Phytochemicals and biofunctional properties of buckwheat: A review

Journal of Agricultural Science

Volumn 152, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 349-369

  Ahmed, A ^a   Khalid, N ^b   Ahmad, A ^a   Abbasi, N A ^a   Latif, M S Z ^c   Randhawa, M A ^d  

^a PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^c KHAWAJA MUHAMMAD SAFDAR MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Pakistan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEREAL; OBESITY; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; STARCH; BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DISEASE TREATMENT;

EID: 84899755003     PISSN: 00218596     EISSN: 14695146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021859613000166     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Acquistucci, R. & Fornal, J. (1997). Italian buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) starch: Physicochemical and functional characterization and in vitro digestibility. Food/Nahrung 41, 281-284
2. Alvarez-Jubete, L., Holse, M., Hansen, V., Arendt, E.K. & Gallagher, E. (2009). Impact of baking on vitamin E content of pseudocereals amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat. Cereal Chemistry 86, 511-515
3. Amézqueta, S., Galán, E., Fuguet, E., Carrascal, M., Abián, J.& Torres, J. (2012). Determination of d-fagomine in buckwheat and mulberry by cation exchange HPLC/ ESI-Q-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 402, 1953-1960
4. Anderson, J.W., Baird, P., Davis, R. H. Jr, FERRERI, S., Knudtson, M., Koraym, A., Waters, V. & Williams, C.L. (2009). Health benefits of dietary fibre. Nutrition Reviews 67, 188-205
5. Asano, K., Morita, M. & Fujimaki, M. (1970). Studies on the non-starchy polysaccharides of the endosperm of buckwheat. 2. The main polysaccharide of the water soluble fraction. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 34, 1522-1529
6. Asero, R., Antonicelli, L., Arena, A., Bommarito, L., Caruso, B., Colombo, G., Crivellaro, M., De Carli, M., Della Torre, E., Della Torre, F., Heffler, E., Lodi Rizzini, F., Longo, R., Manzotti, G., Marcotulli, M., Melchiorre, A., Minale, P., Morandi, P., Moreni, B., Moschella, A., Murzilli, F., Nebiolo, F., Poppa, M., Randazzo, S., Rossi, G. & Senna, G. (2009). Causes of food-induced anaphylaxis in Italian adults: A multi-centre study. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 150, 271-277
7. Asplin, I., Galasko, G. & Larner, J. (1993). Chiro-inositol deficiency and insulin resistance: A comparison of the chiro-inositol- And the myo-inositol-containing insulin mediators isolated from urine, hemodialysate, and muscle of control and type II diabetic subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90, 5924-5928
8. Aubrecht, E. & Biacs, P. A. (2001). Characterization of buckwheat grain proteins and its products. Acta Alimentaria 30, 71-80
9. Barta, J., Kalinova, J., Moudry, J. & Curn, V. (2004). Effects of environmental factors on protein content and composition in buckwheat flour. Cereal Research Communications 32, 541-548
10. Baumgertel, A., Grimm, R., Eisenbeiss, W. & Kreis, W. (2003). Purification and characterization of a flavonol 3-O-betaheterodisaccharidase from the dried herb of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Phytochemistry 64, 411-418
11. Becker, R. (2008). Fatty acids in food cereal grains and grain products. In Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications (Ed. C. Kuang Chow), pp. 303-316. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
12. Bonafaccia, G. & Fabjan, N. (2003). Nutritional comparison of tartary buckwheat with common buckwheat and minor cereals. Research Reports, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) 81, 349-355
13. Bonafaccia, G., Gambelli, L., Fabjan, N. & Kreft, I. (2003a). Trace elements in flour and bran from common and tartary buckwheat. Food Chemistry 83, 1-5
14. Bonafaccia, G., Marocchini, M. & Kreft, I. (2003b). Composition and technological properties of the, flour and bran from common and tartary buckwheat. Food Chemistry 80, 9-15
15. Brown, L., Rosner, B., Willett, W.W. & Sacks, F.M. (1999). Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: A metaanalysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 30-42
16. Brunori, A., Baviello, G., Zannettino, C., Corsini, G., Sandor, G. & Vegvari, G. (2010). The use of tartary buckwheat whole flour for bakery products: Recent experience in Italy. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos Galati Fascicle V1 - Food Technology 34, 33-38
17. Butters, T. D., Dwek, R.A. & Platt, F.M. (2000). Inhibition of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis: Application to lysosomal storage disorders. Chemical Reviews 100, 4683-4696
18. Campbell, C. G. (1997). Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops 19. Rome, Italy: Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
19. Cassidy, A., Bingham, S.A. & Cummings, J. H. (1994). Starch intake and colorectal cancer risk: An international comparison. British Journal of Cancer 69, 937-942
20. Cawoy, V., Kinet, J.M. & Jacquemart, A. L. (2008). Morphology of nectaries and biology of nectar production in the distylous species Fagopyrum esculentum. Annals of Botany 102, 675-684
21. Chao, P. D. L., Hsiu, S.L. & Hou, Y. C. (2002). Flavonoids in herbs: Biological fates and potential interactions with xenobiotics. Journal of Food Drug and Analysis 10, 219-228
22. Chen, C. C., Huang, Y. L., Huang, F. I., Wang, C.W. & Ou, J. C. (2001). Water-soluble glycosides from Ruta graveolens. Journal of Natural Products 64, 990-992
23. Christa, K. & Soral-Smietana, M. (2008). Buckwheat grains and buckwheat products nutritional and prophylactic value of their components a review. Czech Journal of Food Science 26, 153-162
24. Christa, K., Soral-SMIETANA, M. & Lewandowicz, G. (2009). Buckwheat starch: Structure, functionality and enzyme in vitro susceptibility upon the roasting process. International Journal of Food Science andNutrition 60, 140-154
25. Cid, M. B., Alfonso, F. & Martin-LOMAS, M. (2004). Synthesis of fagopyritols A1 and B1 from D-chiro-inositol. Carbohydrate Research 339, 2303-2307
26. Czerwiń SKI, J., Bartnikowska, E., Leontowicz, H., Lange, E., Leontowicz, M., Katrich, E., Trakhtenberg, S. & Gorinstein, S. (2004). Oat (Avena sativa L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) meals positively affect plasma lipid profile in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 15, 622-629
27. Dietrych-SZOSTAK, D. & Oleszek, W. (1999). Effect of processing on the flavonoid content in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 4384-4387
28. Dziedzic, K., Górecka, D., Kucharska, M. & Przybylska, B. (2012). Influence of technological process during buckwheat groats production on dietary fibre content and sorption of bile acids. Food Research International 47, 279-283
29. Edwardson, S. E. (1995). Using growing degree days to estimate optimum windrowing time in buckwheat. In Current Advances in Buckwheat Research: 6th International Symposium on Buckwheat in Shinshu, 24-29 August 1995 (Eds T. Matano & A. Ujihara), pp. 509-514. Nagano, Japan: Shinshu University
30. Elleuch, M., Bedigian, D., Roiseux, O., Besbes, S., Blecker, C. & Attia, H. (2011). Dietary fibre and fibre-rich by-products of food processing: Characterisation, technological functionality and commercial applications: A review. Food Chemistry 124, 411-421
31. Englyst, H. N., Wiggins, H.S. & Cummings, J. H. (1982). Determination of the non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods by gas-liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates. Analyst 107, 307-318
32. Englyst, H. N., Kingman, S.M. & Cummings, J. H. (1992). Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46 (Suppl. 2), S33-S50
33. Esposito, F., Arlotti, G., Bonifati, A. M., Napolitano, A., Vitale, D. & Fogliano, V. (2005). Antioxidant activity and dietary fibre in durum wheat bran by-products. Food Research International 38, 1167-1173
34. Fabjan, N., Rode, J., Kosir, I. J., Wang, Z. H., Zhang, Z. & Kreft, I. (2003). Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) as a source of dietary rutin and quercitrin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, 6452-6455
35. Faostat (2013). FAO Statistical Databases. Rome: FAO. Available online at http://faostat.fao.org/ (verified 24 February 2013
36. Farrell, D. J. (1978). A nutritional evaluation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Animal Feed Science and Technology 3, 95-108
37. Fonteles, M. C., Almeida, M.Q. & Larner, J. (2000). Antihyperglycemic effects of 3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol and D-chiro-inositol associated with manganese in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Hormone and Metabolic Research 32, 129-132
38. Fotsis, T., Pepper, M. S., Aktas, E., Breit, S., Rasku, S., Adlercreutz, H., Wahala, K., Montesano, R. & Schweigerer, L. (1997). Flavonoids, dietary-derived inhibitors of cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis. Cancer Research 57, 2916-2921
39. Fujino, K., Funatsuki, H., Inada, M., Shimono, Y. & Kikuta, Y. (2001). Expression, cloning, and immunological analysis of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seed storage proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 1825-1829
40. Gaberscik, A., Voncina, M., Trost, T., Germ, M. & Bjorn, L.O. (2002). Growth and production of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) treated with reduced, ambient, and enhanced UV-B radiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology 66, 30-36
41. Gong, G., Qin, Y., Huang, W., Zhou, S., Yang, X. & Li, D. (2010). Rutin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through regulating reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 628, 27-35
42. Górecka, D., Korczak, J., Konieczny, P., HeŚ , M. & Flaczyk, E. (2005). Adsorption of bile acids by cereal products. Cereal Foods World 50, 176-178
43. Górecka, D., HeŚ , M., Szymandera-Buszka, K. & Dziedzic, K. (2009). Contents of selected bioactive components in buckwheat groats. ACTA Scientiarum Polonorum: Technologia Alimentaria 8, 75-83
44. Górecka, D., Dziedzic, K. & Sell, S. (2010). The influence of the technological processes applied to production of buckwheat groats on the dietary fibre content. Nauka Przyroda Technologie 4, 2, #16 (In Polish
45. Gulpinar, A. R., Erdogan Orhan, I., Kan, A., Senol, F. S., Celik, S.A. & Kartal, M. (2011). Estimation of in vitro neuroprotective properties and quantification of rutin and fatty acids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivated in Turkey. Food Research International 46, 536-543
46. Guo, X., Yao, H. & Chen, Z. (2007). Effect of heat, rutin and disulfide bond reduction on in vitro pepsin digestibility of Chinese tartary buckwheat protein fractions. Food Chemistry 102, 118-122
47. Guo, X.N. & Yao, H. Y. (2006). Fractionation and characterization of tartary buckwheat flour proteins. Food Chemistry 98, 90-94
48. Hagels, H. (1999). Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Chemical review. Zbornik BFUL 73, 29-38
49. Hagels, H. (2007). Sekundare Pflanzeninhaltstofe des Buchweizen (Secondary plant compounds of buckwheat: The effects of rutin, extraction of rutin from buckwheat leaves). In Das Buchweizen Buch: Mit Rezepten aus aller Welt (Eds I. Kreft, C. Ries & C. Zewen), pp. 103-109. Arzfeld, Luxemburg: Islek ohne Grenzen
50. Hammer, K. (1986). Polygonaceae. In Rudolf Mansfelds Verzeichnis Landwirtschaftlicher und Gärtnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen) (Ed. J. Schultze-Motel), pp. 103-122. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag
51. He, J., Klag, M. J., Whelton, P. K., Mo, J. P., Chen, J.Y., Qian, M. C., Mo, P.S. & He, G.Q. (1995). Oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 366-372
52. Holasova, M., Fiedlerova, V., Smrcinova, H., Orsak, M., Lachman, J. & Vavreinova, S. (2002). Buckwheat - The source of antioxidant activity in functional foods. Food Research International 35, 207-211
53. Horbowicz, M. & Obendorf, R. L. (1992). Changes in sterols and fatty-Acids of buckwheat endosperm and embryo during seed development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40, 745-750
54. Horbowicz, M., Brenac, P. & Obendorf, R. L. (1998). Fagopyritol B1, O-Alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1?.2)-Dchiro-inositol, a galactosyl cyclitol in maturing buckwheat seeds associated with desiccation tolerance. Planta 205, 1-11
55. Huff, M.W.& Carroll, K. K. (1980). Effects of dietary protein on turnover, oxidation, and absorption of cholesterol, and on steroid excretion in rabbits. Journal of Lipid Research 21, 546-558
56. Hung, P.V. & Morita, N. (2008). Distribution of phenolic compounds in the graded flours milled from whole buckwheat grains and their antioxidant capacities. Food Chemistry 109, 325-331
57. Ikeda, K. (2002). Buckwheat composition, chemistry, and processing. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 44, 395-434
58. Ikeda, K. & Asami, Y. (2000). Mechanical characteristics of buckwheat noodles. Fagopyrum 17, 67-72
59. Ikeda, K. & Kishida, M. (1993). Digestibility of proteins in buckwheat seed. Fagopyrum 13, 21-24
60. Ikeda, K., Oku, M., Kusano, T. & Yasumoto, K. (1986). Inhibitory potency of plant antinutrients towards the in vitro digestibility of buckwheat protein. Journal of Food Science 51, 1527-1530
61. Ikeda, K., Sakaguchi, T., Kusano, T. & Yasumoto, K. (1991). Endogenous factors affecting protein digestibility in buckwheat. Cereal Chemistry 68, 424-427
62. Ikeda, S. & Yamashita, Y. (1994). Buckwheat as a dietary source of zinc, copper and manganese. Fagopyrum 14, 29-34
63. Ikeda, S., Yamashita, Y. & Kreft, I. (1999). Mineral composition of buckwheat by-products and its processing characteristics in konjak preparation. Fagopyrum 16, 89-94
64. Ikeda, S., Tomura, K., Yamashita, Y. & Kreft, I. (2001). Minerals in buckwheat flours subjected to enzymatic digestion. Fagopyrum 18, 45-48
65. Ikeda, S., Tomura, K. & Kreft, I. (2002). Nutritional characteristics of iron in buckwheat flour. Fagopyrum 19, 79-82
66. Ikeda, S., Tomura, K., Miya, M. & Kreft, I. (2003). Changes in the solubility of the minerals in buckwheat noodles occurring by processing, cooking and enzymatic digestion. Fagopyrum 20, 67-71
67. Ikeda, S., Tomura, K., Lin, L. & Kreft, I. (2004). Nutritional characteristics of minerals in Tartary buckwheat. Fagopyrum 21, 79-84
68. Ikeda, S., Yamashita, Y., Kusumoto, K. & Kreft, I. (2005). Nutritional characteristics of minerals in various buckwheat groats. Fagopyrum 22, 71-75
69. Ikeda, S., Yamashita, Y., Tomura, K. & Kreft, I. (2006). Nutritional comparison in mineral characteristics between buckwheat and cereals. Fagopyrum 23, 61-65
70. Im, J. S., Huff, H. E.& Hsieh, F. H. (2003). Effects of processing conditions on the physical and chemical properties of buckwheat grit cakes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, 659-666
71. Inglett, G. E., Rose, D. J., Chen, D., Stevenson, D.G. & Biswas, A. (2010). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts from whole buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) with or without microwave irradiation. Food Chemistry 119, 1216-1219
72. Inglett, G. E., Chen, D., Berhow, M. & Lee, S. (2011). Antioxidant activity of commercial buckwheat flours and their free and bound phenolic compositions. Food Chemistry 125, 923-929
73. Iwami, K. (1998). Antitumor effects of resistant proteins in soybean. FOOD Style 21, 44-46
74. Izydorczyk, M., Symons, S.J. & Dexter, G. E. (2002). Fractionation of wheat and barley. In Whole Grain Foods in Health and Disease (Eds L. Marquart, J. L. Slavin & R. Fulcher), pp. 47-82. St. Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists
75. Javornik, B.& Kreft, I. (1984). Characterization of buckwheat proteins. Fagopyrum 4, 30-38
76. Javornik, B., Eggum, B.O. & Kreft, I. (1981). Studies on protein fractions and protein quality of buckwheat. Genetika 13, 115-118
77. Jiang, P., Burczynski, F., Campbell, C., Pierce, G., Austria, J.A.& Briggs, C. J. (2007). Rutin and flavonoid contents in three buckwheat species Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, and F. homotropicum and their protective effects against lipid peroxidation. Food Research International 40, 356-364
78. Joshi, B.D. & Rana, J. C. (1995). Stability analysis in buckwheats (Fagopyrum species). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 65, 588-590
79. Kato, A., Asano, N., Kizu, H., Matsui, K., Watson, A.A. & Nash, R. J. (1997). Fagomine isomers and glycosides from Xanthocercis zambesiaca. Journal of Natural Products 60, 312-314
80. Kato, N., Kayashita, J.& Tomotake, H. (2001). Nutritional and physiological functions of buckwheat protein. Recent Research and Developmental Nutrition 4, 113-119
81. Kawa, J. M., Taylor, C.G.& Przybylski, R. (2003). Buckwheat concentrate reduces serum glucose in streptozotocindiabetic rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, 7287-7291
82. Kayashita, J., Shimaoka, I. & Nakajyoh, M. (1995). Hypocholesterolemic effect of buckwheat protein extract in rats fed cholesterol-enriched diets. Nutrition Research 15, 691-698
83. Kayashita, J., Shimaoka, I., Nakajoh, M. & Kato, N. (1996). Feeding of buckwheat protein extract reduces hepatic triglyceride concentration, adipose tissue weight, and hepatic lipogenesis in rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 7, 555-559
84. Kennington, A. S., Hill, C. R., Craig, J., Bogardus, C., Raz, I., Ortmeyer, H. K., Hansen, B. C., Romero, G. & Larner, J. (1990). Low urinary chiro-inositol excretion in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 323, 373-378
85. Kim, S. L., Son, Y. K., Hwang, J. J., Kim, S. K., Hur, H.S. & Park, C. H. (2001). Development and utilization of buckwheat sprouts as functional vegetables. Fagopyrum 18, 49-54
86. Kim, H. J., Park, K. J.& Lim, J. H. (2011). Metabolomic analysis of phenolic compounds in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) sprouts treated with methyl jasmonate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 5707-5713
87. Kim, S. L., Kim, S.K. & Park, C. H. (2002). Comparisons of lipid, fatty acids and tocopherols of different buckwheat species. Food Science and Biotechnology 11, 332-336
88. Kim, S. L., Kim, S.K. & Park, C. H. (2004). Introduction and nutritional evaluation of buckwheat sprouts as a new vegetable. Food Research International 37, 319-327
89. Kitabayashi, H., Ujihara, A., Hirose, T. & Minami, M. (1995). Varietal differences and heritability for rutin content in common buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Japan Journal of Breeding 45, 75-79
90. Koyama, M. & Sakamura, S. (1974). The structure of a new piperidine derivative from buckwheat seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 38, 1111-1112
91. Kreft, I. (1983). Buckwheat breeding perspectives. In Buckwheat Research 1983: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Buckwheat held in Miyazaki, Japan, Sept. 7-10 1983 (Eds T. Nagatomo & T. Adachi), pp. 3-12. Miyazaki, Japan: Kuroda-Toshado Printing Co. Japan
92. Kreft, I. & Germ,M. (2008). Organically grown buckwheat as a healthy food and a source of natural antioxidants. Agronomski Glasnik 4, 397-406
93. Kreft, S., Knapp, M. & Kreft, I. (1999). Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 4649-4652
94. Kreft, S., Strukelj, B., Gaberscik, A. & Kreft, I. (2002). Rutin in buckwheat herbs grown at different UV-B radiation levels: Comparison of two UV spectrophotometric and an HPLC method. Journal of Experimental Botany 53, 1801-1804
95. Krkoskova, B. & Mrazova, Z. (2005). Prophylactic components of buckwheat. Food Research International 38, 561-568
96. Kuntić, V., Filipovic, I. & Vujić, Z. (2011). Effects of rutin and hesperidin and their Al(III) and Cu(II) complexes on in vitro plasma coagulation assays. Molecules 16, 1378-1388
97. Lachmann, S. & Adachi, T. (1990). Studies on the influence of photoperiod and temperature on floral traits in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) under controlled stress conditions. Plant Breeding 105, 248-253
98. Landberg, R., Sun, Q., Rimm, E. B., Cassidy, A., Scalbert, A., Mantzoros, C. S., Hu, F.B. & Van DAM, R.M. (2011). Selected dietary flavonoids are associated with markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in U.S. women. Journal of Nutrition 141, 618-625
99. Larner, J., Huang, L. C., Schwartz, C. F.W., Oswald, A. S., Shen, T. Y., Kinter, M., Tang, G. & Zeller, K. (1988). Rat liver insulin mediator which stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase contains galactosamine and D-chiro-inositol. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 151, 1416-1426
100. Li, S.Q. & Zhang, Q. H. (2001). Advances in the development of functional foods from buckwheat. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 41, 451-464
101. Lin, L. Y., Liu, H. M., Yu, Y.W., Lin, S.D. & Mau, J. L. (2009). Quality and antioxidant property of buckwheat enhanced wheat bread. Food Chemistry 112, 987-991
102. Lintschinger, J., Fuchs, N., Moser, H., Jager, R., Hlebeina, T., Markolin, G. & Gossler, W. (1997). Uptake of various trace elements during germination of wheat, buckwheat and quinoa. Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition 50, 223-237
103. Lipkin, M., Reddy, B., Newmark, H. & Lamprecht, S. A. (1999). Dietary factors in human colorectal cancer. Annual Review of Nutrition 19, 545-586
104. Liu, Z., Ishikawa, W., Huang, X., Tomotake, H., Kayashita, J., Watanabe, H. & Kato, N. (2001). A buckwheat protein product suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by reducing cell proliferation. Journal of Nutrition 131, 1850-1853
105. Lorenz, K. & Dilsaver, W. (1982). Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) starch - physicochemical properties and functional-characteristics. Starch 34, 217-220
106. Mazza, G. (1988). Lipid-content and fatty-Acid composition of buckwheat seed. Cereal Chemistry 65, 122-126
107. Mehta, R. S. (2005). Dietary fibre benefits. Cereal Foods World 50, 66-71
108. Mendonca, S., Saldiva, P. H., Cruz, R. J. & Arâas, J.A.G. (2009). Amaranth protein presents cholesterol-lowering effect. Food Chemistry 116, 738-742
109. Michalova, A., Dotlacil, L. & Cejka, L. (1998). Evaluation of common buckwheat cultivars. Rostlinna Vyroba 44, 361-368
110. Milisavljevic, M. D., Timotijevic, G. S., Radovic, S. R., Brkljacic, J. M., Konstantinovic, M.M. & Maksimovic, V.R. (2004). Vicilin-like storage globulin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 5258-5262
111. Mishra, S. & Rai, T. (2006). Morphology and functional properties of corn, potato and tapioca starches. Food Hydrocolloids 20, 557-566
112. Mitsunaga, T., Matsuda, M., Shimizu, M. & Iwashima, A. (1986). Isolation and properties of a thiamine-binding protein from buckwheat seed. Cereal Chemistry 63, 332-335
113. Morishita, T., Ishiguro, K. & Sato, T. (1998). Use of nuclear magnetic resonance method for detection of rutindegrading enzyme activity in Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum. Breeding Science 48, 17-21
114. Morishita, T., Yamaguchi, H. & Degi, K. (2007). The contribution of polyphenols to antioxidative activity in common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat grain. Plant Production Science 10, 99-104
115. Mukasa, Y., Suzuki, T. & Honda, Y. (2009). Suitability of ricetartary buckwheat for crossbreeding and for utilization of rutin. JARQ - Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 43, 199-206
116. Nestler, J. E., Jakubowicz, D. J., Reamer, P., Gunn, R.D. & Allan, G. (1999). Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 340, 1314-1320
117. Nojima, H., Kimura, I., Chen, F. J., Sugihara, Y., Haruno, M., Kato, A. & Asano, N. (1998). Antihyperglycemic effects of N-containing sugars from Xanthocercis zambesiaca, Morus bombycis, Aglaonema treubii, and Castanospermum australe in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Journal of Natural Products 61, 397-400
118. Obendorf, R. L. (1997). Oligosaccharides and galactosyl cyclitols in seed desiccation tolerance. Seed Science Research 7, 63-74
119. Obendorf, R. L., Steadman, K. J., Fuller, D. J., Horbowicz, M.& LEWIS, B. A. (2000). Molecular structure of fagopyritol Al (O-Alpha-D- galactopyranosyl-(1?.3)-D-chiro-inositol) by NMR. Carbohydrate Research 328, 623-627
120. Obendorf, R. L., Sensenig, E. M., Wu, J., Ohashi, M., Osullivan, T. E., Kosina, S.M. & Schnebly, S. R. (2008). Soluble carbohydrates in mature soybean seed after feeding D-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol, or D-pinitol to stem-leaf-pod explants of low-raffinose, low-stachyose lines. Plant Science 175, 650-655
121. Ogungbenle, H. N. (2003). Nutritional evaluation and functional properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) flour. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 54, 153-158
122. Ohnishi, O. (1993). Population genetics of cultivated common buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. 8. Local differentiation of land races in Europe and the Silk Road. Japanese Journal of Genetics 68, 303-316
123. Ohnishi, O. & Matsuoka, Y. (1996). Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat 0-¢2. Taxonomy of Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species based on morphology, isozymes and cpDNA variability. Genes and Genetic Systems 71, 383-390
124. Ohsawa, R. & Tsutsumi, T. (1995). Inter-varietal variations of rutin content in common buckwheat flour (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Euphytica 86, 183-189
125. Ookubo, K. (1992). Nutrition and functionality of soybean. In Science of Soybean (Eds F. Yamauchi & K. Ookubo), pp. 57-75. Tokyo: Asakura-Shoten Press
126. Oomah, B.D. & Mazza, G. (1996). Flavonoids and antioxidative activities in buckwheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 1746-1750
127. Ortmeyer, H. K., Larner, J. & Hansen, B. C. (1995). Effects of D-chiroinositol added to a meal on plasma glucose and insulin in hyperinsulinemic rhesus monkeys. Obesity Research 3, 605S-608S.
128. Park, B. J., Park, J. I., Chang, K.J. & Park, C. H. (2004). Comparison in rutin content in seed and plant of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). In Advances in Buckwheat Research: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Buckwheat, Prague, 18-22 august 2004 (Eds I.
129. Faberová, V. Dvořáček, P. Č epková, I. Hon, V. Holubec & Z. Stehno), pp. 626-629. Prague, Czech Republic: Research Institute of Crop Production
130. PARK, J.W., Kang, D. B., Kim, C.W., Ko, S. H., Yum, H.Y., Kim, K. E., Hong, C.S. & Lee, K. Y. (2000). Identification and characterization of the major allergens of buckwheat. Allergy 55, 1035-1041
131. Park, N. I., Li, X., Uddin, M.R. & Park, S. U. (2011). Phenolic compound production by different morphological phenotypes in hairy root cultures of Fagopyrum tataricum gaertn. Archives of Biological Sciences 63, 193-198
132. Paulícková, I., Vyzralova, K., Holasová, M., Fiedlerová, V. & Vavreinová, S. (2004). Buckwheat as functional food. In International Symposium on Buckwheat (Eds I. Faberová, V. Dvořáček, P. Č epková, I. Hon & V. Holubec), pp. 587-592. Prague, Czech Republic: Research Institute of Crop Production
133. Pomeranz, Y. & Lorenz, K. (1983). Buckwheat - structure, composition, and utilization. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 19, 213-258
134. Przybylski, R., Lee, Y.C. & Eskin, N. A.M. (1998). Antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities of buckwheat seed components. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 75, 1595-1601
135. Qian, J.Y. & Kuhn, M. (1999). Physical properties of buckwheat starches from various origins. Starch 51, 81-85
136. Qin, P., Wang, Q., Shan, F., Hou, Z. & Ren, G. (2010). Nutritional composition and flavonoids content of flour from different buckwheat cultivars. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 45, 951-958
137. Quettier-Deleu, C., Gressier, B., Vasseur, J., Dine, T., Brunet, C., Luyckx, M., Cazin, M., Cazin, J. C., Bailleul, F.& Trotin, F. (2000). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72, 35-42
138. Radovic, R. S., Maksimovic, R. V., Brkljacic, M. J., Varkonji Gasic, I.E. & Savic, P. A. (1999). 2S albumin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 1467-1470
139. Radovic, S. R., Maksimovic, V.R. & Varkonji GASIC, E.I. (1996). Characterization of buckwheat seed storage proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 972-974
140. Ranhotra, G. S., Gelroth, J. A., Glaser, B. K., Lorenz, K. J. & Johnson, D. L. (1993). Composition and protein nutritional quality of quinoa. Cereal Chemistry 70, 303-305
141. Rapala-Kozik, M., Chernikevich, I.P. & Kozik, A. (1999). Ligand-protein interaction in plant seed thiamine-binding proteins. Binding of various thiamine analogues to the sepharose-immobilized buckwheat-seed protein. Journal of Protein Chemistry 18, 721-728
142. Ren, W., Qiao, Z., Wang, H., Zhu, L., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., Zhang, Z. & Wang, Z. (2003). Molecular basis of Fas and cytochrome c pathways of apoptosis induced by tartary buckwheat flavonoid in HL-60 cells. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 25, 431-436
143. Saeki, Y., Shiozawa, K., Yanagisawa, K. & Shibata, T. (1990). Adrenaline increases the rate of cross-bridge cycling in rat cardiac muscle. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 22, 453-460
144. Satoh, R., Koyano, S., Takagi, K., Nakamura, R., Teshima, R. & Sawada, J. (2008). Immunological characterization and mutational analysis of the recombinant protein BWp16, a major allergen in buckwheat. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31, 1079-1085
145. Scheppach, W., Sommer, H., Kirchner, T., Pagneli, G. H., Bartram, P., Christl, S., Richter, F., Dusel, G. & Kasper, H. (1992). Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 103, 51-56
146. Sedej, I.,Mandic, A., Sakac, M.,Misan, A. & Tumbas, V. (2010). Comparison of antioxidant components and activity of buckwheat and wheat flours. Cereal Chemistry 87, 387-392
147. Sedej, I., Sakac, M., Mandic, A., Misan, A., Pestoric, M., Simurina, O. & Canadanovic-BRUNET, J. (2011). Quality assessment of gluten-free crackers based on buckwheat flour. LWT - Food Science and Technology 44, 694-699
148. Sensoy, I., Rosen, R. T., Ho, C. T. & Karwe,M. V. (2006). Effect of processing on buckwheat phenolics and antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry 99, 388-393
149. Skrabanja, V. & Kreft, I. (1998). Resistant starch formation following autoclaving of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) groats. An in vitro study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, 2020-2023
150. Skrabanja, V., Liljeberg ELMSTAHL, H. G. M., Kreft, I. & Bjorck, I.M. E. (2001). Nutritional properties of starch in buckwheat products: Studies in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 490-496
151. Skrabanja, V., Kreft, I., Golob, T., Modic, M., Ikeda, S., Ikeda, K., Kreft, S., Bonafaccia, G., Knapp, M. & Kosmelj, K. (2004). Nutrient content in buckwheat milling fractions. Cereal Chemistry 81, 172-176
152. Smith, H. L. (1909). Buckwheat poisoning with report of a case in man. Archives of Internal Medicine 3, 350-359
153. Soral-Smietana, M., Fornal, L. & Fornal, J. (1984). Characteristics of buckwheat grain starch and the effect of hydrothermal processing upon its chemicalcomposition, properties and structure. Starch 36, 153-158
154. Steadman, K. J., Burgoon, M. S., Schuster, R. L., Lewis, B. A., Edwardson, S.E. & Obendorf, R. L. (2000). Fagopyritols, D-chiro-inositol, and other soluble carbohydrates in buckwheat seed milling fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 2843-2847
155. Steadman, K. J., Burgoon, M. S., Lewis, B. A., Edwardson, S. E.& OBENDORF, R. L. (2001a). Buckwheat seed milling fractions: Description, macronutrient composition and dietary fibre. Journal of Cereal Science 33, 271-278
156. Steadman, K. J., Burgoon, M. S., Lewis, B. A., Edwardson, S. E.& OBENDORF, R. L. (2001b). Minerals, phytic acid, tannin and rutin in buckwheat seed milling fractions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81, 1094-1100
157. Steadman, K. J., Fuller, D.J. & Obendorf, R. L. (2001c). Purification and molecular structure of two digalactosyl D-chiro-inositols and two trigalactosyl D-chiro-inositols frombuckwheat seeds. Carbohydrate Research 331, 19-25
158. Sun, T. & Ho, C. T. (2005). Antioxidant activities of buckwheat extracts. Food Chemistry 90, 743-749
159. Szczecinski, P., Gryff-KELLER, A., Horbowicz, M. & Obendorf, R. L. (1998). NMR investigation of the structure of fagopyritol B1 from buckwheat seeds. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Chemistry 46, 9-13
160. Takahama, U. & Hirota, S. (2010). Fatty acids, epicatechindimethylgallate, and rutin interact with buckwheat starch inhibiting its digestion by amylase: Implications for the decrease in glycemic index by buckwheat flour. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 12431-12439
161. Tang, C.-H. & Wang, X.-Y. (2010). Physicochemical and structural characterisation of globulin and albumin from common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds. Food Chemistry 121, 119-126
162. Tian, Q., Li, D. & Patil, B. S. (2002). Identification and determination of flavonoids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and photodiode array ultraviolet detection. Phytochemical Analysis 13, 251-256
163. Tohgi, K., Kohno, K., Takahashi, H.,MATSUO, H., Nakayama, S.& MORITA, E. (2011). Usability of Fag e 2 ImmunoCAP in the diagnosis of buckwheat allergy. Archives of Dermatological Research 303, 635-642
164. Tomotake, H., Shimaoka, I., Kayashita, J., Yokoyama, F., Nakajoh, M. & Kato, N. (2000). A buckwheat protein product suppresses gallstone formation and plasma cholesterol more strongly than soy protein isolate in hamsters. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1670-1674
165. Tomotake, H., Shimaoka, I., Kayashita, J., Yokoyama, F., Nakajoh, M. & Kato, N. (2001). Stronger suppression of plasma cholesterol and enhancement of the fecal excretion of steroids by a buckwheat protein product than by a soy protein isolate in rats fed on a cholesterol-free diet. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 65, 1412-1414
166. Tomotake, H., Shimaoka, I., Kayashita, J., Nakajoh, M. & Kato, N. (2002). Physico-chemical and functional properties of buckwheat protein product. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 2125-2129
167. Tsuzuki, W., Ogata, Y., Akasaka, K., Shibata, S. & Suzuki, T. (1991). Fatty-Acid composition of selected buckwheat species by fluorometric high-performance liquidchromatography. Cereal Chemistry 68, 365-369
168. Ueda, T., Coseo,M. P., Harrell, T. J. & Obendorf, R. L. (2005). A multifunctional galactinol synthase catalyzes the synthesis of fagopyritol A1 and fagopyritol B1 in buckwheat seed. Plant Science 168, 681-690
169. Vega-Gálvez, A.,Miranda, M., Vergara, J., Uribe, E., Puente, L.& Martínez, E. A. (2010). Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: A review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90, 2541-2547
170. Verardo, V., Arraez-Roman, D., Segura-Carretero, A., Marconi, E., Fernandez-Gutierrez, A. & Caboni, M.F. (2011). Determination of free and bound phenolic compounds in buckwheat spaghetti by RP-HPLC-ESITOF-MS: Effect of thermal processing from farm to fork. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 7700-7707
171. Watanabe, M. (1998). Catechins as antioxidants from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) groats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, 839-845
172. Wijngaard, H.H. & Arendt, E. K. (2006). Buckwheat. Cereal Chemistry 83, 391-401
173. Ye, N.G. & Guo, G.Q. (1992). Classification, origin and evolution of genus Fagopyrum in China. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Buckwheat, Taiyuan, China (Eds R. Lin, M. Zhou, Y. Tao, J. Li & Z. Zhang), pp. 19-28. Beijing: Chinese Agricultural Publishing House
174. Yildizoǧ LU-Ari, N., Altan, V. M., Altinkurt, O. & ÖztÜrk, Y. (1991). Pharmacological effects of rutin. Phytotherapy Research 5, 19-23
175. Zdunczyk, Z., Flis, M., Zielinski, H., Wroblewska, M., Antoszkiewicz, Z.& Juskiewicz, J. (2006). In vitro antioxidant activities of barley, husked oat, naked oat, triticale, and buckwheat wastes and their influence on the growth and biomarkers of antioxidant status in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 4168-4175
176. Zechel, D.L. & Withers, S. G. (2000). Glycosidase mechanisms: Anatomy of a finely tuned catalyst. Accounts of Chemical Research 33, 11-18
177. Zheng, S. J., Ma, J.F. & Matsumoto, H. (1998). High aluminum resistance in buckwheat - I. Al-induced specific secretion of oxalic acid from root tips. Plant Physiology 117, 745-751
178. Zielinski, H. & Kozlowska, H. (2000). Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected cereal grains and their different morphological fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 2008-2016
179. Zielinski, H., Ciska, E. & Kozlowska, H. (2001). The cereal grains: Focus on vitamin E. Czech Journal of Food Science 19, 182-188.