Migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers during microwave, conventional heat treatment, and storage

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 523-545

  Bhunia, Kanishka ^a   Sablani, Shyam S ^a   Tang, Juming ^a   Rasco, Barbara ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETIES; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED; REGULATORY ISSUES; RISK ASSESSMENT MODELS; SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD; STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATIONS; STORAGE CONDITION; THERMAL STABILIZERS;

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS; DIGITAL STORAGE; HEAT TREATMENT; PACKAGING; PACKAGING MATERIALS; POLYMERS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOLVENTS; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS; THERMAL PROCESSING (FOODS);

FOOD STORAGE;

EID: 84883830694     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15414337     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12028     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Alin J, Hakkarainen M. 2010. Type of polypropylene material significantly influences the migration of antioxidants from polymer packaging to food simulants during microwave heating. J Appl Polym Sci 118:1084-93.
2. Alin J, Hakkarainen M. 2011. Microwave heating causes rapid degradation of antioxidants in polypropylene packaging, leading to greatly increased specific migration to food simulants as shown by ESI-MS and GC-MS. J Agricult Food Chem 59(10):5418-27
3. American Chemistry Council. 2013. U.S. resin production and sales. Available from: http://www.americanchemistry.com/Jobs/EconomicStatistics/Plastics-Statistics. Accessed August 11, 2013.
4. Arvanitoyannis I, Bosnea L. 2004. Migration of substances from food packaging materials to foods. Critc Rev Food Sci Nutr 44(2):63-76.
5. AS 2070-1999. Australian Standard. Plastic materials for food contact use. Standards Australia, 1, the Crescent Homebush. NSW 2140.
6. ASTM standard D6953-11. Standard test method for determination of antioxidants and erucamide slip compounds in polyethylene using liquid chromatography (LC).
7. Aznar M, Rodriguez-Lafuente A, Alfaro P, Nerin C. 2012. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of non-volatile migrants from new active packaging materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 404:1945-57.
8. Badeka BA, Kontominas MG. 1996. Effect of microwave heating on the migration of dioctyladipate and acetyltributylcitrate plasticizers from food-grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films into olive oil and water. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 202(4):313-7.
9. Barkby CT, Lawson G. 1993. Analysis of migrants from nylon 6 packaging films into boiling water. Food Addit Contam 10(5):541-53.
10. Barnes KA, Sinclair CR, Watson DH. 2007. Chemical migration and food contact materials. Cambridge, U.K.: Woodhead. p 1-13.
11. Bastarrachea L, Dhawan S, Sablani SS, Powers J. 2010. Release kinetics of nisin from biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) films into water. J Food Eng 100:93-101
12. Begley TH, Biles JE, Cunningham C, Piringer O. 2004. Migration of a UV stabilizer from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into food simualnts. Food Addit Contam 21(10):1007-14
13. Begley TH, Gay ML, Hollifield HC. 1995. Determination of migrants in and migration from nylon food packaging. Food Addit Contam 12(5):671-6.
14. Beldí G, Pastorelli S, Franchini F, Simoneau C. 2012. Time and temperature-dependent migration studies of Irganox 1076 from plastics into foods and food simulants. Food Addit Contam 29(5):836-45.
15. Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Grob K. 2008. Testing migration from the PVC gaskets in metal closures into oily foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 19:145-55.
16. Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Grob K. 2005. Compositional GC-FID analysis of the compounds to PVC, focusing on the gaskets of lids for glass jars. Food Addit Contam 22(12):1274-84.
17. Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Frankhauser-Noti A, Grob K, Helling R. 2006. Determination of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) in oily foods by GC-FID or GC-MS analysis of the methyl diepoxy linolate. Euro Food Res Technol 224(3):309-14.
18. Biles JE, McNeal TP, Begley TH, Hollifield HC. 1997. Determination of bisphenol-A in reusable polycarbonate food-contact plastics and migration to food-simulating liquids. J Agric Food Chem 45:3541-4.
19. Bomfim MVJ, Zamith HPS, Abrantes SMP. 2011. Migration of ε-caprolactam residues in packaging intended for contact with fatty foods. Food Control 22:681-4.
20. Boussoum MO, Atek D, Belhaneche-Bensemra N. 2006. Interactions between poly(vinyl chloride) stabilized with epoxidised sunflower oil food simulants. Polym Degrad Stab 91:579-84.
21. Bradley EL, Castle L, Jickells SM, Mountfort KA, Reada WA. 2009. Use of overall migration methodology to test for food-contact substances with specific migration limits. Food Addit Contam 26(4):574-82.
22. Brandsch J, Mercea P, Piringer O. 2000. Possibilities and limitations of migration modeling. In: Piringer OG, Baner AL, editors. Plastic packaging materials for food. Weinheim, New York: Wiley-VCH.
23. Bratinova S, Raffael B, Simoneau C. 2009. EUR 24105 EN-Guidelines for performance criteria and validation procedures of analytical methods used in controls of food contact materials. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. 1st ed. European Commissions 1-74.
24. Brown WE. 1986. Vinylidine chloride copolymers. In: Baker M, Eckroth D, editors. The Wiley encyclopedia of packaging technology. Hobokken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp 692-696.
25. Brown WE. 1992. Primary food packaging materials. In: Plastics in food packaging. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
26. C.R.C. c 870. 2013. Food and drug regulations. Canada Available from: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C., _c._870/. Accessed June 4, 2013.
27. Cano JM, Marín ML, Sánchez A, Hernandis V. 2002. Determination of adipate plasticizers in poly (vinyl chloride) by microwave-assisted extraction. J Chromatogr A 963:401-9.
28. Castle L, Jickells SM, Gilbert J, Harrison N. 1990. Migration testing of plastics and microwave-active materials for high temperature food-use applications. Food Addit Contam 7:779-96.
29. Castle L, Mayo A, Crews C, Gilbert J. 1989. Migration of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) oligomers from PET plastics into foods during microwave and conventional cooking and into bottled beverages. J Food Prot 52(5):337-42.
30. Castle L. 1996. Methodology of migration testing. In: Katan LL, editor. Migration from food contact materials. Glasgow U.K.: Blackie. p 207-50.
31. Castle L. 2007. Chemical migration into food: an overview. In: Barnes KA, Sinclair CR, Watson DH, editors. Chemical migration and food contact materials. Cambridge, U.K.: Woodhead. p 1-13.
32. CEC. 1989. Council Directive 89/109/EEC. The approximation of the laws of the member states relating to materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Off J Eur Commun L40:38-44.
33. CEC. 2011a. Commission implementing regulation (EU) No 321/2011 of 1 April 2011 amending Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 as regards the restriction of use of bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles. Off J Eur Commun L87:1-2.
34. CEC. 2011b. Commission implementing regulation (EU) No 1282/2011 of 28 November 2011 amending and correcting commission regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Off J Eur Commun L328:22-9.
35. CEC. 2011c. Regulation 10/ 2011 of 4 January 2011 on plastics materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Off J Eur Commun L12:1-89.
36. CFR (Code of Federal Regulation) 2011. Ttile 21. Food and Drug, Department of Health and Human Services. Available from: http://cfr.vlex.com/source/code-federal-regulations-food-drus-1070/page/58. Accessed June 3, 2013.
37. Choi JO, Jitsunari F, Asakawa F, Lee DS. 2005. Migration of styrene monomer, dimers and trimers from polystyrene to food simulants. Food Addit Contam 22(7):693-9.
38. Coles R, McDowell D, Kirwan MJ. 2003. Food packaging technology. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing. p 284.
39. Commission Directive 2002/72/EC. Off J Eur Commun 2002, L 220, 18; Corrigendum OJ L39 13/2/2003, p 1 Directive 2002/72/CE.
40. Cooper I, Tice PA. 1995. Migration studies on fatty acid amide slip compounds from plastics into food simulants. Food Addit Contam 12(2):235-44.
41. Council Directive 82/711/EC of 18 October 1982. Laying down the basic rules necessary for testing migration on the constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into foodstuffs. Off J Eur Commun L297:26-30.
42. Crompton TR. 2007. Additive migration from plastics into food. 1st ed. Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Smithers Rapra Technology Limited.
43. Dilettato D, Arpino PJ, Nguyen K, Bruchet A. 1991. Investigation of lowmass oligomers and polymer compounds from plastics. Part II: application to polyolefin Soxhlet extracts. J High Resolut Chromatogr 14:335-42.
44. Dopico-García MS, López-Vilariňo JM, González-Rodríguez, MV. 2003. Determination of antioxidant migration levels from low-density polyethylene films into food simulants. J Chromatogr A 1018:53-62.
45. Ehret-Henry J, Ducruet V, Luciani A, Feigenbaum A. 1994. Styrene and ethylbenzene migration from polystyrene into dairy products by dynamic purge-and-trap gas chromatography. J Food Sci 59(5):990-2.
46. Ežerskis Z, Morkūnas V, Suman M, Simoneau C. 2007. Analytical screening of polyadipates and other plasticisers in poly (vinyl chloride) gasket seals and in fatty food by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 604:29-38.
47. Fankhauser-Noti A, Grob K. 2006. Migration of plasticizers from PVC gaskets of lids for glass jars into oily foods: amount of gasket material in food contact, proportion of plasticizer migrating into food and compliance testing by simulation. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:105-12.
48. Fasano E, Bobo-Blay F, Cirillo T, Montuori P, Lacorte S. 2012. Migration of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate from food packaging. Food Control 27:132-8.
49. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 2012. updated April 2013. Bisphenol A (BPA): use in food contact application. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm064437.htm#current. Accessed June 3, 2013.
50. Ferrara G, Bertolodo M, Scoponi M, Ciardelli F. 2001. Diffusion coefficient and activation energy of Irganox 1010 inpoly(propylene-co-ethylene) copolymers. Polym Degrad Stab 73:411-6.
51. Flanjak J, Sharrad J. 1984. Quantitative analysis of styrene monomer in foods. A limited East Australian Survey. J Sci Food Agric 35:457-62.
52. Food sanitation law. 1947. Law no. 233 of 1947. Amendment Act no 53, 2006. Available from: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=12&vm=04&re=01.
53. Freire MT, Santana IA, Reyes FG. 2006. Plasticizers in Brazilian food-packaging materials acquired on the retail market. Food Addit Contam 23:93-9.
54. FSANZ General Food Standards. 2000. Part 1.4 Food Standards, Australia, New Zealand. Available from: http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/F2008B00618.
55. Galotto MJ, Guarda A. 1999. Comparison between thermal and microwave treatment on the overall migration of plastic materials intended to be in contact with foods. Packag Technol Sci 12:277-81.
56. Galotto MJ, Guarda A. 2004. Suitability of alternative fatty food simulants to study the effect of thermal and microwave heating on overall migration of plastic packaging. Packag Technol Sci 17:219-23.
57. Gao Y, Gu Y, Wei Y. 2011. Determination of polymer compounds-antioxidants and ultraviolet (UV) absorbers by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV photodiode array detection in food simulants. J Agric Food Chem 59:12982-9.
58. García RS, Silva AS, Cooper I, Franz R, Losada PP. 2006. Revision of analytical strategies to evaluate migrants from food packaging materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 17(7):354-66.
59. Garde JA, Catala R, Gavara R, Hernandez RJ. 2001. Characterizing the migration of antioxidants from polypropylene into fatty food simulants. Food Addit Contam 18:750-62.
60. Goodson A, Robin H, Summerfield W, Cooper I. 2002. Survey of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in canned foods. Food Addit Contam 19(8):796-2.
61. Goodson A, Robin H, Summerfield W, Cooper I. 2004. Migration of bisphenol A from can coatings-effects of damage, storage conditions and heating. Food Addit Contam 21(10):1015-26.
62. Goulas AE, Anifantaki KI, Kolioulis DG, Kontominas MG. 2000. Migration of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate plasticizer from food-grade polyvinyl chloride film into hard and soft cheeses. J Dairy Sci 83:1712-8.
63. Goulas AE, Riganakos KA, Ehlermann DAE, Demertzis PG, Kontominas MG. 1998. Effect of high dose electron beam irradiation on the migration of DOA and ATBC plasticizers from food-grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films, respectively, into olive oil. J Food Prot 61:720-4.
64. Goulas AE, Zygoura P, Karatapanis A, Georgantelis D, Kontominas MG. 2007. Migration of di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate and acetyltributyl citrate plasticizers from food-grade PVC film into sweetened sesame paste (halawa tehineh): kinetic and penetration study. Food Chem Toxicol 45(4):585-91.
65. Goydan R, Schwope AD, Reid RC, Cramer G. 1990. High-temperature migration of antioxidants from polyolefins. Food Addit Contam 7(3):323-37.
66. Gramshaw WJ, Soto-Valdez H. 1998. Migration from polyamide 'microwave and roasting bags' into roast chicken. Food Addit Contam 15(3):329-35.
67. Gramshaw WJ, Vandenburg JH. 1995. Compositional analysis of samples of thermoset polyester and migration of ethyl benzene and styrene from thermoset polyester into pork during cooking. Food Addit Contam 12:223-34.
68. Grob K. 2008.The future of simulants in compliance testing regarding the migration from food contact materials. Food Control 19(3):263-8.
69. Guo Z, Wang S, Wei D, Wang M, Zhang H, Gai P, Duan J. 2010. Development and application of a method for analysis of phthalates in ham sausages by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Meat Sci 84:484-90.
70. Hammarling L, Gustavsson H, Svensson K, Karlsson S, Oskarsson A. 1998. Migration of epoxidized soya bean oil from plasticized PVC gaskets into baby food. Food Addit Contam 15(2):203-8.
71. Helmroth IE, Dekker M, Hankemeier T. 2002. Influence of solvent absorption on the migration of Irganox 1076 from LDPE. Food Addit Contam 19(2):176-83.
72. Hirayama K, Nakaoka T, Horiguchi Y, Watanabe S. 1991. Migration of adipate plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride films into foods and their decomposition. Eisei Kagaku 37:251-7.
73. Hirayama K, Tanaka H, Kawana K, Tani T, Nakazawa H. 2001. Analysis of plasticizers in cap-sealing resins for bottled foods. Food Addit Contam 18:357-62.
74. Iwanami T, Hirai Y. 1983. Ethylene vinyl alcohol resins for gas barrier material. TAPPI J 66:85-90.
75. Jeon DH, Park GY, Kwak IS, Lee KH, Park HJ. 2007. Antioxidants and their migration into food simulants on irradiated LLDPE film. LWT 40:151-6.
76. JETRO. 2006. Food sanitation law. Law no. 233.
77. Jickells SM, Gramshaw JW, Castle L, Gilbert J. 1992. The effect of microwave energy on specific migration from food contact plastics. Food Addit Contam 9(1):19-27.
78. Jin OC, Jitsunari F, Askawa F, Dong SL. 2005. Migration of styrene monomer, dimmer and trimers from polystyrene to food simulants. Food Addit Contam 22:693-9.
79. Kattas L, Gastrock F, Cacciatore A. 2000. Plastic additives. In: Harper CA, editor. Modern plastics. >New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p 4.1-4.66.
80. Khaksar MR, Ghazi-Khansari M. 2009. Determination of migration monomer styrene from GPPS (general purpose polystyrene) and HIPS (high-impact polystyrene) cups to hot drinks. Toxicol Mech Methods 19(3):257-61.
81. Kubwabo C, Kosarac I, Stewart B, Gauthier BR, Lalonde K, Lalonde PJ. 2009. Migration of bisphenol A from plastic baby bottles, baby bottle liners and reusable polycarbonate drinking bottles. Food Addit Contam 26(6):928-37.
82. Lau OW, Wong SK. 1996. The migration of plasticizers from cling film into food during microwave heating-Effect of fat content and contact time. Packag Technol Sci 9:19-27.
83. Lau OW, Wong SK. 2000. Contamination in food from packaging material. J Chromatogr A 882:255-70.
84. Lickly TD, Lehr KM, Welsh GC. 1995. Migration of styrene from polystyrene foam food-contact article. Food Chem Toxicol 33:475-81.
85. Linssen JPH, Reitsma JCE, Cozijnsen JL. 1998. Migration of antioxidants from polyolefins into ethanolic simulants. Packag Technol Sci 11:241-5.
86. Mark JE. 1999. Polymer data handbook. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://www.toarplast.co.il/linksPage/HandBook.pdf.
87. Massey LK. 2004. Film properties of plastic and elastomers-A guide to non-wovens in packaging applications, 2nd ed. Norwich, New York: William Andrew Publishing/Plastics Design Library.
88. Mokwena KK, Tang J. 2012. Ethylene vinyl alcohol: a review of barrier properties for packaging shelf-stable foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52(7):640-50.
89. Monteiro M, Nerín C, Reyes FGR. 1999. Migration of Tinuvin P, a UV stabilizer, from PET bottles into fatty-food simulants. Packag Technol Sci 12:241-8.
90. Monteiro M, Nerín C, Rubio C, Reyes FGR. 1998. A GC/MS method for determining UV stabilizers in polyethylene-terephthalate bottles. J High Resolut Chromatogr 21:317-20.
91. Mountfort K, Kelly J, Jickells SM, Castle L. 1996. A critical comparison of four test methods for determining overall and specific migration from microwave susceptor packaging. J Food Prot 59(5):534-40.
92. Munguía-López EM, Gerardo-Lugo S, Peralta E, Bolumen S, Soto-valdez H. 2005. Migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from can coatings into fatty-food simulant and tuna fish. Food Addit Contam 22(9):892-8.
93. Munguía-López EM, Peralta E, Gonzalez-Leon A, Vargas-Requena C, Soto-Valdez H. 2002. Migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from epoxy can coatings to jalapeňo peppers and an acid food simulant. J Agric Chem 50:7299-302.
94. Munguía-López EM, Soto-Valdez H. 2001. Effect of heat processing and storage time on migration of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) to aqueous food simulant from mexican can coatings. J Agric Chem 49:3666-71.
95. Nam SH, Seo YM, Kim MG. 2010. Bisphenol A migration from polycarbonate baby bottle with repeated use. Chemosphere 79:949-52
96. Nerín C, Rubio C, Cacho J, Salafranca J. 1998. Parts-per-trillion determination of styrene in yoghurt by purge-and trap gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Food Addit Contam 15(3):346-54.
97. Noguerol-Cal1 R, López-Vilariño JM, Fernández-Martínez G, González-Rodríguez MV, Barral-Losada LF. 2010. Liquid chromatographic methods to analyze hindered amines light stabilizers (HALS) levels to improve safety in polyolefins. J Sep Sci 33:2698-706.
98. Ozen BF, Floros JD. 2001. Effects of emerging food processing techniques on the packaging materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 12:60-7.
99. Page BD, Lacroix GM. 1995. The occurrence of phthalate ester and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate plasticizers in Canadian packaging and food samples in 1985-1989: A survey. Food Addit Contam 12:129-51.
100. Paraskevopoulou D, Achilias DS, Paraskevopouloub A. 2011. Migration of styrene from plastic packaging based on polystyrene into food simulants. Polym Intern 61:141-8.
101. Petersen JH, Naamansen ET, Nielsen PA. 1995. PVC cling film in contact with cheese: health aspects related to global migration and specific migration of DEHA. Food Addit Contam 12(2):245-53.
102. Petersen JH, Lillemark L, Lund L. 1997. Migration from PVC cling films compared with their field of application. Food Addit Contam 14(4):345-53.
103. Piringer O. 2007. Mathamatical modeling of chemical migration from food contact materials. In: Barnes KA, Sinclair CR, Watson DH, editors. Chemical migration and food contact materials. Cambridge, U.K.: Woodhead. p 180-202.
104. Piringer OG, Baner AL. 2000. Plastic packaging materials for food. Wiley-VCH.
105. -1 level. Food Addit Contam 20:678-83.
106. Ramshow EM. 1984. Off-flavour in packaged foods. CSIRO Food Res 44:83-8.
107. Reid RC, Sidman, KR, Schwope D, Till DE. 1980. Loss of adjuvants from polymer films to food or food simualnts. effect of the external phase. Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 19(4):580-7.
108. ®. Food Control 28:333-7.
109. Rijk R, Kruijf ND. 1993. Migration testing with olive oil in a microwave oven. Food Addit Contam 10(6):631-45.
110. Robertson GL. 2006. Food packaging principles and practice. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, F.L.: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
111. Sablani SS, Rahman MS. 2007. Food packaging interaction. In: Rahmna MS, editor. Handbook of food preservation. Boca Raton, F.L.: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis. p 939-56.
112. Selke SEM. 1997. Understanding plastics packaging technology. Hanser: New York.
113. Silva AS, Cruz JM, García RS, Franz R, Losada, PP. 2007. Kinetic migration studies from packaging films into meat products. Meat Sci 77(2):238-45.
114. Silva CF, De Carvalho RC, Cardeal Z. 2000. Solid-phase microextraction method the quantitative analysis of styrene in water. J Chromatogr Sci 38:315-8.
115. Silva AS, García RS, Cooper I, Franz R, Losada PP. 2006. Compilation of analytical methods and guidelines for the determination of selected model migrants from plastic packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 17(10):535-46.
116. Simoneau C, Eede LVd, Valzacchi S. 2011. Identification and qualtification of the migration of chemicals from plastic baby bottles used as substitutes for polycarbonate. Food Addit Contam: Part A 29(3):469-80.
117. Sørensen LK. 2006. Determination of phthalates in milk and milk products by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20:1135-43.
118. Suman M, De Dominicis E, Commissatio I. 2010. Trace detection of the cholohydrins of epoxidized soybean oil in food stuffs by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. J Mass Spectrom 45(9):996-1002.
119. Suman M, La Tegola S, Catellani D, Bersellini U. 2005. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method of determination of epoxidized soybean oil in food products. J Agric Food Chem 53(26):9879-84
120. Tawfik MS, Huyghebaert A. 1998. Polystyrene cups and containers: styrene migration. Food Addit Contam: Part A 15(5):592-9.
121. Tsumura Y, Ishimitsu S, Kaihara A, Yoshii K, Tonogai Y. 2002. Phthalates, adipates, citrate and some of the other plasticizers detected in Japanese retail foods: a survey. J Health Sci 48:493-502.
122. Veraart R, Coulier L. 2007. Compliance testing of chemical migration from food contact materials. In: Barnes KA, Sinclair CR, Watson DH, editors. Chemical migration and food contact materials. Cambridge, U.K.: Woodhead. p 87-121.
123. Wei DY, Wang ML, Guo ZY, Wang S, Li HL, Zhang HN, Gai PP. 2009. GC/MS method for the determination of adipate plasticizers in ham sausage and its application to kinetic and penetration studies. J Food Sci 74 (5):C392-8.
124. Xu Q, Yin X, Wang M, Wang H, Zhang N, Shen Y, Xu S, Zhang L, Gu Z. 2010. Analysis of phthalate migration from plastic containers to packaged cooking oil and mineral water. J Agric Food Chem 58:11311-7.
125. Zhang Z, Britt IJ, Tung MA. 2001. Permeation of oxygen and water vapor through EVOH films as influenced by relative humidity. J Appl Polym Sci 82:1866-72.