Epidemiological Evidence Linking Tea Consumption to Human Health: A Review

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 523-536

  Vuong, Quan V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; caffeine; flavanoids; human health; tea consumption; theanine

Indexed keywords

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES; FLAVANOIDS; HEALTH BENEFITS; HEALTH EFFECTS; HUMAN HEALTH; MAJOR FACTORS; TEA CONSUMPTION; THEANINE;

ANTIOXIDANTS; CAFFEINE; FLAVONOIDS;

HEALTH;

CATECHIN; FLAVONOID;

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; REVIEW; TEA;

CATECHIN; FLAVONOIDS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; TEA;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84887918977     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.594184     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Astill, C., Birch, M. R., Dacombe, C., Humphrey, P. G. and Martin, P. T. 2001. Factors affecting the caffeine and polyphenol contents of black and green tea infusions. J. Agric. Food Chem, 49: 5340 - 5347.
2. Auvichayapat, P., Prapochanung, M., Tunkamnerdthai, O., Sripanidkulchai, B. O., Auvichayapat, N., Thinkhamrop, B., Kunhasura, S., Wongpratoom, S., Sinawat, S. and Hongprapas, P. 2008. Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais: A randomized, controlled trial. Physiol. Behav, 93: 486 - 491.
3. Bahorun, T., Luximon-Ramma, A., Gunness, T. K., Sookar, D., Bhoyroo, S., Jugessur, R., Reebye, D., Googoolye, K., Crozier, A. and Aruoma, O. I. 2010. Black tea reduces uric acid and C-reactive protein levels in humans susceptible to cardiovascular diseases. Toxicology, 278: 68 - 74.
4. Baker, J. A., McCann, S. E., Reid, M. E., Nowell, S., Beehler, G. P. and Moysich, K. B. 2005. Associations between black tea and coffee consumption and risk of lung cancer among current and former smokers. Nutr. Cancer, 52: 15 - 21.
5. Balentine, D. A., Harbowy, M. E. and Graham, H. N. 1998. " Tea: The plant and its manufacture; chemistry and consumption of the beverage ". In Caffeine, Edited by: Spiller, G. A. 37 - 68. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
6. Basu, A., Sanchez, K., Leyva, M. J., Wu, M., Betts, N. M., Aston, C. E. and Lyons, T. J. 2010. Green tea supplementation affects body weight, lipids, and lipid peroxidation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Nutr, 29: 31 - 40.
7. Bettuzzi, S., Brausi, M., Rizzi, F. and Castagnetti, G. 2006. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: A preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res., 66: 1234 - 1240.
8. Bianchi, G. D., Cerhan, J. R., Parker, A. S., Putnam, S. D., See, W. A., Lynch, C. F. and Cantor, K. P. 2000. Tea consumption and risk of bladder and kidney cancers in a population-based case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol, 151: 377 - 383.
9. Boggs, D. A., Rosenberg, L., Ruiz-Narvaez, E. A. and Palmer, J. R. 2010. Coffee, tea, and alcohol intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in African American women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 92: 960 - 966.
10. Bond, T. J., Lewis, J. R., Davis, A. and Davies, A. P. 2003. " Analysis and purification of catechins and their transformation products ". In Methods in Polyphenol Aanalysis, Edited by: Santos-Buelga, C. and Williamson, G. 229 - 266. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
11. Bonner, M. R., Rothman, N., Mumford, J. L., He, X., Shen, M., Welch, R., Yeager, M., Chanock, S., Caporaso, N. and Lan, Q. 2005. Green tea consumption, genetic susceptibility, PAH-rich smoky coal, and the risk of lung cancer. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen, 582: 53 - 60.
12. Chan, C. C. W., Koo, M. W. L., Ng, E. H. Y., Tang, O.-S., Yeung, W. S. B. and Ho, P.-C. 2006. Effects of Chinese green tea on weight, and hormonal and biochemical profiles in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome - A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig, 13: 63 - 68.
13. Chang, M. C. J., Bailey, J. W. and Collins, J. L. 1994. Dietary tannins from cowpeas and tea transiently alter apparent calcium absorption but not absorption and utilization of protein in rats. J. Nutr, 124: 283 - 288.
14. Chao, Y. C. and Chiang, B. H. 1999. The roles of catechins and caffeine in cream formation in a semi-fermented tea. J. Sci. Food and Agric, 79: 1687 - 1690.
15. Chen, L., Lee, M. J., Li, H. and Yang, C. S. 1997. Absorption, distribution, and elimination of tea polyphenols in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos, 25: 1045 - 1050.
16. Chen, Z., Pettinger, M. B., Ritenbaugh, C., LaCroix, A. Z., Robbins, J., Caan, B. J., Barad, D. H. and Hakim, I. A. 2003. Habitual tea consumption and risk of osteoporosis: A prospective study in the women's health initiative observational cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol, 158: 772 - 781.
17. Cheng, T. O. 2006. All teas are not created equal: The Chinese green tea and cardivascular health. Int. J. Cardiol, 108: 301 - 308.
18. Chu, D. C. 1997. " Green tea-its cultivation, processing of the leaves for drinking materials, and kinds of green tea ". In Chemistry and Applications of Green Tea, Edited by: Yamamoto, T., Juneja, L. R., Chu, D. C. and Kim, M. 17 - 30. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
19. Chu, D. C. and Juneja, L. R. 1997. " General chemical composition of green tea and its infusion ". In Chemistry and Applications of Green Tea, Edited by: Yamamoto, T., Juneja, L. R., Chu, D. C. and Kim, M. 13 - 22. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
20. Cooper, R., Morré, D. J. and Morré, D. M. 2005. Medicinal benefits of green tea: Part I. review of noncancer health benefits. J. Altern. Complem. Med., 11: 521 - 528.
21. Deng, W. W., Ogita, S. and Ashihara, H. 2008. Biosynthesis of theanine (γ-ethylamino-l-glutamic acid) in seedlings of Camellia sinensis. Phytochem. Lett., 1: 115 - 119.
22. Di, X., Yan, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Shi, Z., Chang, Y. and Zhao, B. 2010. L-theanine protects the APP (Swedish mutation) transgenic SH-SY5Y cell against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity via inhibition of the NMDA receptor pathway. Neuroscience, 18: 778 - 786.
23. Ekborg-Ott, K. H., Taylor, A. and Armstrong, D. W. 1997. Varietal differences in the total and enantiomeric composition of theanine in tea. J. Agric. Food Chem, 45: 353 - 363.
24. Friedman, M., Mackey, B. E., Kim, H. J., Lee, I. S., Lee, K. R., Lee, S. U., Kozukue, E. and Kozukue, N. 2007. Structure-activity relationships of tea compounds against human cancer cells. J. Agric. Food Chem, 55: 243 - 253.
25. Gans, J. M. D. K., Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M., Schouw, Y. T. V. D., Boer, J. M. A., Grobbee, D. E., Verschuren, W. M. M. and Beulens, J. W. J. 2010. Tea and coffee consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 30: 1665
26. Glade, M. J. 2010. Caffeine-Not just a stimulant. Nutrition, 26: 932 - 938.
27. Gööck, R. 1990. Tea: With 50 Recipes from Around the World, and Exclusive Photographs by Hans Joachim Dobbelin, Rotkreuz: Hans Kalis.
28. Graham, H. N. 1992. Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Prev. Med, 21: 334 - 350.
29. Griffiths, R. R. and Woodson, P. P. 1998. Caffeine physical dependence: A review of human and laboratory animal studies. Psychopharmacology, 94: 437 - 451.
30. Gupta, S., Hussain, T. and Mukhtar, H. 2003. Molecular pathway for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 410: 177 - 185.
31. Gyntelberg, F., Hein, H. O. and Suadicani, P. 2009. Sugar in coffee or tea and risk of obesity: A neglected issue. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr, 60: 56 - 64.
32. Halder, B., Pramanick, S., Mukhopadhyay, S. and Giri, A. K. 2006. Anticlastogenic effects of black tea polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in human lymphocytes in vitro. Toxicol. Vitr, 20: 608 - 613.
33. Hamer, M. 2007. The beneficial effects of tea on immune function and inflammation: A review of evidence from in vitro, animal, and human. Nutr. Res, 27: 373 - 379.
34. Hara, Y. 2001. Green Tea: Health Benefits and Applications, New York: Marcel Dekker.
35. Harbowy, M. E. and Balentine, D. A. 1997. Tea chemistry. Crit Rev. Plant Sci, 16: 415 - 480.
36. He, Q., Lv, Y. and Yao, K. 2007. Effects of tea polyphenols on the activities of α-amylase, pepsin, trypsin and lipase. Food Chem, 101: 1178 - 1182.
37. Heckman, M. A., Weil, J. and Mejia, E. G. 2010. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: A Comprehensive Review on Consumption, Functionality, Safety, and Regulatory Matters. J. Food Sci., 75: R77 - R87.
38. Hegarty, V. M., May, H. M. and Khaw, K. T. 2000. Tea drinking and bone mineral density in older women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 71: 1003 - 1007.
39. Hogenkamp, P. S., Jerling, J. C., Hoekstra, T., Melse-Boonstra, A. and Macintyre, U. E. 2008. Association between consumption of black tea and iron status in adult Africans in the North West Province: The THUSA study. Br. J. Nutr, 100: 430 - 437.
40. Hollman, P. C., VanHetHof, K. H., Tijburg, L. B. and Katan, M. B. 2001. Addition of milk does not affect the absorption of flavonols from tea in man. Free Radic. Res., 34: 297 - 300.
41. Hosoda, K., Wang, M.-F., Liao, M.-L., Chuang, C.-K., Iha, M., Clevidence, B. and Yamamoto, S. 2003. Antihyperglycemic effect of oolong tea in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26: 1714 - 1718.
42. Inoue, M., Kurahashi, N., Iwasaki, M., Shimazu, T., Tanaka, Y., Mizokami, M. and Tsugane, S. 2009. Effect of coffee and green tea consumption on the risk of liver cancer: Cohort analysis by hepatitis virus infection status. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev, 18: 1746 - 1753.
43. Ishizu, T., Tsutsumi, H. and Sato, T. 2009. Interaction between gallocatechin gallate and caffeine in crystal structure of 1:2 and 2:2 complexes. Tetrahedron Lett, 50: 4121 - 4124.
44. Islami, F., Pourshams, A., Nasrollahzadeh, D., Kamangar, F., Fahimi, S., Shakeri, R., Abedi-Ardekani, B., Merat, S., Vahedi, H., Semnani, S., Abnet, C. C., Brennan, P., Møller, H., Saidi, F., Dawsey, S. M., Malekzadeh, R. and Boffetta, P. 2009. Tea drinking habits and oesophageal cancer in a high risk area in northern Iran: population based case-control study. Br. Med. J, 338: 876 - 879.
45. Iso, H., Wakai, K., Fukui, M., Tamakoshi, A., Mori, M., Motohashi, Y., Tsuji, L., Nakamura, Y., Mikami, H., Hashimoto, S., Inaba, Y., Hoshiyama, Y., Suzuki, H., Shimizu, H., Toyoshima, H., Tokudome, S., Ito, Y., Kikuchi, S., Koizumi, A., Kawamura, T., Watanabe, Y., Miki, T., Sakata, K., Nose, T., Hayakawa, N., Yoshimura, T., Fukuda, K., Okamoto, N., Shio, H., Ohno, Y., Kitagawa, T., Kuroki, T. and Tajima, K. 2006. The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann. Intern. Med, 144: 554 - 562.
46. Izzo, A. A., Carlo, G. D., Borrelli, F. and Ernst, E. 2005. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: The risk of drug interaction. Int. J. Cardiol, 98: 1 - 14.
47. Jatoi, A., Ellison, N., Burch, P. A., Sloan, J. A., Sloan, J. A., Dakhil, S. R., Novotny, P., Tan, W., Fitch, T. R., Rowland, K., Young, C. Y. F. and Flynn, P. J. 2003. A phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Cancer., 97: 1442 - 1446.
48. Jian, L., Xie, L. P., Lee, A. H. and Binns, C. W. 2004. Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: A case-control study in southeast China. Int. J. Cancer, 108: 130 - 135.
49. Jiang, H. Y. 2009. " White tea, its manufacture, chemistry, and health effects ". In Tea and Tea Products, Chemistry and Health-Promoting Properties. pp. 17-30, Edited by: Ho, C. T., Lin, J. K. and Shahidi, F. Boca Roton: CRC Press.
50. Jing, Y., Han, G., Hu, Y., Bi, Y., Li, L. and Zhu, D. 2009. Tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. J. Gen. Intern. Med, 24: 557 - 562.
51. Johnson, A. E. 2006. Iron supplementation and the female soldier. Mil Med, 171: 298 - 300.
52. Juneja, L. R., Chu, D. C., Okubo, T., Nagato, Y. and Yokogoshi, H. 1999. L-theanine-a unique amino acid of green tea and its relaxation effect in humans. Trends. Food Sci. Tech., 10: 199 - 204.
53. Kao, Y.-H., Chang, H.-H., Lee, M.-J. and Chen, C.-L. 2006. Tea, obesity, and diabetes. Mol. Nutr. Food Res, 50: 188 - 210.
54. Kao, Y. H., Hiipakka, R. A. and Liao, S. 2000. Modulation of Endocrine Systems and Food Intake by Green Tea Epigallocatechin Gallate. Endocrinology, 141: 980 - 987.
55. Kato, M. and Shibamoto, T. 2009. Variation of major volatile constituents in various green teas from Southeast Asia. J. Agric. Food Chem, 49: 1394 - 1396.
56. Keenan, E. K., Finnie, M. D. A., Jones, P. S., Rogers, P. J. and Priestley, C. M. 2010. How much theanine in a cup of tea? effects of tea type and method of preparation. Food Chem, 125: 588 - 594.
57. Khan, N. and Mukhtar, H. 2007. Tea polyphenols for health promotion. Life Sci, 81: 519 - 533.
58. Klaus, S., Pültz, S., Thöne-Reineke, C. and Wolfram, S. 2005. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation. Int. J. Obes, 29: 615 - 623.
59. Kondo, M., Kita, K. and Yokota, H. O. 2004. Feeding value to goats of whole-crop oat ensiled with green tea waste. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 113: 71 - 81.
60. Koo, S. I. and Noh, S. K. 2006. Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: Potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. J. Nutr. Biochem,: 179 - 183.
61. Kurahashi, N., Sasazuki, S., Iwasaki, M. and Inoue, M. 2008. Green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: A prospective study. Am. J. Epidemiol, 167: 71 - 77.
62. Kuriyama, S., Shimazu, T., Ohmori, K., Kikuchi, N., Nakaya, N., Nishino, Y., Tsubono, Y. and Tsuji, I. 2006. Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: The Ohsaki study. J. Am Med Assoc, 296: 1255 - 1265.
63. Langley-Evans, S. C. 2000. Consumption of black tea elicits an increase in plasma antioxidant potential in humans. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr, 51: 309 - 315.
64. Leenen, R., Roodenburg, A. J. C., Tijburg, L. B. M. and Wiseman, S. A. 2000. A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, 54: 87 - 92.
65. Leung, L. K., Su, Y., Chen, R., Zhang, Z., Huang, Y. and Chen, Z. Y. 2001. Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants. J. Nutr, 131: 2248 - 2251.
66. Li, Q., Kakizaki, M., Kuriyama, S., Sone, T., Yan, H., Nakaya, N., Mastuda-Ohmori, K. and Tsuji, I. 2008. Green tea consumption and lung cancer risk: The Ohsaki study. Br. J. Cancer, 99: 1179 - 1184.
67. Liang, Y., Lu, J. and Zhang, L. 2002. Comparative study of cream in infusions of black tea and green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Int. J. Food Sci. Technol, 37: 627 - 634.
68. Lin, J. K. 2009. " Mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by tea and tea polyphenols ". In Tea and Tea Products Chemistry and Health-Promoting Properties, Edited by: Ho, C. T., Lin, J. K. and Shahidi, F. 161 - 176. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
69. Lin, Y., Kikuchi, S., Tamakoshi, A., Yagyu, K., Obata, Y., Kurosawa, M., Inaba, Y., Kawamura, T., Motohashi, Y. and Ishibashi, T. 2008. Green tea consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in Japanese adults. Pancreas, 37: 25 - 30.
70. Lin, Y. L., Juan, I. M., Chen, Y. L., Liang, Y. C. and Lin, J. K. 1996. Composition of polyphenols in fresh tea leaves and associations of their oxygen-radical-absorbing capacity with antiproliferative actions in fibroblast cells. J. Agric. Food Chem, 44: 1387 - 1394.
71. Liu, Q., Duan, H., Luan, J., Yagasaki, K. and Zhang, G. 2009. Effects of theanine on growth of human lung cancer and leukemia cells as well as migration and invasion of human lung cancer cells. Cytotechnology,: 211 - 217.
72. Lorenz, M., Jochmann, N., Krosigk, A. V., Martus, P., Baumann, G., Stangl, K. and Stangl, V. 2007. Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea. Eur. Heart J, 28: 219 - 223.
73. Luo, J., Inoue, M., Iwasaki, M., Sasazuki, S., Otani, T., Ye, W. and Tsugane, S. 2007. Green tea and coffee intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large-scale, population-based cohort study in Japan (JPHC study). Eur. J. Cancer Prev, 16: 542 - 548.
74. Marnewick, J. L., Westhuizen, F. H., Joubert, F. H. V. D., Swanevelder, S., Swart, P. and Gelderblom, W. C. A. 2009. Chemoprotective properties of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) herbal and green and black (Camellia sinensis) teas against cancer promotion induced by fumonisin B1 in rat liver. Food Chem. Toxicol, 47: 220 - 229.
75. Mason, R. 2001. 200 mg of zen: L-Theanine boosts alpha waves, promotes alert relaxation. Altern. Complement. Ther., 7: 91 - 95.
76. Mennen, L., Hirvonen, T., Arnault, N., Bertrais, S., Galan, P. and Hercberg, S. 2007. Consumption of black, green and herbal tea and iron status in French adults. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, 61: 1174 - 1179.
77. Montella, M., Polesel, J., Vecchia, C. L., Maso, L. D., Crispo, A., Crovatto, M., Casarin, P., Izzo, F., Tommasi, L. G., Talamini, R. and Franceschi, S. 2007. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Int. J. Cancer, 120: 1555 - 1559.
78. Mukhtar, H. and Ahmad, N. 2000. Tea polyphenols: Prevention of cancer and optimizing health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 71: 1698S - 1702S.
79. Ninomiya, M., Unten, L. and Kim, M. 1997. " Chemical and physiochemical properties of green tea polyphenols ". In Chemistry and Application of Green Tea, Edited by: Yamamoto, T., Juneja, L. R., Chu, D. C. and Kim, M. 23 - 36. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
80. Odegaard, A. O., Pereira, M. A., Koh, W.-P., Arakawa, K., Lee, H.-P. and Yu, M. C. 2008. Coffee, tea, and incident type 2 diabetes: The Singapore chinese health study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 88: 979 - 985.
81. Pan, X., Niu, G. and Liu, H. 2003. Microwave-assisted extraction of tea polyphenols and tea caffeine from green tea leaves. Chem. Eng. Process, 42: 129 - 133.
82. Park, A. M. and Dong, Z. 2003. Signal transduction pathways: Targets for green and black tea polyphenols. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol, 36: 66 - 77.
83. Pathy, N. B., Peeters, P., Gils, C. v., Beulens, J. W. J., Graaf, Y. V. D, Bueno-de-Mesquita, B., Bulgiba, A. and Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M. 2010. Coffee and tea intake and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat, 121: 461 - 467.
84. Perva-Uzunalić, A., Škerget, M., Knez, Ž., Weinreich, B., Otto, F. and Grüner, S. 2006. Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis): Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine. Food Chem, 96: 597 - 605.
85. Prystai, E. A., Kies, C. V. and Driskel, J. A. 1999. Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc utilization of humans as affected by consumption of black, decaffeinated black and green teas. Nutrition Research, 19: 167 - 177.
86. Rains, T. M., Agarwal, S. and Maki, K. C. 2011. Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins: A mechanistic review. J. Nutr. Biochem, 22: 1 - 7.
87. Reddy, V. C., Sagar, G. V. V., Sreeramulu, D., Venu, L. and Raghunath, M. 2005. Addition of milk does not alter the antioxidant activity of black tea. Ann Nutr Metab, 49: 189 - 195.
88. Rees, J. R., Stukel, T. A., Perry, A. E., Zens, M. S., Spencer, S. K. and Karagas, M. R. 2007. Tea consumption and basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer: Results of a case-control study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol, 56: 781 - 785.
89. Robertson, G. L. 1993. Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, New York: Marcel Dekker.
90. Rogers, P. J., Smith, J. E., Heatherley, S. V. and Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. 2007. Time for tea: Mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together. Psychopharmacology, 195: 569 - 577.
91. Rogers, P. J., Smith, J. E., Heatherley, S. V. and Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. 2008. Time for tea: Mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together. Psychopharmacology, 195: 569 - 577.
92. Roy, P., Nigam, N., George, J., Srivastava, S. and Shukla, Y. 2009. Induction of apoptosis by tea polyphenols mediated through mitochondrial cell death pathway in mouse skin tumors. Cancer Biol. Therapy, 8: 1281 - 1287.
93. Safranow, K. and Machoy, Z. 2005. Methylated purines in urinary stones. Clin. Chem, 51: 1493 - 1498.
94. Sano, J., Inami, S., Seimiya, K., Ohba, T., Sakai, S., Takano, T. and Mizuno, K. 2004. Effects of green tea Intake on the development of coronary artery disease. Circ. J, 68: 665 - 670.
95. Scharbert, S., Jezussek, M. and Hofmann, T. 2004. Evaluation of the taste contribution of theaflavins in black tea infusions using the taste activity concept. Eur. Food Res. Technol, 218: 442 - 447.
96. Scott, D., Rycroft, J. A., Aspen, J., Chapman, C. and Brown, B. 2004. The effect of drinking tea at high altitude on hydration status and mood. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, 91: 493 - 498.
97. Sekiya, J., Kajiwara, T., Monma, T. and Hatanaka, A. 1984. Interaction of tea catechins with proteins: Formation of protein precipitate. Agric. Biol. Chem, 48: 1963 - 1967.
98. Sing, M. F., Yang, W. S., Gao, S., Gao, J. and Xiang, Y. B. 2011. Epidemiological studies of the association between tea drinking and primary liver cancer: A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Cancer Prev, 20: 157 - 165.
99. Sharangi, A. B. 2009. Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) - A review. Food Res. Int, 42: 529 - 535.
100. Shrubsole, M. J., Lu, W., Chen, Z., Shu, X. O., Zheng, Y., Dai, Q., Cai, Q., Gu, K., Ruan, Z. X., Gao, Y.-T. and Zheng, W. 2009. Drinking green tea modestly reduces breast cancer risk. J. Nutr, 139: 310 - 316.
101. Spigno, G. and Faveria, D. M. D. 2009. Microwave-assisted extraction of tea phenols: A phenomenological study. J. Food Eng, 93: 210 - 217.
102. Stanley, M., Tarka, J. and Hurst, W. J. 1998. " Introduction to the chemistry, isolation, and biosynthesis of methylxanthines ". In Caffeine, Edited by: Spiller, G. A. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
103. Su, X., Duan, J., Jiang, Y., Duan, X. and Chen, F. 2007. Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activities of oolong tea infusion under various steeping conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 8: 1196 - 1205.
104. Su, X., Duan, J., Jiang, Y., Shi, J. and Kakuda, Y. 2006. Effects of soaking conditions on the antioxidant potentials of oolong tea. J. Food Comp. Anal, 19: 348 - 353.
105. Sugiyama, T. and Sadzuka, Y. 2004. Theanine, a specific glutamate derivative in green tea, reduces the adverse reactions of doxorubicin by changing the glutathione level. Cancer Lett., 212: 177 - 184.
106. Takagi, Y., Kurihara, S., Higashi, N., Morikawa, S., Kase, T., Maeda, A., Arisaka, H., Shibahara, S. and Akiyama, Y. 2010. Combined administration of L-Cystine and L-Theanine enhances immune functions and protects against influenza virus infection in aged mice. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 72: 157 - 165.
107. Taylor, J. R. and Wilt, V. M. 1999. Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea. Ann Pharmacother, 33: 426 - 428.
108. Terao, J., Piskula, M. and Yao, Q. 1994. Protective effect of epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and quercetin on lipid peroxidation in phospholipid bilayers. Arch. Biochem. Biophysics., 308: 278 - 284.
109. Thankachan, P., Walczyk, T., Muthayya, S., Kurpad, A. V. and Hurrell, R. F. 2008. Iron absorption in young Indian women: The interaction of iron status with the influence of tea and ascorbic acid1-3. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 87: 881 - 886.
110. Tokunaga, S., White, I. R., Frost, C., Tanaka, K., Kono, S., Tokudome, S., Akamatsu, T. and Zakouji, H. 2002. Green tea Consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan. Ann. Epidemiol, 12: 157 - 165.
111. Ui, A., Kuriyama, S., Kakizaki, M., Sone, T., Nakaya, N., Ohmori-Matsuda, K., Hozawa, A., Nishino, Y. and Tsuji, I. 2009. Green tea consumption and the risk of liver cancer in Japan: The Ohsaki Cohort study. Cancer Causes Control, 20: 1939 - 1945.
112. Venkatesan, S., Murugesan, S., Ganapathy, M. N. and Verma, D. P. 2004. Long-term impact of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on yield, soil nutrients and biochemical parameters of tea. J. Sci. Food Agric, 84: 1939 - 1944.
113. Vuong, Q. V., Golding, J. B., Nguyen, M. and Roach, P. D. 2010. Extraction and isolation of catechins from tea. J. Sep. Sci, 33: 3415 - 3428.
114. Vuong, Q. V., Bowyer, M. C. and Roach, P. D. 2011a. L-Theanine: Properties, synthesis and isolation from tea. J. Sci. Food Agric, 91 1931-1939
115. Vuong, Q. V., Nguyen, V., Golding, G. B. and Roach, P. D. 2011b. The content of bioactive constituents as a quality index for Vietnamese teas. Int. Food Res. J, 18: 329 - 336.
116. Vuong, Q. V., Stathopoulos, C. E., Nguyen, M., Golding, J. B. and Roach, P. D. 2011c. Isolation of green tea catechins and their utilisation in the food industry. Food Rev. Int, 27: 227 - 247.
117. Wan, X., Li, D. and Zhang, Z. 2009a. " Green tea and black tea manufacturing and consumption ". In Tea and Tea Products Chemistry and Health-Promoting Properties, Edited by: Ho, C. T., Lin, J. K. and Shahidi, F. 1 - 8. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
118. Wan, X., Zhang, Z. and Li, D. 2009b. " Chemistry and biological properties of theanine ". In Tea and Tea Products: Chemistry and Health-Promoting Properties, Edited by: Ho, C. T., Lin, J. K. and Shahidi, F. 255 - 274. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis Group.
119. Woolcott, C. G., King, W. D. and Marrett, L. D. 2002. Coffee and tea consumption and cancers of the bladder, colon and rectum. Eur. J. Cancer Prev, 11: 137 - 145.
120. Wright, E. M., Hirayama, B. A. and Loo, D. F. 2007. Active sugar transport in health and disease. J. Intern. Med, 261: 32 - 43.
121. Wu, A. H., Yu, M. C., Tseng, C.-C., Hankin, J. and Pike, M. C. 2003. Green tea and risk of breast cancer in Asian Americans. Int. J. Cancer, 106: 574 - 579.
122. Xu, Y., Ho, C.-T., Amin, S. G., Han, C. and Chung, F.-L. 1992. Inhibition of tobacco-specific nitrosamine-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J Mice by green tea and its major polyphenol as antioxidants. Cancer Res, 52: 3875 - 3879.
123. Yang, C., Chen, L., Lee, M. J., Balentine, D., Kuo, M. and Schantz, S. P. 1998. Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev, 7: 351 - 354.
124. Yokogoshi, H. and Kobayashi, M. 1998. Hypotensive effect of γ-glutamylmethylamide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci, 62: 1065 - 1068.
125. Yoshino, K., Hara, Y., Sano, M. and Tomita, I. 1994. Antioxidative effects of black tea theaflavins and thearubigin on lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 17: 146 - 149.
126. Yuan, J.-M., Koh, W.-P., SunSun, Can-Lan, Lee, H.-P. and Yu, M. C. 2005. Green tea intake, ACE gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore. Carcinogenesis, 26: 1389 - 1394.
127. Zaveri, N. T. 2006. Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer ad noncancer applications. Life Sci., 78: 2073 - 2080.
128. Zhang, M., D'Arcy, C., Holman, J., Huang, J.-P. and Xie, X. 2007. Green tea and the prevention of breast cancer: A case-control study in Southeast China. Carcinogenesis, 28: 1074 - 1078.
129. Zhang, X.-H., Andreotti, G., Gao, Y.-T., Deng, J., Liu, E., Rashid, A., Wu, K., Sun, L., Sakoda, L. C., Cheng, J.-R., Shen, M.-C., Wang, B.-S., Han, T.-Q., Zhang, B.-H., Gridley, G. Jr., Fraumeni, J F and Hsing, A. W. 2006. Tea drinking and the risk of biliary tract cancers and biliary stones: A population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Cancer, 118: 3089 - 3094.
130. Zhong, L., Goldberg, M. S., Gao, Y.-T., Hanley, J. A., Parent, M.-É. and Jin, F. 2001. A population-based case-control study of lung cancer and green tea consumption among women living in Shanghai, China. Epidemiology, 12: 695 - 700.
131. Zijp, I. M., Korver, O. and Tijburg, L. B. M. 2000. Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr, 40: 371 - 398.