Liver X receptors: Emerging therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 72, Issue , 2013, Pages 45-51

  Sodhi, Rupinder K ^a   Singh, Nirmal ^a  

^a PUNJABI UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid ; ApoE; Liver X receptors

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER A1; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; BAPINEUZUMAB; CHOLESTEROL; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DIMEBON; GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 4; LIVER X RECEPTOR; LIVER X RECEPTOR AGONIST; LIVER X RECEPTOR ALPHA; LIVER X RECEPTOR ALPHA1; LIVER X RECEPTOR ALPHA3; LIVER X RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LIVER X RECEPTOR BETA; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; RESVERATROL; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; SOLANEZUMAB; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CELL ACTIVATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MICROGLIA; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN HOMEOSTASIS; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; ORPHAN NUCLEAR RECEPTORS;

EID: 84876975732     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: 10961186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.008     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. S.R. Micheal, and S.A. Pual Recent developments in Alzheimer's diseases therapeutics BMC Medicine 7 Suppl. 7 2009 S7
2. J. Hardy, and D.J. Selkoe The amyloid hypothesis of alzheimer's disease: progress and problems to the road of therapeutics Science 297 2002 353 356
3. H. Hampel Current insights into the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: selecting targets for early therapeutic intervention International Psychogeriatrics 24 Suppl. 1 2012 S10 S17
4. T. Wyss-Coray Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response? Nature Medicine 12 2006 1005 1015
5. C. Holmes, C. Cunningham, E. Zotova, J. Woolford, C. Dean, and S. Kerr Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease Neurology 73 2009 768 774
6. M.D. Ledesma, and C.G. Dotti Peripheral cholesterol, metabolic disorders and Alzheimer's disease Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) 4 2012 181 194
7. F. Panza, C. Capurso, A. D'Introno, A.M. Colacicco, F. Vasquez, and G. Pistoia Serum cholesterol as a biomarker for AD: mid life or late life determinant Experimental Gerontology 41 2006 805 816
8. B. Wolozin, W. Kellman, P. Ruosseau, G.G. Celesia, and G. Siegel Decreasedprevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3- methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors Archives of Neurology 57 2000 1439 1443
9. L. Puglielli, R. Tanzi, and D. Kovacs Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection Nature Neuroscience 6 2003 345 351
10. E. Rodriguez, I. Mateo, J. Infante, J. Llorca, J. Berciano, and O. Combarros Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) polymorphism modifies the Alzheimer's disease risk associated with APOE epsilon4 allele Journal of Neurology 253 2006 181 185
11. E. Rogaeva, Y. Meng, J.H. Lee, Y. Gu, T. Kawarai, and F. Zou The neuronal sortilin-related receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease Nature Genetics 39 2007 168 177
12. V. Frisardi, F. Panza, D. Seripa, T. Farooqui, and A.A. Farooqui Glycerophospholipids and glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators: a complex meshwork in Alzheimer's disease pathology Progress in Lipid Research 50 2011 313 330
13. A.D. Roses, A.M. Saunders, E.H. Corder, M.A. Pericak-Vance, S.H. Han, and G. Einstein Influence of the susceptibility genes apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 and apolipoprotein E-epsilon 2 on the rate of disease expressivity of late-onset Alzheimer's disease Arzneimittel-Forschung 45 1995 413 417
14. B.V. Zlokovic Neurovascular mechanisms of Alzheimer's neurodegeneration Trends in Neurosciences 28 2005 202 208
15. V. Frisardi Apolipoprotein E genotype: the innocent bystander or active bridge between metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment? Journal of Alzheimers Disease 30 Suppl. 2 2012 S283 S304
16. T. Jakobsson, E. Treuter, J.Å. Gustafsson, and K.R. Steffensen Liver X receptor biology and pharmacology: new pathways, challenges and opportunities Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 33 2012 394 404
17. S. Mandrekar-Colucci, and G.E. Landreth Nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 15 2011 1085 1097
18. S. Andersson, N. Gustafsson, M. Warner, and J.A. Gustafsson Inactivation of liver X receptor beta leads to adult-onset motor neuron degeneration in male mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 10 2005 3857 3862
19. L. Wang, G.U. Schuster, K. Hultenby, Q. Zhang, S. Andersson, and N. Gustafsson Liver X receptors in the central nervous system: from lipid homeostasis to neuronal degeneration Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 2002 13878 13883
20. M. Baranowski Biological role of liver X receptors Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 59 2008 31 55
21. R. Apfel, D. Benbrook, E. Lernhardt, M.A. Ortiz, G. Salbert, and M. Pfahl A novel orphan receptor specific for a subset of thyroid hormone-responsive elements and its interaction with the retinoid/thyroid hormone receptor subfamily Molecular and Cellular Biology 14 1994 7025 7035
22. C. Song, J.M. Kokontis, R.A. Hiipakka, and S. Liao Ubiquitous receptor: a receptor that modulates gene activation by retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 1994 10809 10813
23. K.D. Whitney, M.A. Watson, J.L. Collins, W.G. Benson, T.M. Stone, and M.J. Numerick Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis by the liver X receptors in the centralnervous system Molecular Endocrinology 16 2002 1378 1385
24. G. Wojcicka, A. Jamroz-Wisniewska, K. Horoszewicz, and J. Beltowski Liver X receptors (LXRs). Part I: structure, function, regulation of activity, and role in lipid metabolism Postepy Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalnej (Online) 61 2007 736 759
25. A. Jamroz-Wisniewska, K. Horoszewicz, and J. Beltowski Liver X receptors (LXRs). Part I: structure, function, regulation of activity, and role in lipid metabolism Postepy Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalnej (Online) 61 2007 736 759
26. E.T. Kase, G.H. Thoresen, S. Westerlund, K. Højlund, A.C. Rustan, and M. Gaster Liver X receptor antagonist reduces lipid formation and increases glucose metabolism in myotubes from lean, obese and type 2 diabetic individuals Diabetologia 10 2007 2171 2180
27. E. Viennois, A.J. Pommier, K. Mouzat, A. Oumeddour, F.Z. El Hajjaji, and J. Dufour Targeting liver X receptors in human health: deadlock or promising trail? Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 15 2011 219 232
28. B.A. Janowski, M.J. Grogan, S.A. Jones, G.B. Wisely, S.A. Kliewer, and E.J. Corey Structural requirements of ligands for the oxysterol liver X receptors LXRa and LXRb Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 1999 266 271
29. I. Bjorkhem, and U. Diczfalusy 24 (S), 25-epoxycholesterol-a potential friend Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 24 2004 2209 2210
30. D. Lutjohann, O. Breuer, G. Ahlborg, I. Nennesmo, A. Siden, and U. Diczfalusy Cholesterol homeostasis in human brain: evidence for an age-dependent flux of 24S-hydroxycholesterol from the brain into the circulation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 1996 9799 9804
31. L. Bretillon, D. Lutjohann, L. Stahle, T. Widhe, L. Bindl, and G. Eggertsen Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol reflect the balance between cerebral production and hepatic metabolism and are inversely related to body surface Journal of Lipid Research 41 2000 840 845
32. H. Fukumoto, A. Deng, M.C. Irizarry, M.L. Fitzgerald, and G.W. Rebeck Induction of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in central nervous system cells by liver X receptor agonists increases secreted Abeta levels Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 2002 48508 48513
33. Y. Sun, J. Yao, T.W. Kim, and A.R. Tall Expression of liver X receptor target genes decreases cellular amyloid ß peptide secretion Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2003 27688 27694
34. C. Song, and S. Liao Cholestenoic acid is a naturally occurring ligand for liver X receptor a Endocrinology 141 2000 4180 4184
35. K. Bodin, L. Bretillon, Y. Aden, L. Bertilsson, U. Broome, and C. Einarsson Antiepileptic drugs increase plasma levels of 4b-hydroxycholesterol in humans: evidence for involvement of cytochrome p450 3A4 Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 2001 38685 38689
36. E.G. Lund, T.A. Kerr, J. Sakai, W.P. Li, and D.W. Russell cDNA cloning of mouse and human cholesterol 25-hydroxylases, polytopic membrane proteins that synthesize a potent oxysterol regulator of lipid metabolism Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 1998 34316 34327
37. K.L. Carpenter, S.E. Taylor, C. van der Veen, B.K. Williamson, J.A. Ballantine, and M.J. Mitchinson Lipids and oxidised lipids in human atherosclerotic lesions at different stages of development Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 256 1995 141 150
38. Y.H. Chang, D.S. Abdalla, and A. Sevanian Characterization of cholesterol oxidation products formed by oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein Free Radical Biology and Medicine 23 1997 202 214
39. J.R. Schultz, H. Tu, A. Luk, J.J. Repa, J.C. Medina, and L. Li Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis Genes and Development 14 2000 2831 2838
40. S.D. Shenoy, T.A. Spencer, N.A. Mercer-Haines, M. Alipour, M.D. Gargano, and M. Runge-Morris CYP3A induction by liver X receptor ligands in primary cultured rat and mouse hepatocytes is mediated by the pregnane X receptor Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals 32 2004 66 71
41. E. Kaneko, M. Matsuda, Y. Yamada, Y. Tachibana, I. Shimomura, and M. Makishima Induction of intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters by a phytosterol-derived liver X receptor agonist Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2003 36091 36098
42. T. Yasuda, D. Grillot, J.T. Billheimer, F. Briand, P. Delerive, and S. Huet Tissue-specific liver X receptor activation promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 30 2010 781 786
43. A. Katz, C. Udata, E. Ott, L. Hickey, M.E. Burczynski, and P. Burghart Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single doses of LXR-623, a novel liver X-receptor agonist, in healthy participants Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 49 2009 643 649
44. S.B. Singh, J.G. Ondeyka, W. Liu, S. Chen, T.S. Chen, and X. Li Discovery and development of dimeric podocarpic acid leads as potent agonists of liver X receptor with HDL cholesterol raising activity in mice and hamsters Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 15 2005 2824 2828
45. N. Tamehiro, Y. Sato, T. Suzuki, T. Hashimoto, Y. Asakawa, and S. Yokoyama Riccardin C: a natural product that functions as a liver X receptor (LXR)a agonist and an LXRb antagonist FEBS Letters 579 2005 5299 5304
46. K.S. Bramlett, K.A. Houck, K.M. Borchert, M.S. Dowless, P. Kulanthaivel, and Y. Zhang A natural product ligand of the oxysterol receptor, liver X receptor Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 307 2003 291 296
47. N. Mitro, P.A. Mak, L. Vargas, C. Godio, E. Hampton, and V. Molteni The nuclear receptor LXR is a glucose sensor Nature 445 2007 219 223
48. X. Gan, R. Kaplan, J.G. Menke, K. MacNaul, Y. Chen, and C.P. Sparrow Dual mechanisms of ABCA1 regulation by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 2001 48702 48708
49. C. Song, R.A. Hiipakka, and S. Liao Auto-oxidized cholesterol sulfates are antagonistic ligands of liver X receptors: implications for the development and treatment of atherosclerosis Steroids 66 2001 473 479
50. J. Ou, H. Tu, B. Shan, A. Luk, R.A. DeBose-Boyd, and Y. Bashmakov Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit transcription of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) gene by antagonizing ligand-dependent activation of the LXR Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 2001 6027 6032
51. T. Yoshikawa, H. Shimano, N. Yahagi, T. Ide, M. Amemiya-Kudo, and T. Matsuzaka Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c promoter activity by inhibition of liver X receptor (LXR) binding to LXR response elements Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 2002 1705 1711
52. R.P. Koldamova, I.M. Lefterov, M.D. Ikonomovic, J. Skoko, P.I. Lefterov, and B.A. Isanski 22R-hydroxycholesterol and 9-cis-retinoic acid induce ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 expression and cholesterol efflux in brain cells and decrease amyloid beta secretion Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2003 13244 13256
53. M. Burns, K. Gaynor, V. Olm, M. Mercken, J. LaFrancois, and L. Wang Presenilin redistribution associated with aberrant cholesterol transport enhances ß-amyloid production in vivo Journal of Neuroscience 23 2003 5645 5649
54. G. Cao, K.R. Bales, R.B. DeMattos, and S.M. Paul Liver X receptor-mediated gene regulation and cholesterol homeostasis in brain: relevance to Alzheimer's disease therapeutics Current Alzheimer Research 4 2007 179 184
55. J. Vaya, and H.M. Schipper Oxysterols, cholesterol homeostasis, and Alzheimer disease Journal of Neurochemistry 102 2007 1727 1737
56. N. Zelcer, N. Khanlou, R. Clare, Q. Jiang, E.G. Reed-Geaghan, and G.E. Landreth Attenuation of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology by liver X receptors Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 2007 10601 10606
57. W. Cui, Y. Sun, Z. Wang, C. Xu, L. Xu, and F. Wang Activation of liver X receptor decreases BACE1 expression and activity by reducing membrane cholesterol levels Neurochemical Research 36 2012 1910 1921
58. C. Schweinzer, A. Kober, I. Lang, K. Etschmaier, M. Scholler, and A. Kresse Processing of endogenous AßPP in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells is modulated by liver-X receptor agonists and altered cellular cholesterol homeostasis Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 27 2011 341 360
59. K. Abildayeva, P.J. Jansen, V. Hirsch-Reinshagen, V.W. Bloks, A.H. Bakker, and F.C. Ramaekers 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol participates in a liver X receptor-controlled pathway in astrocytes that regulates apolipoprotein E-mediated cholesterol efflux Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 2006 12799 12808
60. K. Simons, and R. Ehehalt Cholesterol, lipid rafts, and disease Journal of Clinical Investigation 110 2002 597 603
61. E. Kojro, G. Gimpl, S. Lammich, W. Marz, and F. Fahrenholz Low cholesterol stimulates the nonamyloidogenic pathway by its effect on the a-secretase ADAM 10 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 2001 5815 5820
62. P.E. Cramer, J.R. Cirrito, D.W. Wesson, C.Y. Lee, J.C. Karlo, and A.E. Zinn ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear ß-amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models Science 335 2012 1503 1506
63. K.R. Bales, F. Liu, S. Wu, S. Lin, D. Koger, and C. DeLong Human APOE isoform-dependent effects on brain beta-amyloid levels in PDAPP transgenic mice Journal of Neuroscience 29 2009 6771 6779
64. U. Beffert, M. Danik, P. Krzywkowski, C. Ramassamy, F. Berrada, and J. Poirier The neurobiology of apolipoproteins and their receptors in the CNS and Alzheimer's disease Brain Research Reviews 27 1998 119 142
65. Q. Xu, A. Bernardo, D. Walker, T. Kanegawa, R.W. Mahley, and Y. Huang Profile and regulation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression in the CNS in mice with targeting of green fluorescent protein gene to the ApoE locus Journal of Neuroscience 26 2006 4985 4994
66. D.M. Holtzman In vivo effects of ApoE and clusterin on amyloid-beta metabolism and neuropathology Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 23 2004 247 254
67. A.M. Fagan, D.M. Holtzman, G. Munson, T. Mathur, D. Schneider, and L.K. Chang Unique lipoproteins secreted by primary astrocytes from wild type, apoE (-/-), and human apoE transgenic mice Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 1999 30001 30007
68. K.R. Bales, T. Verina, D.J. Cummins, Y. Du, R.C. Dodel, and J. Saura Apolipoprotein E is essential for amyloid deposition in the APP(V717F) transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 1999 15233 15238
69. C.A. Fisher, and R.O. Ryan Lipid binding-induced conformational changes in the N-terminal domain of human apolipoprotein E Journal of Lipid Research 40 1999 93 99
70. M.J. LaDu, W.B. Stine Jr., M. Narita, G.S. Getz, C.A. Reardon, and G. Bu Self-assembly of HEK cell-secreted ApoE particles resembles ApoE enrichment of lipoproteins as a ligand for the LDL receptor-related protein Biochemistry 45 2006 381 390
71. R.D. Bell, A.P. Sagare, A.E. Friedman, G.S. Bedi, D.M. Holtzman, and R. Deane Transport pathways for clearance of human Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide and apolipoproteins E and J in the mouse central nervous system Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 27 2007 5909 5918
72. Q. Jiang, C.Y. Lee, S. Mandrekar, B. Wilkinson, P. Cramer, and N. Zelcer ApoE promotes the proteolytic degradation of Abeta Neuron 58 2008 681 693
73. Hirsch-ReinshagenV, L.F. Maia, B.L. Burgess, J.F. Blain, K.E. Naus, and S.A. McIsaac The absence of ABCA1 decreases soluble ApoE levels but does not diminish amyloid deposition in two murine models of Alzheimer disease Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 2005 43243 43256
74. R.P. Koldamova, I.M. Lefterov, M. Staufenbiel, D. Wolfe, S. Huang, and J.C. Glorioso The liver X receptor ligand T0901317 decreases amyloid beta production in vitro and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 2005 4079 4088
75. A. Venkateswaran, B.A. Laffitte, S.B. Joseph, P.A. Mak, D.C. Wilpitz, and P.A. Edwards Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 2000 12097 12102
76. Y. Gueguen, P. Bertrand, L. Ferrari, A.M. Batt, and G. Siest Control of apolipoprotein E secretion by 25-hydroxycholesterol and proinflammatory cytokines in the human astrocytoma cell line CCF-STTG1 Cell Biology and Toxicology 17 2001 191 199
77. D.R. Riddell, H. Zhou, T.A. Comery, E. Kouranova, C.F. Lo, and H.K. Warwick The LXR agonist TO901317 selectively lowers hippocampal Abeta42 and improves memory in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 34 2007 621 628
78. N. Iwata, S. Tsubuki, Y. Takaki, K. Shirotani, B. Lu, and N.P. Gerard Metabolic regulation of brain Abeta by neprilysin Science 292 2001 1550 1552
79. W.Q. Qiu, and M.F. Folstein Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease: review and hypothesis Neurobiology of Aging 27 2006 190 198
80. T. Vanmierlo, K. Rutten, J. Dederen, V.W. Bloks, L.C. Van Vark-van der, and F. Kuipers Liver X receptor activation restores memory in aged mice without reducing amyloid Neurobiology of Aging 32 2011 1262 1272
81. J.J. Donkin, S. Stukas, V. Hirsch-Reinshagen, D. Namjoshi, A. Wilkinson, and S. May ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 mediates the beneficial effects of the liver X receptor agonist GW3965 on object recognition memory and amyloid burden in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 2010 34144 34154
82. H. Johnston, H. Boutin, and S.M. Allan Assessing the contribution of inflammation in models of Alzheimer's disease Biochemical Society Transactions 39 2011 886 890
83. T.M. Weitz, and T. Town Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: it's all about context International Journal of Alzheimers Disease 2012 2012 314185
84. M.E. Bamberger, M.E. Harris, D.R. McDonald, J. Husemann, and G.E. Landreth A cell surface receptor complex for fibrillar beta-amyloid mediates microglial activation Journal of Neuroscience 23 2003 2665 2674
85. M. Fiala, J. Lin, J. Ringman, Kermani-Arab, G. Tsao, and A. Patel Ineffective phagocytosis of amyloid-beta by macrophages of Alzheimer's disease patients Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 7 2005 221 232
86. R.K. Giri, S.K. Selvaraj, and V.K. Kalra Amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in THP-1 monocytes is blocked by small inhibitory RNA duplexes for early growth response-1 messenger RNA Journal of Immunology 170 2003 5281 5294
87. D. Terwel, K.R. Steffensen, P.B. Verghese, M.P. Kummer, GustafssonF J.Å., and D.M. Holtzman Critical role of astroglial apolipoprotein E and liver X receptor-a expression for microglial Aß phagocytosis Journal of Neuroscience 19 2011 7049 7059
88. Z. Xiang, L. Ho, S. Yemul, Z. Zhao, W. Qing, and P. Pompl Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes amyloid plaque deposition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology Gene Expression 105 2002 271 278
89. M. Yamamoto, M. Horiba, J.L. Buescher, D. Huang, H.E. Gendelman, and R.M. Ransohoff Overexpression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2 in beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice show accelerated diffuse beta-amyloid deposition American Journal of Pathology 166 2005 1475 1485
90. S. Qin, C. Colin, I. Hinners, A. Gervais, C. Cheret, and M. Mallat System Xc- and apolipoprotein E expressed by microglia have opposite effects on the neurotoxicity of amyloid-beta peptide 1-40 Journal of Neuroscience 26 2006 3345 3356
91. S.B. Joseph, A. Castrillo, B.A. Laffitte, D.J. Mangelsdorf, and P. Tontonoz Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors Nature Medicine 9 2003 213 219
92. T. Bolmont, F. Haiss, and D. Eicke Dynamics of the microglial/amyloid interaction indicate a role in plaque maintenance Journal of Neuroscience 28 2008 4283 4292
93. S. Mandrekar-Colucci, J.C. Karlo, and G.E. Landreth Mechanisms underlying the rapid peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-?-mediated amyloid clearance and reversal of cognitive deficits in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease Journal of Neuroscience 30 2012 10117 10128
94. C.A. Colton, R.T. Mott, and H. Sharpe Expression profiles for macrophage alternative activation genes in AD and in mouse models of AD Journal of Neuroinflammation 3 2006 27 32
95. J. Koenigsknecht-Talboo, and G.E. Landreth Microglial phagocytosis induced by fibrillar beta-amyloid and IgGs are differentially regulated by proinflammatory cytokines Journal of Neuroscience 25 2005 8240 8249
96. A. Majumdar, H. Chung, and G. Dolios Degradation of fibrillar forms of Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide by macrophages Neurobiology of Aging 29 2008 707 715