Interface between metabolic balance and reproduction in ruminants: Focus on the hypothalamus and pituitary

Hormones and Behavior

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 15-40

  Clarke, Iain J ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Appetite; Energy expenditure; Ghrelin; Leptin; Season

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; APPETITE STIMULANT; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; FOLLITROPIN; GHRELIN; GONADORELIN; GONADOTROPIN INHIBITORY HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE; HORMONE INHIBITOR; KISSPEPTIN; LEPTIN; PROGESTERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BOVIDS; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; FEMALE; FOLLITROPIN RELEASE; FOOD INTAKE; GONADORELIN RELEASE; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS; LACTATION; METABOLIC BALANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HYPOPHYSIS; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDBACK, PHYSIOLOGICAL; HYPOTHALAMUS; PITUITARY GLAND; REPRODUCTION; RUMINANTS;

EID: 84901834257     PISSN: 0018506X     EISSN: 10956867     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (276)

1. Adam C.L., Findlay P.A., Kyle C.E., Young P., Mercer J.G. Effect of chronic food restriction on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in castrate male sheep. J. Endocrinol. 1997, 152:329-337.
2. Adam C.L., Findlay P.A., Miller D.W. Blood-brain leptin transport and appetite and reproductive neuroendocrine responses to intracerebroventricular leptin injection in sheep: influence of photoperiod. Endocrinology 2006, 147:4589-4598.
3. Adler E.S., Hollis J.H., Clarke I.J., Grattan D.R., Oldfield B.J. Neurochemical characterization and sexual dimorphism of projections from the brain to abdominal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in the rat. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:15913-15921.
4. Alva-Sanchez C., Pacheco-Rosado J., Fregoso-Aguilar T., Villanueva I. The long-term regulation of food intake and body weight depends on the availability of thyroid hormones in the brain. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 2012, 33:703-708.
5. Amstalden M., Zieba D.A., Edwards J.F., Harms P.G., Welsh T.H., Stanko R.L., Williams G.L. Leptin acts at the bovine adenohypophysis to enhance basal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-mediated release of luteinizing hormone: differential effects are dependent upon nutritional history. Biol. Reprod. 2003, 69:1539-1544.
6. Anand B.K., Brobeck J.R. Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J. Biol. Med. 1951, 24:123-140.
7. Anukulkitch C., Rao A., Dunshea F.R., Blache D., Lincoln G.A., Clarke I.J. Influence of photoperiod and gonadal status on food intake, adiposity, and gene expression of hypothalamic appetite regulators in a seasonal mammal. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 292:R242-R252.
8. Anukulkitch C., Rao A., Dunshea F.R., Clarke I.J. A test of the lipostat theory in a seasonal (ovine) model under natural conditions reveals a close relationship between adiposity and melanin concentrating hormone expression. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2009, 36:138-151.
9. Archer Z.A., Rhind S.M., Findlay P.A., Kyle C.E., Thomas L., Marie M., Adam C.L. Contrasting effects of different levels of food intake and adiposity on LH secretion and hypothalamic gene expression in sheep. J. Endocrinol. 2002, 175:383-393.
10. Atcha Z., Cagampang F.R., Stirland J.A., Morris I.D., Brooks A.N., Ebling F.J., Klingenspor M., Loudon A.S. Leptin acts on metabolism in a photoperiod-dependent manner, but has no effect on reproductive function in the seasonally breeding Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Endocrinology 2000, 141:4128-4135.
11. Ayres H., Ferreira R.M., Cunha A.P., Araujo R.R., Wiltbank M.C. Double-Ovsynch in high-producing dairy cows: effects on progesterone concentrations and ovulation to GnRH treatments. Theriogenology 2013, 79:159-164.
12. Backholer K., Bowden M., Gamber K., Bjorbaek C., Iqbal J., Clarke I.J. Melanocortins mimic the effects of leptin to restore reproductive function in lean hypogonadotropic ewes. Neuroendocrinology 2010, 91:27-40.
13. Backholer K., Smith J.T., Rao A., Pereira A., Iqbal J., Ogawa S., Li Q., Clarke I.J. Kisspeptin cells in the ewe brain respond to leptin and communicate with neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin cells. Endocrinology 2010, 151:2233-2243.
14. Baile C.A., Forbes J.M. Control of feed intake and regulation of energy balance in ruminants. Physiol. Rev. 1974, 54:160-214.
15. Barker-Gibb M.L., Clarke I.J. Increased galanin and neuropeptide-Y immunoreactivity within the hypothalamus of ovariectomised ewes following a prolonged period of reduced body weight is associated with changes in plasma growth hormone but not gonadotropin levels. Neuroendocrinology 1996, 64:194-207.
16. Barker-Gibb M.L., Scott C.J., Boublik J.H., Clarke I.J. The role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the control of LH secretion in the ewe with respect to season, NPY receptor subtype and the site of action in the hypothalamus. J. Endocrinol. 1995, 147:565-579.
17. Bartness T.J., Wade G.N. Photoperiodic control of body weight and energy metabolism in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): role of pineal gland, melatonin, gonads, and diet. Endocrinology 1984, 114:492-498.
18. Bartness T.J., Wade G.N. Photoperiodic control of seasonal body weight cycles in hamsters. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1985, 9:599-612.
19. Berne R.M., Levy M.N. Physiology 1983, C.V. Mosby, St. Louis.
20. Bierman E.L., Hirsch J. Obesity. Textbook of Endocrinology 1981, 907-921. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. R.H. Williams (Ed.).
21. Billington C.J., Briggs J.E., Grace M., Levine A.S. Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. 1991, 260:R321-R327.
22. Blessing W.W. The Lower Brainstem and Bodily Homeostasis 1997, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
23. Blum J.W., Schnyder W., Kunz P.L., Blom A.K., Bickel H., Schurch A. Reduced and compensatory growth: endocrine and metabolic changes during food restriction and refeeding in steers. J. Nutr. 1985, 115:417-424.
24. Bradford B.J., Allen M.S. Negative energy balance increases periprandial ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2008, 34:196-203.
25. Brady L.S., Smith M.A., Gold P.W., Herkenham M. Altered expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNAs in food-restricted and food-deprived rats. Neuroendocrinology 1990, 52:441-447.
26. Breen K.M., Davis T.L., Doro L.C., Nett T.M., Oakley A.E., Padmanabhan V., Rispoli L.A., Wagenmaker E.R., Karsch F.J. Insight into the neuroendocrine site and cellular mechanism by which cortisol suppresses pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 2008, 149:767-773.
27. Breen K.M., Karsch F.J. Does cortisol inhibit pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion at the hypothalamic or pituitary level?. Endocrinology 2004, 145:692-698.
28. Broad K.D., Kendrick K.M., Sirinathsinghji D.J., Keverne E.B. Changes in pro-opiomelanocortin and pre-proenkephalin mRNA levels in the ovine brain during pregnancy, parturition and lactation and in response to oestrogen and progesterone. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1993, 5:711-719.
29. Brogan R.S., Grove K.L., Smith M.S. Differential regulation of leptin receptor but not orexin in the hypothalamus of the lactating rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2000, 12:1077-1086.
30. Brogan R.S., Mitchell S.E., Trayhurn P., Smith M.S. Suppression of leptin during lactation: contribution of the suckling stimulus versus milk production. Endocrinology 1999, 140:2621-2627.
31. Burger L.L., Dalkin A.C., Aylor K.W., Haisenleder D.J., Marshall J.C. GnRH pulse frequency modulation of gonadotropin subunit gene transcription in normal gonadotropes-assessment by primary transcript assay provides evidence for roles of GnRH and follistatin. Endocrinology 2002, 143:3243-3249.
32. Burger L.L., Haisenleder D.J., Aylor K.W., Marshall J.C. Regulation of Lhb and Egr1 gene expression by GNRH pulses in rat pituitaries is both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)- and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent. Biol. Reprod. 2009, 81:1206-1215.
33. Canfield R.W., Butler W.R. Energy balance, first ovulation and the effects of naloxone on LH secretion in early postpartum dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 69:740-746.
34. Caraty A., Fabre-Nys C., Delaleu B., Locatelli A., Bruneau G., Karsch F.J., Herbison A. Evidence that the mediobasal hypothalamus is the primary site of action of estradiol in inducing the preovulatory gonadotropin releasing hormone surge in the ewe. Endocrinology 1998, 139:1752-1760.
35. Caraty A., Lomet D., Sebert M.E., Guillaume D., Beltramo M., Evans N.P. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone release into the hypophyseal portal blood of the ewe mirrors both pulsatile and continuous intravenous infusion of kisspeptin: an insight into kisspeptin's mechanism of action. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2013, 25:537-546.
36. Chan J.L., Matarese G., Shetty G.K., Raciti P., Kelesidis I., Aufiero D., De Rosa V., Perna F., Fontana S., Mantzoros C.S. Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:8481-8486.
37. Ciccone N.A., Kaiser U.B. The biology of gonadotroph regulation. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2009, 16:321-327.
38. Ciofi P. The arcuate nucleus as a circumventricular organ in the mouse. Neurosci. Lett. 2011, 487:187-190.
39. Clark J.T., Kalra P.S., Crowley W.R., Kalra S.P. Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology 1984, 115:427-429.
40. Clarke I.J. GnRH and ovarian hormone feedback. Oxf. Rev. Reprod. Biol. 1987, 9:54-95.
41. Clarke I.J. Evidence that the switch from negative to positive feedback at the level of the pituitary gland is an important timing event for the onset of the preovulatory surge in LH in the ewe. J. Endocrinol. 1995, 145:271-282.
42. Clarke I.J. Multifarious effects of estrogen on the pituitary gonadotrope with special emphasis on studies in the ovine species. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2002, 110:62-73.
43. Clarke I.J. Models of obesity in large animals and birds. Frontiers of Hormone Research 2008, 107-117. Karger Press. M. Korbonits (Ed.).
44. Clarke I.J., Backholer K., Tilbrook A.J. Y2 receptor-selective agonist delays the estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ovariectomized ewes, but y1-receptor-selective agonist stimulates voluntary food intake. Endocrinology 2005, 146:769-775.
45. Clarke I.J., Burman K.J., Doughton B.W., Cummins J.T. Effects of constant infusion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in ovariectomized ewes with hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection: further evidence for differential control of LH and FSH secretion and the lack of a priming effect. J. Endocrinol. 1986, 111:43-49.
46. Clarke I.J., Campbell R., Smith J.T., Wray S. Neuroendocrine control of reproduction. Handbook of Neuroendocrinology 2011, 198-235. Elsevier. G. Fink, D.P., J. Levine (Eds.).
47. Clarke I.J., Cummins J.T. The temporal relationship between gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized ewes. Endocrinology 1982, 111:1737-1739.
48. Clarke I.J., Cummins J.T. Direct pituitary effects of estrogen and progesterone on gonadotropin secretion in the ovariectomized ewe. Neuroendocrinology 1984, 39:267-274.
49. Clarke I.J., Cummins J.T. GnRH pulse frequency determines LH pulse amplitude by altering the amount of releasable LH in the pituitary glands of ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1985, 73:425-431.
50. Clarke I.J., Findlay J.K., Cummins J.T., Ewens W.J. Effects of ovine follicular fluid on plasma LH and FSH secretion in ovariectomized ewes to indicate the site of action of inhibin. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1986, 77:575-585.
51. Clarke I.J., Pompolo S. Synthesis and secretion of GnRH. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2005, 88:29-55.
52. Clarke I.J., Rao A., Chilliard Y., Delavaud C., Lincoln G.A. Photoperiod effects on gene expression for hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides and food intake in the ram. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003, 284:R101-R115.
53. Clarke I.J., Rao A., Fallest P.C., Shupnik M.A. Transcription rate of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit gene is reduced by inhibin in sheep but this does not fully explain the decrease in mRNA. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1993, 91:211-216.
54. Clarke I.J., Sari I.P., Qi Y., Smith J.T., Parkington H.C., Ubuka T., Iqbal J., Li Q., Tilbrook A., Morgan K., Pawson A.J., Tsutsui K., Millar R.P., Bentley G.E. Potent action of RFamide-related peptide-3 on pituitary gonadotropes indicative of a hypophysiotropic role in the negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion. Endocrinology 2008, 149:5811-5821.
55. Clarke I.J., Scott C.J., Rao A., Pompolo S., Barker-Gibb M.L. Seasonal changes in the expression of neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of the ovariectomized ewe: relationship to the seasonal appetite and breeding cycles. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2000, 12:1105-1111.
56. Clarke I.J., Smith J.T. The role of kisspeptin and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in the seasonality of reproduction in sheep. Soc. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 2010, 67:159-169.
57. Clarke I.J., Smith J.T., Henry B.A., Oldfield B.J., Stefanidis A., Millar R.P., Sari I.P., Chng K., Fabre-Nys C., Caraty A., Ang B.T., Chan L., Fraley G.S. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone is a hypothalamic peptide that provides a molecular switch between reproduction and feeding. Neuroendocrinology 2012, 95:305-316.
58. Clarke I.J., Tilbrook A.J., Turner A.I., Doughton B.W., Goding J.W. Sex, fat and the tilt of the earth: effects of sex and season on the feeding response to centrally administered leptin in sheep. Endocrinology 2001, 142:2725-2728.
59. Clarke S.D., Clarke I.J., Rao A., Cowley M.A., Henry B.A. Sex differences in the metabolic effects of testosterone in sheep. Endocrinology 2012, 153:123-131.
60. Clarke S.D., Clarke I.J., Rao A., Evans R.G., Henry B.A. Differential effects of acute and chronic estrogen treatment on thermogenic and metabolic pathways in ovariectomized sheep. Endocrinology 2013, 154:184-192.
61. Coleman D.L., Hummel K.P. Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice. Am. J. Physiol. 1969, 217:1298-1304.
62. Cone R.D. Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:571-578.
63. Cone R.D., Cowley M.A., Butler A.A., Fan W., Marks D.L., Low M.J. The arcuate nucleus as a conduit for diverse signals relevant to energy homeostasis. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2001, 25(Suppl. 5):S63-S67.
64. Cornford A.S., Barkan A.L., Horowitz J.F. Rapid suppression of growth hormone concentration by overeating: potential mediation by hyperinsulinemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96:824-830.
65. Corp E.S., McQuade J., Krasnicki S., Conze D.B. Feeding after fourth ventricular administration of neuropeptide Y receptor agonists in rats. Peptides 2001, 22:493-499.
66. Couse J.F., Yates M.M., Walker V.R., Korach K.S. Characterization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in estrogen receptor (ER) Null mice reveals hypergonadism and endocrine sex reversal in females lacking ERalpha but not ERbeta. Mol. Endocrinol. 2003, 17:1039-1053.
67. Czaja K., Kraeling R.R., Barb C.R. Are hypothalamic neurons transsynaptically connected to porcine adipose tissue?. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 311:482-485.
68. d'Anglemont de Tassigny X., Ackroyd K.J., Chatzidaki E.E., Colledge W.H. Kisspeptin signaling is required for peripheral but not central stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by NMDA. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:8581-8590.
69. d'Anglemont de Tassigny X., Fagg L.A., Carlton M.B., Colledge W.H. Kisspeptin can stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by a direct action at GnRH nerve terminals. Endocrinology 2008, 149:3926-3932.
70. Dardente H., Wyse C.A., Birnie M.J., Dupre S.M., Loudon A.S., Lincoln G.A., Hazlerigg D.G. A molecular switch for photoperiod responsiveness in mammals. Curr. Biol. 2010, 20:2193-2198.
71. Dukes H.H. The Physiology of Domestic Animals 1955, Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London.
72. Elias C.F., Aschkenasi C., Lee C., Kelly J., Ahima R.S., Bjorbaek C., Flier J.S., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area. Neuron 1999, 23:775-786.
73. Elias C.F., Saper C.B., Maratos-Flier E., Tritos N.A., Lee C., Kelly J., Tatro J.B., Hoffman G.E., Ollmann M.M., Barsh G.S., Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Elmquist J.K. Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 402:442-459.
74. Elmquist J.K. Hypothalamic pathways underlying the endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral effects of leptin. Physiol. Behav. 2001, 74:703-708.
75. Enriori P.J., Evans A.E., Sinnayah P., Jobst E.E., Tonelli-Lemos L., Billes S.K., Glavas M.M., Grayson B.E., Perello M., Nillni E.A., Grove K.L., Cowley M.A. Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons. Cell Metab. 2007, 5:181-194.
76. Erickson J.C., Ahima R.S., Hollopeter G., Flier J.S., Palmiter R.D. Endocrine function of neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Regul. Pept. 1997, 70:199-202.
77. Erickson J.C., Clegg K.E., Palmiter R.D. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 1996, 381:415-421.
78. Estienne M.J., Schillo K.K., Hileman S.M., Green M.A., Hayes S.H., Boling J.A. Effects of free fatty acids on luteinizing hormone and growth hormone secretion in ovariectomized lambs. Endocrinology 1990, 126:1934-1940.
79. Estrada K.M., Clay C.M., Pompolo S., Smith J.T., Clarke I.J. Elevated KiSS-1 expression in the arcuate nucleus prior to the cyclic preovulatory gonadotrophin-releasing hormone/lutenising hormone surge in the ewe suggests a stimulatory role for kisspeptin in oestrogen-positive feedback. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2006, 18:806-809.
80. Ezzat A.A., Saito H., Sawada T., Yaegashi T., Goto Y., Nakajima Y., Jin J., Yamashita T., Sawai K., Hashizume T. The role of sexual steroid hormones in the direct stimulation by Kisspeptin-10 of the secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin from bovine anterior pituitary cells. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2010, 121:267-272.
81. Fan W., Boston B.A., Kesterson R.A., Hruby V.J., Cone R.D. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature 1997, 385:165-168.
82. Findlay J.K., Robertson D.M., Clarke I.J. Influence of dose and route of administration of bovine follicular fluid and the suppressive effect of purified bovine inhibin (Mr 31,000) on plasma FSH concentrations in ovariectomized ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1987, 80:455-461.
83. Fong T.M., Mao C., MacNeil T., Kalyani R., Smith T., Weinberg D., Tota M.R., Van der Ploeg L.H. ART (protein product of agouti-related transcript) as an antagonist of MC-3 and MC-4 receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997, 237:629-631.
84. Foury A., Geverink N.A., Gil M., Gispert M., Hortos M., Font I.F.M., Carrion D., Blott S.C., Plastow G.S., Mormede P. Stress neuroendocrine profiles in five pig breeding lines and the relationship with carcass composition. Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci. 2007, 1:973-982.
85. Fox S.R., Harlan R.E., Shivers B.D., Pfaff D.W. Chemical characterization of neuroendocrine targets for progesterone in the female rat brain and pituitary. Neuroendocrinology 1990, 51:276-283.
86. Franceschini I., Lomet D., Cateau M., Delsol G., Tillet Y., Caraty A. Kisspeptin immunoreactive cells of the ovine preoptic area and arcuate nucleus co-express estrogen receptor alpha. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 401:225-230.
87. Francis S.M., Venters S.J., Duxson M.J., Suttie J.M. Differences in pituitary cell number but not cell type between genetically lean and fat Coopworth sheep. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2000, 18:229-239.
88. Fry R.C., Cahill L.P., Cummins J.T., Bindon B.M., Piper L.R., Clarke I.J. The half-life of follicle-stimulating hormone in ovary-intact and ovariectomized booroola and control merino ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1987, 81:611-615.
89. Furuta M., Funabashi T., Kimura F. Suppressive action of orexin A on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion is potentiated by a low dose of estrogen in ovariectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 2002, 75:151-157.
90. Gahete M.D., Cordoba-Chacon J., Lin Q., Bruning J.C., Kahn C.R., Castano J.P., Christian H., Luque R.M., Kineman R.D. Insulin and IGF-I inhibit GH synthesis and release in vitro and in vivo by separate mechanisms. Endocrinology 2013, 154:2410-2420.
91. Gale E.A., Bennett T., Macdonald I.A., Holst J.J., Matthews J.A. The physiological effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in man: responses at differing levels of blood glucose. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 1983, 65:263-271.
92. Gerald C., Walker M.W., Criscione L., Gustafson E.L., Batzl-Hartmann C., Smith K.E., Vaysse P., Durkin M.M., Laz T.M., Linemeyer D.L., Schaffhauser A.O., Whitebread S., Hofbauer K.G., Taber R.I., Branchek T.A., Weinshank R.L. A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake. Nature 1996, 382:168-171.
93. Gibbs J., Young R.C., Smith G.P. Cholecystokinin decreases food intake in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1973, 84:488-495.
94. Goldsmith A.R., Nicholls T.J. Thyroidectomy prevents the development of photorefractoriness and the associated rise in plasma prolactin in starlings. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1984, 54:256-263.
95. Goodman R.L., Lehman M.N., Smith J.T., Coolen L.M., de Oliveira C.V., Jafarzadehshirazi M.R., Pereira A., Iqbal J., Caraty A., Ciofi P., Clarke I.J. Kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the ewe express both dynorphin A and neurokinin B. Endocrinology 2007, 148:5752-5760.
96. Grouselle D., Chaillou E., Caraty A., Bluet-Pajot M.T., Zizzari P., Tillet Y., Epelbaum J. Pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid and plasma ghrelin in relation to growth hormone secretion and food intake in the sheep. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20:1138-1146.
97. Grove K.L., Cowley M.A. Is ghrelin a signal for the development of metabolic systems?. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115:3393-3397.
98. Gumen A., Keskin A., Yilmazbas-Mecitoglu G., Karakaya E., Alkan A., Okut H., Wiltbank M.C. Effect of presynchronization strategy before Ovsynch on fertility at first service in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2012, 78:1830-1838.
99. Guo L., Munzberg H., Stuart R.C., Nillni E.A., Bjorbaek C. N-acetylation of hypothalamic alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and regulation by leptin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101:11797-11802.
100. Hafez E.S.E. Studies on the breeding season and reproduction of the ewe. J. Agric. Sci. 1952, 42:189-265.
101. Haisenleder D.J., Burger L.L., Walsh H.E., Stevens J., Aylor K.W., Shupnik M.A., Marshall J.C. Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription in rat pituitaries: evidence for the involvement of Jun N-terminal kinase but not p38. Endocrinology 2008, 149:139-145.
102. Haisenleder D.J., Cox M.E., Parsons S.J., Marshall J.C. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses are required to maintain activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase: role in stimulation of gonadotrope gene expression. Endocrinology 1998, 139:3104-3111.
103. Handa R.J., Ogawa S., Wang J.M., Herbison A.E. Roles for oestrogen receptor beta in adult brain function. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2012, 24:160-173.
104. Hanon E.A., Lincoln G.A., Fustin J.M., Dardente H., Masson-Pevet M., Morgan P.J., Hazlerigg D.G. Ancestral TSH mechanism signals summer in a photoperiodic mammal. Curr. Biol. 2008, 18:1147-1152.
105. Hansen L.B. Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist's viewpoint. J. Dairy Sci. 2000, 83:1145-1150.
106. Harrison J.L., Miller D.W., Findlay P.A., Adam C.L. Photoperiod influences the central effects of ghrelin on food intake, GH and LH secretion in sheep. Neuroendocrinology 2008, 87:182-192.
107. Hayashida T., Murakami K., Mogi K., Nishihara M., Nakazato M., Mondal M.S., Horii Y., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Murakami N. Ghrelin in domestic animals: distribution in stomach and its possible role. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2001, 21:17-24.
108. Haynes W.G., Morgan D.A., Djalali A., Sivitz W.I., Mark A.L. Interactions between the melanocortin system and leptin in control of sympathetic nerve traffic. Hypertension 1999, 33:542-547.
109. Hayward J.S., Lyman C.P. Nonshivering heat production during arousal from hibernation and evidence for the contribution of brown fat. Mammalian Hibernation III 1967, 346-355. Elsevier, New York. U.C. Fisher, A.R.D., C.P. Lyman, E. Schonbaum, F.E. South (Eds.).
110. Hazlerigg D. The evolutionary physiology of photoperiodism in vertebrates. Prog. Brain Res. 2012, 199:413-422.
111. Henry B.A., Andrews Z.B., Rao A., Clarke I.J. Central leptin activates mitochondrial function and increases heat production in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 2011, 152:2609-2618.
112. Henry B.A., Clarke I.J. Food intake and stress, non-human. Encyclopedia of Stress 2007, 82-87. Elsevier. G. Fink (Ed.).
113. Henry B.A., Dunshea F.R., Gould M., Clarke I.J. Profiling postprandial thermogenesis in muscle and fat of sheep and the central effect of leptin administration. Endocrinology 2008, 149:2019-2026.
114. Henry B.A., Goding J.W., Alexander W.S., Tilbrook A.J., Canny B.J., Dunshea F., Rao A., Mansell A., Clarke I.J. Central administration of leptin to ovariectomized ewes inhibits food intake without affecting the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland: evidence for a dissociation of effects on appetite and neuroendocrine function. Endocrinology 1999, 140:1175-1182.
115. Henry B.A., Goding J.W., Tilbrook A.J., Dunshea F.R., Clarke I.J. Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin elevates the secretion of luteinising hormone without affecting food intake in long-term food-restricted sheep, but increases growth hormone irrespective of bodyweight. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 168:67-77.
116. Henry B.A., Rao A., Ikenasio B.A., Mountjoy K.G., Tilbrook A.J., Clarke I.J. Differential expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and agouti related-protein in chronically food-restricted sheep. Brain Res. 2001, 918:40-50.
117. Henry B.A., Rao A., Tilbrook A.J., Clarke I.J. Chronic food-restriction alters the expression of somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in the ovariectomised ewe. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 170:R1-R5.
118. Henry B.A., Tilbrook A.J., Dunshea F.R., Rao A., Blache D., Martin G.B., Clarke I.J. Long-term alterations in adiposity affect the expression of melanin-concentrating hormone and enkephalin but not proopiomelanocortin in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized ewes. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1506-1514.
119. Herbison A.E., Robinson J.E., Skinner D.C. Distribution of estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in the preoptic area of the ewe: co-localization with glutamic acid decarboxylase but not luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Neuroendocrinology 1993, 57:751-759.
120. Herbison A.E., Skinner D.C., Robinson J.E., King I.S. Androgen receptor-immunoreactive cells in ram hypothalamus: distribution and co-localization patterns with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase. Neuroendocrinology 1996, 63:120-131.
121. Herzog H. Neuropeptide Y and energy homeostasis: insights from Y receptor knockout models. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 480:21-29.
122. Hetherington A.W., Ranson S.W. Experimental hypothalamo-hypophyseal obesity in the rat. Proc. R. Soc. Exp. Med. 1939, 41:465-466.
123. Hileman S.M., Kuehl D.E., Jackson G.L. Photoperiod affects the ability of testosterone to alter proopiomelanocortin mRNA, but not luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone mRNA, levels in male sheep. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1998, 10:587-592.
124. Hileman S.M., Lubbers L.S., Jansen H.T., Lehman M.N. Changes in hypothalamic estrogen receptor-containing cell numbers in response to feed restriction in the female lamb. Neuroendocrinology 1999, 69:430-437.
125. Hoffman G.E., Le W.W., Franceschini I., Caraty A., Advis J.P. Expression of fos and in vivo median eminence release of LHRH identifies an active role for preoptic area kisspeptin neurons in synchronized surges of LH and LHRH in the ewe. Endocrinology 2011, 152:214-222.
126. Horton R.J., Cummins J.T., Clarke I.J. Naloxone evokes large-amplitude GnRH pulses in luteal-phase ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1987, 81:277-286.
127. Howard A.D., Feighner S.D., Cully D.F., Arena J.P., Liberator P.A., Rosenblum C.I., Hamelin M., Hreniuk D.L., Palyha O.C., Anderson J., Paress P.S., Diaz C., Chou M., Liu K.K., McKee K.K., Pong S.S., Chaung L.Y., Elbrecht A., Dashkevicz M., Heavens R., Rigby M., Sirinathsinghji D.J., Dean D.C., Melillo D.G., Patchett A.A., Nargund R., Griffin P.R., DeMartino J.A., Gupta S.K., Schaeffer J.M., Smith R.G., Van der Ploeg L.H. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science 1996, 273:974-977.
128. Hrabovszky E., Shughrue P.J., Merchenthaler I., Hajszan T., Carpenter C.D., Liposits Z., Petersen S.L. Detection of estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid and 125I-estrogen binding sites in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons of the rat brain. Endocrinology 2000, 141:3506-3509.
129. Hrabovszky E., Steinhauser A., Barabas K., Shughrue P.J., Petersen S.L., Merchenthaler I., Liposits Z. Estrogen receptor-beta immunoreactivity in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons of the rat brain. Endocrinology 2001, 142:3261-3264.
130. Huang X., Harlan R.E. Absence of androgen receptors in LHRH immunoreactive neurons. Brain Res. 1993, 624:309-311.
131. I'Anson H., Manning J.M., Herbosa C.G., Pelt J., Friedman C.R., Wood R.I., Bucholtz D.C., Foster D.L. Central inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in the growth-restricted hypogonadotropic female sheep. Endocrinology 2000, 141:520-527.
132. Iqbal J., Henry B.A., Pompolo S., Rao A., Clarke I.J. Long-term alteration in bodyweight and food restriction does not affect the gene expression of either preproorexin or prodynorphin in the sheep. Neuroscience 2003, 118:217-226.
133. Iqbal J., Kurose Y., Canny B., Clarke I.J. Effects of central infusion of ghrelin on food intake and plasma levels of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and cortisol secretion in sheep. Endocrinology 2006, 147:510-519.
134. Iqbal J., Pompolo S., Considine R.V., Clarke I.J. Localization of leptin receptor-like immunoreactivity in the corticotropes, somatotropes, and gonadotropes in the ovine anterior pituitary. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1515-1520.
135. Iqbal J., Pompolo S., Dumont L.M., Wu C.S., Mountjoy K.G., Henry B.A., Clarke I.J. Long-term alterations in body weight do not affect the expression of melanocortin receptor-3 and -4 mRNA in the ovine hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2001, 105:931-940.
136. Iqbal J., Pompolo S., Murakami T., Clarke I.J. Localization of long-form leptin receptor in the somatostatin-containing neurons in the sheep hypothalamus. Brain Res. 2000, 887:1-6.
137. Iqbal J., Pompolo S., Murakami T., Grouzmann E., Sakurai T., Meister B., Clarke I.J. Immunohistochemical characterization of localization of long-form leptin receptor (OB-Rb) in neurochemically defined cells in the ovine hypothalamus. Brain Res. 2001, 920:55-64.
138. Iqbal J., Pompolo S., Sakurai T., Clarke I.J. Evidence that orexin-containing neurones provide direct input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurones in the ovine hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2001, 13:1033-1041.
139. Itoh F., Komatsu T., Kushibiki S., Hodate K. Effects of ghrelin injection on plasma concentrations of glucose, pancreatic hormones and cortisol in Holstein dairy cattle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2006, 143:97-102.
140. Jacobsson A., Muhleisen M., Cannon B., Nedergaard J. The uncoupling protein thermogenin during acclimation: indications for pretranslational control. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 267:R999-R1007.
141. Jain M.R., Pu S., Kalra P.S., Kalra S.P. Evidence that stimulation of two modalities of pituitary luteinizing hormone release in ovarian steroid-primed ovariectomized rats may involve neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y4 receptors. Endocrinology 1999, 140:5171-5177.
142. Johnson M.A., Tsutsui K., Fraley G.S. Rat RFamide-related peptide-3 stimulates GH secretion, inhibits LH secretion, and has variable effects on sex behavior in the adult male rat. Horm. Behav. 2007, 51:171-180.
143. Kadokawa H., Matsui M., Hayashi K., Matsunaga N., Kawashima C., Shimizu T., Kida K., Miyamoto A. Peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 increases plasma concentrations of GH as well as LH in prepubertal Holstein heifers. J. Endocrinol. 2008, 196:331-334.
144. Kaga T., Inui A., Okita M., Asakawa A., Ueno N., Kasuga M., Fujimiya M., Nishimura N., Dobashi R., Morimoto Y., Liu I.M., Cheng J.T. Modest overexpression of neuropeptide Y in the brain leads to obesity after high-sucrose feeding. Diabetes 2001, 50:1206-1210.
145. Kanatani A., Mashiko S., Murai N., Sugimoto N., Ito J., Fukuroda T., Fukami T., Morin N., MacNeil D.J., Van der Ploeg L.H., Saga Y., Nishimura S., Ihara M. Role of the Y1 receptor in the regulation of neuropeptide Y-mediated feeding: comparison of wild-type, Y1 receptor-deficient, and Y5 receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1011-1016.
146. Kile J.P., Alexander B.M., Moss G.E., Hallford D.M., Nett T.M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone overrides the negative effect of reduced dietary energy on gonadotropin synthesis and secretion in ewes. Endocrinology 1991, 128:843-849.
147. Klingenberg M., Hackenberg H., Kramer R., Lin C.S., Aquila H. Two transport proteins from mitochondria: I. Mechanistic aspects of asymmetry of the ADP, ATP translocator, II. The uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1980, 358:83-95.
148. Knopper L.D., Bioly P. The energy budget of captive Siberian hamsters, Phodopus sungorus, exposed to photoperiod changes: mass loss is caused by a voluntary decrease in food intake. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 2000, 73:517-522.
149. Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y., Nakazato M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999, 402:656-660.
150. Kurose Y., Iqbal J., Rao A., Murata Y., Hasegawa Y., Terashima Y., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Clarke I.J. Changes in expression of the genes for the leptin receptor and the growth hormone-releasing peptide/ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus with long-term manipulation of adiposity by dietary means. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2005, 17:331-340.
151. Laeger T., Sauerwein H., Tuchscherer A., Bellmann O., Metges C.C., Kuhla B. Concentrations of hormones and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96:2883-2893.
152. Langhans W., Harrold J., Williams G., Geary N. Control of eating. Obesity: Science to Practice 2009, 127-163. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester. G.W.G. Fruhbeck (Ed.).
153. Langlet F., Levin B.E., Luquet S., Mazzone M., Messina A., Dunn-Meynell A.A., Balland E., Lacombe A., Mazur D., Carmeliet P., Bouret S.G., Prevot V., Dehouck B. Tanycytic VEGF-A boosts blood-hypothalamus barrier plasticity and access of metabolic signals to the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting. Cell Metab. 2013, 17:607-617.
154. Langlet F., Mullier A., Bouret S.G., Prevot V., Dehouck B. Tanycyte-like cells form a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the circumventricular organs of the mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 2013, 521:3389-3405.
155. Legan S.J., Karsch F.J., Foster D.L. The endocrine control of seasonal reproductive function in the ewe: a marked change in response to the negative feedback action of estradiol on luteinizing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 1977, 101:818-824.
156. Lehman M.N., Coolen L.M., Goodman R.L. Minireview: kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) cells of the arcuate nucleus: a central node in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 2010, 151:3479-3489.
157. Lehman M.N., Karsch F.J. Do gonadotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and beta-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons contain estrogen receptors? A double-label immunocytochemical study in the Suffolk ewe. Endocrinology 1993, 133:887-895.
158. Lehman M.N., Robinson J.E., Karsch F.J., Silverman A.J. Immunocytochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) pathways in the sheep brain during anestrus and the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. J. Comp. Neurol. 1986, 244:19-35.
159. Leranth C., MacLusky N.J., Brown T.J., Chen E.C., Redmond D.E., Naftolin F. Transmitter content and afferent connections of estrogen-sensitive progestin receptor-containing neurons in the primate hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 1992, 55:667-682.
160. Levine A.S., Morley J.E. Neuropeptide Y: a potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats. Peptides 1984, 5:1025-1029.
161. Lincoln G.A., Almeida O.F., Arendt J. Role of melatonin and circadian rhythms in seasonal reproduction in rams. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 1981, 30:23-31.
162. Lincoln G.A., Rhind S.M., Pompolo S., Clarke I.J. Hypothalamic control of photoperiod-induced cycles in food intake, body weight, and metabolic hormones in rams. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001, 281:R76-R90.
163. Maciel M.N., Zieba D.A., Amstalden M., Keisler D.H., Neves J.P., Williams G.L. Leptin prevents fasting-mediated reductions in pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and enhances its gonadotropin-releasing hormone-mediated release in heifers. Biol. Reprod. 2004, 70:229-235.
164. Marie M., Findlay P.A., Thomas L., Adam C.L. Daily patterns of plasma leptin in sheep: effects of photoperiod and food intake. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 170:277-286.
165. Marsh D.J., Miura G.I., Yagaloff K.A., Schwartz M.W., Barsh G.S., Palmiter R.D. Effects of neuropeptide Y deficiency on hypothalamic agouti-related protein expression and responsiveness to melanocortin analogues. Brain Res. 1999, 848:66-77.
166. Marsili A., Aguayo-Mazzucato C., Chen T., Kumar A., Chung M., Lunsford E.P., Harney J.W., Van-Tran T., Gianetti E., Ramadan W., Chou C., Bonner-Weir S., Larsen P.R., Silva J.E., Zavacki A.M. Mice with a targeted deletion of the type 2 deiodinase are insulin resistant and susceptible to diet induced obesity. PLoS One 2011, 6:e20832.
167. Matthias A., Jacobsson A., Cannon B., Nedergaard J. The bioenergetics of brown fat mitochondria from UCP1-ablated mice. Ucp1 is not involved in fatty acid-induced de-energization ("uncoupling"). J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:28150-28160.
168. McShane T.M., Petersen S.L., McCrone S., Keisler D.H. Influence of food restriction on neuropeptide-Y, proopiomelanocortin, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene expression in sheep hypothalami. Biol. Reprod. 1993, 49:831-839.
169. Mercer J.E., Clements J.A., Funder J.W., Clarke I.J. Luteinizing hormone-beta mRNA levels are regulated primarily by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and not by negative estrogen feedback on the pituitary. Neuroendocrinology 1988, 47:563-566.
170. Miller D.W., Findlay P.A., Morrison M.A., Raver N., Adam C.L. Seasonal and dose-dependent effects of intracerebroventricular leptin on LH secretion and appetite in sheep. J. Endocrinol. 2002, 175:395-404.
171. Miller D.W., Harrison J.L., Bennett E.J., Findlay P.A., Adam C.L. Nutritional influences on reproductive neuroendocrine output: insulin, leptin, and orexigenic neuropeptide signaling in the ovine hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2007, 148:5313-5322.
172. Miner J.L., Della-Fera M.A., Paterson J.A. Blockade of satiety factors by central injection of neuropeptide Y in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 1990, 68:3805-3811.
173. Miner J.L., Della-Fera M.A., Paterson J.A., Baile C.A. Lateral cerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y stimulates feeding in sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 1989, 257:R383-R387.
174. Moenter S.M., Woodfill C.J., Karsch F.J. Role of the thyroid gland in seasonal reproduction: thyroidectomy blocks seasonal suppression of reproductive neuroendocrine activity in ewes. Endocrinology 1991, 128:1337-1344.
175. Morley J.E. Neuropeptide regulation of appetite and weight. Endocr. Rev. 1987, 8:256-287.
176. Morris C.A., McEwan J.C., Fennessy P.F., Bain W.E., Greer G.J., Hickey S.M. Selection for high or low backfat depth in Coopworth sheep: juvenile traits. Anim. Sci. 1997, 65:93-103.
177. Mountjoy K.G. Functions for pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in obesity and diabetes. Biochem. J. 2010, 428:305-324.
178. Murray J.F., Hahn J.D., Kennedy A.R., Small C.J., Bloom S.R., Haskell-Luevano C., Coen C.W., Wilson C.A. Evidence for a stimulatory action of melanin-concentrating hormone on luteinising hormone release involving MCH1 and melanocortin-5 receptors. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2006, 18:157-167.
179. Naismith D.J., Richardson D.P., Pritchard A.E. The utilization of protein and energy during lactation in the rat, with particular regard to the use of fat accumulated in pregnancy. Br. J. Nutr. 1982, 48:433-441.
180. Nakai Y., Plant T.M., Hess D.L., Keogh E.J., Knobil E. On the sites of the negative and positive feedback actions of estradiol in the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 1978, 102:1008-1014.
181. Nakane Y., Yoshimura T. Deep brain photoreceptors and a seasonal signal transduction cascade in birds. Cell Tissue Res. 2010, 342:341-344.
182. Oakley A.E., Clifton D.K., Steiner R.A. Kisspeptin signaling in the brain. Endocr. Rev. 2009, 30:713-743.
183. Obese F.Y., Whitlock B.K., Steele B.P., Buonomo F.C., Sartin J.L. Long-term feed intake regulation in sheep is mediated by opioid receptors. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85:111-117.
184. Oldfield B.J., Giles M.E., Watson A., Anderson C., Colvill L.M., McKinley M.J. The neurochemical characterisation of hypothalamic pathways projecting polysynaptically to brown adipose tissue in the rat. Neuroscience 2002, 110:515-526.
185. Patel H.R., Qi Y., Hawkins E.J., Hileman S.M., Elmquist J.K., Imai Y., Ahima R.S. Neuropeptide Y deficiency attenuates responses to fasting and high-fat diet in obesity-prone mice. Diabetes 2006, 55:3091-3098.
186. Paul M.J., Pyter L.M., Freeman D.A., Galang J., Prendergast B.J. Photic and nonphotic seasonal cues differentially engage hypothalamic kisspeptin and RFamide-related peptide mRNA expression in Siberian hamsters. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2009, 21:1007-1014.
187. Peter A.T., Vos P.L., Ambrose D.J. Postpartum anestrus in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2009, 71:1333-1342.
188. Piccand V., Meier S., Cutullic E., Weilenmann S., Thomet P., Schori F., Burke C.R., Weiss D., Roche J.R., Kunz P.L. Ovarian activity in Fleckvieh, Brown Swiss and two strains of Holstein-Friesian cows in pasture-based, seasonal calving dairy systems. J. Dairy Res. 2011, 78:464-470.
189. Pompolo S., Pereira A., Scott C.J., Fujiyma F., Clarke I.J. Evidence for estrogenic regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by glutamatergic neurons in the ewe brain: an immunohistochemical study using an antibody against vesicular glutamate transporter-2. J. Comp. Neurol. 2003, 465:136-144.
190. Pompolo S., Rawson J.A., Clarke I.J. Projections from the arcuate/ventromedial region of the hypothalamus to the preoptic area and bed nucleus of stria terminalis in the brain of the ewe; lack of direct input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Brain Res. 2001, 904:1-12.
191. Prevot V., Bellefontaine N., Baroncini M., Sharif A., Hanchate N.K., Parkash J., Campagne C., de Seranno S. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone nerve terminals, tanycytes and neurohaemal junction remodelling in the adult median eminence: functional consequences for reproduction and dynamic role of vascular endothelial cells. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2010, 22:639-649.
192. Pursley J.R., Mee M.O., Wiltbank M.C. Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2alpha and GnRH. Theriogenology 1995, 44:915-923.
193. Qi Y., Henry B.A., Oldfield B.J., Clarke I.J. The action of leptin on appetite-regulating cells in the ovine hypothalamus: demonstration of direct action in the absence of the arcuate nucleus. Endocrinology 2010, 151:2106-2116.
194. Qi Y., Oldfield B.J., Clarke I.J. Projections of RFamide-related peptide-3 neurones in the ovine hypothalamus, with special reference to regions regulating energy balance and reproduction. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2009, 21:690-697.
195. Raposinho P.D., Broqua P., Hayward A., Akinsanya K., Galyean R., Schteingart C., Junien J., Aubert M.L. Stimulation of the gonadotropic axis by the neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 antagonist/Y4 agonist 1229U91 in the male rat. Neuroendocrinology 2000, 71:2-7.
196. Rehfeld J.F. Immunochemical studies on cholecystokinin. I. Development of sequence-specific radioimmunoassays for porcine triacontatriapeptide cholecystokinin. J. Biol. Chem. 1978, 253:4016-4021.
197. Reichenbach A., Stark R., Andrews Z.B. Hypothalamic control of food intake and energy metabolism. The Human Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Functions and Disease 2012, 237-282. NOVA Science Publishers. B. Dudas (Ed.).
198. Relling A.E., Reynolds C.K. Plasma concentrations of gut peptides in dairy cattle increase after calving. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:325-330.
199. Renquist B.J., Adams T.E., Adams B.M., Calvert C.C. Dietary restriction reduces the rate of estradiol clearance in sheep (Ovis aries). J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 86:1124-1131.
200. Renquist B.J., Calvert C.C., Adams B.M., Adams T.E. Circulating estradiol suppresses luteinizing hormone pulse frequency during dietary restriction. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2008, 34:301-310.
201. Rhind S.M., Archer Z.A., Adam C.L. Seasonality of food intake in ruminants: recent developments in understanding. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2002, 15:43-65.
202. Roberts J.L., Herbert E. Characterization of a common precursor to corticotropin and beta-lipotropin: identification of beta-lipotropin peptides and their arrangement relative to corticotropin in the precursor synthesized in a cell-free system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1977, 74:5300-5304.
203. Robinson J.E., Karsch F.J. Refractoriness to inductive day lengths terminates the breeding season of the Suffolk ewe. Biol. Reprod. 1984, 31:656-663.
204. Robinson J.E., Radford H.M., Karsch F.J. Seasonal changes in pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the ewe: relationship of frequency of LH pulses to day length and response to estradiol negative feedback. Biol. Reprod. 1985, 33:324-334.
205. Roche J.R., Sheahan A.J., Chagas L.M., Boston R.C. Short communication: change in plasma ghrelin in dairy cows following an intravenous glucose challenge. J. Dairy Sci. 2008, 91:1005-1010.
206. Rothe C.F. Regulation of visceral function B. Homeostasis and negative feedback control. Physiology (Bethesda) 1975, 201-207. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. E.E. Selkurk (Ed.).
207. Saenz de Miera C., Hanon E.A., Dardente H., Birnie M., Simonneaux V., Lincoln G.A., Hazlerigg D.G. Circannual variation in thyroid hormone deiodinases in a short-day breeder. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2013, 25:412-421.
208. Santos J.E.P., Bisinotto R.S., Ribeiro E.S., Lima F.S., Greco L.F., Staples C.R., Thatcher W.W., Lucy M.C. Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants VII 2010, 387-403. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. J.L.P., M.F. Smith, T.E. Spencer (Eds.).
209. Sartin J.L., Daniel J.A., Whitlock B.K., Wilborn R.R. Selected hormonal and neurotransmitter mechanisms regulating feed intake in sheep. Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci. 2010, 4:1781-1789.
210. Sartin J.L., Dyer C., Matteri R., Buxton D., Buonomo F., Shores M., Baker J., Osborne J.A., Braden T., Steele B. Effect of intracerebroventricular orexin-B on food intake in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 2001, 79:1573-1577.
211. Sartin J.L., Marks D.L., McMahon C.D., Daniel J.A., Levasseur P., Wagner C.G., Whitlock B.K., Steele B.P. Central role of the melanocortin-4 receptors in appetite regulation after endotoxin. J. Anim. Sci. 2008, 86:2557-2567.
212. Scanlan N., Dufourny L., Skinner D.C. Somatostatin-14 neurons in the ovine hypothalamus: colocalization with estrogen receptor alpha and somatostatin-28(1-12) immunoreactivity, and activation in response to estradiol. Biol. Reprod. 2003, 69:1318-1324.
213. Scaramuzzi R.J., Baird D.T., Campbell B.K., Driancourt M.A., Dupont J., Fortune J.E., Gilchrist R.B., Martin G.B., McNatty K.P., McNeilly A.S., Monget P., Monniaux D., Vinoles C., Webb R. Regulation of folliculogenesis and the determination of ovulation rate in ruminants. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2011, 23:444-467.
214. Segal-Lieberman G., Trombly D.J., Juthani V., Wang X., Maratos-Flier E. NPY ablation in C57BL/6 mice leads to mild obesity and to an impaired refeeding response to fasting. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 284:E1131-E1139.
215. Shi Y.C., Lau J., Lin Z., Zhang H., Zhai L., Sperk G., Heilbronn R., Mietzsch M., Weger S., Huang X.F., Enriquez R.F., Baldock P.A., Zhang L., Sainsbury A., Herzog H., Lin S. Arcuate NPY controls sympathetic output and BAT function via a relay of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the PVN. Cell Metab. 2013, 17:236-248.
216. Shivers B.D., Harlan R.E., Morrell J.I., Pfaff D.W. Absence of oestradiol concentration in cell nuclei of LHRH-immunoreactive neurones. Nature 1983, 304:345-347.
217. Skinner D.C., Herbison A.E. Effects of photoperiod on estrogen receptor, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, and beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in the ewe hypothalamus. Endocrinology 1997, 138:2585-2595.
218. Small C.J., Goubillon M.L., Murray J.F., Siddiqui A., Grimshaw S.E., Young H., Sivanesan V., Kalamatianos T., Kennedy A.R., Coen C.W., Bloom S.R., Wilson C.A. Central orexin A has site-specific effects on luteinizing hormone release in female rats. Endocrinology 2003, 144:3225-3236.
219. Smith J.T. Sex steroid control of hypothalamic Kiss1 expression in sheep and rodents: comparative aspects. Peptides 2009, 30:94-102.
220. Smith J.T., Clay C.M., Caraty A., Clarke I.J. KiSS-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the hypothalamus of the ewe is regulated by sex steroids and season. Endocrinology 2007, 148:1150-1157.
221. Smith J.T., Coolen L.M., Kriegsfeld L.J., Sari I.P., Jaafarzadehshirazi M.R., Maltby M., Bateman K., Goodman R.L., Tilbrook A.J., Ubuka T., Bentley G.E., Clarke I.J., Lehman M.N. Variation in kisspeptin and RFamide-related peptide (RFRP) expression and terminal connections to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the brain: a novel medium for seasonal breeding in the sheep. Endocrinology 2008, 149:5770-5782.
222. Smith J.T., Li Q., Pereira A., Clarke I.J. Kisspeptin neurons in the ovine arcuate nucleus and preoptic area are involved in the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. Endocrinology 2009, 150:5530-5538.
223. Smith J.T., Li Q., Yap K.S., Shahab M., Roseweir A.K., Millar R.P., Clarke I.J. Kisspeptin is essential for the full preovulatory LH surge and stimulates GnRH release from the isolated ovine median eminence. Endocrinology 2011, 152:1001-1012.
224. Smith J.T., Rao A., Pereira A., Caraty A., Millar R.P., Clarke I.J. Kisspeptin is present in ovine hypophysial portal blood but does not increase during the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge: evidence that gonadotropes are not direct targets of kisspeptin in vivo. Endocrinology 2008, 149:1951-1959.
225. Smith J.T., Reichenbach A., Lemus M., Mani B.K., Zigman J.M., Andrews Z.B. An eGFP-expressing subpopulation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor cells are distinct from kisspeptin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and RFamide-related peptide neurons in mice. Peptides 2013, 47:45-53.
226. Smith J.T., Young I.R., Veldhuis J.D., Clarke I.J. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) secretion into the ovine hypophyseal portal system. Endocrinology 2012, 153:3368-3375.
227. Smith M.S. Lactation alters neuropeptide-Y and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. Endocrinology 1993, 133:1258-1265.
228. Smith M.S., Grove K.L. Integration of the regulation of reproductive function and energy balance: lactation as a model. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2002, 23:225-256.
229. Somchit-Assavacheep A., Campbell B.K., Khalid M., Kendall N.R., Scaramuzzi R.J. The effect of short-term nutritional supplementation of ewes with lupin grain (Lupinus luteus) on folliculogenesis, the concentrations of hormones and glucose in plasma and follicular fluid and the follicular levels of P450 aromatase and IRS-1, -2 and -4. Reproduction 2013, 145:319-333.
230. Sorensen A., Adam C.L., Findlay P.A., Marie M., Thomas L., Travers M.T., Vernon R.G. Leptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002, 282:R1227-R1235.
231. Sugino T., Hasegawa Y., Kikkawa Y., Yamaura J., Yamagishi M., Kurose Y., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Terashima Y. A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 295:255-260.
232. Susulic V.S., Frederich R.C., Lawitts J., Tozzo E., Kahn B.B., Harper M.E., Himms-Hagen J., Flier J.S., Lowell B.B. Targeted disruption of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:29483-29492.
233. Symonds M.E., Pope M., Sharkey D., Budge H. Adipose tissue and fetal programming. Diabetologia 2012, 55:1597-1606.
234. Szymanski L.A., Schneider J.E., Friedman M.I., Ji H., Kurose Y., Blache D., Rao A., Dunshea F.R., Clarke I.J. Changes in insulin, glucose and ketone bodies, but not leptin or body fat content precede restoration of luteinising hormone secretion in ewes. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2007, 19:449-460.
235. Szymanski L.A., Schneider J.E., Satragno A., Dunshea F.R., Clarke I.J. Mesenteric infusion of a volatile fatty acid prevents body weight loss and transiently restores luteinising hormone pulse frequency in ovariectomised, food-restricted ewes. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 23:699-710.
236. Tamura T., Irahara M., Tezuka M., Kiyokawa M., Aono T. Orexins, orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides, suppress the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized female rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 264:759-762.
237. Tartaglia L.A., Dembski M., Weng X., Deng N., Culpepper J., Devos R., Richards G.J., Campfield L.A., Clark F.T., Deeds J., Muir C., Sanker S., Moriarty A., Moore K.J., Smutko J.S., Mays G.G., Wool E.A., Monroe C.A., Tepper R.I. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995, 83:1263-1271.
238. Tatemoto K., Carlquist M., Mutt V. Neuropeptide Y-a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature 1982, 296:659-660.
239. Thaler J.P., Yi C.X., Schur E.A., Guyenet S.J., Hwang B.H., Dietrich M.O., Zhao X., Sarruf D.A., Izgur V., Maravilla K.R., Nguyen H.T., Fischer J.D., Matsen M.E., Wisse B.E., Morton G.J., Horvath T.L., Baskin D.G., Tschop M.H., Schwartz M.W. Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J. Clin. Invest. 2012, 122:153-162.
240. Thiery J.C., Malpaux B. Seasonal regulation of reproductive activity in sheep: modulation of access of sex steroids to the brain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1007:169-175.
241. Thiery J.C., Robel P., Canepa S., Delaleu B., Gayrard V., Picard-Hagen N., Malpaux B. Passage of progesterone into the brain changes with photoperiod in the ewe. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 18:895-901.
242. Thomas G.B., Mercer J.E., Karalis T., Rao A., Cummins J.T., Clarke I.J. Effect of restricted feeding on the concentrations of growth hormone (GH), gonadotropins, and prolactin (PRL) in plasma, and on the amounts of messenger ribonucleic acid for GH, gonadotropin subunits, and PRL in the pituitary glands of adult ovariectomized ewes. Endocrinology 1990, 126:1361-1367.
243. Tilbrook A.J., de Kretser D.M., Cummins J.T., Clarke I.J. The negative feedback effects of testicular steroids are predominantly at the hypothalamus in the ram. Endocrinology 1991, 129:3080-3092.
244. Tilbrook A.J., Rivalland E.A., Turner A.I., Lambert G.W., Clarke I.J. Responses of the hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenal system to isolation/restraint stress in sheep of different adiposity. Neuroendocrinology 2008, 87:193-205.
245. True C., Grove K.L., Smith M.S. Beyond leptin: emerging candidates for the integration of metabolic and reproductive function during negative energy balance. Front. Endocrinol. 2011, 2:53.
246. True C., Kirigiti M., Ciofi P., Grove K.L., Smith M.S. Characterisation of arcuate nucleus kisspeptin/neurokinin B neuronal projections and regulation during lactation in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 23:52-64.
247. True C., Kirigiti M.A., Kievit P., Grove K.L., Smith M.S. Leptin is not the critical signal for kisspeptin or luteinising hormone restoration during exit from negative energy balance. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 23:1099-1112.
248. Tschop M., Smiley D.L., Heiman M.L. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000, 407:908-913.
249. Tsukamura H., Maeda K. Non-metabolic and metabolic factors causing lactational anestrus: rat models uncovering the neuroendocrine mechanism underlying the suckling-induced changes in the mother. Prog. Brain Res. 2001, 133:187-205.
250. van der Klaauw A.A., Keogh J.M., Henning E., Trowse V.M., Dhillo W.S., Ghatei M.A., Farooqi I.S. High protein intake stimulates postprandial GLP1 and PYY release. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013, 21:1602-1607.
251. van der Lely A.J., Tschop M., Heiman M.L., Ghigo E. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr. Rev. 2004, 25:426-457.
252. Veldhuis J.D., Roemmich J.N., Richmond E.J., Bowers C.Y. Somatotropic and gonadotropic axes linkages in infancy, childhood, and the puberty-adult transition. Endocr. Rev. 2006, 27:101-140.
253. Wade G.N., Bartness T.J. Effects of photoperiod and gonadectomy on food intake, body weight, and body composition in Siberian hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 1984, 246:R26-R30.
254. Wagner C.G., McMahon C.D., Marks D.L., Daniel J.A., Steele B., Sartin J.L. A role for agouti-related protein in appetite regulation in a species with continuous nutrient delivery. Neuroendocrinology 2004, 80:210-218.
255. Warner A., Jethwa P.H., Wyse C.A., I'Anson H., Brameld J.M., Ebling F.J. Effects of photoperiod on daily locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and feeding behavior in a seasonal mammal. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2010, 298:R1409-R1416.
256. Wathes D.C. Mechanisms linking metabolic status and disease with reproductive outcome in the dairy cow. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2012, 47(Suppl. 4):304-312.
257. Wathes D.C., Bourne N., Cheng Z., Mann G.E., Taylor V.J., Coffey M.P. Multiple correlation analyses of metabolic and endocrine profiles with fertility in primiparous and multiparous cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:1310-1325.
258. Wathes D.C., Cheng Z., Bourne N., Taylor V.J., Coffey M.P., Brotherstone S. Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2007, 33:203-225.
259. Webster J.R., Moenter S.M., Woodfill C.J., Karsch F.J. Role of the thyroid gland in seasonal reproduction. II. Thyroxine allows a season-specific suppression of gonadotropin secretion in sheep. Endocrinology 1991, 129:176-183.
260. Whitlock B.K., Daniel J.A., McMahon C.D., Buonomo F.C., Wagner C.G., Steele B., Sartin J.L. Intracerebroventricular melanin-concentrating hormone stimulates food intake in sheep. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2005, 28:224-232.
261. Whitlock B.K., Daniel J.A., Wilborn R.R., Maxwell H.S., Steele B.P., Sartin J.L. Interaction of kisspeptin and the somatotropic axis. Neuroendocrinology 2010, 92:178-188.
262. Wieselthier A.S., van Tienhoven A. The effect of thyroidectomy on testicular size and the photorefractory period in the starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.). J. Exp. Zool. 1972, 179:331-338.
263. Williams R.H. Gastrointestinal Hormones, Textbook of Endocrinology 1981, 685-715. W.B. Saunders.
264. Wren A.M., Small C.J., Ward H.L., Murphy K.G., Dakin C.L., Taheri S., Kennedy A.R., Roberts G.H., Morgan D.G., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology 2000, 141:4325-4328.
265. Wright P.J., Geytenbeek P.E., Clarke I.J., Findlay J.K. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH, the occurrence of oestradiol-17 beta-induced LH-positive feedback and the resumption of oestrous cycles in ewes post partum. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1980, 60:171-176.
266. Wright P.J., Geytenbeek P.E., Clarke I.J., Findlay J.K. Evidence for a change in oestradiol negative feedback and LH pulse frequency in post-partum ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1981, 61:97-102.
267. Wu Q., Whiddon B.B., Palmiter R.D. Ablation of neurons expressing agouti-related protein, but not melanin concentrating hormone, in leptin-deficient mice restores metabolic functions and fertility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109:3155-3160.
268. Xu M., Urban J.H., Hill J.W., Levine J.E. Regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor gene expression during the estrous cycle: role of progesterone receptors. Endocrinology 2000, 141:3319-3327.
269. Yamamura T., Hirunagi K., Ebihara S., Yoshimura T. Seasonal morphological changes in the neuro-glial interaction between gonadotropin-releasing hormone nerve terminals and glial endfeet in Japanese quail. Endocrinology 2004, 145:4264-4267.
270. Yellon S.M., Bittman E.L., Lehman M.N., Olster D.H., Robinson J.E., Karsch F.J. Importance of duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion in determining the reproductive response to inductive photoperiod in the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 1985, 32:523-529.
271. Yilmazbas-Mecitoglu G., Karakaya E., Keskin A., Alkan A., Okut H., Gumen A. Effects of presynchronization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone-prostaglandin F2alpha or progesterone before Ovsynch in noncyclic dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95:7186-7194.
272. Yoshimura T. Thyroid hormone and seasonal regulation of reproduction. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2013, 34:157-166.
273. Young J., George J.T., Tello J.A., Francou B., Bouligand J., Guiochon-Mantel A., Brailly-Tabard S., Anderson R.A., Millar R.P. Kisspeptin restores pulsatile LH secretion in patients with neurokinin B signaling deficiencies: physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. Neuroendocrinology 2013, 97:193-202.
274. Zhang L., Bijker M.S., Herzog H. The neuropeptide Y system: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications in obesity and cancer. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011, 131:91-113.
275. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
276. Zieba D.A., Amstalden M., Maciel M.N., Keisler D.H., Raver N., Gertler A., Williams G.L. Divergent effects of leptin on luteinizing hormone and insulin secretion are dose dependent. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 2003, 228:325-330.