Targeting cell death signaling in colorectal cancer: Current strategies and future perspectives

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1923-1934

  Koehler, Bruno Christian ^a   Jäger, Dirk ^a   Schulze Bergkamen, Henning ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Autophagy; Bcl 2 proteins; BH 3 mimetics; Clinical trial; Colorectal cancer; Inflammatory bowel disease; Necroptosis

Indexed keywords

4 [4 (4' CHLORO 2 BIPHENYLYLMETHYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL] N [4 [3 DIMETHYLAMINO 1 (PHENYLTHIOMETHYL) PROPYLAMINO] 3 NITROBENZENESULFONYL] BENZAMIDE; ABT 199; AEG 35156; BECLIN 1; CISPLATIN; CONATUMUMAB; DEATH RECEPTOR 4; DULANERMIN; EMBELIN; FAS ANTIGEN; FLUOROURACIL; GOLNERMINOGENE PRADENOVEC; GOSSYPOL; INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEIN; LEXATUMUMAB; MAPATUMUMAB; MITOMYCIN; NAVITOCLAX; OBATOCLAX; OBLIMERSEN; OXALIPLATIN; PIPERAZINE DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; SECOND MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVATOR OF CASPASE; SURVIVIN; TIGATUZUMAB; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; BIRC5 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TNFSF10 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND;

APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DEATH; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; NECROPTOSIS; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; CARCINOMA; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; NECROSIS; PATHOLOGY; RECURRENT DISEASE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA; CELL DEATH; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEINS; MITOCHONDRIA; NECROSIS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-BCL-2; RECEPTORS, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; RECURRENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND;

EID: 84894539042     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1923     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Hotchkiss RS, Strasser A, McDunn JE, Swanson PE. Cell death. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1570-1583 [PMID: 19828534 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0901217]
2. Liu LU, Holt PR, Krivosheyev V, Moss SF. Human right and left colon differ in epithelial cell apoptosis and in expression of Bak, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homologue. Gut 1999; 45: 45-50 [PMID: 10369703]
3. Watson AJ. Apoptosis and colorectal cancer. Gut 2004; 53: 1701-1709 [PMID: 15479695 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.052704]
4. Groulx JF, Khalfaoui T, Benoit YD, Bernatchez G, Carrier JC, Basora N, Beaulieu JF. Autophagy is active in normal colon mucosa. Autophagy 2012; 8: 893-902 [PMID: 22652752 DOI: 10.4161/auto.19738]
5. de la Chapelle A. Genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 769-780 [PMID: 15510158 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1453]
6. Feagins LA, Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Carcinogenesis in IBD: potential targets for the prevention of colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 6: 297-305 [PMID: 19404270 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.44]
7. Harpaz N, Ward SC, Mescoli C, Itzkowitz SH, Polydorides AD. Precancerous lesions in inflammatory bowel disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 257-267 [PMID: 23809244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.014]
8. Soetikno R, Subramanian V, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV, Sanduleanu S, Suzuki N, Tanaka S, McQuaid K. The detection of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1349-152, 1349-152, [PMID: 23583483 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.008]
9. Matkowskyj KA, Chen ZE, Rao MS, Yang GY. Dysplastic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease: molecular pathogenesis to morphology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137: 338-350 [PMID: 23451745 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0086-RA]
10. Foersch S, Waldner MJ, Neurath MF. Colitis and colorectal cancer. Dig Dis 2012; 30: 469-476 [PMID: 23108302 DOI: 10.1159/000341692]
11. Neumann H, Vieth M, Langner C, Neurath MF, Mudter J. Cancer risk in IBD: how to diagnose and how to manage DALM and ALM. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 3184-3191 [PMID: 21912466]
12. Manne U, Shanmugam C, Katkoori VR, Bumpers HL, Grizzle WE. Development and progression of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Biomark 2010; 9: 235-265 [PMID: 22112479 DOI: 10.3233/CBM-2011-0160]
13. Laurent-Puig P, Blons H, Cugnenc PH. Sequence of molecular genetic events in colorectal tumorigenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1999; 8 Suppl 1: S39-S47 [PMID: 10772417]
14. Hao XP, Ilyas M, Talbot IC. Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Pathobiology 1997; 65: 140-145 [PMID: 9309780]
15. Baretton GB, Diebold J, Christoforis G, Vogt M, Müller C, Dopfer K, Schneiderbanger K, Schmidt M, Löhrs U. Apoptosis and immunohistochemical bcl-2 expression in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Aspects of carcinogenesis and prognostic significance. Cancer 1996; 77: 255-264 [PMID: 8625232 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960115)77:2<255:: AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-L]
16. Manne U, Myers RB, Moron C, Poczatek RB, Dillard S, Weiss H, Brown D, Srivastava S, Grizzle WE. Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 expression and p53 nuclear accumulation in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 1997; 74: 346-358 [PMID: 9221816]
17. Krajewska M, Moss SF, Krajewski S, Song K, Holt PR, Reed JC. Elevated expression of Bcl-X and reduced Bak in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 2422-2427 [PMID: 8625322]
18. Hector S, Prehn JH. Apoptosis signaling proteins as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a review. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1795: 117-129 [PMID: 19167459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.12.002]
19. Sieber OM, Heinimann K, Tomlinson IP. Genomic insta-bility--the engine of tumorigenesis? Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 701-708 [PMID: 12951589 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1170]
20. Tenesa A, Dunlop MG. New insights into the aetiology of colorectal cancer from genome-wide association studies. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10: 353-358 [PMID: 19434079 DOI: 10.1038/ nrg2574]
21. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011; 144: 646-674 [PMID: 21376230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013]
22. Yip KW, Reed JC. Bcl-2 family proteins and cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27: 6398-6406 [PMID: 18955968 DOI: 10.1038/ onc.2008.307]
23. Fadeel B, Ottosson A, Pervaiz S. Big wheel keeps on turning: apoptosome regulation and its role in chemoresistance. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15: 443-452 [PMID: 17975549 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402265]
24. Sale MJ, Cook SJ. The BH3 mimetic ABT-263 synergizes with the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib/AZD6244 to promote BIM-dependent tumour cell death and inhibit acquired resistance. Biochem J 2013; 450: 285-294 [PMID: 23234544 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20121212]
25. Raats DA, de Bruijn MT, Steller EJ, Emmink BL, Borel-Rinkes IH, Kranenburg O. Synergistic killing of colorectal cancer cells by oxaliplatin and ABT-737. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34: 307-313 [PMID: 21468686 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0026-8]
26. Huang S, Sinicrope FA. Celecoxib-induced apoptosis is enhanced by ABT-737 and by inhibition of autophagy in human colorectal cancer cells. Autophagy 2010; 6: 256-269 [PMID: 20104024]
27. Okumura K, Huang S, Sinicrope FA. Induction of Noxa sensitizes human colorectal cancer cells expressing Mcl-1 to the small-molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor, ABT-737. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 8132-8142 [PMID: 19088028 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1665]
28. Mazumder S, Choudhary GS, Al-Harbi S, Almasan A. Mcl-1 Phosphorylation defines ABT-737 resistance that can be overcome by increased NOXA expression in leukemic B cells. Cancer Res 2012; 72: 3069-3079 [PMID: 22525702 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-4106]
29. Dai Y, Grant S. Targeting multiple arms of the apoptotic regulatory machinery. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 2908-2911 [PMID: 17409392 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0082]
30. Harrison LR, Micha D, Brandenburg M, Simpson KL, Morrow CJ, Denneny O, Hodgkinson C, Yunus Z, Dempsey C, Roberts D, Blackhall F, Makin G, Dive C. Hypoxic human cancer cells are sensitized to BH-3 mimetic-induced apoptosis via downregulation of the Bcl-2 protein Mcl-1. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 1075-1087 [PMID: 21393866 DOI: 10.1172/ JCI43505]
31. Sinicrope FA, Penington RC, Tang XM. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis is inhibited by Bcl-2 but restored by the small molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor, HA 14-1, in human colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 8284-8292 [PMID: 15623604 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1289]
32. Wang JL, Liu D, Zhang ZJ, Shan S, Han X, Srinivasula SM, Croce CM, Alnemri ES, Huang Z. Structure-based discovery of an organic compound that binds Bcl-2 protein and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 7124-7129 [PMID: 10860979]
33. Joudeh J, Claxton D. Obatoclax mesylate: pharmacology and potential for therapy of hematological neoplasms. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21: 363-373 [PMID: 22324354 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.652302]
34. Timme CR, Gruidl M, Yeatman TJ. Gamma-secretase inhibition attenuates oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis through increased Mcl-1 and/or Bcl-xL in human colon cancer cells. Apoptosis 2013; 18: 1163-1174 [PMID: 23887890 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0883-x]
35. Oblimersen: Augmerosen, BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide-Genta, G 3139, GC 3139, oblimersen sodium. Drugs R D 2007; 8: 321-334 [PMID: 17767397]
36. Mita MM, Ochoa L, Rowinsky EK, Kuhn J, Schwartz G, Hammond LA, Patnaik A, Yeh IT, Izbicka E, Berg K, Tolcher AW. A phase I, pharmacokinetic and biologic correlative study of oblimersen sodium (Genasense, G3139) and irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2006; 17: 313-321 [PMID: 16322117 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/ mdj067]
37. LaCasse EC, Baird S, Korneluk RG, MacKenzie AE. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and their emerging role in cancer. Oncogene 1998; 17: 3247-3259 [PMID: 9916987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202569]
38. Krieg A, Werner TA, Verde PE, Stoecklein NH, Knoefel WT. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of survivin in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e65338 [PMID: 23755220 DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0065338]
39. Cummings J, Ranson M, Lacasse E, Ganganagari JR, St-Jean M, Jayson G, Durkin J, Dive C. Method validation and preliminary qualification of pharmacodynamic biomarkers employed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an antisense compound (AEG35156) targeted to the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein XIAP. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 42-48 [PMID: 16804528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603220]
40. LaCasse EC, Cherton-Horvat GG, Hewitt KE, Jerome LJ, Morris SJ, Kandimalla ER, Yu D, Wang H, Wang W, Zhang R, Agrawal S, Gillard JW, Durkin JP. Preclinical characterization of AEG35156/GEM 640, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide targeting X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 5231-5241 [PMID: 16951243 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0608]
41. Dean E, Jodrell D, Connolly K, Danson S, Jolivet J, Durkin J, Morris S, Jowle D, Ward T, Cummings J, Dickinson G, Aarons L, Lacasse E, Robson L, Dive C, Ranson M. Phase I trial of AEG35156 administered as a 7-day and 3-day continuous intravenous infusion in patients with advanced refractory cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 1660-1666 [PMID: 19237630 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.5677]
42. Miura K, Fujibuchi W, Ishida K, Naitoh T, Ogawa H, Ando T, Yazaki N, Watanabe K, Haneda S, Shibata C, Sasaki I. Inhibitor of apoptosis protein family as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of colorectal cancer. Surg Today 2011; 41: 175-182 [PMID: 21264751 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4390-1]
43. Yao H, Huang ZH, Li Z, Su GQ, He R, Gao F, Cui DX. [Specific killing effects of combination of recombinant adenovirus containing double suicide gene driven by KDR promoter and survivin antisense oligonucleotide on colorectal cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Zazhi 2008; 11: 61-66 [PMID: 18197498]
44. Kim SW, Kim SM, Bae H, Nam D, Lee JH, Lee SG, Shim BS, Kim SH, Ahn KS, Choi SH, Sethi G, Ahn KS. Embelin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis through the suppression of Akt/mTOR/S6K1 signaling cascades. Prostate 2013; 73: 296-305 [PMID: 22887478 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22574]
45. Kumar G K, Dhamotharan R NM, Honnegowda S. Embelin ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11: 724-731 [PMID: 21296695 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.022]
46. Thippeswamy BS, Mahendran S, Biradar MI, Raj P, Srivastava K, Badami S, Veerapur VP. Protective effect of embelin against acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 654: 100-105 [PMID: 21185828]
47. Hehlgans S, Petraki C, Reichert S, Cordes N, Rödel C, Rödel F. Double targeting of Survivin and XIAP radiosensitizes 3D grown human colorectal tumor cells and decreases migration. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108: 32-39 [PMID: 23830189 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.006]
48. Anguiano-Hernandez YM, Chartier A, Huerta S. Smac/DIABLO and colon cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2007; 7: 467-473 [PMID: 17630921]
49. Bank A, Wang P, Du C, Yu J, Zhang L. SMAC mimetics sensitize nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced apoptosis by promoting caspase-3-mediated cytochrome c release. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 276-284 [PMID: 18172320 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5242]
50. Mohr A, Büneker C, Gough RP, Zwacka RM. MnSOD protects colorectal cancer cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis by inhibition of Smac/DIABLO release. Oncogene 2008; 27: 763-774 [PMID: 17653087 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210673]
51. Deng Y, Lin Y, Wu X. TRAIL-induced apoptosis requires Bax-dependent mitochondrial release of Smac/DIABLO. Genes Dev 2002; 16: 33-45 [PMID: 11782443 DOI: 10.1101/ gad.949602]
52. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 1998; 281: 1305-1308 [PMID: 9721089]
53. Ashkenazi A. Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 420-430 [PMID: 12189384 DOI: 10.1038/nrc821]
54. Johnstone RW, Frew AJ, Smyth MJ. The TRAIL apoptotic pathway in cancer onset, progression and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8: 782-798 [PMID: 18813321 DOI: 10.1038/ nrc2465]
55. Kaufmann T, Strasser A, Jost PJ. Fas death receptor signalling: roles of Bid and XIAP. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19: 42-50 [PMID: 21959933 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.121]
56. Gross A. BID as a double agent in cell life and death. Cell Cycle 2006; 5: 582-584 [PMID: 16582605]
57. Lejeune FJ, Rüegg C. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor: an efficient agent for cancer treatment. Bull Cancer 2006; 93: E90-100 [PMID: 16935777]
58. Call JA, Eckhardt SG, Camidge DR. Targeted manipulation of apoptosis in cancer treatment. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 1002-1011 [PMID: 18760670 DOI: 10.1016/ S1470-2045(08)70209-2]
59. Citrin D, Camphausen K, Wood BJ, Quezado M, Denobile J, Pingpank JF, Royal RE, Alexander HR, Seidel G, Steinberg SM, Shuttack Y, Libutti SK. A pilot feasibility study of TNFerade ™ biologic with capecitabine and radiation therapy followed by surgical resection for the treatment of rectal cancer. Oncology 2010; 79: 382-388 [PMID: 21447969 DOI: 10.1159/000323488]
60. Herman JM, Wild AT, Wang H, Tran PT, Chang KJ, Taylor GE, Donehower RC, Pawlik TM, Ziegler MA, Cai H, Savage DT, Canto MI, Klapman J, Reid T, Shah RJ, Hoffe SE, Rosemurgy A, Wolfgang CL, Laheru DA. Randomized phase III multi-institutional study of TNFerade biologic with fluorouracil and radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: final results. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 886-894 [PMID: 23341531 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.7516]
61. Spitaleri G, Berardi R, Pierantoni C, De Pas T, Noberasco C, Libbra C, González-Iglesias R, Giovannoni L, Tasciotti A, Neri D, Menssen HD, de Braud F. Phase I/II study of the tumour-targeting human monoclonal antibody-cytokine fusion protein L19-TNF in patients with advanced solid tumours. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139: 447-455 [PMID: 23160853 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1327-7]
62. Hemmerle T, Probst P, Giovannoni L, Green AJ, Meyer T, Neri D. The antibody-based targeted delivery of TNF in combination with doxorubicin eradicates sarcomas in mice and confers protective immunity. Br J Cancer 2013; 109: 1206-1213 [PMID: 23887603 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.421]
63. Zhu Q, Liu JY, Xu HW, Yang CM, Zhang AZ, Cui Y, Wang HB. Mechanism of counterattack of colorectal cancer cell by Fas/Fas ligand system. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 6125-6129 [PMID: 16273638]
64. Hoogwater FJ, Steller EJ, Westendorp BF, Borel Rinkes IH, Kranenburg O. CD95 signaling in colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1826: 189-198 [PMID: 22498253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.007]
65. Sugita J, Ohtani H, Mizoi T, Saito K, Shiiba K, Sasaki I, Matsuno S, Yagita H, Miyazawa M, Nagura H. Close association between Fas ligand (FasL; CD95L)-positive tumorassociated macrophages and apoptotic cancer cells along invasive margin of colorectal carcinoma: a proposal on tumorhost interactions. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93: 320-328 [PMID: 11927015]
66. Zheng HX, Cai YD, Wang YD, Cui XB, Xie TT, Li WJ, Peng L, Zhang Y, Wang ZQ, Wang J, Jiang B. Fas signaling promotes motility and metastasis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastrointestinal cancer. Oncogene 2013; 32: 1183-1192 [PMID: 22508480 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.126]
67. Nijkamp MW, Hoogwater FJ, Steller EJ, Westendorp BF, van der Meulen TA, Leenders MW, Borel Rinkes IH, Kranenburg O. CD95 is a key mediator of invasion and accelerated outgrowth of mouse colorectal liver metastases following radiofrequency ablation. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 1069-1077 [PMID: 20832890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.040]
68. Sheard MA, Vojtesek B, Janakova L, Kovarik J, Zaloudik J. Up-regulation of Fas (CD95) in human p53wild-type cancer cells treated with ionizing radiation. Int J Cancer 1997; 73: 757-762 [PMID: 9398058]
69. Steller EJ, Ritsma L, Raats DA, Hoogwater FJ, Emmink BL, Govaert KM, Laoukili J, Rinkes IH, van Rheenen J, Kranenburg O. The death receptor CD95 activates the cofilin pathway to stimulate tumour cell invasion. EMBO Rep 2011; 12: 931-937 [PMID: 21760611 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2011.129]
70. Kasper HU, Konze E, Kern M, Stippel DL. CD95 and TNFα-induced apoptosis in liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma. In Vivo 2010; 24: 653-657 [PMID: 20952729]
71. Yang C, Liu HZ, Fu ZX. PEG-liposomal oxaliplatin induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via Fas/FasL and caspase-8. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36: 289-296 [PMID: 21888623 DOI: 10.1042/CBI20100825]
72. Houghton JA, Harwood FG, Gibson AA, Tillman DM. The fas signaling pathway is functional in colon carcinoma cells and induces apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 2205-2209 [PMID: 9815616]
73. Young NL, Saudek CD, Walters L, Lapeyrolerie J, Chang V. Preventing hyperphagia normalizes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in small intestine and liver of diabetic rats. J Lipid Res 1982; 23: 831-838 [PMID: 6957513]
74. Krammer PH. CD95's deadly mission in the immune system. Nature 2000; 407: 789-795 [PMID: 11048730 DOI: 10.1038/35037728]
75. Tillman DM, Harwood FG, Gibson AA, Houghton JA. Expression of genes that regulate Fas signalling and Fasmediated apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells. Cell Death Differ 1998; 5: 450-457 [PMID: 10200495 DOI: 10.1038/ sj.cdd.4400369]
76. Villa-Morales M, Fernández-Piqueras J. Targeting the Fas/ FasL signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16: 85-101 [PMID: 22239437 DOI: 10.1517/1472 8222.2011.628937]
77. Wang WS, Chen PM, Wang HS, Liang WY, Su Y. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 increases resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis and is a poor prognostic factor of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27: 1113-1120 [PMID: 16474169 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi351]
78. Sträter J, Walczak H, Pukrop T, Von Müller L, Hasel C, Kornmann M, Mertens T, Möller P. TRAIL and its receptors in the colonic epithelium: a putative role in the defense of viral infections. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 659-666 [PMID: 11874999]
79. Marini P, Denzinger S, Schiller D, Kauder S, Welz S, Humphreys R, Daniel PT, Jendrossek V, Budach W, Belka C. Combined treatment of colorectal tumours with agonistic TRAIL receptor antibodies HGS-ETR1 and HGS-ETR2 and radiotherapy: enhanced effects in vitro and dose-dependent growth delay in vivo. Oncogene 2006; 25: 5145-5154 [PMID: 16636678 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209516]
80. Gong J, Yang D, Kohanim S, Humphreys R, Broemeling L, Kurzrock R. Novel in vivo imaging shows up-regulation of death receptors by paclitaxel and correlates with enhanced antitumor effects of receptor agonist antibodies. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5: 2991-3000 [PMID: 17148761 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0188]
81. Motoki K, Mori E, Matsumoto A, Thomas M, Tomura T, Humphreys R, Albert V, Muto M, Yoshida H, Aoki M, Tamada T, Kuroki R, Yoshida H, Ishida I, Ware CF, Kataoka S. Enhanced apoptosis and tumor regression induced by a direct agonist antibody to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 3126-3135 [PMID: 15837769 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432. CCR-04-1867]
82. Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Shi J, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. A novel anti-DR5 chimeric antibody and epirubicin synergistically suppress tumor growth. IUBMB Life 2012; 64: 757-765 [PMID: 22815059 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1064]
83. Li M, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Yao Z, Liu S, Liu Y, Shi J, Zheng D. 2A peptide-based, lentivirus-mediated anti-death receptor 5 chimeric antibody expression prevents tumor growth in nude mice. Mol Ther 2012; 20: 46-53 [PMID: 21934654 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.197]
84. Rosevear HM, Lightfoot AJ, Griffith TS. Conatumumab, a fully human mAb against death receptor 5 for the treatment of cancer. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 11: 688-698 [PMID: 20496264]
85. Siegemund M, Pollak N, Seifert O, Wahl K, Hanak K, Vogel A, Nussler AK, Göttsch D, Münkel S, Bantel H, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K. Superior antitumoral activity of dimerized targeted single-chain TRAIL fusion proteins under retention of tumor selectivity. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3: e295 [PMID: 22495350 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.29]
86. Pan Y, Xu R, Peach M, Huang CP, Branstetter D, Novotny W, Herbst RS, Eckhardt SG, Holland PM. Evaluation of pharmacodynamic biomarkers in a Phase 1a trial of dulanermin (rhApo2L/TRAIL) in patients with advanced tumours. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 1830-1838 [PMID: 22033270 DOI: 10.1038/ bjc.2011.456]
87. Manzo F, Nebbioso A, Miceli M, Conte M, De Bellis F, Carafa V, Franci G, Tambaro FP, Altucci L. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: signalling of a 'smart' molecule. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41: 460-466 [PMID: 18243765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.12.012]
88. Koehler BC, Urbanik T, Vick B, Boger RJ, Heeger S, Galle PR, Schuchmann M, Schulze-Bergkamen H. TRAIL-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells is augmented by targeted therapies. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 5924-5935 [PMID: 20014456]
89. LeBlanc H, Lawrence D, Varfolomeev E, Totpal K, Morlan J, Schow P, Fong S, Schwall R, Sinicropi D, Ashkenazi A. Tumor-cell resistance to death receptor--induced apoptosis through mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 homolog Bax. Nat Med 2002; 8: 274-281 [PMID: 11875499 DOI: 10.1038/nm0302-274]
90. Cummins JM, Kohli M, Rago C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Bunz F. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a nonredundant modulator of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 3006-3008 [PMID: 15126334]
91. Kim HS, Lee JW, Soung YH, Park WS, Kim SY, Lee JH, Park JY, Cho YG, Kim CJ, Jeong SW, Nam SW, Kim SH, Lee JY, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Inactivating mutations of caspase-8 gene in colorectal carcinomas. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 708-715 [PMID: 12949717]
92. Hernandez A, Thomas R, Smith F, Sandberg J, Kim S, Chung DH, Evers BM. Butyrate sensitizes human colon cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Surgery 2001; 130: 265-272 [PMID: 11490359 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2001.115897]
93. Hernandez A, Wang QD, Schwartz SA, Evers BM. Sensitization of human colon cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2001; 5: 56-65 [PMID: 11309649]
94. Pennarun B, Kleibeuker JH, Boersma-van Ek W, Kruyt FA, Hollema H, de Vries EG, de Jong S. Targeting FLIP and Mcl-1 using a combination of aspirin and sorafenib sensitizes colon cancer cells to TRAIL. J Pathol 2013; 229: 410-421 [PMID: 23132258 DOI: 10.1002/path.4138]
95. Kreuzaler P, Watson CJ. Killing a cancer: what are the alternatives? Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12: 411-424 [PMID: 22576162 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3264]
96. Ouyang L, Shi Z, Zhao S, Wang FT, Zhou TT, Liu B, Bao JK. Programmed cell death pathways in cancer: a review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. Cell Prolif 2012; 45: 487-498 [PMID: 23030059 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1365-2184.2012.00845.x]
97. Fulda S. The mechanism of necroptosis in normal and cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14: 999-1004 [PMID: 24025353]
98. Vandenabeele P, Galluzzi L, Vanden Berghe T, Kroemer G. Molecular mechanisms of necroptosis: an ordered cellular explosion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11: 700-714 [PMID: 20823910 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2970]
99. Zhou Z, Han V, Han J. New components of the necroptotic pathway. Protein Cell 2012; 3: 811-817 [PMID: 23073834 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2083-9]
100. Jouan-Lanhouet S, Arshad MI, Piquet-Pellorce C, Martin-Chouly C, Le Moigne-Muller G, Van Herreweghe F, Takahashi N, Sergent O, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Vandenabeele P, Samson M, Dimanche-Boitrel MT. TRAIL induces necroptosis involving RIPK1/RIPK3-dependent PARP-1 activation. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19: 2003-2014 [PMID: 22814620 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.90]
101. Jain MV, Paczulla AM, Klonisch T, Dimgba FN, Rao SB, Roberg K, Schweizer F, Lengerke C, Davoodpour P, Palicharla VR, Maddika S, Łos M. Interconnections between apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic pathways: implications for cancer therapy development. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17: 12-29 [PMID: 23301705 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12001]
102. Gong J, Kumar SA, Graham G, Kumar AP. FLIP: Molecular Switch Between Apoptosis and Necroptosis. Mol Carcinog 2013 Apr 26; Epub ahead of print [PMID: 23625539 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22027]
103. Lee EW, Seo J, Jeong M, Lee S, Song J. The roles of FADD in extrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis. BMB Rep 2012; 45: 496-508 [PMID: 23010170]
104. Becker C, Watson AJ, Neurath MF. Complex roles of caspases in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 283-293 [PMID: 23219999 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.11.035]
105. Günther C, Martini E, Wittkopf N, Amann K, Weigmann B, Neumann H, Waldner MJ, Hedrick SM, Tenzer S, Neurath MF, Becker C. Caspase-8 regulates TNF-α-induced epithelial necroptosis and terminal ileitis. Nature 2011; 477: 335-339 [PMID: 21921917 DOI: 10.1038/nature10400]
106. Welz PS, Wullaert A, Vlantis K, Kondylis V, Fernández-Majada V, Ermolaeva M, Kirsch P, Sterner-Kock A, van Loo G, Pasparakis M. FADD prevents RIP3-mediated epithelial cell necrosis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Nature 2011; 477: 330-334 [PMID: 21804564 DOI: 10.1038/nature10273]
107. Yu X, Deng Q, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. The role of necroptosis, an alternative form of cell death, in cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13: 883-893 [PMID: 23875666 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.811180]
108. Hernández-Breijo B, Monserrat J, Ramírez-Rubio S, Cuevas EP, Vara D, Díaz-Laviada I, Fernández-Moreno MD, Román ID, Gisbert JP, Guijarro LG. Preclinical evaluation of azathioprine plus buthionine sulfoximine in the treatment of human hepatocarcinoma and colon carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 3899-3911 [PMID: 22025878 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i34.3899]
109. Huang CY, Kuo WT, Huang YC, Lee TC, Yu LC. Resistance to hypoxia-induced necroptosis is conferred by glycolytic pyruvate scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4: e622 [PMID: 23640464 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.149]
110. Grassilli E, Narloch R, Federzoni E, Ianzano L, Pisano F, Giovannoni R, Romano G, Masiero L, Leone BE, Bonin S, Donada M, Stanta G, Helin K, Lavitrano M. Inhibition of GSK3B bypass drug resistance of p53-null colon carcinomas by enabling necroptosis in response to chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19: 3820-3831 [PMID: 23729362 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3289]
111. Choi AM, Ryter SW, Levine B. Autophagy in human health and disease. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 651-662 [PMID: 23406030]
112. White E. Deconvoluting the context-dependent role for autophagy in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12: 401-410 [PMID: 22534666 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3262]
113. Janku F, McConkey DJ, Hong DS, Kurzrock R. Autophagy as a target for anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2011; 8: 528-539 [PMID: 21587219 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.71]
114. Ding WX, Ni HM, Gao W, Chen X, Kang JH, Stolz DB, Liu J, Yin XM. Oncogenic transformation confers a selective susceptibility to the combined suppression of the proteasome and autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8: 2036-2045 [PMID: 19584239 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-1169]
115. Yue Z, Jin S, Yang C, Levine AJ, Heintz N. Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 15077-15082 [PMID: 14657337 DOI: 10.1073/ pnas.2436255100]
116. Degenhardt K, Mathew R, Beaudoin B, Bray K, Anderson D, Chen G, Mukherjee C, Shi Y, Gélinas C, Fan Y, Nelson DA, Jin S, White E. Autophagy promotes tumor cell survival and restricts necrosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2006; 10: 51-64 [PMID: 16843265 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ccr.2006.06.001]
117. Sotelo J, Briceño E, López-González MA. Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 337-343 [PMID: 16520474]
118. Tai CJ, Wang CK, Tai CJ, Lin YF, Lin CS, Jian JY, Chang YJ, Chang CC. Aqueous Extract of Solanum nigrum Leaves Induces Autophagy and Enhances Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Docetaxel, and 5-Fluorouracil in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 514719 [PMID: 23843876 DOI: 10.1155/2013/514719]
119. Basile V, Belluti S, Ferrari E, Gozzoli C, Ganassi S, Quaglino D, Saladini M, Imbriano C. bis-Dehydroxy-Curcumin triggers mitochondrial-associated cell death in human colon cancer cells through ER-stress induced autophagy. PLoS One 2013; 8: e53664 [PMID: 23326480 DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0053664]
120. Biggers JW, Nguyen T, Di X, Gupton JT, Henderson SC, Emery SM, Alotaibi M, White KL, Brown R, Almenara J, Gewirtz DA. Autophagy, cell death and sustained senescence arrest in B16/F10 melanoma cells and HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells in response to the novel microtubule poison, JG-03-14. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71: 441-455 [PMID: 23178952 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-2024-6]
121. Greene LM, O'Boyle NM, Nolan DP, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. The vascular targeting agent Combretastatin-A4 directly induces autophagy in adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84: 612-624 [PMID: 22705646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.005]
122. Sasaki K, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Kawai K, Hongo K, Hiyoshi M, Kaneko M, Murono K, Tada N, Nirei T, Takahashi K, Kitayama J. Resistance of colon cancer to 5-fluorouracil may be overcome by combination with chloroquine, an in vivo study. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23: 675-682 [PMID: 22561420 DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0b013e328353f8c7]
123. Sasaki K, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Tsurita G, Kawai K, Okaji Y, Nishikawa T, Shuno Y, Hongo K, Hiyoshi M, Kaneko M, Kitayama J, Takahashi K, Nagawa H. Chloroquine potentiates the anti-cancer effect of 5-fluorouracil on colon cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 370 [PMID: 20630104 DOI: 10.118 6/1471-2407-10-370]
124. Altomare I, Hurwitz H. Everolimus in colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14: 505-513 [PMID: 23406528 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.770473]
125. Castellano D, Bajetta E, Panneerselvam A, Saletan S, Kocha W, O'Dorisio T, Anthony LB, Hobday T. Everolimus plus octreotide long-acting repeatable in patients with colorectal neuroendocrine tumors: a subgroup analysis of the phase III RADIANT-2 study. Oncologist 2013; 18: 46-53 [PMID: 23263288]
126. Ng K, Tabernero J, Hwang J, Bajetta E, Sharma S, Del Prete SA, Arrowsmith ER, Ryan DP, Sedova M, Jin J, Malek K, Fuchs CS. Phase II study of everolimus in patients with metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma previously treated with bevacizumab-, fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based regimens. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19: 3987-3995 [PMID: 23743569 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0027]
127. Wolpin BM, Ng K, Zhu AX, Abrams T, Enzinger PC, Mc-Cleary NJ, Schrag D, Kwak EL, Allen JN, Bhargava P, Chan JA, Goessling W, Blaszkowsky LS, Supko JG, Elliot M, Sato K, Regan E, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS. Multicenter phase II study of tivozanib (AV-951) and everolimus (RAD001) for patients with refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist 2013; 18: 377-378 [PMID: 23580238 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist. 2012-0378]
128. Altomare I, Bendell JC, Bullock KE, Uronis HE, Morse MA, Hsu SD, Zafar SY, Blobe GC, Pang H, Honeycutt W, Sutton L, Hurwitz HI. A phase II trial of bevacizumab plus everolimus for patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist 2011; 16: 1131-1137 [PMID: 21795432 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0078]
129. Jendrossek V. Targeting apoptosis pathways by Celecoxib in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 332: 313-324 [PMID: 21345578 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.01.012]
130. Raina K, Agarwal C, Wadhwa R, Serkova NJ, Agarwal R. Energy deprivation by silibinin in colorectal cancer cells: a double-edged sword targeting both apoptotic and autophagic machineries. Autophagy 2013; 9: 697-713 [PMID: 23445752 DOI: 10.4161/auto.23960]
131. Yang WL, Perillo W, Liou D, Marambaud P, Wang P. AMPK inhibitor compound C suppresses cell proliferation by induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human colorectal cancer cells. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106: 680-688 [PMID: 22674626 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23184]
132. Tian M, Wan Y, Tang J, Li H, Yu G, Zhu J, Ji S, Guo H, Zhang N, Li W, Gai J, Wang L, Dai L, Liu D, Lei L, Zhu S. Depletion of tissue factor suppresses hepatic metastasis and tumor growth in colorectal cancer via the downregulation of MMPs and the induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12: 896-907 [PMID: 22052255 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.10.17679]
133. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12: 252-264 [PMID: 22437870 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3239]
134. Lipson EJ. Re-orienting the immune system: Durable tumor regression and successful re-induction therapy using anti-PD1 antibodies. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2: e23661 [PMID: 23734322 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23661]
135. Linder S, Olofsson MH, Herrmann R, Ulukaya E. Utilization of cytokeratin-based biomarkers for pharmacodynamic studies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010; 10: 353-359 [PMID: 20370591 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.14]
136. Linder S, Havelka AM, Ueno T, Shoshan MC. Determining tumor apoptosis and necrosis in patient serum using cytokeratin 18. as a biomarker. Cancer Lett 2004; 214: 1-9 [PMID: 15331168 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.032]
137. De Saint-Hubert M, Bauwens M, Verbruggen A, Mottaghy FM. Apoptosis imaging to monitor cancer therapy: the road to fast treatment evaluation? Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13: 571-583 [PMID: 22214506]
138. Krause BJ, Schwarzenböck S, Schwaiger M. [Tracers in oncology-preclinical and clinical evaluation]. Nuklearmedizin 2010; 49 Suppl 1: S41-S45 [PMID: 21152689]
139. Huerta S, Gao X, Livingston EH, Kapur P, Sun H, Anthony T. In vitro and in vivo radiosensitization of colorectal cancer HT-29 cells by the smac mimetic JP-1201. Surgery 2010; 148: 346-353 [PMID: 20633731 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.05.006]
140. Kameshima H, Tsuruma T, Torigoe T, Takahashi A, Hirohashi Y, Tamura Y, Tsukahara T, Ichimiya S, Kanaseki T, Iwayama Y, Sato N, Hirata K. Immunogenic enhancement and clinical effect by type-I interferon of anti-apoptotic protein, survivin-derived peptide vaccine, in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1181-1187 [PMID: 21371173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01918.x]
141. Kim HS, Kim CH, Park MY, Park JS, Park HM, Sohn HJ, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Oh ST, Kim TG. Efficient co-transduction of adenoviral vectors encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and survivin into dendritic cells by the CAR-TAT adaptor molecule enhance anti-tumor immunity in a murine colorectal cancer model. Immunol Lett 2010; 131: 73-80 [PMID: 20211203 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.03.001]
142. Moreira JN, Santos A, Simões S. Bcl-2-targeted antisense therapy (Oblimersen sodium): towards clinical reality. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2006; 1: 217-235 [PMID: 18473975]
143. Wiedenmann N, Koto M, Raju U, Milas L, Mason KA. Modulation of tumor radiation response with G3139, a bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. Invest New Drugs 2007; 25: 411-416 [PMID: 17492397 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9058-3]
144. Forero-Torres A, Shah J, Wood T, Posey J, Carlisle R, Copigneaux C, Luo FR, Wojtowicz-Praga S, Percent I, Saleh M. Phase I trial of weekly tigatuzumab, an agonistic humanized monoclonal antibody targeting death receptor 5 (DR5). Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010; 25: 13-19 [PMID: 20187792]
145. Yada A, Yazawa M, Ishida S, Yoshida H, Ichikawa K, Kurakata S, Fujiwara K. A novel humanized anti-human death receptor 5 antibody CS-1008 induces apoptosis in tumor cells without toxicity in hepatocytes. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 1060-1067 [PMID: 18304965 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn015]
146. Merchant MS, Geller JI, Baird K, Chou AJ, Galli S, Charles A, Amaoko M, Rhee EH, Price A, Wexler LH, Meyers PA, Widemann BC, Tsokos M, Mackall CL. Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of lexatumumab in pediatric patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 4141-4147 [PMID: 23071222 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.1055]
147. Kelley SK, Harris LA, Xie D, Deforge L, Totpal K, Bussiere J, Fox JA. Preclinical studies to predict the disposition of Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in humans: characterization of in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 299: 31-38 [PMID: 11561060]
148. Cohn AL, Tabernero J, Maurel J, Nowara E, Sastre J, Chuah BY, Kopp MV, Sakaeva DD, Mitchell EP, Dubey S, Suzuki S, Hei YJ, Galimi F, McCaffery I, Pan Y, Loberg R, Cottrell S, Choo SP. A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of ganitumab or conatumumab in combination with FOLFIRI for second-line treatment of mutant KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 1777-1785 [PMID: 23510984 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt057]
149. Ko CH, Shen SC, Yang LY, Lin CW, Chen YC. Gossypol reduction of tumor growth through ROS-dependent mitochondria pathway in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1670-1679 [PMID: 17597109 DOI: 10.1002/ ijc.22910]
150. Choi JH, Yoon JS, Won YW, Park BB, Lee YY. Chloroquine enhances the chemotherapeutic activity of 5-fluorouracil in a colon cancer cell line via cell cycle alteration. APMIS 2012; 120: 597-604 [PMID: 22716215 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1600-0463.2012.02876.x]
151. Chu C, Noël-Hudson MS, Boige V, Goéré D, Marion S, Polrot M, Bigot L, Gonin P, Farinotti R, Bonhomme-Faivre L. Therapeutic efficiency of everolimus and lapatinib in xenograft model of human colorectal carcinoma with KRAS mutation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 27: 434-442 [PMID: 22458846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01035.x]