Apoptosis and colorectal cancer

Gut

Volumn 53, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1701-1709

  Watson, A J M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APC PROTEIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYTOCHROME C; DOXORUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PROSTACYCLIN; PROTEIN BAK; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P53; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND; WNT PROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER PREVENTION; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHROMOSOMAL PARAMETERS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CARCINOGENESIS; COLON MUCOSA; COLORECTAL CANCER; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; DRUG SENSITIVITY; ENZYME RELEASE; GENE ACTIVITY; GENE FUNCTION; GENE INACTIVATION; GROWTH INHIBITION; HUMAN; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; INTESTINE ISCHEMIA; MITOSIS INHIBITION; ONCOGENE C MYC; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; STEM CELL; TELOMERE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; APOPTOSIS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 7244227675     PISSN: 00175749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.052704     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972;26:239-57.
2. Potten CS, Loeffler M. Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt. Development 1990;110:1001-20.
3. Spradling A, Drummond-Barbosa D, Kai T. Stem cells find their niche. Nature 2001;414:98-104.
4. Stappenbeck TS, Mills JC, Gordon JI. Molecular features of adult mouse small intestinal epithelial progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:1004-9.
5. Potten CS, Owen G, Booth D. Intestinal stem cells protect their genome by selective segregation of template DNA strands. J Cell Sci 2002;115(Pt 11):2381-8.
6. Watson AJM, Pritchard DM. Lessons from genetically engineered animal models VII. Apoptosis in intestinal epithelium: lessons from transgenic and knockout mice, Am J Physiol: GI 2000;278:G1-6.
7. Johnson IT. Anticarcinogenic effects of diet-related apoptosis in the colorectal mucosa. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1171-8.
8. Ruemmele FM, Schwartz S, Seidman EG, et al. Butyrate induced Caco-2 cell apoptosis is mediated via the mitochondrial pathway. Gut 2003;52:94-100.
9. Buda A, Qualtrough D, Jepson MA, et al. Butyrate downregulates alpha2beta1 integrin: a possible role in the induction of apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines. Gut 2003;52:729-34.
10. Yang K, Lamprecht SA, Liu Y, et al. Chemoprevention studies of the flavonoids quercetin and rutin in normal and azoxymethane-treated mouse colon. Carcinogenesis 2000;21:1655-60.
11. Smith TK, Mithen R, Johnson IT. Effects of Brassica vegetable juice on the induction of apoptosis and aberrant crypt foci in rat colonic mucosal crypts in vivo. Carcinogenesis 2003;24:491-5.
12. Sansom OJ, Zabkiewicz J, Bishop SM, et al. MBD4 deficiency reduces the apoptotic response to DNA-damaging agents in the murine small intestine. Oncogene 2003;22:7130-6.
13. Merritt AJ, Polten CS, Kemp CJ, et al. The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal and p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res 1994;54:614-17.
14. Merritt AJ, Potten CS, Watson AJM, et al. Differential expression of Bcl-2 in intestinal epithelia-correlation with attenuation of apoptosis in colonic crypts and the incidence of colonic neoplasia. J Cell Sci 1995;108(Pt 6):2261-71.
15. Pritchard DM, Potten CS, Korsmeyer SJ, et al. Damageinduced apotosis in intestinal epithelia from bcl-2-null and box-null mice: Investigations of the mechanistic determinants of epithelial apoptosis in vivo. Oncogene 1999;18:7287-93.
16. Pritchard DM, Print C, O'Reilly L, et al. Bcl-w is an important determinant of damage-induced apoptosis in epithelia of small and large intestine. Oncogene 2000;19(34):3955-9.
17. Paris F, Fuks Z, Kang A, et al. Endothelial apoptosis as the primary lesion initiating intestinal radiation damage in mice. Science 2001;293:293-7.
18. Garcia-Barros M, Paris F, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Tumor response to radiotherapy regulated by endothelial cell apoptosis. Science 2003;300:1155-9.
19. Pritchard DM, Potten CS, Hickman JA. The relationships between p53-dependent apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and 5-fluorouracil-induced histopathology in murine intestinal epithelia. Cancer Res 1998;58:5453-65.
20. Marshman E, Ottewell PD, Potten CS, et al. Caspase activation during spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the murine intestine. J Pathol 2001;193:1-9.
21. Coopersmith CM, Od D, Gordon JI. Bcl-2 inhibits ischaemia-reperfusion induced opoptosis in the intestinal epithelium of transgenic mice. Am J Physiol 1999;276:G677-86.
22. Hermiston ML, Gordon JI. Inflammatory bowel-disease and adenomas in mice expressing a dominant-negative N-cadherin. Science 1995;270:1203-7.
23. Sancho E, Batlle E, Clevers H. Live and let die in the intestinal epithelium. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003;15:763-70.
24. Bienz M, Clevers H. Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling. Cell 2000;103:311-20.
25. Nelson WJ, Nusse R. Convergence of Wnt, beta-catenin, and cadherin pathways. Science 2004;303:1483-7.
26. Pinto D, Gregorieff A, Begthel H, et al. Canonical Wnt signals are essential for homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. Genes Dev 2003;17:1709-13
27. van de Wetering M, Sancho E, Verweij C, et al. The beta-catenin/TCF-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell 2002;111:241-50.
28. Batlle E, Henderson JT, Beghtel H, et al. Beta-catenin and TCF mediate cell positioning in the intestinal epithelium by controlling the expression of EphB/ephrinB. Cell 2002;111:251-63.
29. Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death: critical control points. Cell 2004;116:205-19.
30. Sulston JE. Post-embryonic development in the ventral cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1976;275:287-97.
31. Yuan J, Shaham S, Ledoux S, et al. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 betaconverting enzyme. Cell 1993;75:641-52.
32. Thornberry N, Lazebnik Y. Caspases: Enemies within. Science 1998;281:1312-16.
33. Li P, Nijhawan D, Budihardjo I, et al. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 1997;91:479-89.
34. Cain K, Bratton SB, Langlais C, et al. Apaf-1 oligomerizes into biologically active approximately 700-kDa and inactive approximately 1.4-MDa apoptosome complexes. J Biol Chem 2000;275:6067-70.
35. Acehan D, Jiang X, Morgan DG, et al. Three dimensional structure of the apoptosome: implications for assembly, procaspase-9 binding, and activation. Mol Cell 2002;9:423-32.
36. Shaham S, Horvitz HR. Developing Caenorhabditis elegans neurons may contain both cell-death protective and killer activities. Genes Dev 1996;10:578-91.
37. Conradt B, Horvitz HR. The C. elegans protein EGL-1 is required for programmed cell death and interacts with the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9. Cell 1998;93:519-29.
38. Wei MC, Zong WX, Cheng EH, et al. Proapoptotic BAX and BAK: a requisite gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction ana death. Science 2001;292:727-30.
39. Sattler M, Liang H, Nettesheim D, et al. Structure of Bcl-xL-Bak peptide complex: recognition between regulators of apoptosis. Science 1997;275:983-6.
40. Suzuki M, Youle RJ, Tjandra N. Structure of Bax: coregulation of dimmer formation and intracellular localization. Cell 2000;103:645-54.
41. Liu X, Kim CN, Yang J, et al. Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: requirement for dATP and cytochrome c. Cell 1996;86:147-57.
42. Nakano K, Vousden KH. PUMA, a novel proapoptotic gene, is induced by p53. Mol Cell 2001;7:683-94.
43. Oda E, Ohki R, Murasawa H, et al. Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. Science 2000;288:1053-8.
44. Puthalakath H, Huang DC, O'Reilly LA, et al. The proapoptotic activity of the Bcl-2 family member Bim is regulated by interaction with the dynein motor complex. Mol Cell 1999;3:287-96.
45. L and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 1995;80:285-91.
46. Houston A, Waldron-Lynch FD, Bennett MW, et al. Fas ligand expressed in colon cancer is not associated with increased apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo. Int J Cancer 2003;107:209-14.
47. Kischkel FC, Hellbardt S, Behrmann I, et al. Cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1 (Fas/CD95)-associated proteins form a death inducing signaling complex (DISC) with the receptor. Embo J 1995;14:5579-88.
48. Muzio M, Chinnaiyan AM, Kischkel FC, et al. FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 1996;85:817-27.
49. Scoffidi C, Fulda S, Srinivasan A, et al. Two CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling pathways. Embo J 1998;17:1675-87.
50. Li H, Zhu H, Xu CJ, et al. Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis. Cell 1998;94:491-501.
51. Micheau O, Tschopp J. Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell 2003;114:181-90.
52. Hahn WC, Weinberg RA. Rules for making human tumor cells. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1593-603.
53. Cahill DP, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, et al. Genetic instability and darwinian selection in tumours. Trends Cell Biol 1999;9:M57-60.
54. Rajagopalan H, Nowak MA, Vogelstein B, et al. The significance of unstable chromosomes in colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:695-701.
55. Komarova NL, Lengauer C, Vogelstein B, et al. Dynamics of genetic instability in sporadic and familial colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2002;1:685-92.
56. Tang R, Changchien CR, Wu MC, et al. Colorectal cancer without high microsatellite instability and chromosomal instability-an alternative genetic pathway to human colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:841-6.
57. Rajagopalan H, Jallepalli PV, Rago C, et al. Inactivation of hCDC4 can cause chromosomal instability. Nature 2004;428:77-81.
58. Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Vogelstein B, et al. Identification of a gene located at chromosome-5q21 that is mutated in colorectal cancers. Science 1991;251:1366-70.
59. Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, et al. Activation of β-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in β-catenin or APC. Science 1997;275:1787-90.
60. Kim PJ, Plescia J, Clevers H, et al. Survivin and molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Lancet 2003;362:205-9.
61. Chen T, Yang I, Irby R, et al. Regulation of caspase expression and apoptosis by adenomatous polyposis coli. Cancer Res 2003;63:4368-74.
62. Green RA, Kaplan KB. Chromosome instability in colorectal tumor cells is associated with defects in microtubule plus-end attachments caused by a dominant mutation in APC. J Cell Biol 2003;163:949-61.
63. Juin P, Hunt A, Littlewood T, et al. c-Myc functionally cooperates with Bax to induce apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:6158-69.
64. Klefstrom J, Verschuren EW, Evan G. c-Myc augments the apoptotic activity of cytosolic death receptor signaling proteins by engaging the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. J Biol Chem 2002;277:43224-32.
65. Hahn WC. Senescence, telomere shortening and telomere maintenance. Cancer Biol Ther 2002;1:398-400.
66. O'Sullivan JN, Bronner MP, Brentnall TA, et al. Chromosomal instability in ulcerative colitis is related to telomere shortening. Nat Genet 2002;32:280-4.
67. Plentz RR, Wiemann SU, Flemming P, et al. Telomere shortening of epithelial cells characterises the adenoma-carcinoma transition of human colorectal cancer. Gut 2003;52:1304-7.
68. Iacopetta B. TP53 mutation in colorectal cancer. Hum Mutat 2003;21:271-6.
69. Fridman JS, Lowe SW. Control of apoptosis by p53. Oncogene 2003;22:9030-40.
70. Kannan K, Kaminski N, Rechavi G, et al. DNA microarray analysis of genes involved in p53 mediated apoptosis: activation of Apaf-1. Oncogene 2001;20:3449-55.
71. MacLachlan TK, El-Deiry WS. Apoptotic threshold is lowered by p53 transactivation of caspase-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:9492-7.
72. Sax JK, Fei P, Murphy ME, et al. BID regulation by p53 contributes to chemosensitivity. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4:842-9.
73. Ambrosini G, Adida C, Altieri DC. A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med 1997;3:917-21.
74. Stambolic V, MacPherson D, Sas D, et al. Regulation of PTEN transcription by p53. Mol Cell 2001;8:317-25.
75. Schmitt CA, Fridman JS, Yang M, et al. Dissecting p53 tumor suppressor functions in vivo. Cancer Cell 2002;1:289-98.
76. Seoane J, Le HV, Massague J. Myc suppression of the p21(Cip1) Cdk inhibitor influences the outcome of the p53 response to DNA damage. Nature 2002;419:729-34.
77. Sherr CJ, Weber JD. The ARF/p53 pathway. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2000;10:94-9.
78. INK4a contributes to the outcome of cancer therapy. Cell 2002;109:335-46.
79. Bunz F, Hwang PM, Torrance C, et al. Disruption of p53 in human cancer cells alters the responses to therapeutic agents. J Clin Invest 1999;104:263-9.
80. Pritchard DM, Watson AJM, Potten CS, et al. Inhibition by uridine but not thymidine of p53-dependent intestinal apoptosis initiated by 5-fluorouracil: Evidence for the involvement of RNA perturbation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:1795-9.
81. Marra G, Baland CR. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: the syndrome, the genes, and historical perspectives. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1114-25.
82. Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;348:919-32.
83. Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, et al. A National Cancer Institute Workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:5248-57.
84. Kane MF, Loda M, Gaida GM, et al. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair-defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 1997;57:808-11.
85. Ahuja N, Mohan AL, Li Q, et al. Association between CpG island methylation and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1997;57:3370-4.
86. Robert MF, Morin S, Beaulieu N, et al. DNMT1 is required to maintain CpG methylation and aberrant gene silencing in human cancer cells. Nat Genet 2003;33:61-5.
87. Jass JR, Whitehall VL, Young J, et al. Emerging concepts in colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2002;123:862-76.
88. Markowitz S, Wang J, Myeroff L, et al. Inactivation of the type II TGF-beta receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability. Science 1995;268:1336-8.
89. Souza RF, Appel R, Yin J, et al. Microsatellite instability in the insulin-like growth factor II receptor gene in gastrointestinal tumours. Nat Genet 1996;14:255-7.
90. Yamamoto H, Sawai H, Weber TK, et al. Somatic frameshift mutations in DNA mismatch repair and proapoptosis genes in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:997-1003.
91. Jass JR. Hyperplastic polyps and colorectal cancer: is there a link? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:1-8.
92. Longacre TA, Fenoglio-Preiser CM. Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas. A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:524-37.
93. Hayashi T, Yatani R, Apostol J, et al. Pathogenesis of hyperplastic polyps of the colon: a hypothesis based on ultrastructure and in vitro cell kinetics. Gastroenterology 1974;66:347-56.
94. Hall PA, Coates PJ, Ansari B, et al. Regulation of cell number in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: the importance of apoptosis. J Cell Science 1994;107:3569-77.
95. Otori K, Oda Y, Sugiyama K, et al. High frequency of K-ras mutations in human colorectal hyperplastic polyps. Gut 1997;40:660-3.
96. Chan R, Zhao W, Leung SY, et al. BRAF and KRAS mutations in colorectal hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas. Cancer Res 2003;63:4878-81.
97. Tateyama H, Li W, Takahashi E, et al. Apoptosis index and apoptosis-related antigen expression in serrated adenoma of the colorectum: the saw-toothed structure may be related to inhibition of apoptosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:249-56.
98. Fentan RG, Hixon JA, Wright PW, et al. Inhibition of Fas (CD95) expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis by oncogenic Ras. Cancer Res 1998;58:3391-400.
99. Waldman T, Zhang YG, Dillehay L, et al. Cell cycle arrest versus cell death in cancer therapy. Nat Med 1997;3:1034-6.
100. Blankenberg FG, Katsikis PD, Tait JF, et al. In vivo detection and imagina of phosphatidylserine expression during programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:6349-54.
101. Reader AJ, Zweit J. Developments in whole-body molecular imaging of live subjects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001;22:604-7.
102. Gupta RA, DuBois RN, Wallace MC. New avenues for the prevention of colorectal cancer: targeting cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002;16:945-56.
103. Eberhart CE, Coffey RJ, Radhika A, et al. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene-expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1183-8.
104. Williams CS, Tsujii M, Reese J, et al. Host cyclooxygenase-2 modulates carcinoma growth. J Clin invest 2000;105:1589-94.
105. delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (COX-2). Cell 1996;87:803-9.
106. Chulada PC, Thompson MB, Mahler JF, et al. Genetic disruption of Ptgs-1, as well as Ptgs-2, reduces intestinal tumorigenesis in Min mice. Cancer Res 2000;60:4705-8.
107. Hawk ET, Viner JL, Umar A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitors in clinical cancer prevention trials. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2003;37:210-42.
108. Martin C, Connelly A, Keku TO, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, apoptosis, and colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1770-7.
109. Williams CS, Watson AJ, Sheng H, et al. Celecoxib prevents tumor growth in vivo without toxicity to normal gut: lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo models. Cancer Res 2000;60:6045-51.
110. Sinicrope FA, Gill S. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2004;23:63-75.
111. Gupta RA, Wang D, Katkuri S, et al. Activation of nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta accelerates intestinal adenoma growth. Nat Med 2004;10:245-7.
112. Zhang L, Yu J, Park BH, et al. Role of BAX in the apoptotic response to anticancer agents. Science 2000;290:989-92.
113. Yamamota Y, Yin MJ, Lin KM, et al. Sulindac inhibits activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. J Biol Chem 1999;274:27307-14.
114. Tolzke G, Schulze-Osthoff K, Janicke RU. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors sensitize tumor cells specifically to death receptor-induced apoptosis independently of COX-2 inhibition. Oncogene 2003;22:8021-30.
115. Amundson SA, Myers TG, Scudiero D, et al. An informatics approach identifying markers of chemosensitivity in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2000;60:6101-10.
116. Reed JC. Apoptosis-targeted therapies for cancer. Cancer Cell 2003;3:17-22.
117. Letai A, Bassik MC, Walensky LD, et al. Distinct BH3 domains either sensitize or activate mitochondrial apoptosis, serving as prototype cancer therapeutics. Cancer Cell 2002;2:183-92.
118. Ehrhardt H, Fulda S, Schmid I, et al. TRAIL induced survival and proliferation in cancer cells resistant towards TRAILinduced apoptosis mediated by NF-kappaB. Oncogene 2003;22:3842-52.
119. Van Valen F, Fulda S, Schafer KL, et al. Selective and nonselective toxicity of TRAIL/Apo2L combined with chemotherapy in human bone tumour cells vs. normal human cells. Int J Cancer 2003;107:929-40.
120. Hail N jr, Konopleva M, Sporn M, et al. Evidence supporting a role for calcium in apoptosis induction by the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO). J Biol Chem 2004;279:11179-87.
121. Fulda S, Wick W, Weller M, et al. Smac agonists sensitize far Apo2L/TRAIL- or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and induce regression of malignant glioma in vivo. Nat Med 2002;8:808-15.
122. Schimmer AD, Welsh K, Pinilla C, et al. Small-molecule antagonists of apoptosis suppressor XIAP exhibit broad antitumor activity. Cancer Cell 2004;5:25-35.