Mitochondrial metabolism in aging: Effect of dietary interventions

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 22-28

  Cerqueira, Fernanda M ^a   Kowaltowski, Alicia J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Aging; Biogenesis; Calorie restriction; Energy metabolism; Mitochondria; Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Indexed keywords

COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; METHIONINE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; NITRIC OXIDE; OXYGEN; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

AGING; DIET; DIET RESTRICTION; DNA DAMAGE; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HYPERGLYCEMIA; LIFE EXTENSION; MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION; MITOPHAGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; REVIEW;

AGING; ANIMALS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIET; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; LONGEVITY; MITOCHONDRIA; OXIDANTS; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84867380041     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: 18729649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.009     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Alexeyev M.F. Is there more to aging than mitochondrial DNA and reactive oxygen species?. FEBS Journal 2009, 276:5768-5787.
2. Anisimov V.N., Egorov M.V., Krasilshchikova M.S., Lyamzaev K.G., Manskikh V.N., Moshkin M.P., Novikov E.A., Popovich I.G., Rogovin K.A., Shabalina I.G., Shekarova O.N., Skulachev M.V., Titova T.V., Vygodin V.A., Vyssokikh M.Y., Yurova M.N., Zabezhinsky M.A., Skulachev V.P. Effects of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 on lifespan of rodents. Aging 2011, 3:1110-1119.
3. Ash C.E., Merry B.J. The molecular basis by which dietary restricted feeding reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2011, 132:43-54.
4. Augusto O., Bonini M.G., Amanso A.M., Linares E., Santos C.C., De Menezes S.L. Nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radical anion: two emerging radicals in biology. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2002, 32:841-859.
5. Balaban R.S., Nemoto S., Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 2005, 120:483-495.
6. Barja G. Mitochondrial free radical production and aging in mammals and birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998, 854:224-238.
7. Barja G. Rate of generation of oxidative stress-related damage and animal longevity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2002, 33:1167-1172.
8. Barros M.H., Bandy B., Tahara E.B., Kowaltowski A.J. Higher respiratory activity decreases mitochondrial reactive oxygen release and increases life span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279:49883-49888.
9. Beckman J.S., Beckman T.W., Chen J., Marshall P.A., Freeman B.A. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990, 87:1620-1624.
10. Bowling A.C., Mutisya E.M., Walker L.C., Price D.L., Cork L.C., Beal M.F. Age-dependent impairment of mitochondrial function in primate brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 1993, 60:1964-1967.
11. Braun R.J., Westermann B. Mitochondrial dynamics in yeast cell death and aging. Biochemical Society Transactions 2011, 39:1520-1526.
12. Brookes P.S. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Mitochondrion 2004, 3:187-204.
13. Brown G.C., Borutaite V. Nitric oxide, mitochondria, and cell death. IUBMB Life 2001, 52:189-195.
14. Brown G.C. Reversible binding and inhibition of catalase by nitric oxide. European Journal of Biochemistry 1995, 232:188-191.
15. Brown-Borg H.M., Rakoczy S.G. Catalase expression in delayed and premature aging mouse models. Experimental Gerontology 2000, 35:199-212.
16. Bruss M.D., Khambatta C.F., Ruby M.A., Aggarwal I., Hellerstein M.K. Calorie restriction increases fatty acid synthesis and whole body fat oxidation rates. American Journal of Physiology 2010, 298:E108-E116.
17. Burkitt M.J., Mason R.P. Direct evidence for in vivo hydroxyl-radical generation in experimental iron overload: an ESR spin-trapping investigation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991, 88:8440-8444.
18. Byrne E., Dennett X. Respiratory chain failure in adult muscle fibers: relationship with ageing and possible implications for the neuronal pool. Mutation Research 1992, 275:125-131.
19. Caldeira da Silva C.C., Cerqueira F.M., Barbosa L.F., Medeiros M.H., Kowaltowski A.J. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling in mice affects energy metabolism, redox balance and longevity. Aging Cell 2008, 7:552-560.
20. Cardoso, A.R., Chausse, B., Cunha, F.M., Luévano-Martínez, L.A., Marazzi, T.B.M., Pessoa, P.S., Queliconi, B.B, Kowaltowski, A.J. Mitochondrial compartmentalization of redox processes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, in press.
21. Caro P., Gómez J., López-Torres M., Sánchez I., Naudi A., Portero-Otín M., Pamplona R., Barja G. Effect of every other day feeding on mitochondrial free radical production and oxidative stress in mouse liver. Rejuvenation Research 2008, 11:621-629.
22. Cernadas M.R., Sánchez de Miguel L., García-Durán M., González-Fernández F., Millás I., Montón M., Rodrigo J., Rico L., Fernández P., de Frutos T., Rodríguez-Feo J.A., Guerra J., Caramelo C., Casado S., López-Farré A. Expression of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases in the vascular wall of young and aging rats. Circulation Research 1998, 83:279-286.
23. Cerqueira F.M., Kowaltowski A.J. Commonly adopted caloric restriction protocols often involve malnutrition. Ageing Research Reviews 2010, 9:424-430.
24. Cerqueira F.M., da Cunha F.M., Caldeira da Silva C.C., Chausse B., Romano R.L., Garcia C.C., Colepicolo P., Medeiros M.H., Kowaltowski A.J. Long-term intermittent feeding, but not caloric restriction, leads to redox imbalance, insulin receptor nitration, and glucose intolerance. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2011, 51:1454-1460.
25. Cerqueira F.M., Laurindo F.R., Kowaltowski A.J. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling and calorie restriction increase fasting eNOS, Akt and mitochondrial biogenesis. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e18433.
26. Cerqueira F.M., Cunha F.M., Brandizzi L., Laurindo F.M., Kowaltowski A.J. Serum from calorie-restricted rats activates vascular cell eNOS through enhanced insulin signaling mediated by adiponectin. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e31155.
27. Chen H., Chomyn A., Chan D.C. Disruption of fusion results in mitochondrial heterogeneity and dysfunction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005, 280:26185-26192.
28. Chou T.C., Yen M.H., Li C.Y., Ding Y.A. Alterations of nitric oxide synthase expression with aging and hypertension in rats. Hypertension 1998, 31:643-648.
29. Chung H.Y., Kim H.J., Kim K.W., Choi J.S., Yu B.P. Molecular inflammation hypothesis of aging based on the anti-aging mechanism of calorie restriction. Microscopy Research and Technique 2002, 59:264-272.
30. Civitarese A.E., Carling S., Heilbronn L.K., Hulver M.H., Ukropcova B., Deutsch W.A., Smith S.R., Ravussin E. Calorie restriction increases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in healthy humans. PLoS Medicine 2007, 4:e76. CALERIE Pennington Team.
31. Colas D., Gharib A., Bezin L., Morales A., Guidon G., Cespuglio R., Sarda N. Regional age-related changes in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), messenger RNA levels and activity in SAMP8 brain. BMC Neuroscience 2006, 7:81.
32. Cooper C.E. Nitric oxide and iron proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1999, 1411:290-309.
33. Cuervo A.M., Bergamini E., Brunk U.T., Dröge W., French M., Terman A. Autophagy and aging: the importance of maintaining clean cells. Autophagy 2005, 1:131-140.
34. Cunha F.M., Caldeira da Silva C.C., Cerqueira F.M., Kowaltowski A.J. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling as a therapeutic strategy. Current Drug Targets 2011, 12:783-789.
35. Donini L.M., Savina C., Gennaro E., De Felice M.R., Rosano A., Pandolfo M.M., Del Balzo V., Cannella C., Ritz P., Chumlea W.C. A systematic review of the literature concerning the relationship between obesity and mortality in the elderly. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2012, 16:89-98.
36. Dranka B.P., Hill B.G., Darley-Usmar V.M. Mitochondrial reserve capacity in endothelial cells: the impact of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2010, 48:905-914.
37. Flegal K.M., Graubard B.I., Williamson D.F., Gail M.H. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2005, 293:1861-1867.
38. Foster M.W., Hess D.T., Stamler J.S. Protein S-nitrosylation in health and disease: a current perspective. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2009, 15:391-404.
39. Genova M.L., Pich M.M., Bernacchia A., Bianchi C., Biondi A., Bovina C., Falasca A.I., Formiggini G., Castelli G.P., Lenaz G. The mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in relation to aging and pathology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1011:86-100.
40. Genova M.L., Abd-Elsalam N.M., el Mahdy S.M., Bernacchia A., Lucarini M., Pedulli G.F., Lenaz G. Redox cycling of adrenaline and adrenochrome catalysed by mitochondrial Complex I. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2006, 447:167-173.
41. Ghafourifar P., Cadenas E. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2005, 26:190-195.
42. Giulivi C. Characterization and function of mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2003, 34:397-408.
43. Gredilla R., Barja G. Minireview: the role of oxidative stress in relation to caloric restriction and longevity. Endocrinology 2005, 146:3713-3717.
44. Guarente L. Mitochondria - a nexus for aging, calorie restriction, and sirtuins?. Cell 2008, 132:171-176.
45. Hagström-Toft E., Thörne A., Reynisdottir S., Moberg E., Rössner S., Bolinder J., Arner P. Evidence for a major role of skeletal muscle lipolysis in the regulation of lipid oxidation during caloric restriction in vivo. Diabetes 2001, 50:1604-1611.
46. Halpern H.J., Yu C., Barth E., Peric M., Rosen G.M. In situ detection, by spin trapping, of hydroxyl radical markers produced from ionizing radiation in the tumor of a living mouse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995, 92:796-800.
47. Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. Journal of Gerontology 1956, 11:298-300.
48. Harman D. The biologic clock: the mitochondria. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1972, 20:145-147.
49. Hattori Y., Suzuki M., Hattori S., Kasai K. Globular adiponectin upregulates nitric oxide production in vascular endothelial cells. Diabetologia 2003, 46:1543-1549.
50. Hinkle P.C., Butow R.A., Racker E., Chance B. Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing oxidative phosphorylation. XV. Reverse electron transfer in the flavincytochrome beta region of the respiratory chain of beef heart submitochondrial particles. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1967, 242:5169-5173.
51. Hipkiss A.R. On methionine restriction, suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction and aging. Rejuvenation Research 2008, 11:685-688.
52. Huang T.T., Carlson E.J., Gillespie A.M., Shi Y., Epstein C.J. Ubiquitous overexpression of CuZn superoxide dismutase does not extend life span in mice. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000, 55:B5-B9.
53. 2+ and AMPK/SIRT1. Nature 2010, 464:1313-1319.
54. Jang Y.C., Van Remmen H. The mitochondrial theory of aging: insight from transgenic and knockout mouse models. Experimental Gerontology 2009, 44:256-260.
55. Jessup W., Mohr D., Gieseg S.P., Dean R.T., Stocker R. The participation of nitric oxide in cell free- and its restriction of macrophage-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1992, 1180:73-82.
56. Kalyanaraman B., Darley-Usmar V., Davies K.J., Dennery P.A., Forman H.J., Grisham M.B., Mann G.E., Moore K., Roberts L.J., Ischiropoulos H. Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2012, 52:1-6.
57. Kim I., Rodriguez-Enriquez S., Lemasters J.J. Selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2007, 462:245-253.
58. Kowaltowski A.J. Caloric restriction and redox state: does this diet increase or decrease oxidant production?. Redox Report 2011, 16:237-241.
59. Kowaltowski A.J., de Souza-Pinto N.C., Castilho R.F., Vercesi A.E. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2009, 47:333-343.
60. Lambert A.J., Merry B.J. Effect of caloric restriction on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and bioenergetics: reversal by insulin. American Journal of Physiology 2004, 286:R71-R79.
61. Lambert A.J., Boysen H.M., Buckingham J.A., Yang T., Podlutsky A., Austad S.N., Kunz T.H., Buffenstein R., Brand M.D. Low rates of hydrogen peroxide production by isolated heart mitochondria associate with long maximum lifespan in vertebrate homeotherms. Aging Cell 2007, 6:607-618.
62. Lambertucci R.H., Hirabara S.M., dos Silveira L.R., Levada-Pires A.C., Curi R., Pithon-Curi T.C. Palmitate increases superoxide production through mitochondrial electron transport chain and NADPH oxidase activity in skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2008, 216:796-804.
63. Larsen N.B., Rasmussen M., Rasmussen L.J. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA repair: similar pathways?. Mitochondrion 2005, 5:89-108.
64. Lee C.K., Klopp R.G., Weindruch R., Prolla T.A. Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction. Science 1999, 285:1390-1393.
65. Li L., Pan R., Li R., Niemann B., Aurich A.C., Chen Y., Rohrbach S. Mitochondrial biogenesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) deacetylation by physical activity: intact adipocytokine signaling is required. Diabetes 2011, 60:157-167.
66. Livingston E.H. Inadequacy of BMI as an indicator for bariatric surgery. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2012, 307:88-89.
67. Maalouf M., Rho J.M., Mattson M.P. The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies. Brain Research Reviews 2009, 59:293-315.
68. McCay C.M., Crowell M.F., Maynard L.A. The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size. Nutrition 1935, 5:155-171.
69. Maklashina E., Ackrell B.A. Is defective electron transport at the hub of aging?. Aging Cell 2004, 3:21-27.
70. Merry B.J. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial function with aging - the effects of calorie restriction. Aging Cell 2004, 3:7-12.
71. Miller R.A., Buehner G., Chang Y., Harper J.M., Sigler R., Smith-Wheelock M. Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance. Aging Cell 2005, 4:119-125.
72. Moncada S., Higgs A. The l-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. New England Journal of Medicine 1993, 329:2002-2012.
73. Mookerjee S.A., Divakaruni A.S., Jastroch M., Brand M.D. Mitochondrial uncoupling and lifespan. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2010, 131:463-472.
74. Müller-Höcker J., Schneiderbanger K., Stefani F.H., Kadenbach B. Progressive loss of cytochrome c oxidase in the human extraocular muscles in ageing - a cytochemical-immunohistochemical study. Mutation Research 1992, 275:115-124.
75. Nakamura T., Lipton S.A. Redox modulation by S-nitrosylation contributes to protein misfolding, mitochondrial dynamics, and neuronal synaptic damage in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Death and Differentiation 2011, 18:1478-1486.
76. Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB Journal 1992, 6:3051-3064.
77. Naudí A., Caro P., Jové M., Gómez J., Boada J., Ayala V., Portero-Otín M., Barja G., Pamplona R. Methionine restriction decreases endogenous oxidative molecular damage and increases mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling protein 4 in rat brain. Rejuvenation Research 2007, 10:473-484.
78. Nicholls D.G. Spare respiratory capacity, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Biochemical Society Transactions 2009, 37:1385-1388.
79. Nisoli E., Carruba M.O. Nitric oxide and mitochondrial biogenesis. Journal of Cell Science 2006, 119:2855-2862.
80. Nisoli E., Clementi E., Paolucci C., Cozzi V., Tonello C., Sciorati C., Bracale R., Valerio A., Francolini M., Moncada S., Carruba M.O. Mitochondrial biogenesis in mammals: the role of endogenous nitric oxide. Science 2003, 299:896-899.
81. Nisoli E., Falcone S., Tonello C., Cozzi V., Palomba L., Fiorani M., Pisconti A., Brunelli S., Cardile A., Francolini M., Cantoni O., Carruba M.O., Moncada S., Clementi E. Mitochondrial biogenesis by NO yields functionally active mitochondria in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:16507-16512.
82. Nisoli E., Tonello C., Cardile A., Cozzi V., Bracale R., Tedesco L., Falcone S., Valerio A., Cantoni O., Clementi E., Moncada S., Carruba M.O. Calorie restriction promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing the expression of eNOS. Science 2005, 310:314-317.
83. Oberley T.D., Swanlund J.M., Zhang H.J., Kregel K.C. Aging results in increased autophagy of mitochondria and protein nitration in rat hepatocytes following heat stress. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 2008, 56:615-627.
84. Ono T., Isobe K., Nakada K., Hayashi J.I. Human cells are protected from mitochondrial dysfunction by complementation of DNA products in fused mitochondria. Nature Genetics 2001, 28:272-275.
85. Pamplona R., Barja G. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, aging and caloric restriction: the protein and methionine connection. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2006, 1757:496-508.
86. Patel R.P., McAndrew J., Sellak H., White C.R., Jo H., Freeman B.A., Darley-Usmar V.M. Biological aspects of reactive nitrogen species. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1999, 1411:385-400.
87. Perez V., Van Remmen H., Bokov A., Epstein C.J., Vijg J., Richardson A. The overexpression of major antioxidant enzymes does not extend the lifespan of mice. Aging Cell 2012, 8:73-75.
88. Perez V.I., Bokov A., Van Remmen H., Mele J., Ran Q., Ikeno Y., Richardson A. Is the oxidative stress theory of aging dead?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2009, 1790:1005-1014.
89. Perrone C.E., Mattocks D.A., Jarvis-Morar M., Plummer J.D., Orentreich N. Methionine restriction effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and aerobic capacity in white adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle of F344 rats. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2010, 59:1000-1011.
90. Petrosillo G., Matera M., Moro N., Ruggiero F.M., Paradies G. Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in rat heart with aging: critical role of reactive oxygen species and cardiolipin. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2009, 46:88-94.
91. Picard M., Ritchie D., Wright K.J., Romestaing C., Thomas M.M., Rowan S.L., Taivassalo T., Hepple R.T. Mitochondrial functional impairment with aging is exaggerated in isolated mitochondria compared to permeabilized myofibers. Aging Cell 2010, 9:1032-1046.
92. Pollock J.S., Nakane M., Buttery L.D., Martinez A., Springall D., Polak J.M., Förstermann U., Murad F. Characterization and localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase using specific monoclonal antibodies. American Journal of Physiology 1993, 265:C1379-C1387.
93. Radi R. Nitric oxide, oxidants, and protein tyrosine nitration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:4003-4008.
94. Radi R., Beckman J.S., Bush K.M., Freeman B.A. Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1991, 266:4244-4250.
95. Richie J.P., Leutzinger Y., Parthasarathy S., Malloy V., Orentreich N., Zimmerman J.A. Methionine restriction increases blood glutathione and longevity in F344 rats. FASEB Journal 1994, 8:1302-1307.
96. Rodriguez K.A., Wywial E., Perez V.I., Lambert A.J., Edrey Y.H., Lewis K.N., Grimes K., Lindsey M.L., Brand M.D., Buffenstein R. Walking the oxidative stress tightrope: a perspective from the naked mole-rat, the longest-living rodent. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2011, 17:2290-2307.
97. Sanz A., Caro P., Ibañez J., Gómez J., Gredilla R., Barja G. Dietary restriction at old age lowers mitochondrial oxygen radical production and leak at complex I and oxidative DNA damage in rat brain. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 2005, 37:83-90.
98. Sanz A., Caro P., Ayala V., Portero-Otin M., Pamplona R., Barja G. Methionine restriction decreases mitochondrial oxygen radical generation and leak as well as oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and proteins. FASEB Journal 2006, 20:1064-1073.
99. Scheckhuber C.Q., Erjavec N., Tinazli A., Hamann A., Nyström T., Osiewacz H.D. Reducing mitochondrial fission results in increased life span and fitness of two fungal ageing models. Nature Cell Biology 2007, 9:99-105.
100. Schönfeld P., Wieckowski M.R., Lebiedzińska M., Wojtczak L. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress: lack of reverse electron transfer-associated production of reactive oxygen species. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2010, 1797:929-938.
101. Schriner S.E., Linford N.J., Martin G.M., Treuting P., Ogburn C.E., Emond M., Coskun P.E., Ladiges W., Wolf N., Van Remmen H., Wallace D.C., Rabinovitch P.S. Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria. Science 2005, 308:1909-1911.
102. Semsei I., Rao G., Richardson A. Expression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in rat brain as a function of age. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 1991, 58:13-19.
103. Sengupta, R., Holmgren, A. The role of thioredoxin in the regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, in press.
104. Seto N.O., Hayashi S., Tener G.M. Overexpression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase in Drosophila does not affect life-span. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990, 87:4270-4274.
105. Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.M., Ames B.N. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994, 91:10771-10778.
106. Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defense. European Journal of Biochemistry 1993, 215:213-219.
107. Skulachev V.P. Uncoupling: new approaches to an old problem of bioenergetics. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1998, 1363:100-124.
108. Sohal R.S., Svensson I., Sohal B.H., Brunk U.T. Superoxide anion radical production in different animal species. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 1989, 49:129-135.
109. Sohal R.S., Svensson I., Brunk U.T. Hydrogen peroxide production by liver mitochondria in different species. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 1990, 53:209-215.
110. Sohal R.S., Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science 1996, 273:59-63.
111. Speakman J.R., Talbot D.A., Selman C., Snart S., McLaren J.S., Redman P., Krol E., Jackson D.M., Johnson M.S., Brand M.D. Uncoupled and surviving: individual mice with high metabolism have greater mitochondrial uncoupling and live longer. Aging Cell 2004, 3:87-95.
112. Starkov A.A., Fiskum G., Chinopoulos C., Lorenzo B.J., Browne S.E., Patel M.S., Beal M.F. Mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex generates reactive oxygen species. Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:7779-7788.
113. St-Pierre J., Buckingham J.A., Roebuck S.J., Brand M.D. Topology of superoxide production from different sites in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002, 277:44784-44790.
114. Strum J.C., Shehee R., Virley D., Richardson J., Mattie M., Selley P., Ghosh S., Nock C., Saunders A., Roses A. Rosiglitazone induces mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse brain. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2007, 11:45-51.
115. Szabó C., Ischiropoulos H., Radi R. Peroxynitrite: biochemistry, pathophysiology and development of therapeutics. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2007, 6:662-680.
116. Tahara E.B., Barros M.H., Oliveira G.A., Netto L.E., Kowaltowski A.J. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase as a source of reactive oxygen species inhibited by caloric restriction and involved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging. FASEB Journal 2007, 21:274-283.
117. Tahara E.B., Navarete F.D., Kowaltowski A.J. Tissue-, substrate-, and site-specific characteristics of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2009, 46:1283-1297.
118. Tretter L., Adam-Vizi V. Generation of reactive oxygen species in the reaction catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 4:7771-7778.
119. 2 generation in brain mitochondria. Journal of Neurochemistry 2007, 100:650-663.
120. Trifunovic A., Wredenberg A., Falkenberg M., Spelbrink J.N., Rovio A.T., Bruder C.E., Bohlooly Y.M., Gidlöf S., Oldfors A., Wibom R., Törnell J., Jacobs H.T., Larsson N.G. Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Nature 2004, 429:417-423.
121. Turrens J.F. Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. Journal of Physiology 2003, 552:335-344.
122. van Diepeningen A.D., Goedbloed D.J., Slakhorst S.M., Koopmanschap A.B., Maas M.F., Hoekstra R.F., Debets A.J. Mitochondrial recombination increases with age in Podospora anserina. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2010, 131:315-322.
123. Van Remmen H., Jones D.P. Current thoughts on the role of mitochondria and free radicals in the biology of aging. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2009, 64:171-174.
124. Ventura-Clapier R., Garnier A., Veksler V. Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis: the central role of PGC-1alpha. Cardiovascular Research 2008, 79:208-217.
125. Wadley G.D., McConell G.K. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on mitochondrial biogenesis in rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 2007, 102:314-320.
126. Wallace D.C. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annual Review of Genetics 2005, 39:359-407.
127. Wanagat J., Dai D.F., Rabinovitch P. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and mammalian healthspan. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2010, 131:527-535.
128. Weindruch R., Kayo T., Lee C.K., Prolla T.A. Microarray profiling of gene expression in aging and its alteration by caloric restriction in mice. Journal of Nutrition 2001, 131:918S-923S.
129. Wu S., Zhou F., Zhang Z., Xing D. Mitochondrial oxidative stress causes mitochondrial fragmentation via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission-fusion proteins. FEBS Journal 2011, 278:941-954.
130. Yu T., Sheu S.S., Robotham J.L., Yoon Y. Mitochondrial fission mediates high glucose-induced cell death through elevated production of reactive oxygen species. Cardiovascular Research 2008, 79:341-351.
131. Zhu M., Lee G.D., Ding L., Hu J., Qiu G., de Cabo R., Bernier M., Ingram D.K., Zou S. Adipogenic signaling in rat white adipose tissue: modulation by aging and calorie restriction. Experimental Gerontology 2007, 42:733-744.
132. Zorzano A., Hernández-Alvarez M.I., Palacín M., Mingrone G. Alterations in the mitochondrial regulatory pathways constituted by the nuclear co-factors PGC-1alpha or PGC-1beta and mitofusin 2 in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2010, 1797:1028-1033.