Role of line managers in human resource management: empirical evidence from India

International Journal of Human Resource Management

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 616-639

  Azmi, Feza Tabassum ^a   Mushtaq, Shahid ^a  

^a ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

construct validity; effectiveness of HRM; line managers; role measures; status of HRM; structural equation modelling

Indexed keywords

EID: 84914675204     PISSN: 09585192     EISSN: 14664399     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2014.934883     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Agrawal, R.K. (2010), ‘Relationship Between Line and Human Resource Executives in Indian Organisations,’ International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 3, 285–306.
2. Ahire, S., Golhar, D., and Waller, M. (1996), ‘Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs,’ Decision Sciences, 27, 23–56.
3. Ahmad, S., and Schroeder, R.G. (2003), ‘The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Operational Performance: Recognizing Country and Industry Differences,’ Journal of Operations Management, 21, 19–43.
4. Andersen, K.K., Cooper, B.K., and Zhu, C.J. (2007), ‘The Effect of SHRM Practices on Perceived Firm Financial Performance: Some Initial Evidence From Australia,’ Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 45, 168–179.
5. Anderson, J.C., and Gerbing, D.W. (1988), ‘Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach,’ Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423.
6. Anderson, J.C., and Gerbing, D.W. (1991), ‘Predicting the Performance of Measures in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a Pretest Assessment of Their Substantive Validities,’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 732–740.
7. Andolšek, D.M., and Šterbe, J. (2005), ‘Devolution or (De)Centralization of HRM Function in European Organizations,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 311–329.
8. Ang, R.P., and Huan, V.S. (2006), ‘Academic Expectations Stress Inventory,’ Educational and Psychological Measurement., 66, 522–539.
9. Ardichvili, A., and Gasparishvili, A. (2001), ‘Human Resource Development in an Industry in Transition: The Case of the Russian Banking Sector,’ Human Resource Development International, 4, 47–63.
10. Armstrong, M., and Cooke, R. (1992), ‘Human Resource Management in Action: A Joint Approach,’ in Strategies for Human Resource Management: A Total Business Approach, ed. M.Armstrong, London: Kogan Page, pp. 253–265.
11. Armstrong, J.S., and Overton, T.S. (1977), ‘Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys,’ Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396–402.
12. Arthur, J.B., and Boyles, T. (2007), ‘Validating the Human Resource System Structure: A Levels-Based Strategic HRM Approach,’ Human Resource Management Review, 17, 77–92.
13. Azmi, F.T. (2010), ‘Devolution of HRM and Organizational Performance: Evidence From India,’ International Journal of Commerce and Management, 20, 217–231.
14. Azmi, F.T. (2011), ‘Strategic Human Resource Management and Its Linkage With HRM Effectiveness and Organizational Performance: Evidence From India,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 3888–3912.
15. Bagozzi, R.P., and Yi, Y. (1988), ‘On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models,’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74–94.
16. Bagozzi, R.P., Yi, Y., and Phillips, L.W. (1991), ‘Assessing Construct Validity in Organisational Research,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 421–458.
17. Becker, B.E., and Huselid, M.A. (2006), ‘Strategic Human Resources Management: Where Do We Go From Here?’ Journal of Management, 32, 898–925.
18. Bender, D.H. (1957), ‘Coloured Stationery in Direct-Mail Advertising,’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 41, 161–164.
19. Bentler, P.M., and Bonett, D.C. (1980), ‘Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures,’ Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.
20. Bhatnagar, J., and Sharma, A. (2004), ‘Strategic HR Roles in India: HR-Dares to Be the Think Tank?’ Management and Labour Studies, 29, 153–163.
21. Bond, S., Hyman, J., Summers, J., and Wise, S. (2002), Family Friendly Working? From Policy to Practice, New York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
22. Bond, S., and Wise, S. (2003), ‘Family Leave Policies and Devolution to the Line,’ Personnel Review, 32, 58–72.
23. Brewster, C., and Larsen, H.H. (1992), ‘Human Resource Management in Europe: Evidence From Ten Countries,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 3, 409–434.
24. Brewster, C., and Larsen, H.H. (2000), ‘Responsibility in Human Resource Management: The Role of the Line,’ in Human Resource Management in Northern Europe: Trends, Dilemmas and Strategy, eds. C.Brewster and H.H.Larsen, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 195–218.
25. Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W., and Morley, M. (2004), Human Resource Management in Europe. Evidence of Convergence?Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
26. Brown, D., and Purcell, J. (2007, May/June), ‘Reward Management: On the Line,’ Compensation and Benefits Review, 39, 28–34.
27. Budhwar, P.S. (2000a), ‘Evaluating Levels of Strategic Integration and Devolvement of Human Resource Management in UK,’ Personnel Review, 29, 141–161.
28. Budhwar, P.S. (2000b), ‘Strategic Integration and Devolvement of Human Resource Management in the UK Manufacturing Sector,’ British Journal of Management, 11, 285–302.
29. Budhwar, P.S., and Sparrow, P.R. (1997), ‘Evaluating Levels of Strategic Integration and Devolvement of Human Resource Management in India,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8, 476–494.
30. Budhwar, P.S., and Boyne, G. (2004), ‘Human Resource Management in the Indian Public and Private Sectors: An Empirical Comparision,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 346–370.
31. Business World (2009), ‘The BW Real 500,’ Special Issue Business World, 29, 54–71.
32. Byrne, B.M. (1994), Structural Equation Modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33. Cascón-Pereira, R., Valverde, M., and Ryan, G. (2006), ‘Mapping Out Devolution: An Exploration of the Realities of Devolution,’ Journal of European Industrial Training, 30, 129–151.
34. Chan, L.L.M., Shaffer, M.A., and Snape, E. (2004), ‘In Search of Sustained Competitive Advantage: The Impact of Organizational Culture, Competitive Strategy and Human Resource Management Practices on Firm Performance,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 17–35.
35. Chang, S., Witteloostuijn, A.V., and Eden, L. (2010), ‘From the Editors: Common Method Variance in International Business Research,’ Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 178–184.
36. Clark, I. (1998), ‘Designing and Sustaining an Entrepreneurial Role for the Human Function: Strategic Choice or Competitive Conditions? Evidence From Engineering Process Plant Contracting,’ International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 4, 51–70.
37. Cooper, D., and Schindler, P. (2006), Business Research Methods (8th ed.), New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
38. Cunningham, I., and Hyman, J. (1995), ‘Transforming HRM Vision into Reality: The Role of Line Managers and Supervisors in Implementing Change,’ Employee Relations, 17, 5–20.
39. Cunningham, I., and Hyman, J. (1999), ‘Devolving Human Resource Responsibilities to the Line: Beginning of the End or a New Beginning for Personnel?’ Personnel Review, 28, 9–27.
40. Cunningham, I., Hyman, J., and Baldry, C. (1996), ‘Empowerment: The Power to Do What?’ Industrial Relations Journal, 27, 143–154.
41. Currie, G., and Procter, S. (2001), ‘Exploring the Relationship Between HR and Middle Managers,’ Human Resource Management Journal, 11, 53–69.
42. Dany, F., Guedri, Z., and Hatt, F. (2008), ‘New Insights into the Link between HRM Integration and Organizational Performance: The Moderating Role of Influence Distribution between HRM Specialists and Line Managers,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 2095–2112.
43. Dean, M.A., Shook, C.L., and Payne, G.T. (2007), ‘The Past, Present and Future of Entrepreneurship Research: Data Analytic Trends and Training,’ Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 601–618.
44. Doty, D.H., and Glick, W.H. (1998), ‘Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?’ Organizational Research Methods, 1, 374–406.
45. Dunn, C., and Wilkinson, A. (2002), ‘Wish You Were Here: Managing Absence,’ Personnel Review, 31, 228–246.
46. Dyer, L., and Reeves, T. (1995), ‘Human Resource Strategies and Firm Performance: What Do We Know and Where Do We Need to Go?’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6, 656–670.
47. Dziuban, C.D., and Shirkey, E.C. (1974), ‘When is a Correlation Matrix Appropriate for Factor Analysis?’ Psychological Bulletin, 81, 58–61.
48. Edwards, J.R., and Lambert, L.S. (2007), ‘Methods for Integrating Moderation and Mediation: A General Analytical Framework Using Moderated Path Analysis,’ Psychological Method, 12, 1, 1–22.
49. Fenton-O'Creevy, M. (2001), ‘Employee Involvement and the Middle Management: Saboteur or Scapegoat?’ Human Resource Management Journal, 11, 24–40.
50. Ferris, G.R., Hochwarter, W.A., Buckley, M.R., Harell-Cook, G., and Frink, D.D. (1999), ‘Human Resources Management: Some New Directions,’ Journal of Management, 25, 385–415.
51. Finegold, D., and Frenkel, S. (2006), ‘Managing People Where People Really Matter: The Management of Human Resources in Biotech Companies,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17, 1, 1–24.
52. Fombrun, C.J., Tichy, N.M., and Devanna, M.A. (1984), Strategic Human Resource Management, New York: John Wiley.
53. Fornell, C., and Larcker, D.F. (1981), ‘Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error,’ Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
54. Fox, J.R., Crask, M.R., and Kim, J. (1988), ‘Mail Survey Response Rate: A Meta-Analysis of Selected Techniques for Inducing Response,’ Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 467–491.
55. Frazier, P.A., Tix, A.P., and Barron, K.E. (2004), ‘Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology,’ Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115–134.
56. Garver, and Mentzer, J.T. (1999), ‘Logistics Research Methods: Employing Structural Equation Modeling to Test for Construct Validity,’ Journal of Business Logistics, 20, 33–57.
57. Gautam, D.K., and Davis, A.J. (2007), ‘Integration and Devolvement of Human Resource Practices in Nepal,’ Employee Relation, 29, 711–726.
58. Gennard, J., and Kelly, J. (1997), ‘The Unimportance of Labels: The Diffusion of the Personnel/HRM Function,’ Industrial Relations Journal, 28, 27–42.
59. Gerbing, D.W., and Anderson, J.C. (May 1988), ‘An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment,’ Journal of Marketing Research, 25, 186–192.
60. Gibb, S. (2003), ‘Line Manager Involvement in Learning and Development Small Beer or Big Deal?’ Employee Relations, 25, 281–293.
61. Gibbons, P.T., and O'Connor, T. (2005), ‘Influences on Strategic Planning Processes Among Irish SMEs,’ Journal of Small Business Management, 43, 170–186.
62. Gopalakrishnan, R. (2008), ‘I Wonder…I Wonder…,’ Business World, 5 May, p. 38.
63. Gratton, L., and Truss, C. (2003), ‘The Three-Dimensional People Strategy: Putting Human Resource Policies Into Action,’ Academy of Management Executive, 17, 74–86.
64. Green, K.W., Cindy, W.H., Whitten, D., and Medlin, B. (2006), ‘The Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management on Firm Performance and HR Professionals' Work Attitude and Work Performance,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17, 559–579l
65. Grossman, R.J. (21 May 2008), ‘HR's Rising Star in India,’ http://www.shrm.org/india/07_risingstar.asp
66. Guest, D. (1987), ‘Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations,’ Journal of Management Studies, 24, 503–521.
67. Guest, D., and Conway, N. (2011), ‘The Impact of HR Practices, HR Effectiveness and a “Strong HR System” on Organisational Outcomes: A Stakeholder Perspective,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 1686–1702.
68. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., and Tatham, R.L. (2008), Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
69. Hall, L., and Torrington, D. (1998), ‘Letting Go or Holding On? The Devolution of Operational Personnel Activities,’ Human Resource Management Journal, 8, 41–55.
70. Heraty, N., and Morley, M. (1995), ‘Line Managers and Human Resource Development,’ Journal of European Industrial Training, 19, 31–37.
71. Hope Hailey, V., Farndale, E., and Truss, C. (2005), ‘The HR Department's Role in Organisational Performance,’ Human Resource Management Journal, 15, 49–66.
72. Hope-Hailey, V., Gratton, L., McGovern, P., Stiles, P., and Truss, C. (1997), ‘A Chameleon Function? HRM in the 1990s,’ Human Resource Management Journal, 7, 5–18.
73. Hutchinson, S. (1995), ‘Variations on the Partnership Model,’ People Management, 22, 38–55.
74. Hutchinson, S., and Purcell, J. (2003), Bringing Policies to Life: The Vital Role of Front Line Management in People Management, London: CIPD.
75. Hutchinson, S., and Purcell, J. (2010), ‘Managing Ward Managers for Roles in HRM in the NHS: Overworked and Under-Resourced,’ Human Resource Management Journal, 20, 357–374.
76. Hutchinson, S., and Wood, S. (1995), The UK Experience. Personnel and the Line: Developing the New Relationship, London: CIPD.
77. Huselid, M.A., and Becker, B.E. (2000), ‘Comment on “Measurement Error in Research on Human Resource and Firm Performance: How Much Error is There and How Does It Influence Effect Size Estimates?” by B. Gerhart, P.M. Wright, G.C. McMahan, and S.A. Snell,’ Personnel Psychology, 53, 835–854.
78. Hsu, Yu-Ru, and Leat, M. (2000), ‘A Study of HRM and Recruitment and Selection Policies and Practices in Taiwan,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11, 413–435.
79. IRS Employment Trends (1995), ‘Changes in Personnel,’ Industrial Relation survey, 598, 5–9.
80. Jain, H.C. (1991), ‘Is There a Coherent Human Resource Management System in India?’ International Journal of Manpower, 12, 10–17.
81. Jobber, D., and Sanderson, S.M. (1983), ‘The Effects of a Prior Letter and Coloured Questionnaires on Mail Survey Response Rates,’ Journal of the Market Research Society, 25, 339–349.
82. Jöreskog, K., and Sörbom, D. (1993), LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling With the SIMPLIS Command Language, Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
83. Jöreskog, K., and Sörbom, D. (1996), LISREL 8: User's Reference Guide, [Computer software manual], Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
84. Kaplan, R.M., and Sacuzzo, D.P. (1993), Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications and Issues, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks Cole.
85. Keen, L., and Vickerstaff, S.A. (1997), ‘“We're All Human Resource Managers Now”: Local Government Middle Managers,’ Public Money and Management, 17, 41–46.
86. Kelly, J., and Gennard, J. (1996), ‘The Role of Personnel Directors on the Board of Directors,’ Personnel Review, 25, 7–24.
87. Kramar, R., and Lake, N. (1998), The Price Waterhouse-Cranfield Project on International Strategic Human Resource Management, Sydney: Macquarie University.
88. Kulik, T.C., and Bainbridge, T.J.H. (2006), ‘HR and the Line: The Distribution of HR Activities in Australian Organisations,’ Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 44, 240–256.
89. Kydd, C.T., and Oppenheim, L. (1990), ‘Using Human Resource Management to Enhance Competitiveness: Lessons From Four Excellent Companies,’ Human Resource Management, 29, 145–166.
90. Larsen, H.H., and Brewster, C. (2003), ‘Line Management Responsibility for HRM: What is Happening in Europe?’ Employee Relations, 25, 228–244.
91. Lawler, J.J., Jain, H., Venkata Ratnam, C.S., and Atmiyanandana, V. (1995), ‘Human Resource Management in Developing Economies: A Comparision of India and Thailand,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6, 319–346.
92. Legge, K. (1995), Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities, Chippenham: Macmillan Business.
93. Lemmergaard, J. (2009), ‘From Administrative Expert to Strategic Partner,’ Employee Relations, 31, 182–196.
94. Liu, C.J., and Treagust, D.F. (2005), ‘An Instrument for Assessing Students' Mental State and the Learning Environment in Science Education,’ International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 3, 625–637.
95. Long, J.S. (1983), ‘Confirmatory Factor Analysis,’ A sage university paper series on quantitative applications in the social science, 07–033, Beverly Hills, CA.
96. Lowe, J. (1992), ‘“Locating the Line”: The Front Line Supervisor and Human Resource Management,’ in Reassessing Human Resource Management, eds. P.Blyton and P.Turnbull, London: Sage, pp. 148–168.
97. Macneil, C. (2001), ‘The Supervisor as a Facilitator of Informal Learning in Work Teams,’ Journal of Workplace Learning, 13, 246–253.
98. Mahoney, C., and Brewster, C. (2002), ‘Outsourcing the HR Function in Europe,’ Journal of Professional HRM, 27, 23–28.
99. Malhotra, N.K. (2007), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (5th ed.), New Delhi: Pearson Education.
100. Malhotra, N.K., and Dash, S. (2011), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (6th ed.), New Delhi: Pearson Education.
101. Malhotra, N.K., Kim, S.S., and Patil, A. (2006), ‘Common Method Variance in IS Research: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches and a Reanalysis of Past Research,’ Management Science, 52, 1865–1883.
102. Marchington, M. (2001), ‘Employee Involvement at Work,’ in Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, ed. J.Storey, London: Thomson, pp. 232–252.
103. Mayrhofer, W., and Brewster, C. (2005), ‘European Human Resource Management: Researching Developments Over Time,’ Management Revue, 16, 36–62.
104. McConville, T. (2006), ‘Devolved HRM Responsibilities, Middle-Managers and Role Dissonance,’ Personnel Review, 35, 637–653.
105. McConville, T., and Holden, L. (1999), ‘The Filling in the Sandwich: HRM and Middle Managers in the Health Sector,’ Personnel Review, 28, 406–424.
106. McCracken, M., and Wallace, M. (2000), ‘Exploring Strategic Maturity in HRD – Rhetoric, Aspiration or Reality?’ Journal of European Industrial Training, 24, 425–467.
107. McGovern, P., Gratton, L., Hope-Hailey, V., Stiles, P., and Truss, C. (1997), ‘Human Resource Management on the Line?’ Human Resource Management Journal, 7, 12–29.
108. McGuire, D., Stoner, L., and Mylona, S. (2008), ‘The Role of Line Managers as Human Resource Agents in Fostering Organisational Change in Public Services,’ Journal of Change Management, 8, 73–84.
109. Mentzer, J.T., Flint, D.J., and Kent, J.L. (1999), ‘Developing a Logistics Service Quality Scale,’ Journal of Business Logistics, 20, 9–32.
110. Nehles, A.C., van Riemsdijk, M.J., Kok, I., and Looise, J.C. (2006), ‘Implementing Human Resource Management Successfully: The Role of First-Line Managers,’ Management Review, 17, 256–273.
111. Nixon, J., and Carroll, M. (1994), ‘Can a Line Manager Also Be a Counsellor?’ Employee Counselling Today, 6, 10–15.
112. Nunnally, J.C., and Bernstein, I.H. (1994), Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill.
113. Papalexandris, N., and Panayotopoulou, L. (2003), ‘Creating Synergies in HRM: The Role of Line Managers,’ EBS Review, 29, 18–24.
114. Papalexandris, N., and Panayotopoulou, L. (2005), ‘Exploring the Partnership Between Line Managers and HRM in Greece,’ Journal of European Industrial Training, 29, 281–291.
115. Phipps, P.A., Robertson, K.W., and Keel, K.G. (1991), ‘Does Questionnaire Color Affect Survey Response Rates?’ Bureau of Labor Statistics, 441, 20212.
116. Perry, E.L., and Kulik, C.T. (2008), ‘The Devolution of HR to the Line: Implications for Perceptions of People Management Effectiveness,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 262–273.
117. Peterson, K.D., Wahlquist, C., and Bone, K. (2000), ‘Student Surveys for School Teacher Evaluation,’ Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 14, 135–153.
118. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003), ‘Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies,’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.
119. Podsakoff, P.M., and Organ, D.W. (1986), ‘Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects,’ Journal of Management, 12, 531–544.
120. Poole, M.J.F., and Jenkins, G. (1997), ‘Responsibilities for Human Resource Management Practices in the Modern Enterprise: Evidence from Britain,’ Personnel Review, 26, 333–356.
121. Purcell, J. (1999), ‘Best Practice and Best Fit: Chimera or Cul-De-Sac,’ Human Resource Management Journal, 3, 26–41.
122. Purcell, J., and Hutchinson, S. (2007), ‘Front-Line Managers as Agents in the HRM Performance Causal Chain: Theory, Analysis and Evidence,’ Human Resource Management Journal, 17, 3–20.
123. Rao, T.V., Silveria, D.M., Shrivastava, C.M., and Vidyasagar, R. (eds.) (1994), HRD in the New Economic Environment, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
124. Redman, T. (2001), ‘Performance appraisal,’ in Contemporary Human Resource Management, eds. T.Redman and A.Wilkinson, Harlow: Pearson Education, pp. 57–95.
125. Renwick, D. (2000), ‘HR-Line Work Relations: A Review Pilot Case and Research Agenda,’ Employee Relations, 22, 179–205.
126. Renwick, D. (2003), ‘Line Manager Involvement in HRM in Britain: An Inside View,’ Employee Relations, 25, 262–280.
127. Renwick, D., and MacNeil, C.M. (2002), ‘Line Manager Involvement in Careers,’ Career Development International, 7, 407–414.
128. Roberts, M.L., and Wortzel, L.H. (1979), ‘New Life Determinants of Women's Food Shopping Behaviour,’ Journal of Marketing, 43, 28–39.
129. Salancik, G.R., and Pfeffer, J. (1977), ‘An Examination of Need-Satisfaction Models of Job Attitudes,’ Admininistrative Science Quarterly, 22, 427–456.
130. Schuler, R.S. (1990), ‘Repositioning the Human Resource Function: Transformation or Demise?’ Academy of Management Executive, 4, 49–59.
131. Schuler, R.S. (1992), ‘Strategic Human Resources Management: Linking People With the Strategic Needs of the Business,’ Organizational Dynamics, 21, 18–32.
132. Schumacker, R.E., and Lomax, R.G. (2004), A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
133. Sharma, A., and Khandekar, A. (2006), Strategic Human Resource Management: An Indian Perspective, New Delhi: Response Books.
134. Sheehan, C. (2005), ‘A Model for HRM Strategic Integration,’ Personnel Review, 34, 192–209.
135. Šiugždiniene, J. (2008), ‘Line Manager Involvement in Human Resource Development,’ Journal of Political and Administration, (25), 32–37.
136. Sisson, K., and Storey, J. (2000), The Realities of Human Resource Management, Buckingham: Open University Press.
137. Sodhi, J.S. (1994), ‘Emerging Trends in Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management in Indian Industry,’ Journal of Industrial Relations, 30, 19–37.
138. Spector, P.E. (2006), ‘Method Variance in Organisational Research: Truth or Urban Legend,’ Organisational Research Methods, 9, 221–231.
139. Srimannarayana, R. (2010), ‘Line Management Responsibility in HRM: An Empirical Study,’ The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 45, 470–480.
140. Stening, B.W. (1994), ‘Expatriate Management: Lessons From the British in India,’ The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5, 38S–404S
141. Storey, J. (1992), Developments in the Management of Human Resources, Oxford: Blackwell.
142. Storey, J. (1995), ‘Is HRM Catching On?’ International Journal of Manpower, 16, 3–10.
143. Tang, W., Yu, Q., Crits-Christoph, P., and Tu, X.M. (2009), ‘A New Analytic Framework for Moderation Analysis-Moving Beyond Analytic Interactions,’ Journal of Data Science, 7, 313–329.
144. Teo, S.T.T., and Crawford, J. (2005), ‘Indicators of Strategic HRM Effectiveness: A Case Study of an Australian Public Sector Agency During Commercialisation,’ Public Personnel, Management, 34, 1, 1–16.
145. Thornhill, A., and Saunders, M.N.K. (1998), ‘What if Line Managers Don't Realize They're Responsible for HR? Lessons From an Organization Experiencing Rapid Change,’ Personnel Review, 27, 460–476.
146. Trochim, W.M.K. (2009), Research Methods (2nd ed.), New Delhi: Biztantra.
147. Truss, C. (2003), ‘Strategic HRM: Enablers and Constraints in the NHS,’ The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 16, 48–60.
148. Tsui, A., and Milkovich, G. (1987), ‘Personnel Department Activities: Constituency Perspectives and Preferences,’ Personnel Psychology, 40, 519–537.
149. Valverde, M., Ryan, G., and Soler, C. (2006), ‘Distributing HRM Responsibilities: A Classification of Organizations,’ Personnel Review, 35, 618–636.
150. Venkata Ratnam, C.S. (1995), ‘Economic Liberalization and the Transformation of Industrial Relations Policies in India,’ in Employment Relations in the Growing Asian Economies, eds. A.Verma, T.A.Kochan, and R.D.Lansbmy, London: Routledge, pp. 248–314.
151. Wall, T.D., and Wood, S.J. (2005), ‘The Romance of Human Resource Management and Business Performance, and the Case for Big Science,’ Human Relations, 58, 429–462.
152. Wan, D., Kok, V., and Ong, C.H. (2002), ‘Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance in Singapore,’ Compensation and Benefits Review, 34, 33–42.
153. Watson, S., and Maxwell, G.A. (2007), ‘HRD From a Functionalist Perspective: The Views of Line Managers,’ Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9, 31–41.
154. Watson, S., Maxwell, G.A., and Farquharson, L. (2007), ‘Line Managers Views on Adopting Human Resource Roles: The Case of Hilton (UK) Hotels,’ Employee Relations, 29, 30–49.
155. Whittaker, B. (1990), ‘All Managers are HR Managers,’ HR Magazine, 56, 67–70.
156. Widaman, K.F., and Thompson, J.S. (2003), ‘On Specifying the Null Model for Incremental Fit Indices in Structural Equation Modeling,’ Psychological Methods, 8, 16–37.
157. Williams, L., and Buckley, M.R. (1989), ‘Lack of Method Variance in Self-Reported Affect and Perceptions at work: Reality or Artefact?’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 462–468.
158. Williams, B., Onsman, A., and Brown, T. (2010), ‘Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step Guide for Novices,’ Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care (JEPHC), 8, Article 990399, 1–13.
159. Wood, S.J. (1995), ‘The Four Pillars of HRM: Are They Connected?’ Human Resource Management Journal, 5, 49–59.
160. Woodall, J., Alker, A., McNeil, C., and Shaw, S. (2002), ‘Convergence and Divergence in HRD: Research and Practice across Europe,’ in Understanding Human Resource Development: A Research-based Approach, eds. J.McGoldrick, J.Stewart, and S.Watson, London: Routledge, pp. 339–354.
161. Wu, S. (2005), ‘Employability and Effective Learning Systems in Higher Education,’ Paper presented at Ninth Quality in Higher Education International Seminar in collaboration with ESECT and The Independent, Birmingham, 27–28 January.