Proteinases and COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 349-366

  Sullivan, Anita L ^a   Stockley, Robert A ^a  

^a QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cysteine proteinases; Lipopolysaccharide; Pathogenesis; Proteinases; Serine proteinases

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889618626     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470755976.ch31     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Ohlsson K, Olsson I, Spitznagel K. Localization of chymotrypsin-like cationic protein, collagenase and elastase in azurophil granules of human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 1977; 358: 361-6.
2. Fouret P, du Bois RM, Bernaudin JF et al. Expression of the neutrophil elastase gene during human bone marrow cell differentiation. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 833-45.
3. Adkison AM, Raptis SZ, Kelley DG, Pham CTN. Dipeptidyl peptidase I activates neutrophil-derived serine proteases and regulates the development of acute experimental arthritis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 363-71.
4. Owen CA, Campbell MA, Boukedes SS, Stockley RA, Campbell EJ. A discrete subpopulation of human monocytes expresses a neutrophil-like pro-inflammatory (P) phenotype. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: L775-85.
5. Laurell C-B, Eriksson S. The electrophoretic α1-globulin pattern of serum in α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1963; 15: 132-40.
6. Odeberg H, Olsson I. Microbicidal mechanisms of human granulocytes: synergistic effects of granulocyte elastase and myeloperoxidase or chymotrypsin-like cationic protein. Infect Immun 1976; 14: 1276-83.
7. Shiflett SL, Kaplan J, Ward DM. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome: a rare disorder of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. Pigment Cell Res 2002; 15: 251-7.
8. Stockley RA. Neutrophils and the pathogenesis of COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 151S-5S.
9. Snider GL, Hayes JA, Franzblau C et al. Relationship between elastolytic activity and experimental emphysema inducing properties of papain preparations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 110: 254-62.
10. Blackwood CE, Hosannah Y, Perman E, Keller S, Mandl L. Elastolytic titre of inducing enzyme as determinant of the response. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973; 144: 450-4.
11. Lucey EC, Stone PJ, Powers JC, Snider GL. Amelioration of human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema in hamsters by pretreatment with an oligopeptide chloromethyl ketone. Eur Respir J 1989; 2: 421-7.
12. Rudolphus A, Kramps JA, Mauve I, Dijkman JH. Intratracheally-instilled antileukoprotease and α1-proteinase inhibitor: effect on human neutrophil elastase-induced experimental emphysema and pulmonary localization. Histochem J 1994; 26: 817-24.
13. Bieth JG. Elastases: catalytic and biological properties. In: Mecham RP, ed. Biology of Extracellular Matrix: Regulation of Matrix Accumulation. Orlando FL, Academic, 1986: 217-320.
14. Kafienah W, Buttle DJ, Burnett D, Hollander AP. Cleavage of native type I collagen by human neutrophil elastase. Biochem J 1998; 330: 897-902.
15. Niederman MS, Merrill WW, Polomski LM, Reynolds HY, Gee JB. Influence of sputum IgA and elastase on tracheal cell bacterial adherence. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 255-60.
16. Vogt W. Cleavage of the fifth component of complement and generation of a functionally active C5b6-like complex by human leukocyte elastase. Immunobiology 2000; 201: 470-7.
17. Fick RBJ, Robbins RA, Squier SU, Schoderbek WE, Russ WD. Complement activation in cystic fibrosis respiratory fluids: in vivo and in vitro generation of C5a and chemotactic activity. Pediatr Res 1986; 20: 1258-68.
18. Ashcroft GS, Lei K, Jin W et al. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor mediates non-redundant functions necessary for normal wound healing. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1147-53.
19. Zhu J, Nathan C, Jin W et al. Conversion of proepithelin to epithelins: roles of SLPI and elastase in host defense and wound repair. Cell 2002; 111: 867-78.
20. Owen CA, Campbell MA, Sannes PL, Boukedes SS, Campbell EJ. Cell surface-bound elastase and cathepsin G on human neutrophils: a novel, non-oxidative mechanism by which neutrophils focus and preserve catalytic activity of serine proteinases. J Cell Biol 1995; 131: 775-89.
21. Campbell EJ, Campbell MA, Owen CA. Bioactive proteinase 3 on the cell surface of human neutrophils: quantification, catalytic activity, and susceptibility to inhibition. J Immunol 2000; 165: 3366-74.
22. Owen CA, Campbell MA, Boukedes SS, Campbell EJ. Cytokines regulate membrane-bound leukocyte elastase on neutrophils: a novel mechanism for effector activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1997; 272: L385-93.
23. Weitz JI, Huang AJ, Landman SL, Nicholson SC, Silverstein SC. Elastase-mediated fibrinogenolysis by chemoattractantstimulated neutrophils occurs in the presence of physiologic concentrations of antiproteinases. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 1836-50.
24. Hill AT, Bayley D, Stockley RA. The interrelationship of sputum inflammatory markers in patients with chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 893-8.
25. Savill JS, Wyllie AH, Henson JE et al. Macrophage phagocytosis of aging neutrophils in inflammation: programmed cell death in the neutrophil leads to its recognition by macrophages. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 865-75.
26. Campbell EJ, White RR, Senior RM, Rodriguez RJ, Kuhn C. Receptor-mediated binding and internalization of leukocyte elastase by alveolar macrophages in vitro. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 824-33.
27. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Guthrie L, Henson PM. Differential effects of apoptotic versus lysed cells on macrophage production of cytokines: role of proteases. J Immunol 2001; 166: 6847-54.
28. Bergenfeldt M, Axelsson L, Ohlsson K. Release of neutrophil proteinase 4(3) and leukocyte elastase during phagocytosis and their interaction with proteinase inhibitors. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992; 52: 823-9.
29. Ohlsson K, Linder C, Lundberg E, Axelsson L. Release of cytokines and proteases from human peripheral blood mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells following phagocytosis and LPS stimulation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996; 56: 461-70.
30. Russell REK, Thorley A, Culpitt SV et al. Alveolar macrophage-mediated elastolysis: roles of matrix metalloproteinases, cysteine, and serine proteases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283: L867-73.
31. Campbell EJ, Wald MS. Fate of human neutrophil elastase following receptor-mediated endocytosis by human alveolar macrophages: implications for connective tissue injury. J Lab Clin Med 1983; 101: 527-36.
32. Shapiro SD. Elastolytic metalloproteinases produced by human mononuclear phagocytes: potential roles in destructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: S160-4.
33. Stockley RA, Shaw J, Afford SC, Morrison HM, Burnett D. Effect of α1-proteinase inhibitor on neutrophil chemotaxis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 2: 163-70.
34. Lomas DA, Stone SR, Llewellyn-Jones C et al. The control of neutrophil chemotaxis by inhibitors of cathepsin G and chymotrypsin. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 23437-43.
35. Steadman R, St John PL, Evans RA et al. Human neutrophils do not degrade major basement membrane components during chemotactic migration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29: 993-1004.
36. Delclaux C, Delacourt C, D'Ortho MP et al. Role of gelatinase B and elastase in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration across basement membrane. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14: 288-95.
37. Woodman RC, Reinhardt PH, Kanwar S, Johnston FL, Kubes P. Effects of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) on neutrophil function in vitro and in inflamed microvessels. Blood 1993; 82: 2188-95.
38. Mackarel AJ, Cottell DC, Russell KJ, Fitzgerald MX, O'Connor CM. Migration of neutrophils across human pulmonary endothelial cells is not blocked by matrix metalloproteinases or serine protease inhibitors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 1209-9.
39. Furie MB, Naprstek BL, Silverstein SC. Migration of neutrophils across monolayers of cultured microvascular endothelial cells: an in vitro model of leucocyte extravasation. J Cell Sci 1987; 88: 161-75.
40. Allport JR, Lim YC, Shipley JM et al. Neutrophils from MMP-9 or neutrophil elastase-deficient mice show no defect in transendothelial migration under flow in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 71: 821-8.
41. Tkalcevic J, Novelli M, Phylactides M et al. Impaired immunity and enhanced resistance to endotoxin in the absence of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. Immunity 2000; 12: 201-10.
42. Toomes C, James J, Wood AJ et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the cathepsin C gene result in periodontal disease and palmoplantar keratosis. Nat Genet 1999; 23: 421-4.
43. Liu R, Cao C, Meng H, Tang Z. Leukocyte functions in 2 cases of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 69-73.
44. Clark RA, Kimball HR. Defective granulocyte chemotaxis in the Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. J Clin Invest 1971; 50: 2645-52.
45. Wright JL, Farmer SG, Churg A. Synthetic serine elastase inhibitor reduces cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 954-60.
46. Delacourt C, Hérigault S, Delclaux C et al. Protection against acute lung injury by intravenous or intratracheal pretreatment with EPI-HNE-4, a new potent neutrophil elastase inhibitor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26: 290-7.
47. Hashimoto S, Maruoka S, Gon Y et al. Mitogen-activated protein kinase involves neutrophil elastase-induced morphological changes in human bronchial epithelial cells. Life Sci 1999; 64: 1465-71.
48. Liou TG, Campbell EJ. Quantum proteolysis resulting from release of single granules by human neutrophils: a novel, non-oxidative mechanism of extracellular proteolytic activity. J Immunol 1996; 157: 2624-31.
49. Campbell EJ, Campbell MA, Boukedes SS, Owen CA. Quantum proteolysis by neutrophils: implications for pulmonary emphysema in α1-antitrypsin deficiency. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 337-44.
50. Rice WG, Weiss SJ. Regulation of proteolysis at the neutrophil-substrate interface by secretory leukoprotease inhibitor. Science 1990; 249: 178-81.
51. Salvesen GS, Barrett AJ. Covalent binding of proteinases in their reaction with α1-macroglobulin. Biochem J 1980; 187: 695-701.
52. Takeyama K, Agustí C, Ueki IF et al. Neutrophil-dependent goblet cell degranulation: role of membrane-bound elastase and adhesion molecules. Am J Physiol 1998; 19: L294-302.
53. Zheng T, Zhu Z, Wang Z et al. Inducible targeting of IL-13 to the adult lung causes matrix metalloproteinase-and cathepsindependent emphysema. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 1445-6.
54. Lanone S, Zheng T, Zhu Z et al. Overlapping and enzymespecific contributions of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and-12 in IL-13-induced inflammation and remodeling. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 463-74.
55. Shim JJ, Dabbagh K, Ueki IF et al. IL-13 induces mucin production by stimulating epidermal growth factor receptors and by activating neutrophils. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 280: L134-40.
56. Smallman LA, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Reduction of ciliary beat frequency in vitro by sputum from patients with bronchiectasis: a serine proteinase effect. Thorax 1984; 39: 663-7.
57. Amitani R, Wilson R, Rutman A et al. Effect of human neutrophil elastase and Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteinases on human respiratory epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 4: 26-32.
58. Aoshiba K, Yasuda K, Yasui S, Tamaoki J, Nagai A. Serine proteases increase oxidative stress in lung cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281: L556-64.
59. Fischer BM, Voynow JA. Neutrophil elastase induces MUC5AC gene expression in airway epithelium via a pathway involving reactive oxygen species. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26: 447-52.
60. Rickard KA, Taylor J, Rennard SI. Observations of development of resistance to detachment of cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells in response to protease treatment. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6: 414-20.
61. Nakajoh M, Fukushima T, Suzuki T et al. Retinoic acid inhibits elastase-induced injury in human lung epithelial cell lines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 28: 296-304.
62. Ballieux BE, Hiemstra PS, Klar-Mohamad N et al. Detachment and cytolysis of human endothelial cells by proteinase 3. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 3211-5.
63. Yang JJ, Kettritz R, Falk RJ, Jennette JC, Gaido ML. Apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by the neutrophil serine proteases proteinase 3 and elastase. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 1617-26.
64. Gompertz S, O'Brien C, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 1112-9.
65. Dowson LJ, Guest PJ, Stockley RA. Longitudinal changes in physiological, radiological, and health status measurements in α1-antitrypsin deficiency and factors associated with decline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1805-9.
66. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57: 847-52.
67. Shapiro SD. Animal models for COPD. Chest 2000; 117: 223S-7S.
68. Lucey EC, Stone PJ, Breuer R et al. Effect of combined human neutrophil cathepsin G and elastase on induction of secretory cell metaplasia and emphysema in hamsters, with in vitro observations on elastolysis by these enzymes. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 362-6.
69. Kao RC, Wehner NG, Skubitz KM, Gray BH, Hoidal JR. Proteinase 3: a distinct human polymorphonuclear leukocyte proteinase that produces emphysema in hamsters. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1963-73.
70. Saetta M, Turato G, Facchini FM et al. Inflammatory cells in the bronchial glands of smokers with chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1633-9.
71. Rutgers SR, Timens W, Kaufmann HF et al. Comparison of induced sputum with bronchial wash, bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies in COPD. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 109-15.
72. Stanescu D, Sanna A, Veriter C et al. Airways obstruction, chronic expectoration, and rapid decline of FEV1 in smokers are associated with increased levels of sputum neutrophils. Thorax 1996; 51: 267-71.
73. Martin TR, Raghu G, Maunder RJ, Springmeyer SC. The effects of chronic bronchitis and chronic air-flow obstruction on lung cell populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 254-60.
74. Burnett D, Chamba A, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Neutrophils from subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease show enhanced chemotaxis and extracellular proteolysis. Lancet 1987; 2: 1043-6.
75. Noguera A, Busquets X, Sauleda J et al. Expression of adhesion molecules and G proteins in circulating neutrophils in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1664-8.
76. Yoshioka A, Betsuyaku T, Nishimura M et al. Excessive neutrophil elastase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in subclinical emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 2127-32.
77. Betsuyaku T, Nishimura M, Takeyabu K et al. Neutrophil granule proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from subjects with subclinical emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1985-91.
78. Fujita J, Nelson NL, Daughton DM et al. Evaluation of elastase and antielastase balance in patients with chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 57-62.
79. Finlay GA, Russell KJ, McMahon KJ et al. Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of emphysematous patients. Thorax 1997; 52: 502-6.
80. Retamales I, Elliott WM, Meshi B et al. Amplification of inflammation in emphysema and its association with latent adenoviral infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 469-73.
81. Eidelman D, Saetta MP, Ghezzo H et al. Cellularity of the alveolar walls in smokers and its relation to alveolar destruction: functional implications. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1547-52.
82. Finkelstein R, Fraser RS, Ghezzo H, Cosio MG. Alveolar inflammation and its relation to emphysema in smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1666-72.
83. Ludwig PW, Schwartz BA, Hoidal JR, Niewoehner DE. Cigarette smoking causes accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in alveolar septum. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 828-30.
84. Woolhouse IS, Bayley DL, Stockley RA. Sputum chemotactic activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect of α1-antitrypsin deficiency and the role of leukotriene B4 and interleukin 8. Thorax 2002; 57: 709-14.
85. Crooks SW, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Bronchial inflammation in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the role of leukotriene B4. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 274-80.
86. Hubbard RC, Fells G, Gadek J et al. Neutrophil accumulation in the lung in α1-antitrypsin deficiency: spontaneous release of leukotriene B4 by alveolar macrophages. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 891-7.
87. Hill AT, Bayley DL, Campbell EJ, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Airways inflammation in chronic bronchitis: the effects of smoking and α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 886-90.
88. Belaaouaj A, McCarthy R, Baumann M et al. Mice lacking neutrophil elastase reveal impaired host defence against gram negative bacterial sepsis. Nat Med 1998; 4: 615-8.
89. Dhami R, Gilks B, Xie C et al. Acute cigarette smoke-induced connective tissue breakdown is mediated by neutrophils and prevented by α1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22: 244-52.
90. Stone PJ, Lucey EC, Virca GD et al. α1-Protease inhibitor moderates human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema and secretory cell metaplasia in hamsters. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 673-8.
91. Lucey EC, Stone PJ, Ciccolella DE et al. Recombinant human secretory leukocyte-protease inhibitor: in vitro properties, and amelioration of human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema and secretory cell metaplasia in the hamster. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 115: 224-32.
92. Snider GL, Stone PJ, Lucey EC et al. Eglin-c, a polypeptide derived from the medicinal leech, prevents human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema and bronchial secretory cell metaplasia in the hamster. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 1155-61.
93. Churg A, Wang RD, Xie C, Wright JL. α1-Antitrypsin ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in the mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 199-207.
94. Ofulue A, Ko M, Abboud R. Time course of neutrophil and macrophage elastinolytic activities in cigarette smokeinduced emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1998; 275: L1134-44.
95. Zay K, Loo S, Xie C et al. Role of neutrophils and α1-antitrypsin in coal-and silica-induced connective tissue breakdown. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1999; 276: L269-79.
96. Stockley RA, Bayley DL, Unsal I, Dowson LJ. The effect of augmentation therapy on bronchial inflammation in α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1494-8.
97. Seersholm N, Wencker M, Banik N et al. Does α1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy slow the annual decline in FEV1 in patients with severe hereditary α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2260-3.
98. Wencker M, Fuhrmann B, Banik N, Konietzko N. Longitudinal follow-up of patients with α1-protease inhibitor deficiency before and during therapy with IV α1-protease inhibitor. Chest 2001; 119: 737-44.
99. Caughey GH. Serine proteinases of mast cell and leukocyte granules. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: S138-42.
100. Hattotuwa KL, Gizycki MJ, Ansari TW, Jeffery PK, Barnes NC. The effects of inhaled fluticasone on airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled biopsy study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1579-80.
101. Kalenderian R, Raju L, Roth W et al. Elevated histamine and tryptase levels in smokers' bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: do lung mast cells contribute to smokers' emphysema? Chest 1988; 94: 119-23.
102. Burnett D, Abrahamson M, Devalia JL et al. Synthesis and secretion of procathepsin B and cystatin C by human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro: modulation of cathepsin B activity by neutrophil elastase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 317: 305-10.
103. Burnett D, Crocker J, Stockley RA. Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase activity in sputum and immunohistologic identification of cathepsin B in alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 915-9.
104. Burnett D, Stockley RA. Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase activity in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples: relationship to inflammatory cells and effects of corticosteroids and antibiotic treatment. Clin Sci 1985; 68: 469-74.
105. Chang JC, Lesser M, Yoo OH, Orlowski M. Increased cathepsin B-like activity in alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 538-41.
106. Takeyabu K, Betsuyaku T, Nishimura M et al. Cysteine proteinases and cystatin C in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from subjects with subclinical emphysema. Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 1033-9.
107. Chapman HAJ, Stone OL. Comparison of live human neutrophil and alveolar macrophage elastolytic activity in vitro. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 1693-700.
108. Buttle DJ, Burnett D, Abrahamson M. Levels of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin B activities, and cystatins in human sputum: relationship to inflammation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990; 50: 509-16.
109. Buttle DJ, Abrahamson M, Burnett D et al. Human sputum cathepsin B degrades proteoglycan, is inhibited by α2-macroglobulin and is modulated by neutrophil elastase cleavage of cathepsin B precursor and cystatin C. Biochem J 1991; 276: 325-31.
110. Abrahamson M, Mason RW, Hansson H et al. Human cystatin C: role of the N-terminal segment in the inhibition of human cysteine proteinases and in its inactivation by leucocyte elastase. Biochem J 1991; 273: 621-6.
111. Taggart CC, Lowe GJ, Greene CM et al. Cathepsin B, L, and S cleave and inactivate secretory leucoprotease inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 33345-52.
112. Lesser M, Padilla ML, Cardozo C. Induction of emphysema in hamsters by intratracheal instillation of cathepsin B. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 661-8.
113. Bühling F, Gerber A, Häckel C et al. Expression of cathepsin K in lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 612-9.
114. Mason RW, Johnson DA, Barrett AJ, Chapman HA. Elastinolytic activity of human cathepsin L. Biochem J 1986; 233: 925-7.
115. Johnson DA, Barrett AJ, Mason RW. Cathepsin L inactivates α1-proteinase inhibitor by cleavage in the reactive site region. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 14748-51.
116. Baker AH, Edwards DR, Murphy G. Metalloproteinase inhibitors: biological actions and therapeutic opportunities. J Cell Sci 2002; 115: 3719-27.
117. Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behaviour. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001; 17: 463-516.
118. Burnett D, Afford SC, Campbell EJ et al. Evidence for lipid-associated serine proteases and metalloproteases in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Clin Sci (Lond) 1988; 75: 601-7.
119. Senior RM, Connolly NL, Cury JD, Welgus HG, Campbell EJ. Elastin degradation by human alveolar macrophages: a prominent role of metalloproteinase activity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1251-6.
120. Takaro T, Chapman WE, Burnette R, Cordell S. Acute and subacute effects of injury on the canine alveolar septum. Chest 1990; 98: 724-32.
121. Banda MJ, Clark EJ, Werb Z. Limited proteolysis by macrophage elastase inactivates human α1-proteinase inhibitor. J Exp Med 1980; 152: 1563-70.
122. Sires UI, Murphy G, Baragi VM et al. Matrilysin is much more efficient than other matrix metalloproteinases in the proteolytic inactivation of α1-antitrypsin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 204: 613-20.
123. Liu Z, Zhou X, Shapiro SD et al. The serpin α1-proteinase inhibitor is a critical substrate for gelatinase B/MMP-9 in vivo. Cell 2000; 102: 647-55.
124. Cooley J, Takayama TK, Shapiro SD, Schechter NM, Remold-O'Donnell E. The serpin MNEI inhibits elastase-like and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases through efficient reactions at two active sites. Biochemistry 2001; 40: 15 762-70.
125. Itoh Y, Nagase H. Preferential inactivation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 that is bound to the precursor of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (progelatinase B) by human neutrophil elastase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 16 518-21.
126. Rice A, Banda MJ. Neutrophil elastase processing of gelatinase A is mediated by extracellular matrix. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 9249-56.
127. Okada Y, Nakanishi I. Activation of matrix metallproteinase 3 (stromelysin) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 ('gelatinase') by human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. FEBS Lett 1989; 249: 353-6.
128. Ferry G, Lonchampt M, Pennel L et al. Activation of MMP-9 by neutrophil elastase in an in vivo model of acute lung injury. FEBS Lett 1997; 402: 111-5.
129. Hautamaki RD, Kobayashi DK, Senior RM, Shapiro SD. Requirement for macrophage elastase for cigarette smokeinduced emphysema in mice. Science 1997; 277: 2002-4.
130. Ofulue A, Ko M. Effect of depletion of neutrophils or macrophages on development of cigarette smoke induced emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1999; 277: L97-105.
131. Churg A, Dai J, Tai H, Xie C, Wright JL. Tumor necrosis factor-α is central to acute cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and connective tissue breakdown. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 849-54.
132. Lucey EC, Keane J, Kuang PP, Snider GL, Goldstein RH. Severity of elastase-induced emphysema is decreased in tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β receptordeficient mice. Lab Invest 2002; 82: 79-85.
133. Churg A, Wang RD, Tai H et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α drives 70% of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in the mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 492-8.
134. Churg A, Zay K, Shay S et al. Acute cigarette smoke-induced connective tissue breakdown requires both neutrophils and macrophage metalloelastase in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27: 368-74.
135. Churg A, Wang RD, Tai H et al. Macrophage metalloelastase mediates acute cigarette smoke-induced inflammation via TNF-α release. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1083-9.
136. Borregaard N, Sehested M, Nielsen BS, Sengelov H, Kjeldsen L. Biosynthesis of granule proteins in normal human bone marrow cells: gelatinase is a marker of terminal neutrophil differentiation. Blood 1995; 85: 812-7.
137. Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood 1997; 89: 3503-35.
138. Kjeldsen L, Johnsen AH, Sengelov H, Borregaard N. Isolation and primary structure of NGAL, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 10 425-32.
139. Betsuyaku T, Shipley JM, Liu Z, Senior RM. Gelatinase B deficiency does not protect against lipopolysaccharideinduced acute lung injury. Chest 1999; 116: 17S-8S.
140. Selman M, Cisneros-Lira J, Gaxiola M et al. Matrix metalloproteinases inhibition attenuates tobacco smoke-induced emphysema in guinea pigs. Chest 2003; 123: 1633-41.
141. Ma D, Jiang Y, Chen F et al. Selective inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase isoenzymes and in vivo protection against emphysema by substituted g-keto carboxylic acids. J Med Chem 2006; 49: 456-8.
142. Rennard SI, Crystal RG. Lung. In: Weiss JB, Jayson MIV, eds. Collagen in Health and Disease. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1982: 424-44.
143. D'Armiento J, Dalal S, Okada Y, Berg R, Chada K. Collagenase expression in the lung of transgenic mice causes pulmonary emphysema. Cell 1992; 71: 955-61.
144. Foronjy RF, Okada Y, Cole R, D'Armiento J. Progressive adult-onset emphysema in transgenic mice expressing human MMP-1 in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284: L727-37.
145. Finlay GA, O'Donnell MD, O'Connor CM, Hayes JP, Fitzgerald MX. Elastin and collagen remodeling in emphysema: a scanning electron microscopy study. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 1405-15.
146. Segura-Valdez L, Pardo A, Gaxiola M et al. Upregulation of gelatinases A and B, collagenases 1 and 2, and increased parenchymal cell death in COPD. Chest 2000; 117: 684-94.
147. Ohnishi K, Takagi M, Kurokawa Y, Satomi S, Konttinen YT. Matrix metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular matrix protein degradation in human pulmonary emphysema. Lab Invest 1998; 78: 1077-87.
148. Vignola AM, Bonanno A, Mirabella A et al. Increased levels of elastase and α1-antitrypsin in sputum of asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 505-11.
149. Lim S, Roche N, Oliver BG et al. Balance of matrix metalloprotease-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 from alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers: regulation by interleukin-10. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 1355-60.
150. Finlay GA, O'Driscoll LR, Russell KJ et al. Matrix metalloproteinase expression and production by alveolar macrophages in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 240-7.
151. Vernooy JHJ, Lindeman JHN, Jacobs JA et al. Increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in induced sputum from patients with COPD. Chest 2004; 126: 1802-10.
152. Cataldo D, Munaut C, Noël A et al. MMP-2 and MMP-9-linked gelatinolytic activity in the sputum from patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000; 123: 259-67.
153. Cataldo D, Munaut C, Noël A et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMP-1 production by peripheral blood granulocytes from COPD patients and asthmatics. Allergy 2001; 56: 145-51.
154. Demedts IK, Morel-Montero A, Lebecque S et al. Elevated MMP-12 protein levels in induced sputum from patients with COPD. Thorax 2006; 61: 196-201.
155. Minematsu N, Nakamura H, Tateno H, Nakajima T, Yamaguchi K. Genetic polymorphism in matrix metalloproteinase-9 and pulmonary emphysema. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289: 116-9.
156. Joos L, He JQ, Shepherdson MB et al. The role of matrix metalloproteinase polymorphisms in the rate of decline in lung function. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11: 569-76.
157. Hirano K, Sakamoto T, Uchida Y et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 gene polymorphisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 748-52.
158. Gross P, Pfizer EH, Tolker B, Babyok MA, Kaschak M. Experimental emphysema: its production with papain in normal and silicotic rats. Arch Environ Health 1964; 11: 50-8.
159. Marco V, Mass B, Meranze DR, Weinbaum G, Kimbel P. Induction of experimental emphysema in dogs using leukocyte homogenates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 104: 595-8.
160. Janoff A, Sloan B, Weinbaum G et al. Experimental emphysema induced with purified human neutrophil elastase: tissue localization of the instilled protease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 461-78.
161. Senior RM, Tegner H, Kuhn C et al. The induction of pulmonary emphysema with human leukocyte elastase. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 116: 469-75.