Characterization of protein, peptide and amino acid fouling on ion-exchange and filtration membranes: Review of current and recently developed methods

Journal of Membrane Science

Volumn 496, Issue , 2015, Pages 267-283

  Suwal, Shyam ^a   Doyen, Alain ^a   Bazinet, Laurent ^a  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Characterization; Filtration membrane; Fouling; Ion exchange membrane

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACIDS; CHARACTERIZATION; CHEMICAL CLEANING; ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS; FILTRATION; FOULING; FRACTIONATION; ION EXCHANGE; IONS; MEMBRANE FOULING; MEMBRANES; MICROFILTRATION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION; PEPTIDES; PROTEINS; PURIFICATION; SEPARATION;

AGGRESSIVE CHEMICALS; CHARACTERIZATION METHODS; CONVENTIONAL METHODS; FILTRATION MEMBRANES; FOULING CHARACTERIZATION; NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION; PRESSURE DRIVEN MEMBRANES; SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION;

ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES;

AMINO ACID; NITROGEN; PEPTIDE; PROTEIN;

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BIOFILTRATION; BIOFOULING; CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY; CONTACT ANGLE; COVALENT BOND; DESORPTION; ELECTRIC RESISTANCE; ELECTRODIALYSIS; HYDROPHOBICITY; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; ION EXCHANGE; IONIC STRENGTH; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; MEMBRANE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE; MEMBRANE STRUCTURE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SURFACE CHARGE; WATER CONTENT; X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; ZETA POTENTIAL;

EID: 84941768519     PISSN: 03767388     EISSN: 18733123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.056     Document Type: Review

References (211)

1. Kim S.E., Kim H.H., Kim J.Y., Kang Y.I., Woo H.J., Lee H.J. Anticancer activity of hydrophobic peptides from soy proteins. BioFactors 2000, 12:151-155.
2. Qian Z.-J., Je J.-Y., Kim S.-K. Antihypertensive effect of angiotensin I converting enzyme-inhibitory peptide from hydrolysates of Bigeye Tuna dark muscle, Thunnus obesus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55:8398-8403.
3. Velarde-Salcedo A.J., Barrera-Pacheco A., Lara-González S., Montero-Morán G.M., Díaz-Gois A., González de Mejia E., Barba de la Rosa A.P. In vitro inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV by peptides derived from the hydrolysis of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) proteins. Food Chem. 2013, 136:758-764.
4. Eunice L.-C., Judy C. Antimicrobial peptides. Nutraceutical Proteins and Peptides in Health and Disease 2005, 99-136. CRC Press.
5. Yang R., Zhang Z., Pei X., Han X., Wang J., Wang L., Long Z., Shen X., Li Y. Immunomodulatory effects of marine oligopeptide preparation from Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in mice. Food Chem. 2009, 113:464-470.
6. Xie Z., Huang J., Xu X., Jin Z. Antioxidant activity of peptides isolated from alfalfa leaf protein hydrolysate. Food Chem. 2008, 111:370-376.
7. Pihlanto-Leppala A. Bioactive peptides derived from bovine whey proteins: opioid and ace-inhibitory peptides. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2000, 11:347-356.
8. Korhonen H., Pihlanto A. Bioactive peptides: production and functionality. Int. Dairy J. 2006, 16:945-960.
9. Korhonen H. Milk-derived bioactive peptides: from science to applications. J. Funct. Foods 2009, 1:177-187.
10. J. Wu, K. Majumder, K. Gibbons, Bioactive proteins and peptides from egg proteins, in: Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Wiley-Blackwell, Singapore, pp. 247-263.
11. De Mejia E., De Lumen B.O. Soybean bioactive peptides: a new horizon in preventing chronic diseases. Sex. Reprod. Menopause 2006, 4:91-95.
12. N.K. Howell, C. Kasase, Bioactive peptides and proteins from fish muscle and collagen, in: Bioactive Proteins and Peptides as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 203-223.
13. Harnedy P.A., FitzGerald R.J. Bioactive peptides from marine processing waste and shellfish: a review. J. Funct. Foods 2012, 4:6-24.
14. Zydney A.L. Protein separations using membrane filtration: new opportunities for whey fractionation. Int. Dairy J. 1998, 8:243-250.
15. Strathmann H. Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude of new applications. Desalination 2010, 264:268-288.
16. Elisseeva T.V., Shaposhnik V.A., Luschik I.G. Demineralization and separation of amino acids by electrodialysis with ion-exchange membranes. Desalination 2002, 149:405-409.
17. Readi O.M.K., Mengers H.J., Wiratha W., Wessling M., Nijmeijer K. On the isolation of single acidic amino acids for biorefinery applications using electrodialysis. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 384:166-175.
18. Bargeman G., Dohmen-Speelmans M., Recio I., Timmer M., Horst Cvd Selective isolation of cationic amino acids and peptides by electro-membrane filtration. Lait 2000, 80:175-185.
19. M. Perry, O. Kedem, Electrodialysis Process for the Separation of Essential Amino Acids from Derivatives Thereof, U.S. Patent, 1980.
20. Martinez D., Sandeaux R., Sandeaux J., Gavach C. Electrotransport of alanine through ion-exchange membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1992, 69:273-281.
21. Bargeman G., Koops G.H., Houwing J., Breebaart I., van der Horst H.C., Wessling M. The development of electro-membrane filtration for the isolation of bioactive peptides: the effect of membrane selection and operating parameters on the transport rate. Desalination 2002, 149:369-374.
22. Bargeman G., Houwing J., Recio I., Koops G.-H., van der Horst C. Electro-membrane filtration for the selective isolation of bioactive peptides from an αs2-casein hydrolysate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2002, 80:599-609.
23. Suwal S., Roblet C., Amiot J., Doyen A., Beaulieu L., Legault J., Bazinet L. Recovery of valuable peptides from marine protein hydrolysate by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane: impact of ionic strength. Food Res. Int. 2014, 65(Part C):407-415.
24. Langevin M.-E., Roblet C., Moresoli C., Ramassamy C., Bazinet L. Comparative application of pressure- and electrically-driven membrane processes for isolation of bioactive peptides from soy protein hydrolysate. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 403-404:15-24.
25. Doyen A., Udenigwe C.C., Mitchell P.L., Marette A., Aluko R.E., Bazinet L. Anti-diabetic and antihypertensive activities of two flaxseed protein hydrolysate fractions revealed following their simultaneous separation by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes. Food Chem. 2014, 66-76.
26. Huang C., Xu T. Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes for sustainable development. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:5233-5243.
27. Tongwen X., Weihua Y. Citric acid production by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. Chem. Eng. Process.: Process. Intensif. 2002, 41:519-524.
28. Vera E., Sandeaux J., Persin Fo, Pourcelly Gr, Dornier M., Ruales J. Deacidification of passion fruit juice by electrodialysis with bipolar membrane after different pretreatments. J. Food Eng. 2009, 90:67-73.
29. Poulin J.-F., Amiot J., Bazinet L. Simultaneous separation of acid and basic bioactive peptides by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 123:314-328.
30. Ren H., Wang Q., Zhang X., Kang R., Shi S., Cong W. Membrane fouling caused by amino acid and calcium during bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2008, 83:1551-1557.
31. Bégoin L., Rabiller-Baudry M., Chaufer B., Hautbois M.-C., Doneva T. Ageing of PES industrial spiral-wound membranes in acid whey ultrafiltration. Desalination 2006, 192:25-39.
32. Xu T. Ion exchange membranes: state of their development and perspective. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 263:1-29.
33. Ayala-Bribiesca E., Pourcelly G., Bazinet L. Nature identification and morphology characterization of cation-exchange membrane fouling during conventional electrodialysis. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 300:663-672.
34. Park J.-S., Choi J.-H., Yeon K.-H., Moon S.-H. An approach to fouling characterization of an ion-exchange membrane using current-voltage relation and electrical impedance spectroscopy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 294:129-138.
35. Langevin M.-E., Bazinet L. Ion-exchange membrane fouling by peptides: a phenomenon governed by electrostatic interactions. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 369:359-366.
36. Sandeaux J., Fares A., Sandeaux R., Gavach C. Transport properties of electrodialysis membranes in the presence of arginine I. Equilibrium properties of a cation exchange membrane in an aqueous solution of arginine chlorhydrate and sodium chloride. J. Membr. Sci. 1994, 89:73-81.
37. Bukhovets A., Eliseeva T., Oren Y. Fouling of anion-exchange membranes in electrodialysis of aromatic amino acid solution. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 364:339-343.
38. Velasco C., Ouammou M., Calvo J.I., Hernández A. Protein fouling in microfiltration: deposition mechanism as a function of pressure for different pH. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 266:148-152.
39. Huisman I.H., Wilson I.D. Membrane Separations | Microfiltration. Encyclopedia of Separation Science 2000, 1764-1777. Academic Press, Oxford.
40. Causserand C., Aimar P. 1.15 - Characterization of filtration membranes. Encyclopedia of Separation Science 2010, 311-335. Elsevier, Oxford.
41. Cuperus F.P., Smolders C.A. Characterization of UF membranes: membrane characteristics and characterization techniques. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1991, 34:135-173.
42. Capannelli G., Vigo F., Munari S. Ultrafiltration membranes-characterization methods. J. Membr. Sci. 1983, 15:289-313.
43. Bowen W.R., Mohammad A.W. Characterization and prediction of nanofiltration membrane performance - a general assessment. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 1998, 76:885-893.
44. Mänttäri M., Pihlajamäki A., Nyström M. Effect of pH on hydrophilicity and charge and their effect on the filtration efficiency of NF membranes at different pH. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 280:311-320.
45. Nakao S.-i Determination of pore size and pore size distribution: 3. Filtration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1994, 96:131-165.
46. Artuğ G., Hapke J. Characterization of nanofiltration membranes by their morphology, charge and filtration performance parameters. Desalination 2006, 200:178-180.
47. Hughes D.J., Cui Z., Field R.W., Tirlapur U.K. In situ three-dimensional characterization of membrane fouling by protein suspensions using multiphoton microscopy. Langmuir 2006, 22:6266-6272.
48. Kujundzic E., Greenberg A.R., Fong R., Hernandez M. Monitoring protein fouling on polymeric using ultrasonic frequency-domain reflectometry. Membranes 2011, 1:195-216.
49. Sun X., Kanani D.M., Ghosh R. Characterization and theoretical analysis of protein fouling of cellulose acetate membrane during constant flux dead-end microfiltration. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 320:372-380.
50. Linkhorst J., Lewis W.J.T. Workshop on membrane fouling and monitoring: a summary. Desalination Water Treat. 2013, 51:6401-6406.
51. Ghalloussi R., Garcia-Vasquez W., Chaabane L., Dammak L., Larchet C., Deabate S.V., Nevakshenova E., Nikonenko V., Grande D. Ageing of ion-exchange membranes in electrodialysis: a structural and physicochemical investigation. J. Membr. Sci. 2013, 436:68-78.
52. Nyström M., Mänttäri M. Introduction: opportunities and challenges of real time monitoring on membrane processes. Monitoring and Visualizing Membrane-Based Processes 2009, 1-7. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
53. Chen J.C., Li Q., Elimelech M. In situ monitoring techniques for concentration polarization and fouling phenomena in membrane filtration. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 107:83-108.
54. Li N.N., Fane A.G., Ho W.S.W., Matsuura T. Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications 2011, Wiley, New Jersey, United States.
55. Li H., Fane A.G., Coster H.G.L., Vigneswaran S. Direct observation of particle deposition on the membrane surface during crossflow microfiltration. J. Membr. Sci. 1998, 149:83-97.
56. Kang S.-T., Subramani A., Hoek E.M.V., Deshusses M.A., Matsumoto M.R. Direct observation of biofouling in cross-flow microfiltration: mechanisms of deposition and release. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 244:151-165.
57. Schafer A. Natural Organics Removal Using Membranes Principles, Performance, and Cost 2001, CRC Press, Lancaster.
58. Vasil'eva V.I., Kranina N.A., Malykhin M.D., Akberova E.M., Zhiltsova A.V. The surface inhomogeneity of ion-exchange membranes by SEM and AFM data. J. Synch. Investig. 2013, 7:144-153.
59. Leonard D.N., Chandler G.W., Seraphin S. Scanning electron microscopy. Characterization of Materials 2002, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
60. Rabiller-Baudry M., Couttefangeas F., Lannic J.L., Rabiller P. Current microscopy contributions to advances in science and technology. Coupling of SEM-EDX and FTIR-ATR to (quantitatively) Investigate Organic Fouling on Porous Organic Composite Membranes 2013, Formatex. A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.).
61. Caruso F., Furlong D.N., Ariga K., Ichinose I., Kunitake T. Characterization of polyelectrolyte-protein multilayer films by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy. Langmuir 1998, 14:4559-4565.
62. James B.J., Jing Y., Dong Chen X. Membrane fouling during filtration of milk - a microstructural study. J. Food Eng. 2003, 60:431-437.
63. Chunjie H. Application of atomic force microscopy in ion exchange membrane technology. Res. J. Chem. Environ. 2012, 16:145-148.
64. Jim K.J., Fane A.G., Fell C.J.D., Joy D.C. Fouling mechanisms of membranes during protein ultrafiltration. J. Membr. Sci. 1992, 68:79-91.
65. Donald A.M. The use of environmental scanning electron microscopy for imaging wet and insulating materials. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2:511-516.
66. Chan R., Chen V. Characterization of protein fouling on membranes: opportunities and challenges. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 242:169-188.
67. Binnig G., Quate C.F., Gerber C. Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 56:930-933.
68. Hilal N., Johnson D. 1.16 - the use of atomic force microscopy in membrane characterization. Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering 2010, 337-354. Elsevier, Oxford.
69. James P.J., Elliott J.A., McMaster T.J., Newton J.M., Elliott A.M.S., Hanna S., Miles M.J. Hydration of Nafion® studied by AFM and X-ray scattering. J. Mater. Sci. 2000, 35:5111-5119.
70. Bowen W.R., Hilal N., Lovitt R.W., Williams P.M. Atomic force microscope studies of membranes: surface pore structures of cyclopore and anopore membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 110:233-238.
71. Bowen W.R., Hilal N., Lovitt R.W., Williams P.M. Visualisation of an ultrafiltration membrane by non-contact atomic force microscopy at single pore resolution. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 110:229-232.
72. Choi E., Shin K., Hwang T. Preparation and characterization of a cation exchange membrane using a styrene-hydroxyethyl acrylate-lauryl methacrylate terpolymer. Macromol. Res. 2010, 18:577-582.
73. Singh S., Khulbe K.C., Matsuura T., Ramamurthy P. Membrane characterization by solute transport and atomic force microscopy. J. Membr. Sci. 1998, 142:111-127.
74. Abrol K., Qazi G.N., Ghosh A.K. Characterization of an anion-exchange porous polypropylene hollow fiber membrane for immobilization of ABL lipase. J. Biotechnol. 2007, 128:838-848.
75. Khayet M., Matsuura T. Determination of surface and bulk pore sizes of flat-sheet and hollow-fiber membranes by atomic force microscopy, gas permeation and solute transport methods. Desalination 2003, 158:57-64.
76. Ariza M.J., Benavente J., Rodríguez-Castellón E., Palacio L. Effect of hydration of polyamide membranes on the surface electrokinetic parameters: surface characterization by x-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 247:149-158.
77. Wyart Y., Georges G., Deumié C., Amra C., Moulin P. Membrane characterization by microscopic methods: multiscale structure. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 315:82-92.
78. Mohammad A.W., Hilal N., Pei L.Y. Atomic force microscopy as a tool for asymmetric polymeric membrane characterization. Sains Malaysiana 2011, 40:237-244.
79. Lee N., Amy G., Croué J.-P., Buisson H. Identification and understanding of fouling in low-pressure membrane (MF/UF) filtration by natural organic matter (NOM). Water Res. 2004, 38:4511-4523.
80. Lee N., Amy G., Croué J.-P., Buisson H. Morphological analyses of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of low-pressure membranes (MF/UF). J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 261:7-16.
81. Krisilova E.V., Eliseeva T.V., Oros G.Y. Estimation of effect of amino acid's sorption on surface state of ion-exchange membranes using atomic-force microscopy data. Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf. 2011, 47:39-42.
82. Suwal S., Roblet C., Amiot J., Bazinet L. Presence of free amino acids in protein hydrolysate during electroseparation of peptides: impact on system efficiency and membrane physicochemical properties. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 147:227-236.
83. Mizutani Y. Structure of ion exchange membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1990, 49:121-144.
84. Choi J.-H., Moon S.-H. Pore size characterization of cation-exchange membranes by chronopotentiometry using homologous amine ions. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 191:225-236.
85. Gerd K. Atomic force microscopy. Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Nearfield Optical Microscopy and Nanoscratching 2006, 1-86. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
86. Khulbe K.C., Feng C., Matsuura T., Khayet M. AFM images of the cross-section of polyetherimide hollow fibers. Desalination 2006, 201:130-137.
87. Khulbe K.C., Feng C.Y., Matsuura T. Atomic Force Microscopy. Synthetic Polymeric Membranes 2008, 19-45. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
88. Lee H.-J., Choi J.-H., Cho J., Moon S.-H. Characterization of anion exchange membranes fouled with humate during electrodialysis. J. Membr. Sci. 2002, 203:115-126.
89. Berezina N.P., Kononenko N.A., Dyomina O.A., Gnusin N.P. Characterization of ion-exchange membrane materials: properties vs structure. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 139:3-28.
90. Strathmann H. Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes 2004, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
91. Bazinet L., Ippersiel D., Montpetit D., Mahdavi B., Amiot J., Lamarche F. Effect of membrane permselectivity on the fouling of cationic membranes during skim milk electroacidification. J. Membr. Sci. 2000, 174:97-110.
92. Sata T. Properties, characterization and microstructure of ion exchange membranes. Ion Exchange Membranes: Preparation, The Royal Society of Chemistry 2004, 89-134. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
93. Agel E., Bouet J., Fauvarque J.F. Characterization and use of anionic membranes for alkaline fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2001, 101:267-274.
94. Tongwen X., Weihua Y. Fundamental studies of a new series of anion exchange membranes: membrane preparation and characterization. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 190:159-166.
95. Chakrabarty T., Rajesh A.M., Jasti A., Thakur A.K., Singh A.K., Prakash S., Kulshrestha V., Shahi V.K. Stable ion-exchange membranes for water desalination by electrodialysis. Desalination 2011, 282:2-8.
96. Strathmann H. Electromembrane processes: basic aspects and applications. Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering 2010, 391-429. Elsevier, Oxford.
97. Cui W., Kerres J., Eigenberger G. Development and characterization of ion-exchange polymer blend membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 1998, 14:145-154.
98. Saxena A., Tripathi B.P., Shahi V.K. An improved process for separation of proteins using modified chitosan-silica cross-linked charged ultrafilter membranes under coupled driving forces: isoelectric separation of proteins. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 319:252-262.
99. Lee H.-J., Hong M.-K., Han S.-D., Cho S.-H., Moon S.-H. Fouling of an anion exchange membrane in the electrodialysis desalination process in the presence of organic foulants. Desalination 2009, 238:60-69.
100. Wang Q., Yang P., Cong W. Cation-exchange membrane fouling and cleaning in bipolar membrane electrodialysis of industrial glutamate production wastewater. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2011, 79:103-113.
101. Fares A., Sandeaux J., Sandeaux R., Gavach C. Transport properties of electrodialysis membranes in the presence of arginine II. Competition between the electrotransport of organic and inorganic ions through a cation exchange membrane in an aqueous solution of arginine chlorhydrate and sodium chloride. J. Membr. Sci. 1994, 89:83-91.
102. Sata T. Ion Exchange Membranes: Preparation, Characterization, Modification and Application 2004, Royal Society of Chemistry.
103. Sata T., Tsujimoto M., Yamaguchi T., Matsusaki K. Change of anion exchange membranes in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at high temperature. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 112:161-170.
104. Bauer B., Strathmann H., Effenberger F. Anion-exchange membranes with improved alkaline stability. Desalination 1990, 79:125-144.
105. Heiner S. Chapter 3 Preparation and characterization of ion-exchange membranes. Membrane Science and Technology 2004, 89-146. Elsevier.
106. Kattan Readi O.M., Gironès M., Nijmeijer K. Separation of complex mixtures of amino acids for biorefinery applications using electrodialysis. J. Membr. Sci. 2013, 429:338-348.
107. Długołecki P., Nymeijer K., Metz S., Wessling M. Current status of ion exchange membranes for power generation from salinity gradients. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 319:214-222.
108. Li X., Wang Z., Lu H., Zhao C., Na H., Zhao C. Electrochemical properties of sulfonated PEEK used for ion exchange membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 254:147-155.
109. Nagarale R.K., Gohil G.S., Shahi V.K. Recent developments on ion-exchange membranes and electro-membrane processes. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 119:97-130.
110. Anantaraman A.V., Gardner C.L. Studies on ion-exchange membranes. Part 1. Effect of humidity on the conductivity of Nafion®. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 414:115-120.
111. Zhang Y., Xu T. An experimental investigation of streaming potentials through homogeneous ion-exchange membranes. Desalination 2006, 190:256-266.
112. Burns D.B., Zydney A.L. Buffer effects on the zeta potential of ultrafiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2000, 172:39-48.
113. Walker S.L., Bhattacharjee S., Hoek E.M.V., Elimelech M., Novel A. Asymmetric clamping cell for measuring streaming potential of flat surfaces. Langmuir 2002, 18:2193-2198.
114. Bukšek H., Luxbacher T., Petrinić I. Zeta potential determination of polymeric materials using two differently designed measuring cells of an electrokinetic analyzer. Acta Chim. Slov. 2010, 57:700-706.
115. Nabe A., Staude E., Belfort G. Surface modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes and fouling by BSA solutions. J. Membr. Sci. 1997, 133:57-72.
116. Causserand C., Nyström M., Aimar P. Study of streaming potentials of clean and fouled ultrafiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1994, 88:211-222.
117. Sung J.H., Chun M.-S., Choi H.J. On the behavior of electrokinetic streaming potential during protein filtration with fully and partially retentive nanopores. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 264:195-202.
118. Lawrence N.D., Perera J.M., Iyer M., Hickey M.W., Stevens G.W. The use of streaming potential measurements to study the fouling and cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2006, 48:106-112.
119. Nyström M., Lindström M., Matthiasson E. Streaming potential as a tool in the characterization of ultrafiltration membranes. Colloids Surf. 1989, 36:297-312.
120. Schaep J., Vandecasteele C. Evaluating the charge of nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 188:129-136.
121. Zhu H., Nyström M. Cleaning results characterized by flux, streaming potential and FTIR measurements. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 1998, 138:309-321.
122. Firdaous L., Dhulster P., Amiot J., Doyen A., Lutin F., Vézina L.-P., Bazinet L. Investigation of the large-scale bioseparation of an antihypertensive peptide from alfalfa white protein hydrolysate by an electromembrane process. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 355:175-181.
123. Nakao S., Osada H., Kurata H., Tsuru T., Kimura S. Separation of proteins by charged ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination 1988, 70:191-205.
124. van Reis R., Brake J.M., Charkoudian J., Burns D.B., Zydney A.L. High-performance tangential flow filtration using charged membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1999, 159:133-142.
125. Zhao H., Wu L., Zhou Z., Zhang L., Chen H. Improving the antifouling property of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane by incorporation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15:9084-9092.
126. Zhao Z.-P., Wang Z., Wang S.-C. Formation, charged characteristic and BSA adsorption behavior of carboxymethyl chitosan/PES composite MF membrane. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 217:151-158.
127. Shi Q., Su Y., Zhao W., Li C., Hu Y., Jiang Z., Zhu S. Zwitterionic polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane with superior antifouling property. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 319:271-278.
128. Fane A.G., Fell C.J.D. A review of fouling and fouling control in ultrafiltration. Desalination 1987, 62:117-136.
129. Geens J., Van der Bruggen B., Vandecasteele C. Characterisation of the solvent stability of polymeric nanofiltration membranes by measurement of contact angles and swelling. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004, 59:1161-1164.
130. Zhang W., Wahlgren M., Sivik B. Membrane characterization by the contact angle technique: II. Characterization of UF-membranes and comparison between the captive bubble and sessile drop as methods to obtain water contact angles. Desalination 1989, 72:263-273.
131. Oldani M., Schock G. Characterization of ultrafiltration membranes by infrared spectroscopy, esca, and contact angle measurements. J. Membr. Sci. 1989, 43:243-258.
132. Yuan Y., Lee T.R. Contact angle and wetting properties. Surface Science Techniques 2013, 3-34. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. G. Bracco, B. Holst (Eds.).
133. Palacio L., Calvo J.I., Prádanos P., Hernández A., Väisänen P., Nyström M. Contact angles and external protein adsorption onto UF membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1999, 152:189-201.
134. Maximous N., Nakhla G., Wan W. Comparative assessment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane fouling in wastewater applications. J. Membr. Sci. 2009, 339:93-99.
135. Choo K.-H., Lee C.-H. Understanding membrane fouling in terms of surface free energy changes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2000, 226:367-370.
136. Pasmore M., Todd P., Smith S., Baker D., Silverstein J., Coons D., Bowman C.N. Effects of ultrafiltration membrane surface properties on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm initiation for the purpose of reducing biofouling. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 194:15-32.
137. Jönsson A.-S., Jönsson B. The influence of nonionic and ionic surfactants on hydrophobic and hydrophilic ultrafiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1991, 56:49-76.
138. Nomura T., Fujii T., Suzuki M. Application of the ceramic membrane with hydrophobic skin layer to separation of activated sludge. Water Sci. Technol. 1997, 35:137-144.
139. Wu H.S., Fu Y.S. Reactivity of phenol allylation using phase-transfer catalysis in ion-exchange membrane reactor. Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2012, 2012:8.
140. Yang S., Gong C., Guan R., Zou H., Dai H. Sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) membranes as promising materials for new proton exchange membranes. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2006, 17:360-365.
141. Gohil G.S., Binsu V.V., Shahi V.K. Preparation and characterization of mono-valent ion selective polypyrrole composite ion-exchange membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 280:210-218.
142. Guan R., Zou H., Lu D., Gong C., Liu Y. Polyethersulfone sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid and its membrane characteristics. Eur. Polym. J. 2005, 41:1554-1560.
143. Brack H.P., Slaski M., Gubler L., Scherer G.G., Alkan S., Wokaun A. Characterisation of fuel cell membranes as a function of drying by means of contact angle measurements. Fuel Cells 2004, 4:141-146.
144. Gohil G.S., Shahi V.K., Rangarajan R. Comparative studies on electrochemical characterization of homogeneous and heterogeneous type of ion-exchange membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 240:211-219.
145. Choi Y.-J., Park J.-M., Yeon K.-H., Moon S.-H. Electrochemical characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/formyl methyl pyridinium (PVA-FP) anion-exchange membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 250:295-304.
146. Heiner S. Chapter 2 Electrochemical and thermodynamic fundamentals. Membrane Science and Technology 2004, 23-88. Elsevier.
147. Tanaka Y. Water dissociation reaction generated in an ion exchange membrane. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 350:347-360.
148. Choi J.-H., Moon S.-H. Structural change of ion-exchange membrane surfaces under high electric fields and its effects on membrane properties. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 265:93-100.
149. Aritomi T., van den Boomgaard T., Strathmann H. Current-voltage curve of a bipolar membrane at high current density. Desalination 1996, 104:13-18.
150. Doyen A., Roblet C., Beaulieu L., Saucier L., Pouliot Y., Bazinet L. Impact of water splitting phenomenon during electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes on peptide selectivity and migration. J. Membr. Sci. 2013, 428:349-356.
151. Suwal S., Roblet C., Doyen A., Amiot J., Beaulieu L., Legault J., Bazinet L. Electrodialytic separation of peptides from snow crab by-product hydrolysate: effect of cell configuration on peptide selectivity and local electric field. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2014, 127:29-38.
152. Kang M.-S., Cho S.-H., Kim S.-H., Choi Y.-J., Moon S.-H. Electrodialytic separation characteristics of large molecular organic acid in highly water-swollen cation-exchange membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 222:149-161.
153. Cañas A., Ariza M.J., Benavente J. Characterization of active and porous sublayers of a composite reverse osmosis membrane by impedance spectroscopy, streaming and membrane potentials, salt diffusion and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 183:135-146.
154. Park J.S., Chilcott T.C., Coster H.G.L., Moon S.H. Characterization of BSA-fouling of ion-exchange membrane systems using a subtraction technique for lumped data. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 246:137-144.
155. Benavente J., Garcä Ìa J.M., Riley R., Lozano A.E., de Abajo J. Sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfones): characterization and study of dielectrical properties by impedance spectroscopy. J. Membr. Sci. 2000, 175:43-52.
156. Barth A. Infrared spectroscopy of proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Bioenerg. 2007, 1767:1073-1101.
157. Haris P.I., Chapman D. Does Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy provide useful information on protein structures?. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1992, 17:328-333.
158. Uversky V.N.P.E.A. Methods in Protein Structure and Stability Analysis 2007, Nova Biomedical Books, New York.
159. Ashraf A.I., Robert C., Pedro A., Jacqueline S. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy in food science. Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering - 4 Volume Set 2005, CRC Press.
160. Haris P.I., Chapman D. The conformational analysis of peptides using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Biopolymers 1995, 37:251-263.
161. Simonetti M., Di Bello C. New Fourier transform infrared based computational method for peptide secondary structure determination. I. Description of method. Biopolymers 2001, 62:95-108.
162. Jackson M., Mantsch H.H. The use and misuse of FTIR spectroscopy in the determination of protein structure. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1995, 30:95-120.
163. Vigano C., Manciu L., Buyse F., Goormaghtigh E., Ruysschaert J.M. Attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure, orientation and tertiary structure changes in peptides and membrane proteins. Pept. Sci. 2000, 55:373-380.
164. Kim K.J., Fane A.G., Nyström M., Pihlajamaki A. Chemical and electrical characterization of virgin and protein-fouled polycarbonate track-etched membranes by FTIR and streaming-potential measurements. J. Membr. Sci. 1997, 134:199-208.
165. Cho J., Amy G., Pellegrino J., Yoon Y. Characterization of clean and natural organic matter (NOM) fouled NF and UF membranes, and foulants characterization. Desalination 1998, 118:101-108.
166. Xu J., Sheng G.-P., Luo H.-W., Li W.-W., Wang L.-F., Yu H.-Q. Fouling of proton exchange membrane (PEM) deteriorates the performance of microbial fuel cell. Water Res. 2012, 46:1817-1824.
167. Haris P.I., Severcan F. FTIR spectroscopic characterization of protein structure in aqueous and non-aqueous media. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 1999, 7:207-221.
168. Vijayakumar M., Bhuvaneswari M.S., Nachimuthu P., Schwenzer B., Kim S., Yang Z., Liu J., Graff G.L., Thevuthasan S., Hu J. Spectroscopic investigations of the fouling process on Nafion membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 366:325-334.
169. Zhikang X., Xiaojun H., Lingshu W. Techniques for Membrane Surface Characterization. Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes 2009, 5-63. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
170. Rohani M.M., Zydney A.L. Protein transport through zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 397-398:1-8.
171. Rohani M.M., Mehta A., Zydney A.L. Development of high performance charged ligands to control protein transport through charge-modified ultrafiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 362:434-443.
172. Ma X., Su Y., Sun Q., Wang Y., Jiang Z. Preparation of protein-adsorption-resistant polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes through surface segregation of amphiphilic comb copolymer. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 292:116-124.
173. Sun Q., Su Y., Ma X., Wang Y., Jiang Z. Improved antifouling property of zwitterionic ultrafiltration membrane composed of acrylonitrile and sulfobetaine copolymer. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 285:299-305.
174. Wang Y.-Q., Wang T., Su Y.-l, Peng F.-B., Wu H., Jiang Z.-Y. Remarkable reduction of irreversible fouling and improvement of the permeation properties of poly(ether sulfone) ultrafiltration membranes by blending with pluronic F127. Langmuir 2005, 21:11856-11862.
175. Wang Y.-Q, Wang T., Su Y.-l, Peng F.-b, Wu H., Jiang Z.-y Protein-adsorption-resistance and permeation property of polyethersulfone and soybean phosphatidylcholine blend ultrafiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 270:108-114.
176. Sagle A.C., Van Wagner E.M., Ju H., McCloskey B.D., Freeman B.D., Sharma M.M. PEG-coated reverse osmosis membranes: desalination properties and fouling resistance. J. Membr. Sci. 2009, 340:92-108.
177. Chamoulaud G., Bélanger D. Chemical modification of the surface of a sulfonated membrane by formation of a sulfonamide bond. Langmuir 2004, 20:4989-4995.
178. Tan S., Laforgue A., Bélanger D. Characterization of a cation-exchange/polyaniline composite membrane. Langmuir 2003, 19:744-751.
179. Labbe J.P., Quemerais A., Michel F., Daufin G. Fouling of inorganic membranes during whey ultrafiltration: analytical methodology. J. Membr. Sci. 1990, 51:293-307.
180. Paddock S. Principles and practices of laser scanning confocal microscopy. Mol. Biotechnol. 2000, 16:127-149.
181. Zator M., Ferrando M., López F., Güell C. Membrane fouling characterization by confocal microscopy during filtration of BSA/dextran mixtures. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 301:57-66.
182. Ferrando M., Rǒzek A., Zator M., López F., Güell C. An approach to membrane fouling characterization by confocal scanning laser microscopy. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 250:283-293.
183. Reichert U., Linden T., Belfort G., Kula M.-R., Thömmes J. Visualising protein adsorption to ion-exchange membranes by confocal microscopy. J. Membr. Sci. 2002, 199:161-166.
184. Marroquin M., Bruce T., Pellegrino J., Wickramasinghe S.R., Husson S.M. Characterization of asymmetry in microporous membranes by cross-sectional confocal laser scanning microscopy. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 379:504-515.
185. Chan R., Chen V., Bucknall M.P. Quantitative analysis of membrane fouling by protein mixtures using MALDI-MS. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2004, 85:190-201.
186. Griesser H.J., Kingshott P., McArthur S.L., McLean K.M., Kinsel G.R., Timmons R.B. Surface-MALDI mass spectrometry in biomaterials research. Biomaterials 2004, 25:4861-4875.
187. Chan R., Chen V., Bucknall M.P. Ultrafiltration of protein mixtures: measurement of apparent critical flux, rejection performance, and identification of protein deposition. Desalination 2002, 146:83-90.
188. Schiller J., Arnold K. Mass spectrometry in structural biology. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.
189. Daun J., DeClercq D. Comparison of combustion and Kjeldahl methods for determination of nitrogen in oilseeds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1994, 71:1069-1072.
190. Ayala-Bribiesca E., Araya-Farias M., Pourcelly G., Bazinet L. Effect of concentrate solution pH and mineral composition of a whey protein diluate solution on membrane fouling formation during conventional electrodialysis. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 280:790-801.
191. Li Q., Elimelech M. Organic fouling and chemical cleaning of nanofiltration membranes:  measurements and mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:4683-4693.
192. Madaeni S.S., Samieirad S. Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane fouled by wastewater. Desalination 2010, 257:80-86.
193. Muñoz-Aguado M.J., Wiley D.E., Fane A.G. Enzymatic and detergent cleaning of a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane fouled with BSA and whey. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 117:175-187.
194. Arkhangelsky E., Kuzmenko D., Gitis V. Impact of chemical cleaning on properties and functioning of polyethersulfone membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 305:176-184.
195. Vega J.A., Chartier C., Mustain W.E. Effect of hydroxide and carbonate alkaline media on anion exchange membranes. J. Power Sources 2010, 195:7176-7180.
196. Kobus E.J.M., Heertjes P.M. The poisoning of anion-selective membranes by sodium dodecylsulphate. Desalination 1972, 10:383-401.
197. Corbatón-Báguena M.-J., Álvarez-Blanco S., Vincent-Vela M.-C. Cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes fouled with BSA by means of saline solutions. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2014, 125:1-10.
198. Corbatón-Báguena M.-J., Álvarez-Blanco S., Vincent-Vela M.-C., Lora-García J. Utilization of NaCl solutions to clean ultrafiltration membranes fouled by whey protein concentrates. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 150:95-101.
199. Doyen A., Beaulieu L., Saucier L., Pouliot Y., Bazinet L. Impact of ultrafiltration membrane material on peptide separation from a snow crab byproduct hydrolysate by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59:1784-1792.
200. Gourley L., Gauthier S., Pouliot F., Y., Mollà D., Léonil Jl, Maubois J.-L. Identification of casein peptides interacting with polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes. Lait 1998, 78:633-646.
201. Simonian M.H. Spectrophotometric determination of protein concentration. Current Protocols in Cell Biology 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
202. Fanger B.O. Adaptation of the Bradford protein assay to membrane-bound proteins by solubilizing in glucopyranoside detergents. Anal. Biochem. 1987, 162:11-17.
203. Peterson G.L. A simplification of the protein assay method of Lowry et al. which is more generally applicable. Anal. Biochem. 1977, 83:346-356.
204. Pouliot Y., Conway V., Leclerc P.-L. Separation and concentration technologies in food processing. Food Processing, in: Food Processing: principles and applications 2014, 33-60. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
205. Lindstrand V., Sundström G., Jönsson A.-S. Fouling of electrodialysis membranes by organic substances. Desalination 2000, 128:91-102.
206. Nilsson J.L. Protein fouling of uf membranes: causes and consequences. J. Membr. Sci. 1990, 52:121-142.
207. Steinhauer T., Hanély S., Bogendörfer K., Kulozik U. Temperature dependent membrane fouling during filtration of whey and whey proteins. J. Membr. Sci. 2015, 492:364-370.
208. Vanysacker L., Declerck P., Vankelecom I. Development of a high throughput cross-flow filtration system for detailed investigation of fouling processes. J. Membr. Sci. 2013, 442:168-176.
209. Al-Amoudi A., Lovitt R.W. Fouling strategies and the cleaning system of NF membranes and factors affecting cleaning efficiency. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 303:4-28.
210. Motsa M.M., Mamba B.B., Verliefde A.R.D. Combined colloidal and organic fouling of FO membranes: the influence of foulant-foulant interactions and ionic strength. J. Membr. Sci. 2015, 493:539-548.
211. Sim S.T.V., Taheri A.H., Chong T.H., Krantz W.B., Fane A.G. Colloidal metastability and membrane fouling - effects of crossflow velocity, flux, salinity and colloid concentration. J. Membr. Sci. 2014, 469:174-187.