The relationship between phenotypic and environmental variation: Do physiological responses reduce interindividual differences?

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

Volumn 85, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 571-584

  Oleksiak, Marjorie F ^a   Crawford, Douglas L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANALIZATION (BIOLOGY); EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC VARIATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; INDIVIDUAL VARIATION; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; POLYMORPHISM;

ANIMAL; EVOLUTION; FUNDULIDAE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HOMEOSTASIS; INDIVIDUALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; FUNDULIDAE; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENETIC VARIATION; HOMEOSTASIS; INDIVIDUALITY; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 84870197793     PISSN: 15222152     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/666904     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Aach J., W. Rindone, and G.M. Church. 2000. Systematic management and analysis of yeast gene expression data. Genome Res 10:431-445.
2. Ackers G.K., A.D. Johnson, and M.A. Shea. 1982. Quantitative model for gene regulation by lambda phage repressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:1129-1133.
3. Badis G., M.F. Berger, A.A. Philippakis, S. Talukder, A.R. Gehrke, S.A. Jaeger, E.T. Chan, et al. 2009. Diversity and complexity in DNA recognition by transcription factors. Science 324:1720-1723.
4. Barger P.M. and D.P. Kelly. 2000. PPAR signaling in the control of cardiac energy metabolism. Trends Cardiovasc Med 10: 238.
5. Barros R.P., U.F. Machado, and J.A. Gustafsson. 2006. Estrogen receptors: new players in diabetes mellitus. Trends Mol Med 12:425-431.
6. Barthel A., D. Schmoll, and T.G. Unterman. 2005. FoxO proteins in insulin action and metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 16:183-189.
7. Batterham R.L., M.A. Cowley, C.J. Small, H. Herzog, M.A. Cohen, C.L. Dakin, A.M. Wren, et al. 2002. Gut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 418:650.
8. 3-36 decrease food intake in rodents? (reply). Nature 430, doi:10.1038/nature02666.
9. Biggins M.D. 2011. Animal transcription networks as highly connected, quantitative continua. Dev Cell 21:611-626.
10. Bozinovic G. 2009. Development and population divergence. PhD diss. North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
11. Bozinovic G. and M.F. Oleksiak. 2010. Embryonic gene expression among pollutant resistant and sensitive Fundulus heteroclitus populations. Aquat Toxicol 98:221-229.
12. Bray N.J., P.R. Buckland, M.J. Owen, and M.C. O'Donovan. 2003. Cis-acting variation in the expression of a high proportion of genes in human brain. Hum Genet 113:149-153.
13. Brem R.B. and L. Kruglyak. 2005. The landscape of genetic complexity across 5,700 gene expression traits in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:1572-1577.
14. Caspi A., K. Sugden, T.E. Moffitt, A. Taylor, I.W. Craig, H. Harrington, J. McClay, et al. 2003. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301:386-389.
15. Caspi A., B. Williams, J. Kim-Cohen, I.W. Craig, B.J. Milne, R. Poulton, L.C. Schalkwyk, A. Taylor, H. Werts, and T.E. Mof-fitt. 2007. Moderation of breastfeeding effects on the IQ by genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18860-18865.
16. Cavalieri D., J.P. Townsend, and D.L. Hartl. 2000. Manifold anomalies in gene expression in a vineyard isolate of Sac-charomyces cerevisiae revealed by DNA microarray analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12369-12374.
17. Cheung V.G., L.K. Conlin, T.M. Weber, M. Arcaro, K.Y. Jen, M. Morley, and R.S. Spielman. 2003. Natural variation in human gene expression assessed in lymphoblastoid cells. Nat Genet 33:422-425.
18. Crawford D.L. and M.F. Oleksiak. 2007. The biological im portance of measuring individual variation. J Exp Biol 210: 1613-1621.
19. Crawford D.L., J.A. Segal, and J.L. Barnett. 1999. Evolutionary analysis of TATA-less proximal promoter function. Mol Bio Evol 16:194-207.
20. Creighton T.E. 2010. Biophysical chemistry of nucleic acids and proteins. Helvetian, Eastbourne.
21. Dalessio P.M., L. DiMichele, and D.A. Powers. 1991. Adrenergic effects on the oxygen affinity and pH of cultured erythrocytes and blood of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Physiol Zool 64:1407-1425.
22. Davila D. and I. Torres-Aleman. 2008. Neuronal death by ox idative stress involves activation of FoxO3 through a two-arm pathway that activates stress kinases and attenuates insulin-like growth factor I signaling. Mol Biol Cell 19:2014-2025.
23. Denver D.R. 2005. The transcriptional consequences of mu tation and natural selection in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Genet 37:544.
24. Draghi J.A., T.L. Parsons, G.P. Wagner, and J.B. Plotkin. 2010. Mutational robustness can facilitate adaptation. Nature 463 353-355.
25. Eady J.J., G.M. Wortley, Y.M. Wormstone, J.C Hughes, S.B Astley, R.J. Foxall, J.F. Doleman, and R.M. Elliott. 2005. Variation in gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mono nuclear cells from healthy volunteers. Physiol Genomics 22: 402-411.
26. Espinas M.L., J. Roux, R. Pictet, and T Grange. 1995. Glucocorticoids and protein kinase A coordinately modulate transcription factor recruitment at a glucocorticoid-responsive unit. Mol Cell Biol 15:5346-5354.
27. Everett M.V., C.E. Antal, and D.L. Crawford. 2012. The effect of short-term hypoxic exposure on metabolic gene expres sion. J Exp Zool A 317:9-23.
28. Everett M.V. and D.L. Crawford. 2010. Adaptation versus al-lometry: population and body mass effects on hypoxic me tabolism in Fundulus grandis. Physiol Biochem Zool 83:182-190.
29. Falconer D.S. and T.F.C. Mackay 1996. Introduction to quan titative genetics. Pearson, Essex.
30. Fisher M.A. and M.F. Oleksiak. 2007. Convergence and divergence in gene expression among natural populations exposed to pollution. BMC Genomics 8:108.
31. Flatt T 2005. The evolutionary genetics of canalization. Q Rev Biol 80:287-316.
32. Foryst-Ludwig A., M. Clemenz, S. Hohmann, M. Hartge, C Sprang, N. Frost, N. Krikov, et al. 2008. Metabolic actions of estrogen receptor beta (ERb) are mediated by a negative cross-talk with PPARg. PLoS Genet 4:e1000108.
33. Frank S.A. and M. Slatkin. 1990. Evolution in a variable environment. Am Nat 136:244-260.
34. Ghazalpour A., B. Bennett, V.A. Petyuk, L. Orozco, R. Hago-pian, I.N. Mungrue, C.R. Farber, et al. 2011. Comparative analysis of proteome and transcriptome variation in mouse. PLoS Genet 7:e1001393.
35. Gibson G. 2003. Population genomics: celebrating individual expression. Heredity 90:1-2.
36. Gibson G. and I. Dworkin. 2004. Uncovering cryptic genetic variation. Nat Rev Genet 5:681-690.
37. Gibson G. and G. Wagner. 2000. Canalization in evolutionary genetics: a stabilizing theory? BioEssays 22:372-380.
38. Gibson G. and B. Weir. 2005. The quantitative genetics of transcription. Trends Genet 21:616-623.
39. Gilad Y. and J. Borevitz. 2006. Using DNA microarrays to study natural variation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 16:553.
40. Gillespie J.H. 1991. The causes of molecular evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.
41. Greaney G.S., A.R. Place, R.E. Cashon, G. Smith, and D.A. Powers. 1980. Time course of changes in enzyme activities and blood respiratory properties of killifish Fundulus het-eroclitus during long-term acclimation to hypoxia. Physiol Zool 53:136-144.
42. Greaney G.S. and D.A. Powers. 1978. Allosteric modifiers of fish hemoglobins: in vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of ambient oxygen and pH on erythrocyte ATP concentrations. J Exp Zool 203:339-350.
43. Haldane J.B.S. 1957. The cost of natural selection. J Genet 55: 511-524.
44. Hartman J.L., G. Garvik, and L. Hartwell. 2001. Principles for the buffering of genetic variation. Science 291:1001-1004.
45. Hebbachi A.M., B.L. Knight, D. Wiggins, D.D. Patel, and G.F. Gibbons. 2007. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a deficiency abolishes the response of lipogenic gene expression to re-feeding: restoration of the normal response by activation of liver X receptor a. J Biol Chem 283:4866-4876.
46. Hedrick P.W. 1986. Genetic polymorphism in heterogeneous environments: a decade later. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 17:535- 566.
47. Hedrick P.W. 2006. Genetic polymorphism in heterogeneous environments: the age of genomics. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37: 67-93.
48. Hermisson J. and G.P. Wagner. 2004. The population genetic theory of hidden variation and genetic robustness. Genetics 168:2271-2284.
49. Jin W., R.M. Riley, R.D. Wolfinger, K.P. White, G. Passador-Gurgel, and G. Gibson. 2001. The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila me-lanogaster. Nat Genet 29:389-395.
50. Kimura M. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217:624-626.
51. Kitano H. 2004. Biological robustness. Nat Rev Genet 5:826- 837.
52. Knight J.C. 2004. Allele-specific gene expression uncovered. Trends Genet 20:113-116.
53. Kreitman M. 1996. The neutral theory is dead: long live the neutral theory. BioEssays 18:678-683; discussion, 683.
54. Kubaszek A., J. Pihlajamaki, K. Punnonen, P. Karhapaa, I. Vauhkonen, and M. Laakso. 2003. The C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene affects energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 52:558-561.
55. Lemos B., L.O. Araripe, P. Fontanillas, and D.L. Hartl. 2008. Dominance and the evolutionary accumulation of cis- and trans-effects on gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:14471-14476.
56. Letovsky J. and W.S. Dynan. 1989. Measurement of the binding of transcription factor Sp1 to a single GC box recognition sequence. Nucleic Acid Res 17:2639-2653.
57. Levene H. 1953. Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available. Am Nat 87:331-333.
58. Lewontin R.C. 1997. The paradox of variation. Pp. 79-88 in M. Ridley, ed. Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
59. Lewontin R.C. and J.L. Hubby. 1966. A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54:595-609.
60. Li A.C. and C.K. Glass. 2004. PPAR- and LXR-dependent pathways controlling lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 45:2161-2173.
61. Li W.-H. 1997. Molecular evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. Love-Gregory L.D., J. Wasson, J. Ma, C.H. Jin, B. Glaser, B.K. Suarez, and MA. Permutt. 2004. A common polymorphism in the upstream promoter region of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4a gene on chromosome 20q is associated with type 2 diabetes and appears to contribute to the evidence for linkage in an Ashkenazi Jewish population. Diabetes 53: 1134-1140.
62. MacArthur R. and R. Levins. 1964. Competition, habitat se lection, and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 51:1207-1210.
63. Maerkl S.J. and S.R. Quake. 2007. A systems approach to measuring the binding energy landscapes of transcription factors. Science 315:233-237.
64. Marshall W.S. 2003. Rapid regulation of NaCl secretion by estuarine teleost fish: coping strategies for short-duration freshwater exposures. Biochim Biophys Acta 1618:95.
65. Martsubĺsubnez M.L., C Landry, R. Boehm, S. Manning, A.O. Cheek, and B.B. Rees. 2006. Effects of long-term hypoxia on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. J Exp Biol 209:3851-3861.
66. Martinez S.C, K. Tanabe, C Cras-Meneur, N. Abumrad, E. Bernal-Mizrachi, and M.A. Permutt. 2008. Inhibition of FoxO1 protects pancreatic islet /3-cells against fatty acid and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Diabetes 57:846-859.
67. McCormick S.M., S.G. Eskin, L.V. McIntire, C.L. Teng, C.-M. Lu, C.G. Russell, and K.K. Chittur. 2001. DNA microarray reveals changes in gene expression of shear stressed human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 8955-8960.
68. Meiklejohn CD. and D.L. Hartl. 2002. A single mode of can alization. Trends Ecol Evol 17:468.
69. Meirhaeghe A., D. Cottel, P. Amouyel, and J. Dallongeville. 2005. Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y haplotypes and the metabolic syndrome in French men and women. Diabetes 54:3043-3048.
70. Merika M. and S.H. Orkin. 1993. DNA-binding specificity of GATA family transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 13:3999-4010.
71. Misso M.L., C Jang, J. Adams, J. Tran, Y. Murata, R. Bell, W.C Boon, E.R. Simpson, and S.R. Davis. 2005. Differential expression of factors involved in fat metabolism with age and the menopause transition. Maturitas 51:299-306.
72. Mitro N, P.A. Mak, L. Vargas, C Godio, E. Hampton, V. Mol-teni, A. Kreusch, and E. Saez. 2007. The nuclear receptor LXR is a glucose sensor. Nature 445:219.
73. Monks S.A., A. Leonardson, H. Zhu, P. Cundiff, P. Pietrusiak, S. Edwards, J.W. Phillips, A. Sachs, and E.E. Schadt. 2004. Genetic inheritance of gene expression in human cell lines. Am J Hum Genet 75:1094-1105.
74. Mounier C, V. Dumas, and B.I. Posner. 2006. Regulation of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 gene expression by insulin: central role for mammalian target of rapamycin independent of forkhead box O proteins. Endocrinology 147:2383-2391.
75. Murphy K.G. and S.R. Bloom. 2006. Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature 444:854.
76. Ni Y.G., K. Berenji, N. Wang, M. Oh, N. Sachan, A. Dey, J. Cheng, et al. 2006. FoxO transcription factors blunt cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting calcineurin signaling. Circulation 114:1159-1168.
77. Nikinmaa M. and B.B. Rees. 2005. Oxygen-dependent gene expression in fishes. Am J Physiol 288:R1079-R1090.
78. Nikinmaa M. and W. Waser. 2007. Molecular and cellular studies in evolutionary physiology of natural vertebrate populations: influences of individual variation and genetic components on sampling and measurements. J Exp Biol 210: 1847-1857.
79. Ohta T and J.H. Gillespie. 1996. Development of neutral and nearly neutral theories. Theor Popul Biol 49:128-142.
80. Oleksiak M.F. 2008. Changes in gene expression due to chronic exposure to environmental pollutants. Aquat Toxicol 90:161-171.
81. Oleksiak M.F. 2010. Genomic approaches with natural fish populations. J Fish Biol 76:1067-1093.
82. Oleksiak M.F., GA. Churchill, and D.L. Crawford. 2002. Variation in gene expression within and among natural populations. Nat Genet 32:261-266.
83. Oleksiak M.F. and D.L. Crawford. 2006. Functional genomics in fishes: insights into physiological complexity. Pp. 523-550 in D. Evan and J. Claiborne, eds. The physiology of fishes. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
84. Oleksiak M.F., J.L. Roach, and D.L. Crawford. 2005. Natural variation in cardiac metabolism and gene expression in Fund-ulus heteroclitus. Nat Genet 37:67-72.
85. Omori K. and J. Kotera. 2007. Overview of PDEs and their regulation. Circ Res 100:309-327.
86. Pritchard C.C., L. Hsu, J. Delrow, and P.S. Nelson. 2001. Project normal: defining normal variance in mouse gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13266-13271.
87. Proulx S.R., S. Nuzhdin, and D.E.L. Promislow. 2007. Direct selection on genetic robustness revealed in the yeast tran-scriptome. PLoS ONE 2:e911.
88. Proulx S.R. and P.C. Phillips. 2005. The opportunity for canalization and the evolution of genetic networks. Am Nat 165: 147-162.
89. Ptashne M. 1986. A genetic switch: gene control and phage X. Blackwell, Cambridge.
90. Ranade K., K.D. Wu, N. Risch, M. Olivier, D. Pei, C.F. Hsiao, L.M. Chuang, et al. 2001. Genetic variation in aldosterone synthase predicts plasma glucose levels. Proc Natl Acad Sc USA 98:13219-13224.
91. Rees B.B., T. Andacht, E. Skripnikova, and D.L. Crawford. 2011. Population proteomics: quantitative variation within and among populations in cardiac protein expression. Mol Biol Evol 28:1271-1279.
92. Ridley M., ed. 1997. Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
93. Rockman M.V. and G.A. Wray 2002. Abundant raw material for cis-regulatory evolution in humans. Mol Biol Evol 19: 1991-2004.
94. Ruiz-Narvaez E.A., F.M. Sacks, and H. Campos. 2008. Abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia mask the effect of a common APOC3 haplotype on the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1932-1938.
95. Sanchez I.E., D.U. Ferreiro, M. Dellarole, and G. de Prat-Gay 2010. Experimental snapshots of a protein-DNA binding landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:7751-7756.
96. Schadt E.E., J. Lamb, X. Yang, J. Zhu, S. Edwards, D. Guha-thakurta, S.K. Sieberts, et al. 2005. An integrative genomics approach to infer causal associations between gene expression and disease. Nat Genet 37:710-717.
97. Schulte P.M., H.C Glemet, A.A. Fiebig, and D.A. Powers. 2000. Adaptive variation in lactate dehydrogenase-B gene expression: role of a stress-responsive regulatory element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6597-6602.
98. Scott C.P., D.A. Williams, and L. Crawford Douglas. 2009. The effect of genetic and environmental variation on gene expression. Mol Ecol 18:2832-2843.
99. Segal J.A., J.L. Barnett, and D.L. Crawford. 1999. Functional analyses of natural variation in Sp1 binding sites of a TATA-less promoter. J Mol Evol 49:736-749.
100. Segal J.A., P.M. Schulte, D.A. Powers, and D.L. Crawford. 1996. Descriptive and functional characterization of variation in the Fundulus heteroclitus Ldh-B proximal promoter. J Exp Zool 275:355-364.
101. Siegal M.L. and A. Bergman. 2002. Waddington's canalization revisited: developmental stability and evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:10528-10532.
102. Sjogren K., K.-C Leung, W. Kaplan, M. Gardiner-Garden, J. Gibney, and K.K.Y. Ho. 2007. Growth hormone regulation of metabolic gene expression in muscle: a microarray study in hypopituitary men. Am J Physiol 293:E364-E371.
103. Sookoian S. and C.J. Pirola. 2007. Review: genetics of the car-diometabolic syndrome: new insights and therapeutic implications. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 1:37-47.
104. Spielman R.S., L.A. Bastone, J.T. Burdick, M. Morley, W.J. Ewens, and V.G. Cheung. 2007. Common genetic variants account for differences in gene expression among ethnic groups. Nat Genet 39:226-231.
105. Stranger B.E., A.C. Nica, M.S. Forrest, A. Dimas, C.P. Bird, C. Beazley, C.E. Ingle, et al. 2007. Population genomics of human gene expression. Nat Genet 39:1217-1224.
106. Suzanne L.R. 2000. From genotype to phenotype: buffering mechanisms and the storage of genetic information. Bio-Essays 22:1095-1105.
107. Townsend J.P., D. Cavalieri, and D.L. Hartl. 2003. Population genetic variation in genome-wide gene expression. Mol Biol Evol 20:955-963.
108. Truss M. and M. Beato. 1993. Steroid hormone receptors: interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors. Endocr Rev 14:459-479.
109. Tsintzas K., K. Jewell, M. Kamran, D. Laithwaite, T. Boon-song, J. Littlewood, I. Macdonald, and A. Bennett. 2006. Differential regulation of metabolic genes in skeletal muscle during starvation and refeeding in humans. J Physiol 575:291-303.
110. Tung Y.C.L., A.K. Hewson, R.N. Carter, and S.L. Dickson. 2005. Central responsiveness to a ghrelin mimetic (GHRP-6) is rapidly altered by acute changes in nutritional status in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 17:387-393.
111. Vasseur F., N. Helbecque, C. Dina, S. Lobbens, V. Delannoy, S. Gaget, P. Boutin, et al. 2002. Single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in the both proximal promoter and exon 3 of the APM1 gene modulate adipocyte-secreted adiponectin hormone levels and contribute to the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes in French Caucasians. Hum Mol Genet 11:2607-2614.
112. Viguerie N., K. Clement, P. Barbe, M. Courtine, A. Benis, D. Larrouy, B. Hanczar, et al. 2004. In vivo epinephrine-mediated regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2000-2014.
113. Waddington C.H. 1959. Canalization of development and genetic assimilation of acquired characters. Nature 183:1654-1655.
114. Waden J., L.M. Thorn, C. Forsblom, T. Lakka, M. Saraheimo, M. Rosengard-Barlund, O. Heikkila, et al. 2007. Leisure-time physical activity is associated with the metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: effect of the PPARg Pro12Ala polymorphism: the FinnDiane Study. Diabetes Care 30: 1618-1620.
115. Wagner G.P. 2003. Evolutionary genetics: the nature of hidden genetic variation unveiled. Curr Biol 13:R958-R960.
116. Wagner G.P., G. Booth, and H.C. Bagheri. 1997. A population genetic theory of canalization. Evolution 51:329-347.
117. Wallace D.C. 1999. Mitochondrial disease in man and mouse. Science 283:1482-1488.
118. Whitehead A. and D.L. Crawford. 2006a. Neutral and adaptive variation in gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 5425-5430.
119. Whitehead A. and D.L. Crawford. 2006b. Variation within and among species in gene expression: raw material for evolution. Mol Ecol 15:1197-1211.
120. Wilson E.O. and W.H. Bosser. 1971. A primer of population biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
121. Wittkopp P.J., B.K. Haerum, and A.G. Clark. 2004. Evolutionary changes in cis and trans gene regulation. Nature 430:85-88.
122. Wittkopp P.J., B.K. Haerum, and A.G. Clark. 2008. Regulatory changes underlying expression differences within and between Drosophila species. Nat Genet 40:346-350.
123. Wolfrum C, E. Asilmaz, E. Luca, J.M. Friedman, and M. Stoffel. 2004. Foxa2 regulates lipid metabolism and ketogenesis in the liver during fasting and in diabetes. Nature 432:1027-1032.
124. Wray G.A. 2007. The evolutionary significance of cis-regulatory mutations. Nat Rev Genet 8:206.
125. Wu C. 1995. Heat shock transcription factors: structure and regulation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 11:441-469.
126. Yechoor V.K., M.E. Patti, R. Saccone, and C.R. Kahn. 2002. Coordinated patterns of gene expression for substrate and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle of diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:10587-10592.
127. Zheng W., L.P. Christensen, and R.J. Tomanek. 2004. Stretch induces upregulation of key tyrosine kinase receptors in mi-crovascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 287:H2739-H2745.