Coherent X-Ray Optics

Coherent X-Ray Optics

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-424

  Paganin, David ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Holography; Interferometry; Phase Contrast; Phase Retrieval; Singular Optics; Synchrotron; X Ray Diffraction; X Ray Vortices

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921746951     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567288.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (452)

1. L.J. Allen and M.P. Oxley, Phase retrieval from series of images obtained by defocus variation, Opt. Commun. 199, 65-75 (2001).
2. G. Anger, Some remarks on the relationship between mathematics and physics and on inverse problems, in P.C. Sabatier (ed.), Inverse methods in action (Proceedings of the multicentennials meeting on inverse problems, Montpellier, November 27th-December 1st, 1989), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1990).
3. S. Aoki and S. Kikuta, X-ray holographic microscopy, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 13, 1385-1392 (1974).
4. A. Authier, Dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001).
5. A.V. Baez, A study in diffraction microscopy with special reference to X-rays, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 42, 756-762 (1952).
6. S. Bajt, A. Barty, K.A. Nugent, M. McCartney, M. Wall, and D. Paganin, Quantitative phasesensitive imaging in a transmission electron microscope, Ultramicroscopy 83, 67-73 (2000).
7. H.P. Baltes, Introduction, in H.P. Baltes (ed.), Inverse source problems in optics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 2, (1978).
8. E.D. Barone-Nugent, A. Barty, and K.A. Nugent, Quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy I: optical microscopy, J. Microsc. 206, 194-203 (2002).
9. R.H.T. Bates, Fourier phase problems are uniquely soluble in more than one dimension. I., Optik 61, 247-262 (1982).
10. M.J. Beran and G.B. Parrent, Theory of partial coherence, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1964).
11. M. Bertero, C. De Mol, and E.R. Pike, Application of singular systems to some data reduction problems in modern optics, in P.C. Sabatier (ed.), Inverse methods in action (Proceedings of the multicentennials meeting on inverse problems, Montpellier, November 27th-December 1st, 1989), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 248-261 (1990).
12. R.P. Boas, Entire functions, Academic Press, New York (1954).
13. U. Bonse, Recent advances in X-ray and neutron interferometry, Physica B 151, 7-21 (1988).
14. U. Bonse and M. Hart, An X-ray interferometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 6, 155-156 (1965).
15. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of optics, seventh edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
16. J. Boyes-Watson, K. Davidson, and M.F. Perutz, An X-ray study of horse methaemoglobin. I., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 191, 83-137 (1947).
17. H. Bremmer, On the asymptotic evaluation of diffraction integrals with a special view to the theory of defocusing and optical contrast, Physica 18, 469-485 (1952).
18. R.E. Burge, X.-C. Yuan, G.E. Slark, M.T. Browne, P. Charalambous, C.L.S. Lewis, et al., Optical source model for the 23.2-23.6 nm radiation from the multielement germanium soft X-ray laser, Opt. Commun. 169, 123-133 (1999).
19. D. Chapman, W. Thomlinson, R.E. Johnston, D. Washburn, E. Pisano, N. Gmür, et al., Diffraction enhanced X-ray imaging, Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 2015-2025 (1997).
20. P. Cloetens, R. Barrett, J. Baruchel, J.-P. Guigay, and M. Schlenker, Phase objects in synchrotron radiation hard X-ray imaging, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29, 133-146 (1996).
21. P. Cloetens, W. Ludwig, J. Baruchel, J.-P. Guigay, P. Pernot-Rejmánková, M. Salomé-Pateyron, et al., Hard X-ray phase imaging using simple propagation of a coherent synchrotron radiation beam, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32, A145-A151 (1999).
22. P. Coan, E. Pagot, S. Fiedler, P. Cloetens, J. Baruchel, and A. Bravin, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging combining free space propagation and Bragg diffraction, J. Synchrotron Rad. 12, 241-245 (2005).
23. J.M. Cowley, Diffraction physics, third revised edition, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1995).
24. J.M. Cowley and A.F. Moodie, Fourier images: I-the point source, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 70, 486-496 (1957a).
25. J.M. Cowley and A.F. Moodie, Fourier images: II-the out-of-focus patterns, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 70, 497-504 (1957b).
26. J.M. Cowley and A.F. Moodie, Fourier images: III-finite sources, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 70, 505-513 (1957c).
27. T.J. Davis, D. Gao, T.E. Gureyev, A.W. Stevenson, and S.W. Wilkins, Phase contrast imaging of weakly absorbing materials using hard X-rays, Nature 373, 595-598 (1995a).
28. T.J. Davis, T.E. Gureyev, D. Gao, A.W.Stevenson, and S.W.Wilkins, X-ray image contrast from a simple phase object, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3173-3176 (1995b).
29. T.J. Davis, X-ray diffraction imaging using perfect crystals, J. X-Ray Sci. Technol. 6, 317-342 (1996).
30. T.J. Davis and A.W. Stevenson, Direct measure of the phase shift of an X-ray beam, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 1193-1198 (1996).
31. T. Ditmire, E.T. Gumbrell, R.A. Smith, J.W.G. Tisch, D.D. Meyerhofer, and M.H.R. Hutchinson, Spatial coherence measurement of soft X-ray radiation produced by high order harmonic generation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4756-4759 (1996).
32. J. Durnin, Exact solutions for nondiffracting beams. I. The scalar theory, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 651-654 (1987).
33. J. Durnin, J.J. Miceli Jr., and J.H. Eberly, Diffraction-free beams, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1499-1501 (1987).
34. S. Eisebitt, J. Lüning, W.F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, et al., Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by X-ray spectro-holography, Nature 432, 885-888 (2004).
35. A.I. Erko, V.V. Aristov, and B. Vidal, Diffraction X-ray optics, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol (1996).
36. G. Faigel and M. Tegze, X-ray holography, Rep. Prog. Phys. 62, 355-393 (1999).
37. G. Faigel and M. Tegze, X-ray holography, Struct. Chem. 14(1), 15-21 (2003).
38. E.E. Fenimore and T.M. Cannon, Coded aperture imaging with uniformly redundant arrays, Appl. Opt. 17, 337-347 (1978).
39. J.R. Fienup, Phase retrieval algorithms: a comparison, Appl. Opt. 21, 2758-2769 (1982).
40. E. Förster, K. Goetz, and P. Zaumseil, Double crystal diffractometry for the characterization of targets for laser fusion experiments, Kristall und Technik 15, 937-945 (1980).
41. D. Gabor, A new microscopic principle, Nature 161, 777-778 (1948).
42. R.W. Gerchberg and W.O. Saxton, A practical algorithm for the determination of phase from image and diffraction plane pictures, Optik 35, 237-246 (1972).
43. E. Gluskin, I. McNulty, P.J. Viccaro, and M.R. Howells, X-ray intensity interferometer for undulator radiation, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 319, 213-218 (1992).
44. E. Gluskin, I. McNulty, L. Yang, K.J. Randall, Z. Xu, and E.D. Johnson, Intensity interferometry at the X13A undulator beamline, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 347, 177-181 (1994).
45. E. Gluskin, E.E. Alp, I. McNulty, W. Sturhahn, and J. Sutter, A classical Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment with hard X-rays, J. Synchrotron Rad. 6, 1065-1066 (1999).
46. J.W. Goodman, Statistical optics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985).
47. J.-P. Guigay, S. Zabler, P. Cloetens, C. David, R. Mokso, and M. Schlenker, The partial Talbot effect and its use in measuring the coherence of synchrotron X-rays, J. Synchrotron Rad. 11, 476-482 (2004).
48. T.E. Gureyev, Transport of intensity equation for beams in an arbitrary state of temporal and spatial coherence, Optik 110, 263-266 (1999).
49. T.E. Gureyev, Composite techniques for phase retrieval in the Fresnel region, Opt. Commun. 220, 49-58 (2003).
50. T.E. Gureyev, A. Roberts, and K.A. Nugent, Partially coherent fields, the transport of intensity equation, and phase uniqueness, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 1942-1946 (1995).
51. T.E. Gureyev and K.A. Nugent, Phase retrieval with the transport-of-intensity equation. II. Orthogonal series solution for nonuniform illumination, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 1670-1682 (1996).
52. T.E. Gureyev and K.A. Nugent, Rapid quantitative phase imaging using the transport of intensity equation, Opt. Commun. 133, 339-346 (1997).
53. T.E. Gureyev and S.W. Wilkins, Regimes of X-ray phase-contrast imaging with perfect crystals, Nuovo Cimento 19D, 545-552 (1997).
54. T.E. Gureyev, C. Raven, A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, and S.W. Wilkins, Hard X-ray quantitative noninterferometric phase-contrast microscopy, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32, 563-567 (1999).
55. T.E. Gureyev, D.M. Paganin, A.W. Stevenson, S.C. Mayo, and S.W. Wilkins, Generalized eikonal of partially coherent beams and its use in quantitative imaging, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 068103 (2004).
56. J. Hadamard, Lectures on Cauchy's problem in linear partial differential equations, Yale University Press, New Haven (1923).
57. R. Hanbury Brown and R.Q. Twiss, A new type of interferometer for use in radio astronomy, Phil. Mag. 45, 663-682 (1954).
58. R. Hanbury Brown and R.Q. Twiss, Correlation between photons in two coherent beams of light, Nature 177, 27-29 (1956a).
59. R. Hanbury Brown and R.Q. Twiss, A test of a new type of stellar interferometer on Sirius, Nature 178, 1046-1048 (1956b).
60. R. Hanbury Brown and R.Q. Twiss, Interferometry of the intensity fluctuations in light I. Basic theory: the correlation between photons in coherent beams of radiation, Proc. Roy. Soc. 242, 300-324 (1957a).
61. R. Hanbury Brown and R.Q. Twiss, Interferometry of the intensity fluctuations in light II. An experimental test of the theory for partially coherent light, Proc. Roy. Soc. 243, 291-319 (1957b).
62. P. Hariharan, Optical interferometry, second edition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (2003).
63. M. Hart, The application of synchrotron radiation to X-ray interferometry, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. 172, 209-214 (1980).
64. M. Hart and U. Bonse, Interferometry with X rays, Phys. Today, 26-31 (August 1970).
65. M.R. Howells, The X-ray Hanbury Brown and Twiss intensity interferometer: a new physics experiment and a diagnostic for both X-ray and electron beams at light sources, Advanced Light Source Technical Report, LSBL-27 (1989).
66. E. Ikonen, Interference effects between independent gamma rays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2759-2761 (1992).
67. V.N. Ingal and E.A. Beliaevskaya, X-ray plane-wave topography observation of the phase contrast from a non-crystalline object, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28, 2314-2317 (1995).
68. E.T. Jaynes, Papers on probability, statistics and statistical physics, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht (1983).
69. E.T. Jaynes, Probability theory: the logic of science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003).
70. B. Kaulich, T. Wilhein, E. Di Fabrizio, F. Romanato, M. Altissimo, S. Cabrini, et al., Differential interference contrast X-ray microscopy with twin zone plates, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 797-806 (2002a).
71. B. Kaulich, F. Polack, U. Neuhaeusler, J. Susini, E. Di Fabrizio, and T. Wilhein, Diffracting aperture based differential phase contrast for scanning X-ray microscopy, Opt. Expr. 10, 1111-1117 (2002b).
72. M.V. Klibanov, P.E. Sacks, and A.V. Tikhonravov, The phase retrieval problem, Inverse Problems 11, 1-28 (1995).
73. V. Kohn, I. Snigireva, and A. Snigirev, Interferometric characterization of spatial coherence of high energy synchrotron X-rays, Opt. Commun. 198, 293-309 (2001).
74. R. Kress, Linear integral equations, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 221 (1989).
75. Y. Kunimune, Y. Yoda, K. Izumi, M. Yabashi, X.-W. Zhang, T. Harami, et al., Two-photon correlations in X-rays from a synchrotron radiation source, J. Synchrotron Rad. 4, 199-203 (1997).
76. R. Landauer, The physical nature of information, Phys. Lett. A 217, 188-193 (1996).
77. W. Leitenberger, S.M. Kuznetsov, and A. Snigirev, Interferometric measurements with hard Xrays using a double slit, Opt. Commun. 191, 91-96 (2001).
78. W. Leitenberger, H. Wendrock, L. Bischoff, T. Panzner, U. Pietsch, J. Grenzer, et al., Double pinhole diffraction of white synchrotron radiation, Physica B 336, 63-67 (2003).
79. W. Leitenberger, H. Wendrock, L. Bischoff, and T. Weitkamp, Pinhole interferometry with coherent hard X-rays, J. Synchrotron Rad. 11, 190-197 (2004).
80. E.N. Leith and J. Upatneiks, Reconstructed wavefronts and communication theory, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 52, 1123-1130 (1962).
81. E.N. Leith and J. Upatneiks, Wavefront reconstruction with continuous-tone objects, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 1377-1381 (1963).
82. E.N. Leith and J. Upatneiks, Wavefront reconstruction with diffused illumination and threedimensional objects, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 54, 1295-1301 (1964).
83. R.A. Lewis, K.D. Rogers, C.J. Hall, A.P. Hufton, S. Evans, R.H. Menk, et al., Diffraction enhanced imaging: improved contrast, lower dose X-ray imaging, in L.E. Antonuk and M.J. Yaffe (eds), Medical imaging 2002: physics of medical imaging, Proc. SPIE 4682, 286-297 (2002).
84. H. Lichte, E. Völkl, and K. Scheerschmidt, First steps of high resolution electron holography into materials science, Ultramicroscopy 47, 231-240 (1992).
85. H. Lichte, P. Kessler, D. Lenz, and W.-D. Rau, 0.1 nm information limit with the CM30FEG-Special Tübingen, Ultramicroscopy 52, 575-580 (1993).
86. J.J.A. Lin, D. Paterson, A.G. Peele, P.J. McMahon, C.T. Chantler, K.A. Nugent, et al., Measurement of the spatial coherence function of undulator radiation using a phase mask, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 074801 (2003).
87. Y. Liu, M. Seminario, F.G. Tomasel, C. Chang, J.J. Rocca, and D.T. Attwood, Achievement of essentially full spatial coherence in a high-average-power soft-X-ray laser, Phys. Rev. A 63, 033802 (2001).
88. L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical coherence and quantum optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995).
89. A.I. Markusevich, The Theory of analytic functions: a brief course, Mir Publishers, Moscow (1983).
90. P.J. McMahon, A.G. Peele, D. Paterson, J.J.A. Lin, T.H.K. Irving, I. McNulty, et al., Quantitative Xray phase tomography with sub-micron resolution, Opt. Commun. 217, 53-58 (2003).
91. J. Miao, D. Sayre, and H.N. Chapman, Phase retrieval from the magnitude of the Fourier transforms of nonperiodic objects, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 1662-1669 (1998).
92. J. Miao, P. Charalambous, J. Kirz, and D. Sayre, Extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to allow imaging of micrometre-sized non-crystalline specimens, Nature 400, 342-344 (1999).
93. A. Momose, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging based on interferometry, J. Synchrotron Rad. 9, 136-142 (2002).
94. W.D. Montgomery, Self-imaging objects of infinite aperture, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 772-778 (1967).
95. W.D. Montgomery, Algebraic formulation of diffraction applied to self-imaging, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1112-1124 (1968).
96. P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of theoretical physics, volume 1, Mc-Graw-Hill, New York, chapter 4 (1953).
97. U. Neuhäusler, G. Schneider, W. Ludwig, M.A. Meyer, E. Zschech, and D. Hambach, X-ray microscopy in Zernike phase contrast mode at 4 keV photon energy with 60 nm resolution, J. Phys. D: Appl Phys. 36, A79-A82 (2003).
98. M. Nieto-Vesperinas, Scattering and diffraction in physical optics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
99. A. Yu. Nikulin, Uniqueness of the complex diffraction amplitude in X-ray Bragg diffraction, Phys. Rev. B. 57, 11178-11183 (1998).
100. A.Y. Nikulin and P. Zaumseil, Phase retrieval X-ray diffractometry in the case of high- or low-flux radiation sources, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 172, 291-301 (1999).
101. A.Y. Nikulin and P. Zaumseil, Fast nondestructive technique to determine the content of components in a strain-compensated crystalline ternary alloy, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 5249-5251 (2004).
102. K.A. Nugent and J.E. Trebes, Coherence measurement technique for short-wavelength light sources, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 2146-2151 (1992).
103. K.A. Nugent, T.E. Gureyev, D. Cookson, D. Paganin, and Z. Barnea, Quantitative phase imaging using hard X-rays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2961-2964 (1996).
104. K.A. Nugent and D. Paganin, Matter-wave phase measurement: a noninterferometric approach, Phys. Rev. A 61, 063614 (2000).
105. D. Paganin and K.A. Nugent, Noninterferometric phase imaging with partially coherent light, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2586-2589 (1998).
106. D. Paganin and K.A. Nugent, Non-interferometric phase determination, in P. Hawkes (ed.), Advances in imaging and electron physics 118, Harcourt Publishers, Kent, pp. 85-127 (2001).
107. D. Paganin, S.C. Mayo, T.E. Gureyev, P.R. Miller, and S.W. Wilkins, Simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused image of a homogeneous object, J. Microsc. 206, 33-40 (2002).
108. D. Paganin. T.E. Gureyev, K.M. Pavlov, R.A. Lewis, and M. Kitchen, Phase retrieval using coherent imaging systems with linear transfer functions, Opt. Commun. 234, 87-105 (2004a).
109. D. Paganin, T.E. Gureyev, S.C. Mayo, A.W. Stevenson, Ya.I. Nesterets, and S.W. Wilkins, X-ray omni microscopy, J. Microsc. 214, 315-327 (2004b).
110. A. Papoulis, Systems and transforms with applications in optics, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Florida (1981).
111. D. Paterson, B.E. Allman, P.J. McMahon, J. Lin, N. Moldovan, K.A. Nugent, et al., Spatial coherence measurement of X-ray undulator radiation, Opt. Commun. 195, 79-84 (2001).
112. W. Pauli, Die allgemeinen Prinzipien der Wellenmechanik, in H. Geiger and K. Scheel (eds), Handbuch der Physik, Springer, Berlin (1933).
113. K.M Pavlov, T.E Gureyev, D. Paganin, Ya.I. Nesterets, M.J. Morgan, and R.A. Lewis, Linear systems with slowly varying transfer functions and their application to X-ray phase-contrast imaging, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, 2746-2750 (2004).
114. P.V. Petrashen' and F.N. Chukhovskii, Restoration of the phase of an X-ray wave diffracted in a single-crystal layered structure, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 34, 957-959 (1989).
115. A. Pogany, D. Gao, and S.W. Wilkins, Contrast and resolution in imaging with a microfocus X-ray source, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 2774-2782 (1997).
116. Lord Rayleigh, On copying diffraction gratings and some phenomena connected therewith, Phil. Mag. 11, 196-205 (1881).
117. G. Reiss and R. Lipperheide, Inversion and the phase problem in specular reflection, Phys. Rev. B 53, 8157-8160 (1996).
118. W.C. Röntgen, On a new kind of rays, Nature 53, 274-276 (1896).
119. D. Sayre, Some implications of a theorem due to Shannon, Acta Crystallogr. 5, 843-843 (1952).
120. G. Schmahl, D. Rudolph, G. Schneider, P. Guttmann, and B. Niemann, Phase contrast X-ray microscopy studies, Optik 97, 181-182 (1994).
121. E.V. Shuryak, Two-photon correlations in synchrotron radiation as a method of studying the beam, Sov. Phys. JETP 40, 30-31 (1975).
122. K. Siu, A.Y. Nikulin, K. Tamasaku, and T. Ishikawa, X-ray phase retrieval in high-resolution refraction data from amorphous materials, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2112-2114 (2001).
123. A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, V. Kohn, S. Kuznetsov, and I. Schelekov, On the possibilities of X-ray phase contrast microimaging by coherent high-energy synchrotron radiation, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 5486-5492 (1995).
124. A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, V.G. Kohn, and S.M. Kuznetsov, On the requirements to the instrumentation for the new generation of synchrotron radiation sources. Beryllium windows, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 370, 634-640 (1996).
125. I. Snigireva, V. Kohn, and A. Snigirev, Interferometric techniques for characterization of coherence of high-energy synchrotron X-rays, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 467-468, 925-928 (2001).
126. V.A. Somenkov, A.K. Tkalich, and S. Shil'stein, Refraction contrast in X-ray microscopy, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 3, 1309-1311 (1991).
127. Y. Suzuki, Measurement of X-ray coherence using two-beam interferometer with prism optics, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 1026-1029 (2004).
128. A. Szöke, X-ray and electron holography using a local reference beam, in D.T. Attwood and J. Boker (eds), Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications (AIP conference proceedings number 147), American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 361-367 (1986).
129. R.Z. Tai, Y. Takayama, N. Takaya, T. Miyahara, S. Yamamoto, H. Sugiyama, et al., Chaotic nature of the stored current in an electron storage ring detected by a two-photon correlator for soft-X-ray synchrotron radiation, Phys. Rev. A 60, 3262-3266 (1999).
130. Y. Takayama, R.Z. Tai, T. Hatano, T. Miyahara, W. Okamoto, and Y. Kagoshima, Measurement of the coherence of synchrotron radiation, J. Synchrotron Rad. 5, 456-458 (1998).
131. Y. Takayama, H. Shiozawa, N. Takaya, T. Miyahara, and R. Tai, Electron-beam diagnosis with Young's interferometer in soft X-ray region, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 455, 217-221 (2000).
132. M. Takeda, H. Ina, and S. Kobayashi, Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 156-160 (1982).
133. H.F. Talbot, Facts relating to optical science. No. IV, Phil. Mag. 9, 401-407 (1836).
134. M.R. Teague, Deterministic phase retrieval: a Green's function solution, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1434-1441 (1983).
135. M. Tegze, G. Faigel, S. Marchesini, M. Belakhovsky, and O. Ulrich, Imaging light atoms by X-ray holography, Nature 407, 38-38 (2000).
136. B.J. Thompson and E. Wolf, Two-beam interference with partially coherent light, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 895-902 (1957).
137. A. Vasara, J. Turunen, and A. Friberg, Realization of general nondiffracting beams with computergenerated holograms, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 1748-1754 (1989).
138. N. Watanabe, K. Sakurai, A. Takeuchi, and S. Aoki, Soft-X-ray Gabor holography by means of a backilluminated CCD camera, Appl. Opt. 36, 7433-7436 (1997).
139. V. White and D. Cerrina, Metal-less X-ray phase-shift masks for nanolithography, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 10, 3141-3144 (1992).
140. S.W. Wilkins, Simplified conditions and configurations for phase-contrast imaging with hard X-rays, Australian Patent Application PN 2112/95 (1995); PCT Patent Application PCT/AU96/00178 (1996).
141. S.W. Wilkins, T.E. Gureyev, D. Gao, A. Pogany, and A.W. Stevenson, Phase-contrast imaging using polychromatic hard X-rays, Nature 384, 335-338 (1996).
142. E. Wolf, A macroscopic theory of the interference and diffraction of light from finite sources. I. Fields with narrow spectral range, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 225, 96-111 (1954).
143. E. Wolf, Is a complete determination of the energy spectrum of light possible from measurements of the degree of coherence?, Proc. Phys. Soc. 80, 1269-1272 (1962).
144. N. Wu, The maximum entropy method, Springer-Verlag, New York (1997).
145. M. Yabashi, K. Tamasaku, and T. Ishikawa, Characterization of the transverse coherence of hard synchrotron radiation by intensity interferometry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 140801 (2001).
146. M. Yabashi, K. Tamasaku, and T. Ishikawa, Intensity interferometry for the study of X-ray coherence, Phys. Rev. A 69, 023813 (2004).
147. L. Yaroslavsky and M. Eden, Fundamentals of digital optics, Birkhauser, Boston, MA (1996).
148. F. Zernike, Phase contrast, a new method for the microscopic observation of transparent objects, Physica 9, 686-693 (1942).
149. W. Lukosz, Equivalent-lens theory of holographic imaging, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1084-1091 (1968).
150. J.R. Shewell and E. Wolf, Inverse diffraction and a new reciprocity theorem, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1596-1603 (1968).
151. L.J. Allen, M.P. Oxley, and D. Paganin, Computational aberration correction for an arbitrary linear imaging system, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 123902 (2001a).
152. L.J. Allen, H.M.L. Faulkner, M.P. Oxley, and D. Paganin, Phase retrieval and aberration correction in the presence of vortices in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Ultramicroscopy 88, 85-97 (2001b).
153. O.V. Angelsky, P.P. Maksimyak, A.P. Maksimyak, S.G. Hanson, and Y.A. Ushenko, Role of caustics in the formation of networks of amplitude zeros for partially developed speckle fields, Appl. Opt. 43, 5744-5753 (2004).
154. V.I. Arnol'd, Catastrophe theory, second edition, Springer, Berlin (1986).
155. V.I. Arnol'd, Singularities of caustics and wavefronts, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1990).
156. M.W. Beijersbergen, R.P.C. Coerwinkel, M. Kristensen, and J.P. Woerdman, Helicalwavefront laser beams produced with a spiral phaseplate, Opt. Commun. 112, 321-327 (1994).
157. M.V. Berry, Disruption of wavefronts: statistics of dislocations in incoherent Gaussian random waves, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 11, 27-37 (1978).
158. M.V. Berry, Singularities in waves and rays, in R. Balian et al. (eds), Les Houches, session XXXV, 1980-physics of defects, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 453-543 (1980).
159. M.V. Berry, Much ado about nothing: optical dislocations lines (phase singularities, zeros, vortices...), in M.S. Soskin (ed.), Singular optics, SPIE Proceedings 3487, SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, pp. 1-5 (1998).
160. M.V. Berry, Knotted zeros in the quantum states of hydrogen, Found. Phys. 31, 659-667 (2001).
161. M.V. Berry and C. Upstill, Catastrophe optics: morphologies of caustics and their diffraction patterns, in E. Wolf (ed.), Progress in optics XVIII, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Chapter 4 (1980).
162. M.V. Berry and M.R. Dennis, Knotted and linked phase singularities in monochromatic waves, Proc. R. Soc. A 457, 2251-2263 (2000a).
163. M.V. Berry and M.R. Dennis, Phase singularities in isotropic random waves, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 456, 2059-2079 (2000b).
164. M.V. Berry and M.R. Dennis, Knotting and unknotting of phase singularities: Helmholtz waves, paraxial waves and waves in 2+1 spacetime, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34, 8877-8888 (2001).
165. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of optics, seventh edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
166. G.F. Brand, Phase singularities in beams, Am. J. Phys. 67, 55-60 (1999).
167. J.M. Cowley, Diffraction physics, third revised edition, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1995).
168. P.A.M. Dirac, Quantised singularities in the electromagnetic field, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 133, 60-72 (1931).
169. I. Freund, Phase autocorrelation of random wave fields, Opt. Commun. 124, 321-332 (1996).
170. I. Freund, '1001' correlations in random wave fields, Waves in Random Media 8, 119-158 (1998).
171. I. Freund, Critical point explosions in two-dimensional wave fields, Opt. Commun. 159, 99-117 (1999).
172. I. Freund, Optical vortex trajectories, Opt. Commun. 181, 19-33 (2000).
173. H. He, N.R. Heckenberg, and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Optical particle trapping with higher-order doughnut beams produced using high efficiency computer generated holograms, J. Mod. Opt. 42, 217-223 (1995).
174. N.R. Heckenberg, R. McDuff, C.P. Smith, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, and M.J. Wegener, Laser beams with phase singularities, Opt. Quant. Electr. 24, S951-S962 (1992).
175. J.O. Hirschfelder, C.J. Goebel, and L.W. Bruch, Quantized vortices around wavefunction nodes. II, J. Chem. Phys. 61, 5456-5459 (1974).
176. M.J. Kitchen, D. Paganin, R.A. Lewis, N. Yagi, K. Uesugi, and S.T. Mudie, On the origin of speckle in X-ray phase contrast images of lung tissue, Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 4335-4348 (2004).
177. M. Kristensen, M.W. Beijersbergen, and J.P. Woerdman, Angular momentum and spinorbit coupling for microwave photons, Opt. Commun. 104, 229-233 (1994).
178. A. Mair, A. Vaziri, G. Weihs, and A. Zeilinger, Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons, Nature 412, 313-316 (2001).
179. J. Masajada and B. Dubik, Optical vortex generation by three plane wave interference, Opt. Commun. 198, 21-27 (2001).
180. J.F. Nye, Natural focusing and fine structure of light: caustics and wave dislocations, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol (1999).
181. J.F. Nye and M.V. Berry, Dislocations in wave trains, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 336, 165-190 (1974).
182. K.E. Oughstun (ed.), Selected papers on scalar wave diffraction, SPIE Milestone Series volume M51, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1992).
183. A.G. Peele, P.J. McMahon, D. Paterson, C.Q. Tran, A.P. Mancuso, K.A. Nugent, et al., Observation of an X-ray vortex, Opt. Lett. 27, 1752-1754 (2002).
184. A.G. Peele and K.A. Nugent, X-ray vortex beams: a theoretical analysis, Opt. Express 11, 2315-2322 (2003).
185. A.G. Peele, K.A. Nugent, A.P. Mancuso, D. Paterson, I. McNulty, and J.P. Hayes, X-ray phase vortices: theory and experiment, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 1575-1584 (2004).
186. L.M. Pismen, Vortices in nonlinear fields: from liquid crystal to superfluids, from nonequilibrium patterns to cosmic strings, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999).
187. J. Riess, Nodal structure, nodal flux fields, and flux quantization in stationary quantum states, Phys. Rev. D 2, 647-653 (1970).
188. D. Rozas, C.T. Law, and G.A. Swartzlander Jr., Propagation dynamics of optical vortices, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 3054-3065 (1997).
189. Y. Suzuki, N. Yagi, and K. Uesugi, X-ray refraction-enhanced imaging and a method for phase retrieval for a simple object, J. Synchrotron Rad. 9, 160-165 (2002).
190. R. Thom, Structural stability and morphogenesis, Benjamin, Reading, MA (1975).
191. A. Vasara, J. Turunen, and A.T. Friberg, Realization of general nondiffracting beams with computer-generated holograms, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 1748-1754 (1989).
192. A. Vilenkin and E.P.S. Shellard, Cosmic strings and other topological defects, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1994).
193. N. Yagi, Y. Suzuki, and K. Umetani, Refraction-enhanced X-ray imaging of mouse lung using synchrotron radiation source, Med. Phys. 26, 2190-2193 (1999).
194. J. Als-Nielsen, Diffraction, refraction and absorption of X-rays and neutrons: a comparative study, in J. Baruchel, J.-L. Hodeau, M.S. Lehmann, J.-R. Regnard, and C. Schlenker (eds), Neutron and synchrotron radiation for condensed matter studies, volume 1: theory, instruments and methods, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1993), pp. 3-33.
195. J. Als-Nielsen and D. McMorrow, Elements of modern X-ray physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2001).
196. M. Altarelli, Polarized X-rays, in J. Baruchel, J.-L. Hodeau, M.S. Lehmann, J.-R. Regnard, and C. Schlenker (eds), Neutron and synchrotron radiation for condensed matter studies, volume 1: theory, instruments and methods, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1993), pp. 261-269.
197. N.W. Aschroft and N.D. Mermin, Solid state physics, Thomson Learning (1976).
198. A. Authier, Dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001).
199. L.V. Azaroff, Elements of X-ray crystallography, McGraw-Hill, New York (1968).
200. L.V. Azaroff, R. Kaplow, N. Kato, R.J. Weiss, A.J.C. Wilson, and R.A. Young, X-ray diffraction, McGraw-Hill, Sydney (1974).
201. D. Bohm, A suggested interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of 'hidden' variables, I and II, Phys. Rev. 85, 166-193 (1952).
202. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of optics, seventh edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
203. C.T. Chantler, Theoretical form factor, attenuation and scattering tabulation for Z=1-92 from E=1-10 eV to E=0.4-1.0 MeV, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24, 71-643 (1995).
204. C. T. Chantler, Detailed tabulation of atomic form factors, photoelectric absorption and scattering cross section, and mass attenuation coefficients in the vicinity of absorption edges in the soft X-ray (Z=30-36, Z=60-89, E=0.1 keV-10 keV), addressing convergence issues of earlier work, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 597-1048 (2000).
205. A.H. Compton, A quantum theory of the scattering of X-rays by light elements, Phys. Rev. 21, 483-502 (1923).
206. J.M. Cowley, Diffraction physics, third revised edition, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1995).
207. J.M. Cowley and A.F. Moodie, The scattering of electrons by atoms and crystals. I. A new theoretical approach., Acta. Cryst. 10, 609-619 (1957).
208. B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray diffraction, second edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1978).
209. T.J. Davis, A unified treatment of small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray refraction and absorption using the Rytov approximation, Acta Cryst. A50, 686-690 (1994).
210. A. Einstein, Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, Ann. Phys. 17, 132-148 (1905). The English translation, cited in the text, is given in A.B. Arons and M.B. Peppard (trans.), Einstein's proposal of the photon concept-a translation of the Annalen der Physik paper of 1905, Am. J. Phys. 33, 367-374 (1965).
211. A.P. French, Special relativity, Chapman and Hall, London (1968).
212. D. Gabor, Light and information, in E. Wolf (ed.), Progress in Optics, volume 1, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1961), pp. 109-153.
213. D. Gibbs, J.P. Hill, and C. Vettier, New directions in X-ray magnetic scattering, in D.M. Mills (ed.), Third-generation hard X-ray synchrotron radiation sources: source properties, optics and experimental techniques, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 267-310 (2002).
214. T. Habashy and E. Wolf, Reconstruction of scattering potentials from incomplete data, J. Mod. Opt. 41, 1679-1685 (1994).
215. C. Hammond, The basics of crystallography and diffraction, second edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001).
216. W. Heitler, The quantum theory of radiation, third edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1954).
217. B.L. Henke, E.M. Gullikson, and J.C. Davis, X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission and reflection at E=50-30,000 eV, Z=1-92, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54, 181-342 (1993).
218. J.D. Jackson, Classical electrodynamics, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999).
219. C. Kittel, Introduction to solid state physics, sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1986).
220. E. Kreysig, Advanced engineering mathematics, fifth edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1983).
221. S.W. Lovesy and S.P. Collins, Scattering and absorption by magnetic materials, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1996).
222. L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical coherence and quantum optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995).
223. F. Mandl and G. Shaw, Quantum field theory, revised edition, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1993).
224. E. Madelung, Quantentheorie in Hydrodynamischer form, Z. Phys. 40, 322-326 (1926).
225. A.I. Markusevich, The Theory of analytic functions: a brief course, Mir Publishers, Moscow (1983).
226. E. Merzbacher, Quantum mechanics, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1970).
227. A. Messiah, Quantum mechanics, volumes 1 and 2, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1961).
228. P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of theoretical physics, volume 1, McGraw-Hill, New York (1953).
229. F. Natterer, The mathematics of computerized tomography, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1986).
230. M. Nieto-Vesperinas, Scattering and diffraction in physical optics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
231. K.E. Oughstun (ed.), Selected papers on scalar wave diffraction, SPIE Milestone Series volume M51, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1992).
232. Z.G. Pinsker, Dynamical theory of X-ray scattering in ideal crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1978).
233. W. Rindler, Introduction to special relativity, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1991).
234. J.J. Sakurai, Advanced quantum mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1967).
235. M.R. Spiegel, Theory and problems of complex variables, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore (1964).
236. V.I. Tatarskii, Wave propagation in a turbulent medium, Dover Publications, New York (1967).
237. B.E. Warren, X-ray diffraction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1969).
238. H. Weyl, Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen über einem ebenen Leiter, Ann. d. Physik 60, 481-500 (1919).
239. E. Wolf, Three-dimensional structure determination of semi-transparent objects from holographic data, Opt. Commun. 1, 153-156 (1969).
240. M.M. Woolfson, An introduction to X-ray crystallography, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997).
241. J. Als-Nielsen and D. McMorrow, Elements of modern X-ray physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2001).
242. J. Andruszkow, B. Aune, V. Ayvazyan, N. Baboi, R. Bakker, et al., First observation of selfamplified spontaneous emission in a free-electron laser at 109 nm wavelength, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3825-3829 (2000).
243. J.R.P. Angel, The lobster-eye telescope, Astrophys. J. 233, 364-373 (1979).
244. M. von Ardenne, Zur Leistungsfähigkeit des Elektronen-Schattenmikroskopes und über ein Röntgenstrahlen-Schattenmikroskop, Naturwiss. 27, 485-486 (1939).
245. M. von Ardenne, Elektronen-Übermikroskopie, Springer, Berlin (1940).
246. V.V. Aristov, A.A. Snigirev, Yu.A. Basov, and A. Yu. Nikulin, X-ray Bragg optics, in D.T. Attwood and J. Bokor (eds), Short wavelength coherent radiation: generation and application, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics, New York, 147, pp. 253-259 (1986a).
247. V.V. Aristov, A.I. Erko, A.Yu. Nikulin, and A.A. Snigirev, Observation of X-ray Bragg diffraction on the periodic surface relief of a perfect silicon crystal, Opt. Commun. 58, 300-302 (1986b).
248. V.V. Aristov, Yu.A. Basov, S.V. Redkin, A.A. Snigirev, and V.A. Yunkin, Bragg zone plates for hard X-ray focusing, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 261, 72-74 (1987).
249. L. Arzimovich and I. Pomeranchuk, The radiation of fast electrons in a magnetic field (in Russian), J. Phys. (USSR) 9, 267 (1945).
250. D. Attwood, Soft X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation: principles and applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
251. A. Authier, Dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001).
252. A.V. Baez, A study in diffraction microscopy with special reference to X-rays, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 42, 756-762 (1952).
253. A.V. Baez, Fresnel zone plate for optical image formation using extreme ultraviolet and soft x radiation, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 405-409 (1961).
254. D.X. Balaic, K.A. Nugent, Z. Barnea, R.F. Garrett, and S.W. Wilkins, Focusing of X-rays by total external reflection from a paraboloidally tapered glass capillary, J. Synchrotron Rad. 2, 296-299 (1995).
255. Yu.A. Basov, D.V. Roshchupkin, I.A. Schelokov, and A.E. Yakshin, Two-dimensional X-ray focusing by a phase Fresnel zone plate at grazing incidence, Opt. Commun. 114, 9-12 (1995).
256. B.W. Batterman and H. Cole, Dynamical diffraction of X rays by perfect crystals, Rev. Mod. Phys. 36, 681-716 (1964).
257. J.A. Bearden, The measurement of X-ray wavelengths by large ruled gratings, Phys. Rev. 48, 385-390 (1935).
258. D.H. Bilderback, The potential of cryogenic silicon and germanium X-ray monochromators for use with large synchrotron heat loads, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 246, 434-436 (1986).
259. D.H. Bilderback, Review of capillary X-ray optics from the 2nd International Capillary Optics Meeting, X-Ray Spectrom. 32, 195-207 (2003).
260. D.H. Bilderback, S.A. Hoffman, and D.J. Thiel, Nanometer spatial resolution achieved in hard X-ray imaging and Laue diffraction, Science 263, 201-203 (1994).
261. D.H. Bilderback, A.K. Freund, G.S. Knapp, and D.M. Mills, The historical development of cryogenically cooled monochromators for third-generation synchrotron radiation sources, J. Synchrotron Rad. 7, 53-60 (2000).
262. D.H. Bilderback, I.V. Bazarov, K. Finkelstein, S.M. Gruner, H.S. Padamsee, C.K. Sinclair, et al., Energy-recovery linac project at Cornell University, J. Synchrotron Rad. 10, 346-348 (2003).
263. J.P. Blewett, Radiation losses in the induction electron accelerator, Phys. Rev. 69, 87-95 (1946).
264. J.P. Blewett, Synchrotron radiation-early history, J. Synchrotron Rad. 5, 135-139 (1998).
265. R. Bonifacio, C. Pellegrini, and L. M. Narducci, Collective instabilities and high-gain regime in a free electron laser, Opt. Commun. 50, 373-378 (1984).
266. U. Bonse and M. Hart, An X-ray interferometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 6, 155-156 (1965).
267. U. Bonse, Recent advances in X-ray and neutron interferometry, Physica B 151, 7-21 (1988).
268. G. Borrmann, Über Extinktionsdiagramme von Quartz, Phys. Z. 42, 157-162 (1941).
269. C.A. Brau, Free-electron lasers, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1990).
270. L. Brügemann and E.K.E. Gerndt, Detectors for X-ray diffraction and scattering: a user's overview, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 531, 292-301 (2004).
271. A.N. Brunton, G.W. Fraser, J.E. Lees, W.B. Feller, and P.L. White, X-ray focusing with 11-μm square-pore microchannel plates, Proc. SPIE 2519, 40-49 (1995).
272. R. Caciuffo, S. Melone, F. Rustichelli, and A. Boeuf, Monochromators for X-ray synchrotron radiation, Phys. Rep. 152, 1-71 (1987).
273. H.N. Chapman, K.A. Nugent, and S.W. Wilkins, X-ray focusing using square channel capillary arrays, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 1542-1561 (1991).
274. J.A. Clarke, The science and technology of undulators and wigglers, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004).
275. A.H. Compton and R.L. Doan, X-ray spectra from a ruled diffraction grating, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 11, 598-601 (1925).
276. M. Cornacchia, J. Arthur, K. Bane, P. Bolton, R. Carr, F.J. Decker, et al., Future possibilities of the Linac Coherent Light Source, J. Synchrotron Rad. 11, 227-238 (2004).
277. V.E. Cosslett and W.C. Nixon, X-ray shadow microscope, Nature 168, 24-25 (1951).
278. V.E. Cosslett and W.C. Nixon, X-ray shadow microscopy, Nature 170, 436-438 (1952).
279. V.E. Cosslett and W.C. Nixon, The X-ray shadow microscope, J. Appl. Phys. 24, 616-623 (1953).
280. V.E. Cosslett and W.C. Nixon, X-ray microscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1960).
281. H. Daido, Review of soft X-ray laser researches and developments, Rep. Prog. Phys. 65, 1513-1576 (2002).
282. C.G. Darwin, The theory of X-ray reflexion, Phil. Mag. 27, 315-333 (1914a).
283. C.G. Darwin, The theory of X-ray reflexion. Part II, Phil. Mag. 27, 675-690 (1914b).
284. P. Desauté, H. Merdji, V. Greiner, T. Missalla, C. Chenais-Popovics, and P. Troussel, Characterization of a high resolution transmission grating, Opt. Commun. 173, 37-43 (2000).
285. E. Di Fabrizio, F. Romanato, M. Gentili, S. Cabrini, B. Kaulich, J. Susini, et al., Highefficiency multilevel zone plates for keV X-rays, Nature 401, 895-898 (1999).
286. E. Di Fabrizio, S. Cabrini, D. Cojoc, F. Romanato, L. Businaro, M. Altissimo, et al., Shaping X-rays by diffractive coded nano-optics, Microelectr. Eng. 67-68, 87-95 (2003).
287. P.A.M. Dirac, Quantum mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1958).
288. P.J. Duke, Synchrotron radiation: production and properties, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2000).
289. A. Einstein, Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung, Phys. Z. 18, 121-128 (1917). Translated as On the quantum theory of radiation, in D. ter Haar (ed.), The old quantum theory, Pergamon, Oxford (1967).
290. F.R. Elder, A.M. Gurewitsch, R.V. Langmuir, and H.C. Pollock, Radiation from electrons in a synchrotron, Phys. Rev. 71, 829-830 (1947a).
291. F.R. Elder, A.M. Gurewitsch, R.V. Langmuir, and H.C. Pollock, A 70-MeV synchrotron, J. Appl. Phys. 18, 810-818 (1947b).
292. F.R. Elder, R.V. Langmuir, and H.C. Pollock, Radiation from electrons accelerated in a synchrotron, Phys. Rev. 74, 52-56 (1948).
293. L.R. Elias, W.M. Fairbank, J.M.J. Madey, H.A. Schwettman, and T.I. Smith, Observation of stimulated emission of radiation by relativistic electrons in a spatially periodic transverse magnetic field, Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 717-720 (1976).
294. P. Engström, S. Larsson, A. Rindby, and B. Stocklassa, A 200 m X-ray microbeam spectrometer, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 36, 222-226 (1989).
295. P. Engström, S. Larsson, A. Rindby, A. Buttkewitz, S. Garbe, G. Gaul, et al., A submicron synchrotron X-ray beam generated by capillary optics, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 302, 547-552 (1991).
296. A.I. Erko, V.V. Aristov, and B. Vidal, Diffraction X-ray optics, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol (1996).
297. P.P. Ewald, Zur Begründung der Kristalloptik. Teil I. Theorie der Dispersion, Ann. Physik 49, 1-38 (1916a).
298. P.P. Ewald, Zur Begründung der Kristalloptik. Teil II. Theorie der Reflexion und Brechung, Ann. Physik 49, 117-143 (1916b).
299. P.P. Ewald, Zur Begründung der Kristalloptik. Teil III. Die Kristalloptik der Röntgenstrahlen, Ann. Physik 54, 519-597 (1917).
300. G.W. Fraser, A.N. Brunton, J.E. Lees, J.F. Pearson, and W.B. Feller, X-ray focusing using square-pore microchannel plates: first observation of cruxiform image structure, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 324, 404-407 (1993).
301. H.P. Freund and T.M. Antonsen, Principles of free-electron lasers, second edition, Chapman and Hall, London (1996).
302. D. Gabor, A new microscopic principle, Nature 161, 777-778 (1948).
303. S.M. Gruner, Concepts and applications of energy recovery linacs (ERLs), in T. Warwick, J. Arthur, H.A. Padmore, and J. Stöhr (eds), Synchrotron radiation instrumentation: eighth international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation, San Francisco, California, 25-29 August 2003 (AIP conference proceedings 705), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 153-156 (2004).
304. M. Hart, The application of synchrotron radiation to X-ray interferometry, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. 172, 209-214 (1980).
305. M. Hart and U. Bonse, Interferometry with x rays, Phys. Today, 26-31 (August 1970).
306. B.L. Henke, X-ray spectroscopy in the 100-1000 eV region, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. 177, 161-171 (1980).
307. S.A. Hoffman, D.J. Thiel, and D.H. Bilderback, Developments in tapered monocapillary and polycapillary glass X-ray concentrators, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 347, 384-389 (1994).
308. A. Hofmann, The physics of synchrotron radiation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2004).
309. F.L. Hunt, X-rays of long wave-length from a ruled grating, Phys. Rev. 30, 227-231 (1927).
310. D. Iwanenko and I. Pomeranchuk, On the maximal energy attainable in a betatron, Phys. Rev. 65, 343 (1944).
311. J.D. Jackson, Classical electrodynamics, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999).
312. K.-J. Kim, Brightness, coherence and propagation characteristics of synchrotron radiation, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 246, 71-76 (1986).
313. K.-J. Kim, Characteristics of synchrotron radiation, in A. Thompson, D. Attwood, E. Gullikson, M. Howells, K.-J. Kim, J. Kirz, J. Kortright, I. Lindau, P. Pianetta, A. Robinson, J. Scofield, J. Underwood, D. Vaughan, G. Williams, and H. Winick, X-ray data booklet, second edition, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, pp. 2-1-2-16 (2001).
314. L. Kipp, M. Skibowski, R.L. Johnson, R. Berndt, R. Adelung, S. Harm, et al., Sharper images by focusing soft X-rays with photon sieves, Nature 414, 184-188 (2001).
315. P. Kirkpatrick and A.V. Baez, Formation of optical images by X-rays, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38, 766-774 (1948).
316. J. Kirz, Phase zone plates for X-rays and the extreme UV, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 301-309 (1974).
317. G.F. Knoll, Radiation detection and measurement, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2000).
318. V. Kohn, An exact theory of imaging with a parabolic continuously refractive X-ray lens, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. (USSR) 97, 204-215 (2003).
319. S. Krinsky, Fundamentals of hard X-ray synchrotron radiation sources, in D.M. Mills (ed.), Third generation hard X-ray synchrotron radiation sources, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 1-40 (2002).
320. S. Krishnagopal and V. Kumar, Free-electron lasers, Rad. Phys. Chem. 70, 559-569 (2004).
321. G.N. Kulipanov, A.N. Skrinsky, and N.A. Vinokurov, Synchrotron light sources and recent developments of accelerator technology, J. Synchrotron Rad. 5, 176-178 (1998).
322. M.A. Kumakhov, Capillary optics and their use in X-ray analysis, X-Ray Spectrom. 29, 343-348 (2000).
323. M.A. Kumakhov and F.F. Komarov, Multiple reflection from surface X-ray optics, Phys. Rep. 191, 289-350 (1990).
324. S.S. Kurennoy, D.C. Nguyen, and L.M. Young, Waveguide-coupled cavities for energy recovery linacs, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 528, 220-224 (2004).
325. A.N. Kurokhtin and A.V. Popov, Simulation of high-resolution X-ray zone plates, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 19, 315-324 (2002).
326. M. von Laue, Die dynamische theorie der Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen in neuer form, Ergeb. Exakt. Naturwiss. 10, 133-158 (1931).
327. K.R. Lea, Highlights of synchrotron radiation, Phys. Rep. 43, 337-375 (1978).
328. B. Lengeler, C.G. Schroer, B. Bennera, T.F. Günzler, M. Kuhlmann, J. Tümmler, et al., Parabolic refractive X-ray lenses: a breakthrough in X-ray optics, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 467-468, 944-950 (2001).
329. R.A. Lewis, Medical applications of synchrotron radiation X-rays, Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 1213-1243 (1997).
330. R.A. Lewis, Position sensitive detectors for synchrotron radiation studies: the tortoise and the hare?, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 513, 172-177 (2003).
331. H. Lichte, E. Völkl, and K. Scheerschmidt, First steps of high resolution electron holography into materials science, Ultramicroscopy 47, 231-240 (1992).
332. H. Lichte, P. Kessler, D. Lenz, and W.-D. Rau, 0.1 nm information limit with the CM30FEG-Special Tübingen, Ultramicroscopy 52, 575-580 (1993).
333. A. Liénard, Champ électrique et magnétique, produit par une charge électrique concentrée en un point et animée d'un mouvement quelconque, L'Éclairage Élec. 16, 5-14; 53-59; 106-112 (1898).
334. E.G. Loewen and E. Popov, Diffraction gratings and applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (1997).
335. R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light, third edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2000).
336. J.M.J. Madey, Spontaneous emission of bremsstrahlung in a periodic magnetic field, J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1906-1913 (1971).
337. G. Magyar and L. Mandel, Interference fringes produced by superposition of two independent maser light beams, Nature 198, 255-256 (1963).
338. L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical coherence and quantum optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995).
339. G. Margaritondo, Elements of synchrotron light, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002).
340. T.C. Marshall, Free-electron lasers, Macmillan, New York (1985).
341. L. Marton, Internal Report, RCA laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ (1939).
342. S.C. Mayo, P.R. Miller, S.W. Wilkins, T.J. Davis, D. Gao, T.E. Gureyev, et al., Quantitative Xray projection microscopy: phase-contrast and multi-spectral imaging, J. Microsc. 207, 79-96 (2002).
343. S.C. Mayo and B. Sexton, Refractive microlens array for wave-front analysis in the medium to hard X-ray range, Opt. Lett. 29, 866-868 (2004).
344. D. Maystre (ed.), Selected papers on diffraction gratings, SPIE Milestone Series volume MS83, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1993).
345. A.G. Michette, X-ray microscopy, Rep. Prog. Phys. 51, 1525-1606 (1988).
346. A.G. Michette, No X-ray lens, Nature 353, 510-510 (1991).
347. A. Michette and S. Pfauntsch (eds), X-rays: the first hundred years, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1996).
348. D.M. Mills, X-ray optics for third-generation synchrotron radiation sources, in D.M. Mills (ed.), Third generation hard X-ray synchrotron radiation sources, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 41-99 (2002a).
349. D.M. Mills (ed.), Third generation hard X-ray synchrotron radiation sources, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2002b).
350. K. Miyamoto, The phase Fresnel lens, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 17-20 (1961).
351. H. Motz, Applications of the radiation from fast electron beams, J. Appl. Phys. 22, 527-535 (1951).
352. J.B. Murphy and C. Pellegrini, Introduction to the physics of the free electron laser, in M. Month, S. Turner, H. Araki et al. (eds), Frontiers of particle beams, Lecture notes in physics 296, pp. 163-212, Springer, Berlin (1988).
353. O.E. Myers, Studies of transmission zone plates, Am. J. Phys. 19, 359-365 (1951).
354. V. Nazmov, L. Shabel'nikov, F.-J. Pantenburg, J. Mohr, E. Reznikova, A. Snigirev, et al., Kinoform X-ray lens creation in polymer materials by deep X-ray lithography, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 217, 409-416 (2004).
355. G.R. Neil, C.L. Bohn, S.V. Benson, G. Biallas, D. Douglas, H.F. Dylla, et al., Sustained kilowatt lasing in a free-electron laser with same-cell energy recovery, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 662-665 (2000).
356. J. Ojeda-Castañeda and C. Gómez-Reino (eds), Selected papers on zone plates, SPIE Milestone Series volume M128, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1996).
357. T.H. Osgood, X-ray spectra of long wave-length, Phys. Rev. 30, 567-573 (1927).
358. P.G. O'Shea and H.P. Freund, Free-electron lasers: status and applications, Science 292, 1853-1858 (2001).
359. D. Paganin, T.E. Gureyev, S.C. Mayo, A.W. Stevenson, Ya.I. Nesterets, and S.W. Wilkins, Xray omni-microscopy, J. Microsc. 214, 315-327 (2004).
360. L.G. Parratt, Surface studies of solids by total reflection of X-rays, Phys. Rev. 95, 359-369 (1954).
361. A.G. Peele, K.A. Nugent, A.V. Rode, K. Gabel, M.C. Richardson, R. Strack, et al., X-ray focusing with lobster-eye optics: a comparison of theory with experiment, Appl. Opt. 35, 4420-4425 (1996).
362. C. Pellegrini, Design considerations for a SASE X-ray FEL, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 475, 1-12 (2001).
363. C. Pellegrini and J. Stöhr, X-ray free-electron lasers - principles, properties and applications, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 500, 33-40 (2003).
364. Z.G. Pinsker, Dynamical theory of X-ray scattering in ideal crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1978).
365. I. Pomeranchuk, On the maximal energy which the primary electrons of cosmic rays can have on the earth's surface due to radiation in the earth's magnetic field (in Russian), J. Phys. (USSR) 2, 65-69 (1940).
366. F.M. Quinn, E.A. Seddon, W.F. Flavell, P. Weightman, M.W. Poole, B. Todd, et al., The 4GLS Project: update and technological challenges, in T. Warwick, J. Arthur, H.A. Padmore, and J. Stöhr (eds), Synchrotron radiation instrumentation: eighth international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation, San Francisco, California, 25-29 August 2003 (AIP conference proceedings 705), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 93-96 (2004).
367. A. Rindby, P. Engström, S. Larsson, and B. Stocklassa, Microbeam technique for energydispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-Ray Spectrom. 18, 109-112 (1989).
368. G.L. Rogers, Gabor diffraction microscopy: the hologram as a generalized zone-plate, Nature 166, 237-237 (1950).
369. W.C. Röntgen, On a new kind of rays, Nature 53, 274-276 (1896).
370. J.J. Sakurai, Advanced quantum mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1967).
371. E.L. Saldin, E.A. Schneidmiller, and M.V. Yurkov, The physics of free electron lasers, Springer, Berlin (1999).
372. G.A. Schott, Electromagnetic radiation, and the mechanical reactions arising from it, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1912).
373. C.G. Schroer, M. Kuhlmann, U.T. Hunger, T.F. Günzler, O. Kurapova, S. Feste, et al., Nanofocusing parabolic refractive X-ray lenses, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1485-1487 (2003).
374. J. Schwinger, On the classical radiation of accelerated electrons, Phys. Rev. 75, 1912-1925 (1949).
375. T. Shintake, H. Kitamura, and T. Ishikawa, X-ray FEL project at SPring-8 Japan, in T. Warwick, J. Arthur, H.A. Padmore, and J. Stöhr (eds), Synchrotron radiation instrumentation: eighth international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation, San Francisco, California, 25-29 August 2003 (AIP conference proceedings 705), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 117-120 (2004).
376. T. Shiozawa, Classical relativistic electrodynamics: theory of light emission and application to free electron lasers, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2004).
377. T.I. Smith, H.A. Schwettman, R. Rohatgi, Y. Lapierre, and J. Edighoffer, Development of the SCA/FEL for use in biomedical and materials science experiments, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 259, 1-7 (1987).
378. A. Snigirev, The recent development of Bragg-Fresnel crystal optics. Experiments and applications at the ESRF (invited), Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 2053-2058 (1995).
379. A. Snigirev, V. Kohn, I. Snigireva, and B. Lengeler, A compound refractive lens for focusing high-energy X-rays, Nature 384, 49-51 (1996).
380. H.H. Solak, C. David, and J. Gobrecht, Fabrication of high-resolution zone plates with wideband extreme-ultraviolet holography, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2700-2702 (2004).
381. E.A. Stern, Z. Kalman, A. Lewis, and K. Lieberman, Simple method for focusing x rays using tapered capillaries, Appl. Opt. 27, 5135-5139 (1988).
382. S. Suehiro, H. Miyaji, and H. Hayashi, Refractive lens for X-ray focus, Nature 352, 385-386 (1991).
383. G.J. Tallents, The physics of soft X-ray lasers pumped by electron collisions in laser plasmas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, R259-R276 (2003).
384. R. Tatchyn, J. Arthur, M. Baltay, K. Bane, R. Boyce, M. Cornacchia, et al., Research and development towards a 4.5-1.5 Å linac coherent light source (LCLS) at SLAC, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 375, 274-283 (1996).
385. D.J. Thiel, E.A. Stern, D.H. Bilderback, and A. Lewis, The focusing of synchrotron radiation using tapered glass capillaries, Physica B 158, 314-316 (1989).
386. A. Thompson, X-ray detectors, in A. Thompson, D. Attwood, E. Gullikson, M. Howells, K.-J. Kim, J. Kirz, J. Kortright, I. Lindau, P. Pianetta, A. Robinson, J. Scofield, J. Underwood, D. Vaughan, G. Williams, and H. Winick, X-ray data booklet, second edition, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, pp. 4-33-4-39 (2001).
387. M. Tigner, A possible apparatus for electron clashing-beam experiments, Nuovo Cimento 37, 1228-1231 (1965).
388. D.H. Tomboulian and P.L. Hartman, Spectral and angular distribution of ultraviolet radiation from the 300-MeV Cornell synchrotron, Phys. Rev. 102, 1423-1447 (1956).
389. T. Tomie, X-ray lens, Japanese Patent No. 6-045288 (1994).
390. Y. Wang, W. Yun, and C. Jacobsen, Achromatic Fresnel optics for wideband extremeultraviolet and X-ray imaging, Nature 424, 50-53 (2003).
391. B.E. Warren, X-ray diffraction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1969).
392. T. Warwick, J. Arthur, H.A. Padmore, and J. Stöhr (eds), Synchrotron radiation instrumentation: eighth international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation, San Francisco, California, 25-29 August 2003 (AIP conference proceedings 705), Springer-Verlag, New York (2004).
393. R.W. Waynant and M.N. Ediger (eds), Selected papers on UV, VUV and X-ray lasers, SPIE Milestone Series volume M71, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1993).
394. B.B. Weatherby, A determination of the wave-length of the Kα line of carbon, Phys. Rev. 32, 707-711 (1928).
395. H. Wiedemann, Synchrotron radiation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2003).
396. C.H. Wilcox, Scattering theory for diffraction gratings, Springer-Verlag, New York (1984).
397. S.W. Wilkins, A.W. Stevenson, K.A. Nugent, H.N. Chapman, and S. Steenstrup, On the concentration, focusing and collimation of X-rays and neutrons using microchannel plates and configurations of holes, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60, 1026-1036 (1989).
398. E. Wolf, Optics in terms of observable quantities, Nuovo Cimento 12, 884-888 (1954).
399. E. Wolf, Coherence and radiometry, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 6-17 (1978).
400. N. Yamamoto and Y. Hosokawa, Development of an innovative 5 μmϕ focused X-ray beam energy-dispersive spectrometer and its applications, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, L2203-L2206 (1988).
401. B.X. Yang, Fresnel and refractive lenses for X-rays, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 328, 578-587 (1993).
402. L. Yaroslavsky and M. Eden, Fundamentals of digital optics, Birkhauser, Boston, MA (1996).
403. W. Yun, B. Lai, Z. Cai, J. Maser, D. Legnini, E. Gluskin, et al., Nanometer focusing of hard x rays by phase zone plates, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 2238-2241 (1999).
404. W.H. Zachariasen, Theory of X-ray diffraction in crystals, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1945). Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York (1967).
405. Y. Zhang, T. Katoh, Y. Kagoshima, J. Matui, and Y. Tsusaka, Focusing hard X-ray with a single lens, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, L75-L77 (2001).
406. B.B. Baker and E.T. Copson, The mathematical theory of Huygens' principle, second edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1950).
407. M.J. Beran and G.B. Parrent, Theory of partial coherence, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1964).
408. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of optics, seventh edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
409. R.N. Bracewell, The Fourier transform and its applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1965).
410. P.H. van Cittert, Die wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in einer von einer Lichtquelle direkt oder mittels einer Linse beleuchteten Ebene, Physica 1, 201-210 (1934).
411. J.M. Cowley, Diffraction physics, third revised edition, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1995).
412. D. Gabor, Theory of communication, J. Instn. Elect. Engrs. 93, 429-457 (1946).
413. R.J. Glauber, The quantum theory of optical coherence, Phys. Rev. 130, 2529-2539 (1963).
414. R.H. Good, Classical electromagnetism, Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth (1999).
415. J.W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier optics, McGraw-Hill, San Francisco, CA (1968).
416. J.W. Goodman, Statistical optics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985).
417. H.S. Green and E. Wolf, A scalar representation of electromagnetic fields, Proc. Phys. Soc. A 66, 1129-1137 (1953).
418. T.E. Gureyev, Private communication (1994).
419. E. Hecht, Optics, second edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1987).
420. J.D. Jackson, Classical electrodynamics, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999).
421. E. Kreysig, Advanced engineering mathematics, fifth edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1983).
422. E. Lalor, Inverse wave propagator, J. Math. Phys. 9, 2001-2006 (1968).
423. S.G. Lipson and H. Lipson, Optical physics, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1981).
424. L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Coherence properties of optical fields, Rev. Mod. Phys. 37, 231-287 (1965).
425. L. Mandel and E. Wolf (eds), Selected papers on coherence and fluctuations of light (1850-1966), SPIE Milestone Series volume M19 (in two parts), SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1990).
426. L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical coherence and quantum optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995).
427. A.S. Marathay, Elements of optical coherence theory, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1982).
428. A.S. Marathay and G.B. Parrent Jr, Use of a scalar theory in optics, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 243-245 (1970).
429. E.W. Marchand and E. Wolf, Angular correlation and the far-zone behaviour of partially coherent fields, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62, 379-385 (1972).
430. W.D. Montgomery, Algebraic formulation of diffraction applied to self-imaging, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1112-1124 (1968).
431. W.D. Montgomery, Distribution formulation of diffraction. The monochromatic case, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 136-141 (1969).
432. W.D. Montgomery, Unitary operators in the homogeneous wave field, Opt. Lett. 6, 314-315 (1981).
433. M. Nazarathy and J. Shamir, Fourier optics described by operator algebra, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 150-159 (1980).
434. M. Nieto-Vesperinas, Scattering and diffraction in physical optics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
435. H.C. Ohanian, Classical electrodynamics, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA (1988).
436. K.E. Oughstun (ed.), Selected papers on scalar wave diffraction, SPIE Milestone Series volume M51, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1992).
437. W.K.H. Panofsky and M. Phillips, Classical electricity and magnetism, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA (1962).
438. A. Papoulis, Systems and transforms with applications in optics, McGraw-Hill, New York (1968).
439. G.B. Parrent, On the propagation of mutual coherence, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 787-793 (1959).
440. J. Peřina, Coherence of light, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, London (1972).
441. W.H. Press, S.A. Teukolsky, W.M. Vetterling, and B.P. Flannery, Numerical recipes in FORTRAN, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1992).
442. G.O. Reynolds, J.B. DeVelis, G.B. Parrent, and B.J. Thompson, The new physical optics notebook: tutorials in Fourier optics, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham (1989).
443. B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, Fundamentals of photonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
444. G.C. Sherman, Diffracted wave fields expressible by plane-wave expansions containing only homogeneous components, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 761-764 (1968).
445. J.R. Shewell and E. Wolf, Inverse diffraction and a new reciprocity theorem, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 58, 1596-1603 (1968).
446. M.R. Spiegel, Theory and problems of complex variables, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore (1964).
447. E. Wolf, A macroscopic theory of the interference and diffraction of light from finite sources. I. Fields with narrow spectral range, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 225, 96-111 (1954a).
448. E. Wolf, Optics in terms of observable quantities, Nuovo Cim. 12, 884-888 (1954b).
449. E. Wolf, A macroscopic theory of the interference and diffraction of light from finite sources. II. Fields with a spectral range of arbitrary width, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 230, 246-265 (1955).
450. E. Wolf, A scalar representation of electromagnetic fields: II, Proc. Phys. Soc. A 74, 269-280 (1959).
451. E. Wolf and J.R. Shewell, The inverse wave propagator, Phys. Lett. A 25, 417-418 (1967); see also E. Wolf and J.R. Shewell, Errata, Phys. Lett. A 26, 104 (1967).
452. F. Zernike, The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems, Physica 5, 785-795 (1938).