Chitin: Fulfilling a Biomaterials Promise: Second Edition

Chitin: Fulfilling a Biomaterials Promise: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-136

  Khor, Eugene ^a   Wan, Andrew C A ^b  

^a Chiticore Enterprises Inc   (Canada)

^b INSTITUTE OF BIOENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIALS;

CHITIN;

EID: 84941207699     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/C2013-0-06951-4     Document Type: Book

References (325)

1. G.A.F. Roberts, 30 years of progress in chitin and chitosan, in: M. Jaworska (Ed.), Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and Its Derivatives, vol. 13, 2008, pp. 7-15. http://www.ptchit.lodz.pl/pliki/PTChit_(mjba9qo5tw0u85il).pdf.
2. Domard A. A perspective on 30 years research on chitin and chitosan. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84:696-703.
3. Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31(7):603-632.
4. Khoushab F., Yamabhai M. Chitin research revisited. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8:1988-2012.
5. Percot A., Viton C., Domard A. Optimization of chitin extraction from shrimp shells. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4(1):12-18.
6. Khor E. Chitin: Fulfilling a Biomaterials Promise 2001, Elsevier, The Netherlands.
7. Lamarque G., Cretenet M., Viton C., Domard A. New route of deacetylation of r- and â-chitins by means of freeze-pump out-thaw cycles. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6:1380-1388.
8. Van Toan N. Production of chitin and chitosan from partially autolyzed shrimp shell materials. Open Biomater. J. 2009, 1:21-24.
9. Van Toan N. Improved chitin and chitosan production from black tiger shrimp shells using salicylic acid pretreatment. Open Biomater. J. 2011, 3:1-3.
10. Tan S.C., Tan T.K., Wong S.M., Khor E. The chitosan yield of zygomycetes at their optimum harvesting time. Carbohydr. Polym. 1996, 30:239-242.
11. Pillai C.K.S., Paul W., Sharma C.P. Chitin and chitosan polymers: chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34(7):641-678.
12. Knaul J.Z., Kasaai M.R., Bui V.T., Creber K.A.M. Characterization of deacetylated chitosan and chitosan molecular weight review. Can. J. Chem. 1998, 76:1699-1706.
13. Heux L., Brugnerotto J., Desbrières J., Versali M.-F., Rinaudo M. Solid state NMR for determination of degree of acetylation of chitin and chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2000, 1(4):746-751.
14. 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2001, 28(5):359-363.
15. Jang M.-K., Kong B.-G., Jeong Y.-I., Lee C.H., Nah J.-W. Physicochemical characterization of α-chitin, β-chitin, and γ-chitin separated from natural resources. J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem. 2004, 42:3423.
16. Kumirska J., Weinhold M.X., Steudte S., Thöming J., Brzozowski K., Stepnowski P. Determination of the pattern of acetylation of chitosan samples: comparison of evaluation methods and some validation parameters. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2009, 45(1):56-60.
17. 1H NMR method for the determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003, 32:1149-1158.
18. dos Santos Z.M., Caroni ALPF, Pereira M.R., da Silva D.R., Fonseca J.L.C. Determination of deacetylation degree of chitosan: a comparison between conductometric titration and CHN elemental analysis. Carbohydr. Res. 2009, 344:2591-2595.
19. Zhang Y., Zhang X., Ding R., Zhang J., Li J. Determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan by potentiometric titration preceded by enzymatic pretreatment. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 83(2):813-817.
20. R. Czechowska-Biskup, D. Jarosińska, B. Rokita, P. Ulański, J.M. Rosiak, Determination of degree of deacetylation of chitosan-comparison of methods, in: M. Jaworska (Ed.), Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and Its Derivatives, vol. 17, 2012, pp. 5-20.
21. Kumirska J., Czerwicka M., Kaczyński Z., Bychowska A., Brzozowski K., Thöming J., et al. Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8:1567-1636.
22. Sorlier P., Rochas C., Morfin I., Viton C., Domard A. Light scattering studies of the solution properties of chitosans of varying degrees of acetylation. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4(4):1034-1040.
23. Einbu A., Naess S.N., Elgsaeter A., Kjell M., Vårum K.J. Solution properties of chitin in alkali. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5:2048-2054.
24. 1H NMR relaxation. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11(8):2079-2086.
25. Gartner C., López B.L., Sierra L., Graf R., Spiess H.W., Gaborieau M. Interplay between structure and dynamics in chitosan films investigated with solid-state NMR, dynamic mechanical analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12(4):1380-1386.
26. Kurita K., Inoue M., Harata M. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto mercaptochitin and some properties of the resulting hybrid materials. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3(1):147-152.
27. Kurita K., Ikeda H., Yoshida Y., Shimojoh M., Harata M. Chemoselective protection of the amino groups of chitosan by controlled phthaloylation: facile preparation of a precursor useful for chemical modifications. Biomacromolecules 2002, 3(1):1-4.
28. Park J.H., Cho Y.W., Chung H., Kwon I.C., Jeong S.Y. Synthesis and characterization of sugar-bearing chitosan derivatives: aqueous solubility and biodegradability. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4(4):1087-1091.
29. Lebouc F., Dez D., Desbrières J., Picton L., Madec P.-J. Different ways for grafting ester derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) onto chitosan: related characteristics and potential properties. Polymer 2005, 46:639-651.
30. Sajomsang W., Tantayanon S., Tangpasuthadol V., Thatte M., Daly W.H. Synthesis and characterization of N-aryl chitosan derivatives. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2008, 43(2):79-87.
31. Ma L., Li G., Li L., Liu P. Synthesis and characterization of diethoxy phosphoryl chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010, 47(4):578-581.
32. Kurita Y., Isogai A. N-Alkylations of chitosan promoted with sodium hydrogen carbonate under aqueous conditions. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 50:741-746.
33. Xia Z., Wu S., Chen J. Preparation of water soluble chitosan by hydrolysis using hydrogen peroxide. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 59:242-245.
34. Ifuku S., Miwa T., Morimoto M., Saimoto H. Thermoresponsive chitosan/N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer through atom transfer radical polymerization. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 52:14-19.
35. Zhang K., Wang Z., Li Y., Jiang Z., Hu Q., Liu M., et al. Dual stimuli-responsive N-phthaloylchitosan-graft-(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylic acid)) copolymer prepared via RAFT polymerization. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92(1):662-667.
36. Ifuku S., Matsumoto C., Wada M., Morimoto M., Saimoto H. Preparation of highly regioselective amphiprotic chitosan derivative via "click chemistry". Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 52:72-76.
37. Guibal E. Heterogeneous catalysis on chitosan-based materials: a review. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2005, 30(1):71-109.
38. Zeng J.-B., He Y.-S., Li S.-H., Wang Y.-Z. Chitin whiskers: an overview. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13(1):1-11.
39. Xia H., He G., Peng J., Li W., Fang Y. Preparation and fluorescent sensing applications of novel CdSe-chitosan hybrid films. App. Surf. Sci. 2010, 256(23):7270-7275.
40. Huang F., Lin X., Cheng C., Chen P. Fabrication of chitosan-CdSe/CdS/ZnS multilayer films by electrostatic self-assembly method. App. Surf. Sci. 2012, 258(19):7359-7364.
41. Krajewska B. Application of chitin- and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations: a review. Enz. Microb. Tech. 2004, 35:126-139.
42. Pospiskova K., Safarik I. Low-cost, easy-to-prepare magnetic chitosan microparticles for enzymes immobilization. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 96(2):545-548.
43. Yi H., Wu L.-Q., Bentley W.E., Ghodssi R., Rubloff G.W., Culver J.N., et al. Biofabrication with chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6(6):2881-2894.
44. Liu Y., Shi X.-W., Kim E., Robinson L.M., Nye C.K., Ghodssi R., et al. Chitosan to electroaddress biological components in lab-on-a-chip devices. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84(2):704-708.
45. Marin L., Popescu M.-C., Zabulica A., Uji-I H., Fron E. Chitosan as matrix for bio-polymer dispersed liquid crystal systems. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 95(1):16-24.
46. Wang Y., Wei W., Liu X., Zeng X. Carbon nanotube/chitosan/gold nanoparticles-based glucose biosensor prepared by a layer-by-layer technique. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2009, 29:50-54.
47. Ichi S.E., Limam F., Marzouki M.N. Garlic peroxidase immobilized into chitosan matrix suitable for biosensors applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2009, 29:1662-1667.
48. Huang H., Wu J., Lin X., Li L., Shang S., Yuen M.C.-W., et al. Self-assembly of polypyrrole/chitosan composite hydrogels. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 95(1):72-76.
49. Ma J., Sahai Y. Chitosan biopolymer for fuel cell applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92(2):955-975.
50. Ngah W.S.W., Teong L.C., Hanafiah M.A.K.M. Adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites: a review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 83(4):1446-1456.
51. 2+ ions from aqueous solution using formaldehyde cross-linked modified chitosan-thioglyceraldehyde Schiff's base. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 50:773-781.
52. Lü H., An H., Xie Z. Ion-imprinted carboxymethyl chitosan-silica hybrid sorbent for extraction of cadmium from water samples. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 56:89-93.
53. Schleuter D., Günther A., Paasch S., Ehrlich H., Kljajić Z., Hanke T., et al. Chitin-based renewable materials from marine sponges for uranium adsorption. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92(1):712-718.
54. Kocak N., Sahin M., Kücükkolbasi S., Erdogan Z.O. Synthesis and characterization of novel nano-chitosan Schiff base and use of lead (II) sensor. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 51:1159-1166.
55. Ma Z., Yang L., Yan H., Kennedy J.F., Meng X. Chitosan and oligochitosan enhance the resistance of peach fruit to brown rot. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 94(1):272-277.
56. Qiu M., Jiang H., Ren G., Huang J., Wang X. Effect of chitosan coatings on postharvest green asparagus quality. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92(2):2027-2032.
57. Khor E. Medical applications of chitin and chitosan: going forward. Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives 2011, 405-413. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. S.-W. Kim (Ed.).
58. <>. http://medicaldevicelicensing.com/public/companies/view/6414/biosyntech.
59. Hoemann C.D., Sun J., Légaré A., McKee M.D., Buschmann M.D. Tissue engineering of cartilage using an injectable and adhesive chitosan-based cell-delivery vehicle 1. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2005, 13:318-329.
60. <>. http://www.piramal.com.
61. <>. http://www.hemcon.com/.
62. <>. http://marinepolymer.com.
63. Jewelewicz D.D., Cohn S.M., Crookes B.A., Proctor K.G. Modified rapid deployment hemostat bandage reduces blood loss and mortality in coagulopathic pigs with severe liver injury. J. Trauma 2003, 55:275-281.
64. Vournakis J.N., Demcheva M., Whitson A.B., Finkielsztein S., Connolly R.J. The RDH bandage: hemostasis and survival in a lethal aortotomy hemorrhage model. J. Surg. Res. 2003, 113:1-5.
65. <>. http://www.medovent.com.
66. <>. https://www.novamatrix.biz/.
67. <>. http://www.gmp-chitosan.com/en/home.html.
68. <>. http://kitozyme.com.
69. <>. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/.
70. <>. http://www.honghaibio.cn.
71. <>. http://www.bozhihuili.com/.
72. <>. http://www.aoxing-biology.com/.
73. Williams D.F. The Williams Dictionary of Biomaterials 1999, Liverpool University Press.
74. Khor E. From Academia to Entrepreneur: Lessons from the Real World 2014, Academic Press.
75. Anderson J.M. The future of biomedical materials. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2006, 17:1025-1028.
76. Williams D.F. On the nature of biomaterials. Biomaterials 2009, 30(30):5897-5909.
77. Dash M., Chiellini F., Ottenbrite R.M., Chiellini E. Chitosan-a versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011, 36(8):981-1014.
78. Casettari L., Vllasaliu D., Castagnino E., Stolnik S., Howdle S., Illum L. PEGylated chitosan derivatives: synthesis, characterizations and pharmaceutical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37(5):659-685.
79. Larsson M., Huang W.-C., Hsiao M.-H., Wang Y.-J., Nydén M., Chiou S.-H., et al. Biomedical applications and colloidal properties of amphiphilically modified chitosan hybrid. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013, 38(9):1307-1328.
80. Siver F., Doillon C. Biocompatibility. Polymers 1989, vol. 1. VCH Publishers, (Chapters 4 and 8).
81. Hansbrough J.F. Wound Coverage with Biologic Dressings and Cultured Skin Substitutes 1992, RG Landes Company, p. 4.
82. Jayakumar R., Prabaharan M., Sudheesh Kumar P.T., Nair S.V., Tamura H. Biomaterials based on chitin and chitosan in wound dressing applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 2011, 29:322-337.
83. Alemdaroğlu C., Değim Z., Çelebi N., Zor F., Öztürk S., Erdoğan D. An investigation on burn wound healing in rats with chitosan gel formulation containing epidermal growth factor. Burns 2006, 32:319-327.
84. Park C.J., Clark S.G., Lichtensteiger C.A., Jamison R.D., Johnson A.J.W. Accelerated wound closure of pressure ulcers in aged mice by chitosan scaffolds with and without bFGF. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5(6):1926-1936.
85. Takei T., Nakahara H., Ijima H., Kawakami K. Synthesis of a chitosan derivative soluble at neutral pH and gellable by freeze-thawing, and its application in wound care. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8(2):686-693.
86. Wijekoon A., Fountas-Davis N., Leipzig N.D. Fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan hydrogel systems as adaptable oxygen carriers for wound healing. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9(3):5653-5664.
87. Jang S.I., Mok J.Y., Jeon I.H., Park K.-H., Nguyen T.T.T., Park J.S., et al. Effect of electrospun non-woven mats of dibutyryl chitin/poly(lactic acid) blends on wound healing in hairless mice. Molecules 2012, 17:2992-3007.
88. Duarte A.P., Coelho J.F., Bordado J.C., Cidade M.T., Gil M.H. Surgical adhesives: systematic review of the main types and development forecast. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37:1031-1050.
89. Fischer T.H., Bode A.P., Demcheva M., Vournakis J.N. Hemostatic properties of glucosamine-based materials. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2007, 80A:167-174.
90. Lih E., Lee J.S., Park K.M., Park K.D. Rapidly curable chitosan-PEG hydrogels as tissue adhesives for hemostasis and wound healing. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8(9):3261-3269.
91. Wang C.-C., Su C.-H., Chen J.-P., Chen C.-C. An enhancement on healing effect of wound dressing: acrylic acid grafted and gamma-polyglutamic acid/chitosan immobilized polypropylene non-woven. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2009, 29:1715-1724.
92. Pighinelli L., Kucharska M. Chitosan-hydroxyapatite composites. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 93(1):256-262.
93. Puppi D., Chiellini F., Piras A.M., Chiellini E. Polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35:403-440.
94. Liu H., Li H., Cheng W., Yang Y., Zhu M., Zhou C. Novel injectable calcium phosphate/chitosan composites for bone substitute materials. Acta Biomater. 2006, 2:557-565.
95. Mohamed K.R., Mostafa A.A. Preparation and bioactivity evaluation of hydroxyapatite-titania/chitosan-gelatin polymeric biocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2008, 28:1087-1099.
96. Chiono V., Gentile P., Boccafoschi F., Carmagnola I., Ninov M., Georgieva V., et al. Photoactive chitosan switching on bone-like apatite deposition. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11(2):309-315.
97. Tian M., Yang Z., Kuwahara K., Nimni M.E., Wana C., Han B. Delivery of demineralized bone matrix powder using a thermogelling chitosan carrier. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8:753-762.
98. Tan H., Peng Z., Li Q., Xu X., Guo S., Tang T. The use of quaternized chitosan-loaded PMMA to inhibit biofilm formation and downregulate the virulence-associated gene expression of antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus. Biomaterials 2012, 33:365-377.
99. Bumgardner J.D., Wiser R., Gerard P.D., Bergin P., Chestnutt B., Marini M., et al. Chitosan: potential use as a bioactive coating for orthopaedic and craniofacial/dental implants. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2003, 14(5):423-438.
100. Goodman S.B., Yao Z., Keeney M., Yang F. The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials 2013, 34:3174-3183.
101. Fan L., Wu P., Zhang J., Gao S., Wang L., Li M., et al. Synthesis and anticoagulant activity of the quaternary ammonium chitosan sulfates. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 50(1):31-37.
102. Wang T., Zhou Y., Xie W., Chen L., Zheng H., Fan L. Preparation and anticoagulant activity of N-succinyl chitosan sulfates. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 51:808-814.
103. Yang J., Cai J., Wu K., Li D., Hu Y., Li G., et al. Preparation, characterization and anticoagulant activity in vitro of heparin-like 6-carboxylchitin derivative. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 50:1158-1164.
104. Yang J., Luo K., Li D., Yu S., Cai J., Chen L., et al. Preparation, characterization and in vitro anticoagulant activity of highly sulfated chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 52:25-31.
105. Mao C., Zhang C., Qiu Y., Zhu A., Shen J., Lin S. Introduction of anticoagulation group to polypropylene film by radiation grafting and its blood compatibility. App. Surf. Sci. 2004, 228(1-4):26-33.
106. Zhu A.P., Ming Z., Jian S. Blood compatibility of chitosan/heparin complex surface modified ePTFE vascular graft. App. Surf. Sci. 2005, 241(3-4):485-492.
107. Fasl H., Stana J., Stropnik D., Strnad S., Stana-Kleinschek K., Ribitsch V. Improvement of the hemocompatibility of PET surfaces using different sulfated polysaccharides as coating materials. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11(2):377-381.
108. Sperling C., Fischer M., Maitz M.F., Werner C. Blood coagulation on biomaterials requires the combination of distinct activation processes. Biomaterials 2009, 30:4447-4456.
109. Amidi M., Hennink W.E. Chitosan-based formulations of drugs, imaging agents and biotherapeutics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62(1):1-2.
110. Park J.H., Saravanakumar G., Kim K., Kwon I.C. Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62(1):28-41.
111. Bhattarai N., Gunn J., Zhang M. Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled, localized drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62(1):83-99.
112. Kang M.L., Cho C.S., Yoo H.S. Application of chitosan microspheres for nasal delivery of vaccines. Biotechnol. Adv. 2009, 27:857-865.
113. Amidi M., Mastrobattista E., Jiskoot W., Hennink W.E. Chitosan-based delivery systems for protein therapeutics and antigens. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62(1):59-82.
114. Kost J., Langer R. Responsive polymeric delivery systems. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012, 64:327-341.
115. Kim T.-H., Jiang H.L., Jere D., Park I.-K., Cho M.-H., Nah J.-W., et al. Chemical modification of chitosan as a gene carrier in vitro and in vivo. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32(7):726-753.
116. Mao S., Sun W., Kissel T. Chitosan-based formulations for delivery of DNA and siRNA. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62:12-27.
117. Liu Z., Zhang Z., Zhou C., Jiao Y. Hydrophobic modifications of cationic polymers for gene delivery. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35(9):1144-1162.
118. Malmo J., Vårum K.M., Strand S.P. Effect of chitosan chain architecture on gene delivery: comparison of self-branched and linear chitosans. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12(3):721-729.
119. Buschmann M.D., Merzouki A., Lavertu M., Thibault M., Jean M., Darras V. Chitosans for delivery of nucleic acids. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2013, 65:1234.
120. Rabea E.I., Badawy M.E.-T., Stevens C.V., Smagghe G., Steurbaut W. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4(6):1457-1465.
121. Kenawy E.-R., Worley S.D., Broughton R. The chemistry and applications of antimicrobial polymers: a state-of-the-art review. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8(5):1359-1384.
122. Tang H., Zhang P., Kieft T.L., Ryan S.J., Baker S.M., Wiesmann W.P., et al. Antibacterial action of a novel functionalized chitosan-arginine against gram-negative bacteria. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6:2562-2571.
123. Daghighi S., Sjollema J., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J., Rochford E.T.J. Infection resistance of degradable versus non-degradable biomaterials: an assessment of the potential mechanisms. Biomaterials 2013, 34:8013-8017.
124. Campoccia D., Montanaro L., Speziale P., Arciola C.R. Antibiotic-loaded biomaterials and the risks for the spread of antibiotic resistance following their prophylactic and therapeutic clinical use. Biomaterials 2010, 31:6363-6377.
125. Campoccia D., Montanaro L., Arciola C.R. A review of the biomaterials technologies for infection-resistant surfaces. Biomaterials 2013, 34:8533-8554.
126. Grainger D.W., van der Mei H.C., Jutte P.C., van den Dungen J.J.A.M., Schultz M.J., van der Laan B.F.A.M., et al. Critical factors in the translation of improved antimicrobial strategies for medical implants and devices. Biomaterials 2013, 34:9237-9243.
127. Vacanti J., Vacanti C.A. The history and scope of tissue engineering. Principles of Tissue Engineering 2007, Academic Press, (Chapter 1). third ed. R.P. Lanza, R. Langer, J. Vacanti (Eds.).
128. Bell E. Tissue engineering in perspective. Principles of Tissue Engineering 2000, Academic Press, pp. xxxv-xli. second ed. R.P. Lanza, R. Langer, J. Vacanti (Eds.).
129. Nerem R.M. The challenge of imitating nature. Principles of Tissue Engineering 2007, Academic Press, (Chapter 2). third ed. R.P. Lanza, R. Langer, J. Vacanti (Eds.).
130. Kim I.-Y., Seo S.-J., Moon H.-S., Yoo M.-K., Park I.-Y., Kim B.-C., et al. Chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications. Biotech. Adv. 2008, 26:1-21.
131. Venkatesan J., Kim S.-K. Chitosan composites for bone tissue engineering-an overview. Marine Drugs 2010, 8:2252-2266.
132. Costa-Pinto A.R., Reis R.L., Neves N.M. Scaffolds based bone tissue engineering: the role of chitosan. Tissue Eng. A 2011, 17(5):331-347.
133. Van Vlierberghe S., Dubruel P., Schacht E. Biopolymer-based hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a review. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12(5):1387-1408.
134. Yang T.-L. Chitin-based materials in tissue engineering: applications in soft tissue and epithelial organ. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12:1936-1963.
135. Jayakumar R., Chennazhi K.P., Srinivasan S., Nair S.V., Furuike T., Tamura H. Chitin scaffolds in tissue engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12:1876-1887.
136. Wan A.C.A., Tai B.C.U. Chitin-a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering and stem cell technologies. Biotech. Adv. 2013, 31:1776-1785.
137. Tsioptsias C., Tsivintzelis I., Papadopoulou L., Panayiotou C. A novel method for producing tissue engineering scaffolds from chitin, chitin-hydroxyapatite, and cellulose. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2009, 29:159-164.
138. Abarrategi A., Moreno-Vicente C., Ramos V., Aranaz I., Casado J.V.S., López-Lacomba J.L. Improvement of porous β-TCP scaffolds with rhBMP-2 chitosan carrier film for bone tissue application. Tissue Eng. A 2008, 14(8):1305-1319.
139. Martins A.M., Pereira R.C., Leonor I.B., Azevedo H.S., Reis R.L. Chitosan scaffolds incorporating lysozyme into CaP coatings produced by a biomimetic route: a novel concept for tissue engineering combining a self-regulated degradation system with in situ pore formation. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5:3328-3336.
140. 2. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7:1653-1664.
141. Hu J., Hou Y., Park H., Choi B., Hou S., Chung A., et al. Visible light crosslinkable chitosan hydrogels for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8:1730-1738.
142. Oliveira S.M., Amaral I.F., Barbosa M.A., Teixeira C.C. Engineering endochondral bone: in vitro studies. Tissue Eng. 2009, 15(3):625-634.
143. Oliveira S.M., Mijares D.Q., Turner G., Amaral I.F., Barbosa M.A., Teixeira C.C. Engineering endochondral bone: in vivo studies. Tissue Eng. 2009, 15(3):635-643.
144. Sun X.-J., Peng W., Yang Z.-L., Ren M.-L., Zhang S.-C., Zhang W.-G., et al. Heparin-chitosan-coated acellular bone matrix enhances perfusion of blood and vascularization in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 2011, 17(19 and 20):2369-2378.
145. Zhou Y., Xu L., Zhang X., Zhao Y., Wei S., Zhai M. Radiation synthesis of gelatin/CM-chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2012, 32:994-1000.
146. Dawson E., Mapili G., Erickson K., Taqvi S., Roy K. Biomaterials for stem cell differentiation. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2008, 60:215-228.
147. Kimelman N., Pelled G., Helm G.A., Huard J., Schwarz E.M., Gazit D. Review: gene- and stem cell-based therapeutics for bone regeneration and repair. Tissue Eng. 2007, 13(6):1135-1150.
148. 10. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2007, 27:280-284.
149. Costa-Pinto A.R., Salgado A.J., Correlo V.M., Sol P., Bhattacharya M., Charbord P., et al. Adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of a mouse mesenchymal stem cell line (BMC9) seeded on novel melt-based chitosan/polyester 3D porous scaffolds. Tissue Eng. A 2008, 14:1049-1057.
150. Cho M.H., Kim K.S., Ahn H.H., Kim M.S., Kim S.H., Khang G., et al. Chitosan gel as an in situ-forming scaffold for rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vivo. Tissue Eng. A 2008, 14:1099-1108.
151. Li X., Katsanevakis E., Liu X., Zhang N., Wen X. Engineering neural stem cell fates with hydrogel design for central nervous system regeneration. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37:1105-1129.
152. Nomura H., Zahir T., Kim H., Katayama Y., Kulbatksi I., Morshead C., et al. Extramedullary chitosan channels promote survival of transplanted neural stem and progenitor cells and create a tissue bridge after complete spinal cord transection. Tissue Eng. A 2008, 14:649-665.
153. Wang G., Ao Q., Gong K., Wang A., Zheng L., Gong Y., et al. The effect of topology of chitosan biomaterials on the differentiation and proliferation of neural stem cells. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6:3630-3639.
154. Skop N.B., Calderon F., Levison S.W., Gandhi C.D., Cho C.H. Heparin crosslinked chitosan microspheres for the delivery of neural stem cells and growth factors for central nervous system repair. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9:6834-6843.
155. Li L., Hui J.H.P., Goh J.C.H., Chen F., Lee E.H. Chitin as a scaffold for mesenchymal stem cells transfers in the treatment of partial growth arrest. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 2004, 24:205-210.
156. Jung I.H., Park J.C., Kim J.C., Jeon D.W., Choi S.H., Cho K.S., et al. Novel application of human periodontal ligament stem cells and water-soluble chitin for collagen tissue regeneration: in vitro and in vivo investigations. Tissue Eng. A 2012, 18(5 and 6):643-653.
157. Janowski M., Bulte J.W.M., Walczak P. Personalized nanomedicine advancements for stem cell tracking. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2012, 64(13):1488-1507.
158. Langer R. Editorial: tissue engineering: perspectives, challenges, and future directions. Tissue Eng. 2007, 13(1):1-2.
159. Lee J.W., Cuddihy M.J., Kotov N.A. Three-dimensional cell culture matrices: state of the art. Tissue Eng. B 2008, 14(1):61-86.
160. Owen S.C., Shoichet M.S. Design of three-dimensional biomimetic scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2010, 94A:1321-1331.
161. Kapfer S.C., Hyde S.T., Mecke K., Arns C.H., Schröder-Turk G.E. Minimal surface scaffold designs for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2011, 32:6875-6882.
162. Yoo D.J. Porous scaffold design using the distance field and triply periodic minimal surface models. Biomaterials 2011, 32:7741-7754.
163. Rivron N.C., Rouwkema J., Truckenmüller R., Karperien M., De Boer J., Van Blitterswijk C.A. Tissue assembly and organization: developmental mechanisms in micro-fabricated tissues. Biomaterials 2009, 30:4851-4858.
164. Minuth W.W., Denk L., Glashauser A. A modular culture system for the generation of multiple specialized tissues. Biomaterials 2010, 31:2945-2954.
165. Yannas I.V. Emerging rules for inducing organ regeneration. Biomaterials 2013, 34:321-330.
166. Holzapfel B.M., Reichert J.C., Schantz J.-T., Gbureck U., Rackwitz L., Nöth U., et al. How smart do biomaterials need to be? A translational science and clinical point of view. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2013, 65:581-603.
167. Tully-Dartez S., Cardenas H.E., Sit PFS. Pore characteristics of chitosan scaffolds studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Tissue Eng. C 2010, 16(3):339-345.
168. Ratcliffe A. Difficulties in the translation of functionalized biomaterials into regenerative medicine clinical products. Biomaterials 2011, 32:4215-4217.
169. Jaklenec A., Stamp A., Deweerd E., Sherwin A., Langer R. Progress in the tissue engineering and stem cell industry "are we there yet?". Tissue Eng. B 2012, 18(3):155-166.
170. Gemmiti C. Tissue engineering/regenerative medicine ventures should invest early in market research to understand the future market's needs. Tissue Eng. B 2013, 19(2):97-98.
171. Gibbons M.C., Foley M.A., Cardinal K.O. Thinking inside the box: keeping tissue-engineered constructs in vitro for use as preclinical models. Tissue Eng. B 2013, 19(1):14-30.
172. McCright B., Dang J.M., Hursh D.A., Kaplan D.S., Ballica R., Benton K.A., et al. Synopsis of the Food and Drug Administration-National Institute of Standards and Technology co-sponsored "In vitro analyses of cell/scaffold products" Workshop. Tissue Eng. A 2009, 15(3):455-460.
173. Bertram T.A., Hellman K.B., Bayon Y., Ellison S., Wilburn S. The regulatory imperative: international perspective. Tissue Eng. A 2013, 19(3):191-193.
174. Bertram T.A., Tentoff E., Johnson P.C., Tawil B., Van Dyke M., Hellman K.B. Hurdles in tissue engineering/regenerative medicine product commercialization: a pilot survey of governmental funding agencies and the financial industry. Tissue Eng. A 2012, 18(21 and 22):2187-2194.
175. Yano K., Tsuyuki K., Watanabe N., Kasanuki H., Yamato M. The regulation of allogeneic human cells and tissue products as biomaterials. Biomaterials 2013, 34:3165-3173.
176. Williams D.F. The relationship between biomaterials and nanotechnology. Biomaterials 2008, 29:1737-1738.
177. Richter A. 4 ways nanotechnology will revolutionize medicine. Nanotechnol. Today 2013, .
178. Paddock C. Nanotechnology in medicine: huge potential, but what are the risks?. Med. News Today 2012, .
179. Chadwick S., Kriegel C., Amiji M. Nanotechnology solutions for mucosal immunization. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2010, 62:394-407.
180. Shukla S.K., Mishra A.K., Arotiba O.A., Mamba B.B. Chitosan-based nanomaterials: a state-of-the-art review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 59:46-58.
181. Liang D., Hsiao B.S., Benjamin Chu B. Functional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2007, 59:1392-1412.
182. Sill T.J., von Recum H.A. Electrospinning: applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2008, 29:1989-2006.
183. Chen L., Zhu C., Fan D., Liu B., Ma X., Duan Z., et al. A human-like collagen/chitosan electrospun nanofibrous scaffold from aqueous solution: electrospun mechanism and biocompatibility. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2011, 99A:395-409.
184. Beachley V., Wen X. Polymer nanofibrous structures: fabrication, biofunctionalization, and cell interactions. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35:868-892.
185. Pillai C.K.S., Sharma C.P. Electrospinning of chitin and chitosan nanofibers. Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs 2009, 22(3):179-201.
186. Jeong S.I., Krebs M.D., Bonino C.A., Samorezov J.E., Khan S.A., Alsberg E. Electrospun chitosan-alginate nanofibers with in situ polyelectrolyte complexation for use as tissue engineering scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 2011, 17(1 and 2):59-70.
187. Jayakumar R., Prabaharan M., Nair S.V., Tamura H. Novel chitin and chitosan nanofibers in biomedical applications. Biotech. Adv. 2010, 28:142-150.
188. Mincea M., Negrulescu A., Ostafe V. Preparation, modification, and applications of chitin nanowhiskers: a review. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 2012, 30:225-242.
189. Elsabee M.Z., Naguib H.F., Morsi R.E. Chitosan based nanofibers, review. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2012, 32:1711-1726.
190. Ifuku S., Nogi M., Abe K., Yoshioka M., Morimoto M., Saimoto H., et al. Simple preparation method of chitin nanofibers with a uniform width of 10-20nm from prawn shell under neutral conditions. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84:762-764.
191. Zhang Z., Hu J., Ma P.X. Nanofiber-based delivery of bioactive agents and stem cells to bone sites. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2012, 64:1129-1141.
192. Murthy S.K. Nanoparticles in modern medicine: state of the art and future challenges. Int. J. Nanomed. 2007, 2(2):129-141.
193. Hamidi M., Azadi A., Rafiei P. Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2008, 60:1638-1649.
194. Vrignaud S., Benoit J.P., Saulnier P. Strategies for the nanoencapsulation of hydrophilic molecules in polymer-based nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011, 32:8593-8604.
195. Howard K.A. Delivery of RNA interference therapeutics using polycation-based nanoparticles. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2009, 61:710-720.
196. Katas H., Alpar H.O. Development and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. J. Controlled Release 2006, 115:216-225.
197. Dehousse V., Garbacki N., Colige A., Evrard B. Development of pH-responsive nanocarriers using trimethylchitosans and methacrylic acid copolymer for siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31:1839-1849.
198. Park S., Jeong E.J., Lee J., Rhim T., Lee S.K., Lee K.Y. Preparation and characterization of nonaarginine-modified chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92:57-62.
199. Hou Y., Hu J., Park H., Lee M. Chitosan-based nanoparticles as a sustained protein release carrier for tissue engineering applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2012, 100A:939-947.
200. Chen M.-C., Sonaje K., Chen K.-J., Sung H.-W. A review of the prospects for polymeric nanoparticle platforms in oral insulin delivery. Biomaterials 2011, 32:9826-9838.
201. Mukhopadhyay P., Mishra R., Rana D., Kundu P.P. Strategies for effective oral insulin delivery with modified chitosan nanoparticles: a review. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37(11):1457-1475.
202. Chen M.-C., Mi F.-W., Liao Z.-L., Hsiao C.-W., Sonaje K., Chung M.-F., et al. Recent advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of macromolecules. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2013, 65(6):865-879.
203. de la Fuente M., Raviña M., Paolicelli P., Sanchez A., Seijo B., Alonso M.J. Chitosan-based nanostructures: a delivery platform for ocular therapeutics. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2010, 62:100-107.
204. Li F., Li J., Wen Z., Zhou S., Tong X., Su P., et al. Anti-tumor activity of paclitaxel-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: an in vitro study. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2009, 29:2392-2397.
205. Maya S., Kumar L.G., Sarmento B., Rejinold N.S., Menon D., Nair S.V., et al. Cetuximab conjugated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for targeting EGFR overexpressing cancer cells. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 93(2):661-669.
206. Petchsangsai M., Sajomsang W., Gonil P., Nuchuchua O., Sutapun B., Satit Puttipipatkhachorn S., et al. A water-soluble methylated N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminocinnamyl) chitosan chloride as novel mucoadhesive polymeric nanocomplex platform for sustained-release drug delivery. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 83:1263-1273.
207. Vongchana P., Wutti-In Y., Sajomsang W., Gonilb P., Kothan S., Linhardt R.J. N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of monoclonal antibodies against hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 85:215-220.
208. Quiñones J.P., Gothelf K.V., Kjems J., Caballero A.M.H., Schmidt C., Covas C.P. N,O6-partially acetylated chitosan nanoparticles hydrophobically-modified for controlled release of steroids and vitamin E. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 91:143-151.
209. Chivrac F., Pollet E., Avérous L. Progress in nano-biocomposites based on polysaccharides and nanoclays. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 2009, 67:1-17.
210. Yuan Q., Shah J., Hein S., Misra R.D.K. Controlled and extended drug release behavior of chitosan-based nanoparticle carrier. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6:1140-1148.
211. Tang D.-H., Yu S.-H., Ho Y.-C., Mi F.-L., Kuo P.-L., Sung H.-W. Heparinized chitosan/poly(g-glutamic acid) nanoparticles for multi-functional delivery of fibroblast growth factor and heparin. Biomaterials 2010, 31:9320-9332.
212. Shu S., Zhang X., Wu Z., Wang Z., Li C. Gradient cross-linked biodegradable polyelectrolyte nanocapsules for intracellular protein drug delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31:6039-6049.
213. Li C., Yang K., Zhang Y., Tang H., Yan F., Tan L., et al. Highly biocompatible multi-walled carbon nanotube-chitosan nanoparticle hybrids as protein carriers. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7:3070-3077.
214. Tian Q., Zhang C.-N., Wang X.-H., Wang W., Huang W., Cha R.-T., et al. Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles for liver-targeted delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31:4748-4756.
215. Nie H., Shen X., Zhou Z., Jiang Q., Chen Y., Xie A., et al. Electrospinning and characterization of Konjac glucomannan/chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds favoring the growth of bone mesenchymal stem cells. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 85:681-686.
216. Wang Q., Jamal S., Detamore M.S., Berkland C. PLGA-chitosan/PLGA-alginate nanoparticle blends as biodegradable colloidal gels for seeding human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2011, 96A:520-527.
217. Allo B.A., Costa D.O., Dixon S.J., Mequanint K., Rizkalla A.S. Bioactive and biodegradable nanocomposites and hybrid biomaterials for bone regeneration. J. Funct. Biomater. 2012, 3(2):432-463.
218. Li X., Wang L., Fan Y., Feng Q., Cui F.-Z., Watari F. Nanostructured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2013, 101A:2424-2435.
219. Depan D., Venkata-Surya P.K.C., Girase B., Misra R.D.K. Organic/inorganic hybrid network structure nanocomposite scaffolds based on grafted chitosan for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7:2163-2175.
220. Mota J., Yuc N., Caridade S.G., Luz G.M., Gomes M.E., Reis R.L., et al. Chitosan/bioactive glass nanoparticle composite membranes for periodontal regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8:4173-4180.
221. Cheng X., Li Y., Zuo Y., Zhang L., Li J., Wang H. Properties and in vitro biological evaluation of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan membranes for bone guided regeneration. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2009, 29:29-35.
222. Chang C., Peng N., He M., Teramoto Y., Nishio Y., Zhang L. Fabrication and properties of chitin/hydroxyapatite hybrid hydrogels as scaffold nano-materials. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 91(1):7-13.
223. Yuan Q., Venkatasubramanian R., Hein S., Misra R.D.K. A stimulus-responsive magnetic nanoparticle drug carrier: magnetite encapsulated by chitosan-grafted-copolymer. Acta Biomater. 2008, 4:1024-1037.
224. Chen J.-P., Yang P.-C., Ma Y.-H., Wu T. Characterization of chitosan magnetic nanoparticles for in situ delivery of tissue plasminogen activator. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84:364-372.
225. Lin T.-C., Lin F.-H., Lin J.-C. In vitro feasibility study of the use of a magnetic electrospun chitosan nanofiber composite for hyperthermia treatment of tumor cells. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8:2704-2711.
226. Shen C.-R., Juang J.-H., Tsai Z.-T., Wu S.-T., Tsai F.-Y., Wang J.-J., et al. Preparation, characterization and application of superparamagnetic iron oxide encapsulated with N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium) propyl]chitosan chloride. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84:781-787.
227. Hamoudeh M., Kamleh M.A., Diab R., Fessi H. Radionuclides delivery systems for nuclear imaging and radiotherapy of cancer. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2008, 60:1329-1346.
228. Agrawal P., Strijkers G.J., Nicolay K. Chitosan-based systems for molecular imaging. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2010, 62(1):42-58.
229. Pelgrift R.Y., Friedman A.J. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2013, 65:1803-1815.
230. Koutsopoulos S. Molecular fabrications of smart nanobiomaterials and applications in personalized medicine. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2012, 64(13):1459-1476.
231. Zeugolis D.I., Raghunath M. Collagen: materials analysis and implant uses. Compr. Biomater. 2011, 2:261-278.
232. Freiss W. Collagen: biomaterial for drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1998, 45:113-136.
233. Kawalec-Carroll J.S., Hetherington V.J., Dockery D.S., Shive C., Targoni O.S., Lehmann P.V., et al. Immunogenicity of unprocessed and photooxidized bovine and human osteochondral grafts in collagen-sensitive mice. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2006, 7:32.
234. Lynn A.K., Yannas I.V., Bonfield W. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of collagen. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B: Appl. Biomater. 2004, 71B:343-354.
235. Paramonov S.E., Gauba V., Hartgerink J.D. Synthesis of collagen-like peptide polymers by native chemical ligation. Macromolecular 2005, 38(18):7555-7561.
236. Olsen D., Yang C., Bodo M., Chang R., Leigh S., Baez J., et al. Recombinant collagen and gelatin for drug delivery. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2003, 55:1547-1567.
237. Peng Y.Y., Howell L., Stoichevska V., Werkmeister J.A., Dumsday G.J., Ramshaw J.A.M. Towards scalable production of a collagen-like protein from Streptococcus pyogenes for biomedical applications. Microb. Cell Fact. 2012, 11:146.
238. Browne S., Zeugolis D.I., Pandit A. Collagen: finding a solution for the source. Tiss. Engr. A 2013, 19(13 & 14):1491-1494.
239. Koens M.J.W., Geutjes P.J., Faraj K.A., Hilborn J., Daamen W.F., van Kuppevelt T.H. Organ-specific tubular and collagen-based composite scaffolds. Tiss. Engr. C 2011, 17(3):327-335.
240. Parenteau-Bareil R., Gauvin R., Berthod F. Collagen-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Materials 2010, 3:1863-1887.
241. Caliari S.R., Harley B.A.C. Collagen-GAG materials. Compr. Biomater. 2011, 2:279-302.
242. Möllers S., Heschel I., Olde Damink L.H.H., Schuügner F., Deumens R., Müller B., et al. Cytocompatibility of a novel, longitudinally microstructured collagen scaffold intended for nerve tissue repair. Tiss. Engr. A 2009, 15(3):461-472.
243. Li Yao L., de Ruiter G.C.W., Wang H., Knight A.M., Spinner R.J., Yaszemski M.J., et al. Controlling dispersion of axonal regeneration using a multichannel collagen nerve conduit. Biomaterials 2010, 31:5789-5797.
244. Tedder M.E., Liao J., Weed B., Stabler C., Zhang H., Simionescu A., et al. Stabilized collagen scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering. Tiss. Engr. A 2009, 15(6):1257-1268.
245. Sargeant T.D., Desai A.P., Banerjee S., Agawu A., Stopek J.B. An in situ forming collagen-PEG hydrogel for tissue regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8:124-132.
246. Lomas A.J., Webb W.R., Han J.F., Chen G.-Q., Sun X., Zhang Z., et al. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)/collagen hybrid scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Tiss. Engr. C 2013, 19(8):577-585.
247. O'Grady J.E., Bordon D.M. Global regulatory registration requirements for collagen-based combination products: points to consider. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2003, 55:1699-1721.
248. ASTM F2212-08. Standard Guide for Characterization of Type I Collagen as Starting Material for Surgical Implants and Substrates for Tissue Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs).
249. Brown R.A. Direct collagen-material engineering for tissue fabrication. Tiss. Engr. A 2013, 19(13 & 14):1495-1498.
250. Gorgieva S., Kokol V. Collagen- vs. gelatine-based biomaterials and their biocompatibility: review and perspectives. Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine 2011, 17-52. InTech Publisher. R. Pignatello (Ed.).
251. Kuo J.-W., Prestwich G.D. Hyaluronic acid. Compr. Biomater. 2011, 2:239-259.
252. Shiedlin A., Bigelow R., Christopher W., Arbabi S., Yang L., Maier R.V., et al. Evaluation of hyaluronan from different sources: Streptococcus zooepidemicus, rooster comb, bovine vitreous, and human umbilical cord. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5:2122-2127.
253. Brown S.H., Pummill P.E. Recombinant production of hyaluronic acid. Cur. Pharma. Biotech. 2008, 9:239-241.
254. Widner B., Behr R., Von Dollen S., Tang M., Heu T., Sloma A., et al. Hyaluronic acid production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71(7):3747-3752.
255. Kenne L., Gohil S., Nilsson E.M., Karlsson A., Ericsson D., Kenne A.H., et al. Modification and cross-linking parameters in hyaluronic acid hydrogels-definitions and analytical methods. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 91(1):410-418.
256. Tolentino A., Alla A., de Ilarduya A., Mũnoz-Guerra S. Comb-like ionic complexes of hyaluronic acid with alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92(1):691-696.
257. Allison D.D., Grande-Allen K.J. Review. Hyaluronan: a powerful tissue engineering tool. Tiss. Engr. 2006, 12(8):2131-2140.
258. Collins M.N., Birkinshaw C. Hyaluronic acid based scaffolds for tissue engineering-a review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92(2):1262-1279.
259. Chung C., Burdick J.A. Influence of three-dimensional hyaluronic acid microenvironments on mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. Tiss. Engr. A 2009, 15(9):243-254.
260. Mohand-Kaci F., Assoul N., Martelly I., Allaire E., Zidi M. Optimized hyaluronic acid-hydrogel design and culture conditions for preservation of mesenchymal stem cell properties. Tiss. Engr. C 2013, 19(4):288-297.
261. Pasquinelli G., Vinci M.C., Gamberini C., Orrico C., Foroni L., Guarnieri C., et al. Architectural organization and functional features of early endothelial progenitor cells cultured in a hyaluronan-based polymer scaffold. Tiss. Engr. A 2009, 15(9):2751-2762.
262. Kothapalli C.R., Gacchina C.E., Ramamurthi A. Utility of hyaluronan oligomers and transforming growth factor-beta1 factors for elastic matrix regeneration by aneurysmal rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Tiss. Engr. A 2009, 15(9):3247-3260.
263. Liu Y., Wang R., Zarembinski T.I., Doty N., Jiang C., Regatieri C., et al. The application of hyaluronic acid hydrogels to retinal progenitor cell transplantation. Tiss. Engr. A 2013, 19(1&2):135-142.
264. Yee D., Hanjaya-Putra D., Bose V., Luong E., Gerecht S. Hyaluronic acid hydrogels support cord-like structures from endothelial colony-forming cells. Tiss. Engr. A 2011, 17(9):1351-1361.
265. Chen Z., Wei B., Mo X., Lim C.T., Ramakrishna S., Cui F. Mechanical properties of electrospun collagen-chitosan complex single fibers and membrane. Mater. Sci. Engr. C 2009, 29:2428-2435.
266. Yin A., Zhang K., McClure M.J., Huang C., Wu J., Fang J., et al. Electrospinning collagen/chitosan/poly(l-lactic acid-co-e-caprolactone) to form a vascular graft: mechanical and biological characterization. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2013, 101A:1292-1301.
267. Zhang Y., Reddy V.J., Wong S.Y., Li X., Su B., Ramakrishna S., et al. Enhanced biomineralization in osteoblasts on a novel electrospun biocomposite nanofibrous substrate of hydroxyapatite/collagen/chitosan. Tiss. Engr. A 2010, 16(6):1949-1960.
268. Ragetly G., Griffon D.J., Chung Y.S. The effect of type II collagen coating of chitosan fibrous scaffolds on mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and chondrogenesis. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6:3988-3997.
269. Wang L., Stegemann J.P. Thermogelling chitosan and collagen composite hydrogels initiated with β-glycerophosphate for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010, 31:3976-3985.
270. Deng C., Zhang P., Vulesevic B., Kuraitis D., Li F., Yang A.F., et al. A collagen-chitosan hydrogel for endothelial differentiation and angiogenesis. Tiss. Engr. A 2010, 16(10):3099-3109.
271. Funakoshi T., Majima T., Iwasaki N., Yamane S., Masuko T., Minami A., et al. Novel chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers as a scaffold in ligament tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 74A:338-346.
272. Park H., Choi B., Hu J., Lee M. Injectable chitosan hyaluronic acid hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9:4779-4786.
273. Chen J.-P., Cheng T.-H. Preparation and evaluation of thermo-reversible copolymer hydrogels containing chitosan and hyaluronic acid as injectable cell carriers. Polymer 2009, 50:107-116.
274. Liao H.-T., Chen C.-T., Chen J.P. Osteogenic differentiation and ectopic bone formation of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in injectable thermo-responsive polymer hydrogel. Tiss. Engr. C 2011, 17(11):1139-1149.
275. Correia C., Moreira-Teixeira L.S., Moroni L., Reis R.L., Van Blitterswijk C.A., Karperien M., et al. Chitosan scaffolds containing hyaluronic acid for cartilage tissue engineering. Tiss. Engr. C 2011, 17:717-730.
276. Huang G.-S., Dai L.-G., Yen B.L., Hsu S.-H. Spheroid formation of mesenchymal stem cells on chitosan and chitosan-hyaluronan membranes. Biomaterials 2011, 32:6929-6945.
277. Holmes C.A., Tabrizian M. Enhanced MC3T3 preosteoblast viability and adhesion on polyelectrolyte multilayer films composed of glycol-modified chitosan and hyaluronic acid. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2012, 100A:518-526.
278. Zambito Y., Felice F., Fabiano A., Di Stefano R., Di Colo G. Mucoadhesive nanoparticles made of thiolated quaternary chitosan crosslinked with hyaluronan. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92:33-39.
279. Hsu S.-H., Ho T.-T., Tseng T.-C. Nanoparticle uptake and gene transfer efficiency for MSCs on chitosan and chitosan-hyaluronan substrates. Biomaterials 2012, 33:3639-3650.
280. Ren Y.-J., Zhou Z.-Y., Liu B.-F., Xu Q.-Y., Cui F.-Z. Preparation and characterization of fibroin/hyaluronic acid composite scaffold. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2009, 44:372-378.
281. Ahn J.-H., Lee T.-H., Oh J.-S., Kim S.-U., Kim H.-J., Park I.-K., et al. A novel hyaluronate-atelocollagen/β-TCP-hydroxyapatite biphasic scaffold for the repair of osteochondral defects in rabbits. Tiss. Engr. A 2009, 15(9):2595-2604.
282. Hsu F.-Y., Hung Y.-S., Liou H.-M., Shen C.-H. Electrospun hyaluronate-collagen nanofibrous matrix and the effects of varying the concentration of hyaluronate on the characteristics of foreskin fibroblast cells. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6:2140-2147.
283. Wang W., Zhang M., Lu W., Zhang X., Ma D., Rong X., et al. Cross-linked collagen-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid imitating extracellular matrix as scaffold for dermal tissue engineering. Tiss. Engr. C 2010, 16(2):269-279.
284. Tan H., Wu J., Lao L., Gao C. Gelatin/chitosan/hyaluronan scaffold integrated with PLGA microspheres for cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5:328-337.
285. Enrione J., Osorio F., López D., Weinstein-Oppenheimer C., Fuentes M., Ceriani R., et al. Characterization of a gelatin/chitosan/hyaluronan scaffold-polymer. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 2010, 13(5).
286. Mathews S., Bhonde R., Gupta P.K., Totey S. A novel tripolymer coating demonstrating the synergistic effect of chitosan, collagen type 1 and hyaluronic acid on osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 2011, 414:270-276.
287. Francesko A., da Costa D.S., Reis R.L., Pashkuleva I., Tzanov T. Functional biopolymer-based matrices for modulation of chronic wound enzyme activities. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9:5216-5225.
288. Winn A. Factors in selecting medical grade silicones. Med. Plast. Biomater. March/April 1996, .
289. Gorbeta M.B., Sefton M.V. Endotoxin: the uninvited guest. Biomaterials 2005, 26:6811-6817.
290. Lieder R., Gaware V.S., Thormodsson F., Einarsson J.M., Ng C.-H., Gislason J., et al. Endotoxins affect bioactivity of chitosan derivatives in cultures of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9:4741-4748.
291. G.A.F. Roberts, 30 years of progress in chitin and chitosan, in: M. Jaworska (Ed.), Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives, 2008, vol. 13, pp. 7-15.
292. Smock D. Use of plastics in medical implants is soaring. Plast. Today 2012 October 17, .
293. Dornish M., Kaplan D. Regulatory and standardization aspects of chitin and chitosan. Adv. Chitin Sci. 2003, VII:152-156.
294. Khor E., Wu H., Guo C.M., Lim L.Y. Chitin methacrylate: preparation, characterization and hydrogel formation. Materials 2011, 4(10):1728-1746.
295. The Williams Dictionary of Biomaterials, Compiled by D.F. Williams, Liverpool University Press, 1999.
296. Williams D.F. On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2008, 29:2941-2953.
297. Gad S.C. Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices 2002, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. second ed.
298. For example: FDA, Quality System Regulation, Title 21 Part 820 of the Code of Federal Regulations, <>. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=820.
299. Lim L.Y., Khor E., Koo O. γ Irradiation of chitosan. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.: App. Biomater. 1998, 43:282-290.
300. Lim L.Y., Khor E., Ling C.E. Effects of dry heat and saturated steam on the physicochemical properties of chitosan. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.: App. Biomater. 1999, 48:111-116.
301. Rosiak J., Ulanski P., Kucharska M., Dutkiewicz J., Judkiewicz L. Radiation sterilization of chitosan sealant for vascular prostheses. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1992, 1:87-96.
302. Jarry C., Chaput C., Chenite A., Renaud M.-A., Buschmann M., Leroux J.-C. Effects of steam sterilization on thermogelling chitosan-based gels. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. App. Biomater. 2001, 58:127-135.
303. Zainol I., Akil H.M., Mastor A. Effect of γ-irradiation on the physical and mechanical properties of chitosan powder. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2009, 29:292-297.
304. Shen K., Hu Q., Wang Z., Qu J. Effect of 60Co irradiation on the properties of chitosan rod. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2011, 31:866-872.
305. Vert M. Degradable and bioresorbable polymers in surgery and in pharmacology: beliefs and facts. J Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2009, 20:437-446.
306. Kean T., Thanou M. Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62:3-11.
307. Anderson J.M. The future of biomedical materials. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 2006, 17:1025-1028.
308. Williams D.F. The Williams Dictionary of Biomaterials 1999, Liverpool University Press, Wiltshire.
309. Williams D.F. On the nature of biomaterials. Biomaterials 2009, 30:5897-5909.
310. Williams D.F. To engineer is to create: the link between engineering and regeneration. Trends Biotechnol. 2006, 24(1):4-8.
311. Kost J., Langer R. Responsive polymeric delivery systems. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012, 64:327-341.
312. Holzapfel B.M., Reichert J.C., Schantz J.-T., Gbureck U., Rackwitz L., Nöth U., et al. How smart do biomaterials need to be? A translational science and clinical point of view. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2013, 65:581-603.
313. Kim I.L., Mauck R.L., Burdick J.A. Hydrogel design for cartilage tissue engineering: a case study with hyaluronic acid. Biomaterials 2011, 32:8771-8782.
314. Billiet T., Vandenhaute M., Schelfhout J., Van Vlierberghe S., Dubruel P. A review of trends and limitations in hydrogel-rapid prototyping for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012, 33:6020-6041.
315. Verhulsel M., Vignes M., Descroix S., Malaquin L., Vignjevic D.M., Viovy J.-L. A review of microfabrication and hydrogel engineering formicro-organs on chips. Biomaterials 2014, 35:1816-1832.
316. Ratcliffe A. Difficulties in the translation of functionalized biomaterials into regenerative medicine clinical products. Biomaterials 2011, 32:4215-4217.
317. Further details can be obtained from, E. Khor, From Academia to Entrepreneur: Lessons from the Real World, Elsevier, 2014.
318. Angius D., Wang H., Spinner R.J., Gutierrez-Cotto Y., Yaszemski M.J., Windebank A.J. A systematic review of animal models used to study nerve regeneration in tissue-engineered scaffolds. Biomaterials 2012, 33:8034-8039.
319. Klausner E.A., Zhang Z., Chapman R.L., Multack R.F., Volin M.V. Ultrapure chitosan oligomers as carriers for corneal gene transfer. Biomaterials 2010, 31:1814-1820.
320. Y. Yoneda, S. Kawai, T. Kawada, Chemical synthesis of chito-hetero-oligosaccharides: two ways de-protective systems. Abstract-Tenth Asia Chitin Chitosan Symposium, from notes taken during the presentation, Yonago, Japan. 4-8 October, 2013 p. 157.
321. Larsson M., Huang W.-C., Hsiao M.-H., Wang Y.-J., Nydén M., Chiou S.-H., et al. Biomedical applications and colloidal properties of amphiphilically modified chitosan hybrid. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013, 38(9):1307-1328.
322. Tay L.F., Khoh L.K., Loh C.S., Khor E. Alginate-chitosan coacervation in production of artificial seeds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 42(4):449-454.
323. Loh C.S., Shu W., Khor E. High frequency production of embryos from liquid flask cultures of oilseed rape. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1997, 54(3):231-238.
324. Khor E., Ng W.F., Loh C.S. Two-coat systems for encapsulation of Spathoglottis plicata (Orchidaceae) seeds and protocorms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1998, 59(5):635-639.
325. Tan T.K., Loon W.S., Khor E., Loh C.S. Infection of Spathoglottis plicata (Orchidaceae) "artificial seeds" by mycorrhizal fungus. Plant Cell Rep. 1998, 18(1-2):14-19.