Interplay between Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the innate immune system

Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 597-609

  Brulois, Kevin ^a   Jung, Jae U ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Innate immunity; KSHV

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 16; INTERFERON; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; PROTEIN NLRP1; RETINOIC ACID INDUCIBLE PROTEIN I; TETHERIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR;

ANGIOFOLLICULAR LYMPH NODE HYPERPLASIA; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; AUTOPHAGY; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL DEATH; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; CYTOKINE RESPONSE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GENE FUNCTION; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; IMMUNE EVASION; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; KAPOSI SARCOMA; LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTE; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; PROTEIN INDUCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIROGENESIS; VIRUS DETECTION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; VIROLOGY;

HERPESVIRUS 8, HUMAN; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTORS; RECEPTORS, PATTERN RECOGNITION; SARCOMA, KAPOSI;

EID: 84908336575     PISSN: 13596101     EISSN: 18790305     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.06.001     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. Chang Y., Cesarman E., Pessin M.S., Lee F., Culpepper J., Knowles D.M., et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994, 266:1865-1869.
2. Bergonzini V., Salata C., Calistri A., Parolin C., Palu G. View and review on viral oncology research. Infect Agent Cancer 2010, 5:11.
3. Mesri E.A., Cesarman E., Boshoff C. Kaposi's sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus. Nat Rev Cancer 2011, 10:707-719.
4. Cesarman E., Chang Y., Moore P.S., Said J.W., Knowles D.M. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. New Engl J Med 1995, 332:1186-1191.
5. Sirianni M.C., Vincenzi L., Topino S., Giovannetti A., Mazzetta F., Libi F., et al. NK cell activity controls human herpesvirus 8 latent infection and is restored upon highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with regressing Kaposi's sarcoma. Eur J Immunol 2002, 32:2711-2720.
6. Dupuy S., Lambert M., Zucman D., Choukem S.P., Tognarelli S., Pages C., et al. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) sequentially shapes the NK cell repertoire during the course of asymptomatic infection and Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 2012, 8:e1002486.
7. Robey R.C., Mletzko S., Gotch F.M. The T-cell immune response against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Adv Virol 2010, 2010:340356.
8. Hislop A.D., Sabbah S. CD8+ T cell immunity to Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Semin Cancer Biol 2008, 18:416-422.
9. Ganem D. KSHV and the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma: listening to human biology and medicine. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:939-949.
10. Letang E., Lewis J.J., Bower M., Mosam A., Borok M., Campbell T.B., et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with Kaposi sarcoma: higher incidence and mortality in Africa than in the UK. AIDS 2013, 27:1603-1613.
11. Chandran B. Early events in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of target cells. J Virol 2010, 84:2188-2199.
12. Dutta D., Chakraborty S., Bandyopadhyay C., Valiya Veettil M., Ansari M.A., Singh V.V., et al. EphrinA2 regulates clathrin mediated KSHV endocytosis in fibroblast cells by coordinating integrin-associated signaling and c-Cbl directed polyubiquitination. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9:e1003510.
13. Hahn A.S., Kaufmann J.K., Wies E., Naschberger E., Panteleev-Ivlev J., Schmidt K., et al. The ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat Med 2012, 18:961-966.
14. Verma S.C., Lan K., Robertson E. Structure and function of latency-associated nuclear antigen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007, 312:101-136.
15. Cai X., Lu S., Zhang Z., Gonzalez C.M., Damania B., Cullen B.R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus expresses an array of viral microRNAs in latently infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:5570-5575.
16. Gottwein E. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs. Front Microbiol 2012, 3:165.
17. Dittmer D., Lagunoff M., Renne R., Staskus K., Haase A., Ganem D. A cluster of latently expressed genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 1998, 72:8309-8315.
18. Cai X., Cullen B.R. Transcriptional origin of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs. J Virol 2006, 80:2234-2242.
19. Rivas C., Thlick A.E., Parravicini C., Moore P.S., Chang Y. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J Virol 2001, 75:429-438.
20. Chandriani S., Ganem D. Array-based transcript profiling and limiting-dilution reverse transcription-PCR analysis identify additional latent genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2010, 84:5565-5573.
21. Sun R., Lin S.F., Gradoville L., Yuan Y., Zhu F., Miller G. A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:10866-10871.
22. Chang H., Dittmer D.P., Shin Y.C., Hong Y., Jung J.U. Role of Notch signal transduction in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J Virol 2005, 79:14371-14382.
23. Chang H. Notch signal transduction induces a novel profile of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J Microbiol 2006, 44:217-225.
24. Chang H.H., Ganem D. A unique herpesviral transcriptional program in KSHV-infected lymphatic endothelial cells leads to mTORC1 activation and rapamycin sensitivity. Cell Host Microbe 2013, 13:429-440.
25. Yogev O., Boshoff C. Redefining KSHV latency. Cell Host Microbe 2013, 13:373-374.
26. Krishnan H.H., Naranatt P.P., Smith M.S., Zeng L., Bloomer C., Chandran B. Concurrent expression of latent and a limited number of lytic genes with immune modulation and antiapoptotic function by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus early during infection of primary endothelial and fibroblast cells and subsequent decline of lytic gene expression. J Virol 2004, 78:3601-3620.
27. Paludan S.R., Bowie A.G., Horan K.A., Fitzgerald K.A. Recognition of herpesviruses by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2011, 11:143-154.
28. Ambroziak J.A., Blackbourn D.J., Herndier B.G., Glogau R.G., Gullett J.H., McDonald A.R., et al. Herpes-like sequences in HIV-infected and uninfected Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Science 1995, 268:582-583.
29. Dupin N., Fisher C., Kellam P., Ariad S., Tulliez M., Franck N., et al. Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected cells in Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:4546-4551.
30. Blasig C., Zietz C., Haar B., Neipel F., Esser S., Brockmeyer N.H., et al. Monocytes in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions are productively infected by human herpesvirus 8. J Virol 1997, 71:7963-7968.
31. West J., Damania B. Upregulation of the TLR3 pathway by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus during primary infection. J Virol 2008, 82:5440-5449.
32. Parsons C.H., Adang L.A., Overdevest J., O'Connor C.M., Taylor J.R., Camerini D., et al. KSHV targets multiple leukocyte lineages during long-term productive infection in NOD/SCID mice. J Clin Invest 2006, 116:1963-1973.
33. West J.A., Gregory S.M., Sivaraman V., Su L., Damania B. Activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2011, 85:895-904.
34. Perry S.T., Compton T. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus virions inhibit interferon responses induced by envelope glycoprotein gpK8.1. J Virol 2006, 80:11105-11114.
35. Inn K.S., Lee S.H., Rathbun J.Y., Wong L.Y., Toth Z., Machida K., et al. Inhibition of RIG-I-mediated signaling by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded deubiquitinase ORF64. J Virol 2011, 85:10899-10904.
36. Sanchez D.J., Miranda D., Arumugaswami V., Hwang S., Singer A.E., Senaati A., et al. A repetitive region of gammaherpesvirus genomic DNA is a ligand for induction of type I interferon. J Virol 2008, 82:2208-2217.
37. Zhu F.X., Sathish N., Yuan Y. Antagonism of host antiviral responses by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus tegument protein ORF45. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e10573.
38. Sun Q., Matta H., Chaudhary P.M. The human herpes virus 8-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein protects against growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis via NF-kappa B activation. Blood 2003, 101:1956-1961.
39. Cloutier N., Grandvaux N., Flamand L. Synergistic activation of interferon-beta gene transcription by the viral FLICE inhibitory protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and type I IFN activators. Eur J Immunol 2007, 37:2772-2778.
40. McCormick C., Ganem D. The kaposin B protein of KSHV activates the p38/MK2 pathway and stabilizes cytokine mRNAs. Science 2005, 307:739-741.
41. Paludan S.R., Bowie A.G. Immune sensing of DNA. Immunity 2013, 38:870-880.
42. Unterholzner L. The interferon response to intracellular DNA: why so many receptors?. Immunobiology 2013, 218:1312-1321.
43. Bechtel J., Grundhoff A., Ganem D. RNAs in the virion of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2005, 79:10138-10146.
44. Schattgen S.A., Fitzgerald K.A. The PYHIN protein family as mediators of host defenses. Immunol Rev 2011, 243:109-118.
45. Li T., Diner B.A., Chen J., Cristea I.M. Acetylation modulates cellular distribution and DNA sensing ability of interferon-inducible protein IFI16. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:10558-10563.
46. Unterholzner L., Keating S.E., Baran M., Horan K.A., Jensen S.B., Sharma S., et al. IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA. Nat Immunol 2010, 11. 997-U42.
47. Kerur N., Veettil M.V., Sharma-Walia N., Bottero V., Sadagopan S., Otageri P., et al. IFI16 acts as a nuclear pathogen sensor to induce the inflammasome in response to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. Cell Host Microbe 2011, 9:363-375.
48. Unterholzner L., Bowie A.G. Innate DNA sensing moves to the nucleus. Cell Host Microbe 2011, 9:351-353.
49. Orzalli M.H., DeLuca N.A., Knipe D.M. Nuclear IFI16 induction of IRF-3 signaling during herpesviral infection and degradation of IFI16 by the viral ICP0 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:E3008-E3017.
50. Singh V.V., Kerur N., Bottero V., Dutta S., Chakraborty S., Ansari M.A., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency in endothelial and B cells activates gamma interferon-inducible protein 16-mediated inflammasomes. J Virol 2013, 87:4417-4431.
51. Samaniego F., Markham P.D., Gendelman R., Gallo R.C., Ensoli B. Inflammatory cytokines induce endothelial cells to produce and release basic fibroblast growth factor and to promote Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions in nude mice. J Immunol 1997, 158:1887-1894.
52. Kawai T., Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 2010, 11:373-384.
53. Lee H.K., Lund J.M., Ramanathan B., Mizushima N., Iwasaki A. Autophagy-dependent viral recognition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Science 2007, 315:1398-1401.
54. Chen J., Ueda K., Sakakibara S., Okuno T., Parravicini C., Corbellino M., et al. Activation of latent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by demethylation of the promoter of the lytic transactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:4119-4124.
55. Pezda A.C., Penn A., Barton G.M., Coscoy L. Suppression of TLR9 immunostimulatory motifs in the genome of a gammaherpesvirus. J Immunol 2011, 187:887-896.
56. Guggemoos S., Hangel D., Hamm S., Heit A., Bauer S., Adler H. TLR9 contributes to antiviral immunity during gammaherpesvirus infection. J Immunol 2008, 180:438-443.
57. Jacobs S.R., Gregory S.M., West J.A., Wollish A.C., Bennett C.L., Blackbourn D.J., et al. The viral interferon regulatory factors of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus differ in their inhibition of interferon activation mediated by toll-like receptor 3. J Virol 2013, 87:798-806.
58. Tabeta K., Georgel P., Janssen E., Du X., Hoebe K., Crozat K., et al. Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:3516-3521.
59. Guo Y.Q., Audry M., Ciancanelli M., Alsina L., Azevedo J., Herman M., et al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a patient with complete TLR3 deficiency: TLR3 is otherwise redundant in protective immunity. J Exp Med 2011, 208:2083-2098.
60. Zhang S.Y., Jouanguy E., Ugolini S., Smahi A., Elain G., Romero P., et al. TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Science 2007, 317:1522-1527.
61. Zhang S.Y., Herman M., Ciancanelli M.J., de Diego R.P., Sancho-Shimizu V., Abel L., et al. TLR3 immunity to infection in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2013, 25:19-33.
62. Gargano L.M., Moser J.M., Speck S.H. Role for MyD88 signaling in murine gammaherpesvirus 68 latency. J Virol 2008, 82:3853-3863.
63. Lagos D., Vart R.J., Gratrix F., Westrop S.J., Emuss V., Wong P.P., et al. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates innate immunity to Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. Cell Host Microbe 2008, 4:470-483.
64. Gack M.U., Shin Y.C., Joo C.H., Urano T., Liang C., Sun L., et al. TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity. Nature 2007, 446:916-920.
65. West J.A., Wicks M., Gregory S.M., Chugh P., Jacobs S.R., Zhang Z., et al. An important role for mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus life cycle. J Virol 2014, 88:5778-5787.
66. Sun R., Lin S.F., Gradoville L., Miller G. Polyadenylylated nuclear RNA encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:11883-11888.
67. Kattenhorn L.M., Korbel G.A., Kessler B.M., Spooner E., Ploegh H.L. A deubiquitinating enzyme encoded by HSV-1 belongs to a family of cysteine proteases that is conserved across the family Herpesviridae. Mol Cell 2005, 19:547-557.
68. Gredmark-Russ S., Isaacson M.K., Kattenhorn L., Cheung E.J., Watson N., Ploegh H.L. A gammaherpesvirus ubiquitin-specific protease is involved in the establishment of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection. J Virol 2009, 83:10644-10652.
69. Kurt-Jones E.A., Popova L., Kwinn L., Haynes L.M., Jones L.P., Tripp R.A., et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol 2000, 1:398-401.
70. Tal G., Mandelberg A., Dalal I., Cesar K., Somekh E., Tal A., et al. Association between common Toll-like receptor 4 mutations and severe respiratory syncytial virus disease. J Infect Dis 2004, 189:2057-2063.
71. Gregory S.M., Davis B.K., West J.A., Taxman D.J., Matsuzawa S., Reed J.C., et al. Discovery of a viral NLR homolog that inhibits the inflammasome. Science 2011, 331:330-334.
72. Franchi L., Munoz-Planillo R., Nunez G. Sensing and reacting to microbes through the inflammasomes. Nat Immunol 2012, 13:325-332.
73. Boyle J.P., Monie T.P. Computational analysis predicts the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus tegument protein ORF63 to be alpha helical. Proteins 2012, 80:2063-2070.
74. Neil S.J., Zang T., Bieniasz P.D. Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu. Nature 2008, 451:425-430.
75. Venkatesh S., Bieniasz P.D. Mechanism of HIV-1 virion entrapment by tetherin. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9:e1003483.
76. Galao R.P., Le Tortorec A., Pickering S., Kueck T., Neil S.J. Innate sensing of HIV-1 assembly by Tetherin induces NFkappaB-dependent proinflammatory responses. Cell Host Microbe 2012, 12:633-644.
77. Tokarev A., Suarez M., Kwan W., Fitzpatrick K., Singh R., Guatelli J. Stimulation of NF-kappaB activity by the HIV restriction factor BST2. J Virol 2013, 87:2046-2057.
78. Cocka L.J., Bates P. Identification of alternatively translated Tetherin isoforms with differing antiviral and signaling activities. PLoS Pathog 2012, 8:e1002931.
79. Mansouri M., Viswanathan K., Douglas J.L., Hines J., Gustin J., Moses A.V., et al. Molecular mechanism of BST2/tetherin downregulation by K5/MIR2 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2009, 83:9672-9681.
80. Pardieu C., Vigan R., Wilson S.J., Calvi A., Zang T., Bieniasz P., et al. The RING-CH ligase K5 antagonizes restriction of KSHV and HIV-1 particle release by mediating ubiquitin-dependent endosomal degradation of tetherin. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1000843.
81. Fujita T. Evolution of the lectin-complement pathway and its role in innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2002, 2:346-353.
82. Ip W.K., Takahashi K., Ezekowitz R.A., Stuart L.M. Mannose-binding lectin and innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2009, 230:9-21.
83. Lee S.H., Jung J.U., Means R.E. 'Complementing' viral infection: mechanisms for evading innate immunity. Trends Microbiol 2003, 11:449-452.
84. Spiller O.B., Blackbourn D.J., Mark L., Proctor D.G., Blom A.M. Functional activity of the complement regulator encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:9283-9289.
85. Kapadia S.B., Levine B., Speck S.H. Virgin HWt. Critical role of complement and viral evasion of complement in acute, persistent, and latent gamma-herpesvirus infection. Immunity 2002, 17:143-155.
86. Mullick J., Bernet J., Singh A.K., Lambris J.D., Sahu A. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) open reading frame 4 protein (kaposica) is a functional homolog of complement control proteins. J Virol 2003, 77:3878-3881.
87. Spiller O.B., Robinson M., O'Donnell E., Milligan S., Morgan B.P., Davison A.J., et al. Complement regulation by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF4 protein. J Virol 2003, 77:592-599.
88. Spiller O.B., Mark L., Blue C.E., Proctor D.G., Aitken J.A., Blom A.M., et al. Dissecting the regions of virion-associated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement control protein required for complement regulation and cell binding. J Virol 2006, 80:4068-4078.
89. Moretta L., Bottino C., Pende D., Castriconi R., Mingari M.C., Moretta A. Surface NK receptors and their ligands on tumor cells. Semin Immunol 2006, 18:151-158.
90. Gasser S., Orsulic S., Brown E.J., Raulet D.H. The DNA damage pathway regulates innate immune system ligands of the NKG2D receptor. Nature 2005, 436:1186-1190.
91. Matthews N.C., Goodier M.R., Robey R.C., Bower M., Gotch F.M. Killing of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected fibroblasts during latent infection by activated natural killer cells. Eur J Immunol 2011, 41:1958-1968.
92. Sharma-Walia N., Raghu H., Sadagopan S., Sivakumar R., Veettil M.V., Naranatt P.P., et al. Cyclooxygenase 2 induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus early during in vitro infection of target cells plays a role in the maintenance of latent viral gene expression. J Virol 2006, 80:6534-6552.
93. Sharma-Walia N., Paul A.G., Bottero V., Sadagopan S., Veettil M.V., Kerur N., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV) induced COX-2: a key factor in latency, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell survival and invasion. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1000777.
94. Bekerman E., Jeon D., Ardolino M., Coscoy L. A role for host activation-induced cytidine deaminase in innate immune defense against KSHV. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9:e1003748.
95. Conticello S.G., Thomas C.J., Petersen-Mahrt S.K., Neuberger M.S. Evolution of the AID/APOBEC family of polynucleotide (deoxy)cytidine deaminases. Mol Biol Evol 2005, 22:367-377.
96. Norman J.M., Mashiba M., McNamara L.A., Onafuwa-Nuga A., Chiari-Fort E., Shen W., et al. The antiviral factor APOBEC3G enhances the recognition of HIV-infected primary T cells by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 2011, 12:975-983.
97. Koopal S., Furuhjelm J.H., Jarviluoma A., Jaamaa S., Pyakurel P., Pussinen C., et al. Viral oncogene-induced DNA damage response is activated in Kaposi sarcoma tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2007, 3:1348-1360.
98. Singh V.V., Dutta D., Ansari M.A., Dutta S., Chandran B. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus induces the ATM and H2AX DNA damage response early during de novo infection of primary endothelial cells, which play roles in latency establishment. J Virol 2014, 88:2821-2834.
99. Jackson B.R., Noerenberg M., Whitehouse A. A novel mechanism inducing genome instability in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2014, 10:e1004098.
100. Coscoy L., Ganem D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes two proteins that block cell surface display of MHC class I chains by enhancing their endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:8051-8056.
101. Ishido S., Wang C., Lee B.S., Cohen G.B., Jung J.U. Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins. J Virol 2000, 74:5300-5309.
102. Stevenson P.G., Efstathiou S., Doherty P.C., Lehner P.J. Inhibition of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation by gamma 2-herpesviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:8455-8460.
103. Duncan L.M., Piper S., Dodd R.B., Saville M.K., Sanderson C.M., Luzio J.P., et al. Lysine-63-linked ubiquitination is required for endolysosomal degradation of class I molecules. EMBO J 2006, 25:1635-1645.
104. Thomas M., Boname J.M., Field S., Nejentsev S., Salio M., Cerundolo V., et al. Down-regulation of NKG2D and NKp80 ligands by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K5 protects against NK cell cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:1656-1661.
105. Ishido S., Choi J.K., Lee B.S., Wang C., DeMaria M., Johnson R.P., et al. Inhibition of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K5 protein. Immunity 2000, 13:365-374.
106. Coscoy L., Ganem D. A viral protein that selectively downregulates ICAM-1 and B7-2 and modulates T cell costimulation. J Clin Invest 2001, 107:1599-1606.
107. Madrid A.S., Ganem D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF54/dUTPase downregulates a ligand for the NK activating receptor NKp44. J Virol 2012, 86:8693-8704.
108. Nachmani D., Stern-Ginossar N., Sarid R., Mandelboim O. Diverse herpesvirus microRNAs target the stress-induced immune ligand MICB to escape recognition by natural killer cells. Cell Host Microbe 2009, 5:376-385.
109. Lagos D., Trotter M.W., Vart R.J., Wang H.W., Matthews N.C., Hansen A., et al. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded vFLIP and vIRF1 regulate antigen presentation in lymphatic endothelial cells. Blood 2007, 109:1550-1558.
110. Koning N., Swaab D.F., Hoek R.M., Huitinga I. Distribution of the immune inhibitory molecules CD200 and CD200R in the normal central nervous system and multiple sclerosis lesions suggests neuron-glia and glia-glia interactions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009, 68:159-167.
111. Gorczynski R.M., Cattral M.S., Chen Z.G., Hu J.A., Lei J., Min W.P., et al. An immunoadhesin incorporating the molecule OX-2 is a potent immunosuppressant that prolongs allo- and xenograft survival. J Immunol 1999, 163:1654-1660.
112. Hoek R.M., Ruuls S.R., Murphy C.A., Wright G.J., Goddard R., Zurawski S.M., et al. Down-regulation of the macrophage lineage through interaction with OX2 (CD200). Science 2000, 290:1768-1771.
113. Foster-Cuevas M., Wright G.J., Puklavec M.J., Brown M.H., Barclay A.N. Human herpesvirus 8 K14 protein mimics CD200 in down-regulating macrophage activation through CD200 receptor. J Virol 2004, 78:7667-7676.
114. Rezaee S.A.R., Gracie J.A., McInnes I.B., Blackbourn D.J. Inhibition of neutrophil function by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vOX2 protein. AIDS 2005, 19:1907-1910.
115. Misstear K., Chanas S.A., Rezaee S.A., Colman R., Quinn L.L., Long H.M., et al. Suppression of antigen-specific T cell responses by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral OX2 protein and its cellular orthologue, CD200. J Virol 2012, 86:6246-6257.
116. Chung Y.H., Means R.E., Choi J.K., Lee B.S., Jung J.U. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus OX2 glycoprotein activates myeloid-lineage cells to induce inflammatory cytokine production. J Virol 2002, 76:4688-4698.
117. Cameron C.M., Barrett J.W., Liu L.Y., Lucas A.R., McFadden G. Myxoma virus M141R expresses a viral CD200 (vOX-2) that is responsible for down-regulation of macrophage and T-cell activation in vivo. J Virol 2005, 79:6052-6067.
118. Langlais C.L., Jones J.M., Estep R.D., Wong S.W. Rhesus rhadinovirus R15 encodes a functional homologue of human CD200. J Virol 2006, 80:3098-3103.
119. Ensoli B., Sturzl M. Kaposi's sarcoma: a result of the interplay among inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors and viral agents. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1998, 9:63-83.
120. Hussein M.R. Immunohistological evaluation of immune cell infiltrate in cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. Cell Biol Int 2008, 32:157-162.
121. Mansouri M., Douglas J., Rose P.P., Gouveia K., Thomas G., Means R.E., et al. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus K5 removes CD31/PECAM from endothelial cells. Blood 2006, 108:1932-1940.
122. Mansouri M., Rose P.P., Moses A.V., Fruh K. Remodeling of endothelial adherens junctions by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2008, 82:9615-9628.
123. Manes T.D., Hoer S., Muller W.A., Lehner P.J., Pober J.S. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins block distinct steps in transendothelial migration of effector memory CD4+ T cells by targeting different endothelial proteins. J Immunol 2010, 184:5186-5192.
124. Muller W.A. Mechanisms of transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Circ Res 2009, 105:223-230.
125. Timms R.T., Duncan L.M., Tchasovnikarova I.A., Antrobus R., Smith D.L., Dougan G., et al. Haploid genetic screens identify an essential role for PLP2 in the downregulation of novel plasma membrane targets by viral E3 ubiquitin ligases. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9:e1003772.
126. Schenkel A.R., Mamdouh Z., Chen X., Liebman R.M., Muller W.A. CD99 plays a major role in the migration of monocytes through endothelial junctions. Nat Immunol 2002, 3:143-150.
127. Lou O., Alcaide P., Luscinskas F.W., Muller W.A. CD99 is a key mediator of the transendothelial migration of neutrophils. J Immunol 2007, 178:1136-1143.
128. Sozzani S., Luini W., Bianchi G., Allavena P., Wells T.N., Napolitano M., et al. The viral chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-II is a selective Th2 chemoattractant. Blood 1998, 92:4036-4039.
129. Liang C., Lee J.S., Jung J.U. Immune evasion in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008, 18:423-436.
130. Kledal T.N., Rosenkilde M.M., Coulin F., Simmons G., Johnsen A.H., Alouani S., et al. A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Science 1997, 277:1656-1659.
131. Yamin R., Kaynan N.S., Glasner A., Vitenshtein A., Tsukerman P., Bauman Y., et al. The viral KSHV chemokine vMIP-II inhibits the migration of Naive and activated human NK cells by antagonizing two distinct chemokine receptors. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9:e1003568.
132. Chen S., Bacon K.B., Li L., Garcia G.E., Xia Y., Lo D., et al. In vivo inhibition of CC and CX3C chemokine-induced leukocyte infiltration and attenuation of glomerulonephritis in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats by vMIP-II. J Exp Med 1998, 188:193-198.
133. Boshoff C., Endo Y., Collins P.D., Takeuchi Y., Reeves J.D., Schweickart V.L., et al. Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 1997, 278:290-294.
134. Nakano K., Isegawa Y., Zou P., Tadagaki K., Inagi R., Yamanishi K. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded vMIP-I and vMIP-II induce signal transduction and chemotaxis in monocytic cells. Arch Virol 2003, 148:871-890.
135. Fielding C.A., McLoughlin R.M., Colmont C.S., Kovaleva M., Harris D.A., Rose-John S., et al. Viral IL-6 blocks neutrophil infiltration during acute inflammation. J Immunol 2005, 175:4024-4029.
136. Butler L.M., Jeffery H.C., Wheat R.L., Rae P.C., Townsend K., Alkharsah K.R., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells inhibits neutrophil recruitment through an interleukin-6-dependent mechanism: a new paradigm for viral immune evasion. J Virol 2011, 85:7321-7332.
137. Li X., Liang D., Lin X., Robertson E.S., Lan K. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen reduces interleukin-8 expression in endothelial cells and impairs neutrophil chemotaxis by degrading nuclear p65. J Virol 2011, 85:8606-8615.
138. Vieira J., O'Hearn P., Kimball L., Chandran B., Corey L. Activation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) lytic replication by human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2001, 75:1378-1386.
139. Varthakavi V., Browning P.J., Spearman P. Human immunodeficiency virus replication in a primary effusion lymphoma cell line stimulates lytic-phase replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 1999, 73:10329-10338.
140. Mercader M., Taddeo B., Panella J.R., Chandran B., Nickoloff B.J., Foreman K.E. Induction of HHV-8 lytic cycle replication by inflammatory cytokines produced by HIV-1-infected T cells. Am J Pathol 2000, 156:1961-1971.
141. Chang J., Renne R., Dittmer D., Ganem D. Inflammatory cytokines and the reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic replication. Virology 2000, 266:17-25.
142. Blackbourn D.J., Fujimura S., Kutzkey T., Levy J.A. Induction of human herpesvirus-8 gene expression by recombinant interferon gamma. AIDS 2000, 14:98-99.
143. Maral T. The Koebner phenomenon in immunosuppression-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Ann Plast Surg 2000, 44:646-648.
144. Niedt G.W., Prioleau P.G. Kaposi's sarcoma occurring in a dermatome previously involved by herpes zoster. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988, 18:448-451.
145. Ensoli B., Sturzl M., Monini P. Reactivation and role of HHV-8 in Kaposi's sarcoma initiation. Adv Cancer Res 2001, 81:161-200.
146. Yarchoan R., Davis D.A. Development of Kaposi's sarcoma at the site of a biopsy. New Engl J Med 2002, 347:763-764. (author reply-4).
147. Gregory S.M., West J.A., Dillon P.J., Hilscher C., Dittmer D.P., Damania B. Toll-like receptor signaling controls reactivation of KSHV from latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:11725-11730.
148. Gargano L.M., Forrest J.C., Speck S.H. Signaling through Toll-like receptors induces murine gammaherpesvirus 68 reactivation in vivo. J Virol 2009, 83:1474-1482.
149. Meyer F., Ehlers E., Steadman A., Waterbury T., Cao M., Zhang L. TLR-TRIF pathway enhances the expression of KSHV replication and transcription activator. J Biol Chem 2013, 288:20435-20442.
150. Liang D., Gao Y., Lin X., He Z., Zhao Q., Deng Q., et al. A human herpesvirus miRNA attenuates interferon signaling and contributes to maintenance of viral latency by targeting IKKepsilon. Cell Res 2011, 21:793-806.
151. Ahmad H., Gubbels R., Ehlers E., Meyer F., Waterbury T., Lin R., et al. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus degrades cellular Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing beta-interferon (TRIF). J Biol Chem 2011, 286:7865-7872.
152. Chatterjee M., Osborne J., Bestetti G., Chang Y., Moore P.S. Viral IL-6-induced cell proliferation and immune evasion of interferon activity. Science 2002, 298:1432-1435.
153. Mandal P., Krueger B.E., Oldenburg D., Andry K.A., Beard R.S., White D.W., et al. A gammaherpesvirus cooperates with interferon-alpha/beta-induced IRF2 to halt viral replication, control reactivation, and minimize host lethality. PLoS Pathog 2011, 7:e1002371.
154. Toth Z., Maglinte D.T., Lee S.H., Lee H.R., Wong L.Y., Brulois K.F., et al. Epigenetic analysis of KSHV latent and lytic genomes. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1001013.
155. Nizet V., Johnson R.S. Interdependence of hypoxic and innate immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2009, 9:609-617.
156. Rius J., Guma M., Schachtrup C., Akassoglou K., Zinkernagel A.S., Nizet V., et al. NF-kappaB links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1alpha. Nature 2008, 453:807-811.
157. Veeranna R.P., Haque M., Davis D.A., Yang M., Yarchoan R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen induction by hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors. J Virol 2012, 86:1097-1108.
158. Cai Q., Lan K., Verma S.C., Si H., Lin D., Robertson E.S. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent protein LANA interacts with HIF-1 alpha to upregulate RTA expression during hypoxia: latency control under low oxygen conditions. J Virol 2006, 80:7965-7975.
159. Haque M., Davis D.A., Wang V., Widmer I., Yarchoan R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) contains hypoxia response elements: relevance to lytic induction by hypoxia. J Virol 2003, 77:6761-6768.
160. Haque M., Wang V., Davis D.A., Zheng Z.M., Yarchoan R. Genetic organization and hypoxic activation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF34-37 gene cluster. J Virol 2006, 80:7037-7051.
161. Wang J., Zhang J., Zhang L., Harrington W., West J.T., Wood C. Modulation of human herpesvirus 8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and transcription activator transactivation by interferon regulatory factor 7. J Virol 2005, 79:2420-2431.
162. Zhang T., Wang Y., Zhang L., Liu B., Xie J., Wood C., et al. Lysine residues of interferon regulatory factor 7 affect the replication and transcription activator-mediated lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. J Gen Virol 2011, 92:181-187.
163. Brown H.J., Song M.J., Deng H., Wu T.T., Cheng G., Sun R. NF-kappaB inhibits gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. J Virol 2003, 77:8532-8540.
164. Izumiya Y., Izumiya C., Hsia D.S., Ellison T.J., Luciw P.A., Kung H.J. NF-kappa B serves as a cellular sensor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency and negatively regulates K-Rta by antagonizing the RBP-J kappa coactivator. J Virol 2009, 83:4435-4446.
165. He Z., Zhao J., Zhang J., Jung J.U., Feng P. NF-kappaB activation coordinated by IKKbeta and IKKepsilon enables latent infection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2014, 88:444-455.
166. Forero A., Moore P.S., Sarkar S.N. Role of IRF4 in IFN-stimulated gene induction and maintenance of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency in primary effusion lymphoma cells. J Immunol 2013, 191:1476-1485.
167. Dong X., Feng H., Sun Q., Li H., Wu T.T., Sun R., et al. Murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 hijacks MAVS and IKKbeta to initiate lytic replication. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1001001.
168. Hu S., Vincenz C., Buller M., Dixit V.M. A novel family of viral death effector domain-containing molecules that inhibit both CD-95- and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:9621-9624.
169. Thome M., Schneider P., Hofmann K., Fickenscher H., Meinl E., Neipel F., et al. Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 1997, 386:517-521.
170. Chaudhary P.M., Jasmin A., Eby M.T., Hood L. Modulation of the NF-kappa B pathway by virally encoded death effector domains-containing proteins. Oncogene 1999, 18:5738-5746.
171. Konrad A., Wies E., Thurau M., Marquardt G., Naschberger E., Hentschel S., et al. A systems biology approach to identify the combination effects of human herpesvirus 8 genes on NF-kappaB activation. J Virol 2009, 83:2563-2574.
172. Tolani B., Matta H., Gopalakrishnan R., Punj V., Chaudhary P.M. NEMO is essential for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded vFLIP K13-induced gene expression and protection against death receptor-induced cell death, and its N-terminal 251 residues are sufficient for this process. J Virol 2014, 88:6345-6354.
173. Sun Q., Matta H., Lu G., Chaudhary P.M. Induction of IL-8 expression by human herpesvirus 8 encoded vFLIP K13 via NF-kappaB activation. Oncogene 2006, 25:2717-2726.
174. Punj V., Matta H., Schamus S., Yang T., Chang Y., Chaudhary P.M. Induction of CCL20 production by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: role of viral FLICE inhibitory protein K13-induced NF-kappaB activation. Blood 2009, 113:5660-5668.
175. Grossmann C., Podgrabinska S., Skobe M., Ganem D. Activation of NF-kappaB by the latent vFLIP gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for the spindle shape of virus-infected endothelial cells and contributes to their proinflammatory phenotype. J Virol 2006, 80:7179-7185.
176. Ye F.C., Zhou F.C., Xie J.P., Kang T., Greene W., Kuhne K., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent gene vFLIP inhibits viral lytic replication through NF-kappaB-mediated suppression of the AP-1 pathway: a novel mechanism of virus control of latency. J Virol 2008, 82:4235-4249.
177. de Oliveira D.E., Ballon G., Cesarman E. NF-kappaB signaling modulation by EBV and KSHV. Trends Microbiol 2010, 18:248-257.
178. Ziegelbauer J.M. Functions of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011, 1809:623-630.
179. Lei X., Bai Z., Ye F., Huang Y., Gao S.J. Regulation of herpesvirus lifecycle by viral microRNAs. Virulence 2010, 1:433-435.
180. Abend J.R., Ramalingam D., Kieffer-Kwon P., Uldrick T.S., Yarchoan R., Ziegelbauer J.M. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs target IRAK1 and MYD88, two components of the toll-like receptor/interleukin-1R signaling cascade, to reduce inflammatory-cytokine expression. J Virol 2012, 86:11663-11674.
181. Lei X., Bai Z., Ye F., Xie J., Kim C.G., Huang Y., et al. Regulation of NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha and viral replication by a KSHV microRNA. Nat Cell Biol 2010, 12:193-199.
182. Bellare P., Ganem D. Regulation of KSHV lytic switch protein expression by a virus-encoded microRNA: an evolutionary adaptation that fine-tunes lytic reactivation. Cell Host Microbe 2009, 6:570-575.
183. Lin X., Liang D., He Z., Deng Q., Robertson E.S., Lan K. miR-K12-7-5p encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus stabilizes the latent state by targeting viral ORF50/RTA. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16224.
184. Lu F., Stedman W., Yousef M., Renne R., Lieberman P.M. Epigenetic regulation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency by virus-encoded microRNAs that target Rta and the cellular Rbl2-DNMT pathway. J Virol 2010, 84:2697-2706.
185. Sathish N., Yuan Y. Evasion and subversion of interferon-mediated antiviral immunity by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: an overview. J Virol 2011, 85:10934-10944.
186. Zhu F.X., King S.M., Smith E.J., Levy D.E., Yuan Y. A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesviral protein inhibits virus-mediated induction of type I interferon by blocking IRF-7 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:5573-5578.
187. Zhu F.X., Yuan Y. The ORF45 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is associated with purified virions. J Virol 2003, 77:4221-4230.
188. Zhu F.X., Li X., Zhou F., Gao S.J., Yuan Y. Functional characterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF45 by bacterial artificial chromosome-based mutagenesis. J Virol 2006, 80:12187-12196.
189. Sathish N., Zhu F.X., Golub E.E., Liang Q., Yuan Y. Mechanisms of autoinhibition of IRF-7 and a probable model for inactivation of IRF-7 by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protein ORF45. J Biol Chem 2011, 286:746-756.
190. Liang Q., Fu B., Wu F., Li X., Yuan Y., Zhu F. ORF45 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inhibits phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 7 by IKKepsilon and TBK1 as an alternative substrate. J Virol 2012, 86:10162-10172.
191. Yu Y., Hayward G.S. The ubiquitin E3 ligase RAUL negatively regulates type i interferon through ubiquitination of the transcription factors IRF7 and IRF3. Immunity 2010, 33:863-877.
192. Yu Y., Wang S.E., Hayward G.S. The KSHV immediate-early transcription factor RTA encodes ubiquitin E3 ligase activity that targets IRF7 for proteosome-mediated degradation. Immunity 2005, 22:59-70.
193. Skalsky R.L., Samols M.A., Plaisance K.B., Boss I.W., Riva A., Lopez M.C., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes an ortholog of miR-155. J Virol 2007, 81:12836-12845.
194. Gottwein E., Mukherjee N., Sachse C., Frenzel C., Majoros W.H., Chi J.T.A., et al. A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155. Nature 2007, 450. 1096-U17.
195. Lefort S., Soucy-Faulkner A., Grandvaux N., Flamand L. Binding of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K-bZIP to interferon-responsive factor 3 elements modulates antiviral gene expression. J Virol 2007, 81:10950-10960.
196. Cloutier N., Flamand L. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen inhibits interferon (IFN) beta expression by competing with IFN regulatory factor-3 for binding to IFNB promoter. J Biol Chem 2010, 285:7208-7221.
197. Hwang S., Kim K.S., Flano E., Wu T.T., Tong L.M., Park A.N., et al. Conserved herpesviral kinase promotes viral persistence by inhibiting the IRF-3-mediated type I interferon response. Cell Host Microbe 2009, 5:166-178.
198. Lee H.R., Kim M.H., Lee J.S., Liang C., Jung J.U. Viral interferon regulatory factors. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009, 29:621-627.
199. Jacobs S.R., Damania B. The viral interferon regulatory factors of KSHV: immunosuppressors or oncogenes?. Front Immunol 2011, 2:19.
200. Baresova P., Pitha P.M., Lubyova B. Distinct roles of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral interferon regulatory factors in inflammatory response and cancer. J Virol 2013, 87:9398-9410.
201. Li M., Lee H., Guo J., Neipel F., Fleckenstein B., Ozato K., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor. J Virol 1998, 72:5433-5440.
202. Burysek L., Yeow W.S., Lubyova B., Kellum M., Schafer S.L., Huang Y.Q., et al. Functional analysis of human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 1 and its association with cellular interferon regulatory factors and p300. J Virol 1999, 73:7334-7342.
203. Lin R., Genin P., Mamane Y., Sgarbanti M., Battistini A., Harrington W.J., et al. HHV-8 encoded vIRF-1 represses the interferon antiviral response by blocking IRF-3 recruitment of the CBP/p300 coactivators. Oncogene 2001, 20:800-811.
204. Joo C.H., Shin Y.C., Gack M., Wu L., Levy D., Jung J.U. Inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated interferon signal transduction by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral IRF homolog vIRF3. J Virol 2007, 81:8282-8292.
205. Robinson B.A., Estep R.D., Messaoudi I., Rogers K.S., Wong S.W. Viral interferon regulatory factors decrease the induction of type I and type II interferon during rhesus macaque rhadinovirus infection. J Virol 2012, 86:2197-2211.
206. Robinson B.A., O'Connor M.A., Li H., Engelmann F., Poland B., Grant R., et al. Viral interferon regulatory factors are critical for delay of the host immune response against rhesus macaque rhadinovirus infection. J Virol 2012, 86:2769-2779.
207. Fuld S., Cunningham C., Klucher K., Davison A.J., Blackbourn D.J. Inhibition of interferon signaling by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus full-length viral interferon regulatory factor 2 protein. J Virol 2006, 80:3092-3097.
208. Wu L., Fossum E., Joo C.H., Inn K.S., Shin Y.C., Johannsen E., et al. Epstein-Barr virus LF2: an antagonist to type I interferon. J Virol 2009, 83:1140-1146.
209. Bisson S.A., Page A.L., Ganem D. A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protein that forms inhibitory complexes with type I interferon receptor subunits, Jak and STAT proteins, and blocks interferon-mediated signal transduction. J Virol 2009, 83:5056-5066.
210. Leang R.S., Wu T.T., Hwang S., Liang L.T., Tong L., Truong J.T., et al. The anti-interferon activity of conserved viral dUTPase ORF54 is essential for an effective MHV-68 infection. PLoS Pathog 2011, 7:e1002292.
211. Kang H.R., Cheong W.C., Park J.E., Ryu S., Cho H.J., Youn H., et al. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 encoding open reading frame 11 targets TANK binding kinase 1 to negatively regulate the host type I interferon response. J Virol 2014.
212. Davison A.J., Stow N.D. New genes from old: redeployment of dUTPase by herpesviruses. J Virol 2005, 79:12880-12892.
213. Upton J.W., Chan F.K. Staying alive: cell death in antiviral immunity. Mol Cell 2014, 54:273-280.
214. Allen J.E., El-Deiry W.S. Regulation of the human TRAIL gene. Cancer Biol Ther 2012, 13:1143-1151.
215. Cheng E.H., Nicholas J., Bellows D.S., Hayward G.S., Guo H.G., Reitz M.S., et al. A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:690-694.
216. Wen K.W., Damania B. Hsp90 and Hsp40/Erdj3 are required for the expression and anti-apoptotic function of KSHV K1. Oncogene 2010, 29:3532-3544.
217. Wang S., Wang S., Maeng H., Young D.P., Prakash O., Fayad L.E., et al. K1 protein of human herpesvirus 8 suppresses lymphoma cell Fas-mediated apoptosis. Blood 2007, 109:2174-2182.
218. Lee H.R., Choi W.C., Lee S., Hwang J., Hwang E., Guchhait K., et al. Bilateral inhibition of HAUSP deubiquitinase by a viral interferon regulatory factor protein. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011, 18:1336-1344.
219. Chudasama P., Konrad A., Jochmann R., Lausen B., Holz P., Naschberger E., et al. Structural proteins of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus antagonize p53-mediated apoptosis. Oncogene 2014.
220. Abend J.R., Uldrick T., Ziegelbauer J.M. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis receptor protein (TWEAKR) expression by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNA prevents TWEAK-induced apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine expression. J Virol 2010, 84:12139-12151.
221. Kim H.J., Lee S., Jung J.U. When autophagy meets viruses: a double-edged sword with functions in defense and offense. Semin Immunopathol 2010, 32:323-341.
222. Tang D., Kang R., Coyne C.B., Zeh H.J., Lotze M.T. PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity. Immunol Rev 2012, 249:158-175.
223. Rodgers M.A., Bowman J.W., Liang Q., Jung J.U. Regulation where autophagy intersects the inflammasome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014, 20:495-506.
224. Liang Q., Seo G.J., Choi Y.J., Kwak M.J., Ge J., Rodgers M.A., et al. Crosstalk between the cGAS DNA sensor and Beclin-1 autophagy protein shapes innate antimicrobial immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2014, 15:228-238.
225. Silva L.M., Jung J.U. Modulation of the autophagy pathway by human tumor viruses. Semin Cancer Biol 2013, 23:323-328.
226. Liang C.E.X., Jung J.U. Downregulation of autophagy by herpesvirus Bcl-2 homologs. Autophagy 2008, 4:268-272.
227. Liang Q., Chang B., Brulois K.F., Castro K., Min C.K., Rodgers M.A., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K7 modulates Rubicon-mediated inhibition of autophagosome maturation. J Virol 2013, 87:12499-12503.
228. Lee J.S., Li Q., Lee J.Y., Lee S.H., Jeong J.H., Lee H.R., et al. FLIP-mediated autophagy regulation in cell death control. Nat Cell Biol 2009, 11:1355-1362.
229. Leidal A.M., Cyr D.P., Hill R.J., Lee P.W., McCormick C. Subversion of autophagy by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus impairs oncogene-induced senescence. Cell Host Microbe 2012, 11:167-180.
230. Sun L., Wu J., Du F., Chen X., Chen Z.J. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway. Science 2013, 339:786-791.
231. Brulois K., Toth Z., Wong L.-Y., Feng P., Gao S.-J., Ensser A., et al. KSHV K3 and K5 ubiquitin E3 ligases have stage-specific immune evasion roles during lytic replication. J Virol 2014, JVI. 00873-14.