturing. materialise. com/3d-scanning-measuringservices.
381. Jacobs PF (1992) Rapid prototyping & manufacturing: fundamentals of stereolithography. SME, Dearborn.
382. Jacobs PF (1996) Stereolithography and other RP&M technologies: from rapid prototyping to rapid tooling. Society of Manufacturing Engineers and American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dearborn.
383. DICOM, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, developed by the Medical Imaging and Technology Alliance Division of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. www. medical. nema. org.
384. Objet medical application case study on conjoined twin separation. www. objet. com/Docs/Med_Twins_A4_low. pdf.
385. Cordis, discussion on the use of Stereocol resin for medical applications. www. cordis. europa. eu/itt/itt-en/97-4/case. htm.
386. Connex, multiple material AM system. www. objet. com/3D-Printer/Connex500/.
387. Medical Modeling Inc. http://www. medicalmodeling. com/.
388. Wang J, Ye M, Liu Z, Wang C (2009) Precision of cortical bone reconstruction based on 3D CT scans. Comput Med Imaging Graph 33(3): 235-241.
389. Total jaw implant. www. xilloc. com/patients/stories/total-mandibular-implant.
390. Gibson I, Cheung LK, Chow SP, Cheung WL, Beh SL, Savalani M, Lee SH (2006) The use of rapid prototyping to assist medical applications. Rapid Prototyp J 12(1): 53-58.
391. Align, clear orthodontic aligners using AM technology. www. invisalign. com.
392. Shao XX, Hutmacher DW, Ho ST et al (2006) J Biomaterials 27(7): 1071.
393. Osteopore, tissue engineering technology. www. osteopore. com. sg.
394. Materialise. www. materialise. com.
395. EnvisionTEC, 3D-Bioplotter technology. www. envisiontec. com.
396. Wohlers TT (2009) Wohlers report: rapid prototyping and tooling state of the industry; annual worldwide progress report. Wohlers, Fort Collins.
397. Anatomics. www. anatomics. com.
398. Wohlers T (2014) Wohlers report 2014: additive manufacturing and 3D printing state of the industry, annual worldwide progress report. Fort Collins, Wohlers.
399. GE Aviation. http://www. ge. com/stories/additive-manufacturing.
400. EOS. http://www. eos. info/eos_airbusgroupinnovationteam_aerospace_sustainability_study. Accessed 17 June 2014.
401. Beale CL (2000) Nonmetro population growth rate recedes in a time of unprecedented national prosperity. Rural Cond Trends 11(2): 27-31.
402. Fox S (2003) Recognizing materials power: how manufacturing materials constrain marketing strategies. Manuf Eng 81(3): 36-39.
403. Drucker PF (1993) Innovation and entrepreneurship: practice and principles. HarperCollins, New York.
404. Toffler A (1970) Future shock. Bantam Books, New York.