Microvascular diseases: Is a new era coming?

Cardiovascular and Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 167-183

  Wiernsperger, N ^a   Rapin, J R ^b  

^a CarMeN   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE   (France)

Author keywords

Arterioles; Capillaries; Glycocalyx; Hemorheology; Metformin; Microcirculation; Pentoxifyllin; Pharmacology; Vasomotion

Indexed keywords

BOSENTAN; CAVEOLIN 1; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FISH OIL; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; INDAPAMIDE; INTEGRIN; ION CHANNEL; METFORMIN; NICORANDIL; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PERINDOPRIL; POLYPHENOL; PYCNOGENOL; SAFFLOWER OIL; XANTHINOL NICOTINATE;

ACROMEGALY; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTERIOLE; ARTERY; ARTICLE; BEHCET DISEASE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD RHEOLOGY; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CAPILLARY FLOW; CAVEOLA; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC FOOT; DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ERYTHROCYTE; ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION; GLYCATION; GLYCOCALYX; GOUT; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MICROANGIOPATHY; MICROCIRCULATION; MICROVASCULATURE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REPERFUSION INJURY; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SKIN ULCER; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; STROKE; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; TEA; VASODILATATION; VEIN INSUFFICIENCY;

EID: 84860440759     PISSN: 18715257     EISSN: 18756182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152512800388885     Document Type: Article

References (311)

1. Wiernsperger, N.; Nivoit, P.; De Aguiar, L.G.; Bouskela, E. Microcirculation and the metabolic syndrome. Microcirculation, 2007, 14(4-5), 403-438.
2. Bouskela, E.; Bottino, D.; Wiernsperger, N. Microcirculation: structural and functional specificities. In: Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance; Wiernsperger, N.; Bouskela, E., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Eds; Bentham, 2009, pp 1-13.
3. Aird, W.C., Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: II. Representative vascular beds. Circ. Res., 2007, 100(2), 174-190.
4. Ellis, C.G.; Jagger, J.; Sharpe, M. The microcirculation as a functional system. Crit. Care, 2005, 9(Suppl. 4), 3-8.
5. Frame, M.D.; Sarelius, I.H. Regulation of capillary perfusion by small arterioles is spatially organized. Circ. Res., 1993, 73(1), 155-163.
6. Lo, A.; Fuglevand, A.J.; Secomb, T.W. Oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle fibers: effects of microvascular unit structure and control mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2003, 285(3), H955-963.
7. Davis, M.J. Perspective: physiological role(s) of the vascular myogenic response. Microcirculation, 2012,19(2), 99-114.
8. Folgering, J.H.; Sharif-Naeini, R.; Dedman, A.; Patel, A.; Delmas, P.; Honore, E. Molecular basis of the mammalian pressure-sensitive ion channels: focus on vascular mechanotransduction. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 2008, 97(2-3), 180-195.
9. Hill, M.A.; Meininger, G.A.; Davis, M.J.; Laher, I. Therapeutic potential of pharmacologically targeting arteriolar myogenic tone. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2009, 30(7), 363-374.
10. Khiabani, H.Z.; Anvar, M.D.; Kroese, A.J.; Stranden, E. The role of the veno-arteriolar reflex (VAR) in the pathogenesis of peripheral oedema in patients with chronic critical limb ischaemia (CLI). Ann. Chir. Gynaecol., 2000, 89(2), 93-98.
11. Mohan, S.; Reddick, R.L.; Musi, N.; Horn, D.A.; Yan, B.; Prihoda, T.J.; Natarajan, M.; Abboud-Werner, S.L. Diabetic eNOS knockout mice develop distinct macro-and microvascular complications. Lab. Invest., 2008, 88(5), 515-528.
12. Edwards, G.; Feletou, M.; Weston, A.H. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factors and associated pathways: a synopsis. Pflugers Arch., 2010, 459(6), 863-879.
13. de Wit, C.; Wolfle, S.E. EDHF and gap junctions: important regulators of vascular tone within the microcirculation. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2007, 8(1), 11-25.
14. Yanga Q. Y. A., He GW., The significance of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in the human circulation. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2007, 5, 85-92.
15. Van Helden, D.F.; Zhao, J. Lymphatic vasomotion. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2000, 27(12), 1014-1018.
16. von der Weid, P.Y.; Zawieja, D.C. Lymphatic smooth muscle: the motor unit of lymph drainage. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2004, 36(7), 1147-1153.
17. Zawieja, D. C., Contractile physiology of lymphatics. Lymphat. Res. Biol., 2009, 7(2), 87-96.
18. Ursino, M.; Fabbri, G.; Belardinelli, E. A mathematical analysis of vasomotion in the peripheral vascular bed. Cardioscience, 1992, 3(1), 13-25.
19. Arciero, J.C.; Secomb, T.W. Spontaneous oscillations in a model for active control of microvessel diameters. Math. Med. Biol., 2011, in press.
20. Thorn, C.E.; Kyte, H.; Slaff, D.W.; Shore, A.C. An association between vasomotion and oxygen extraction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2011,301(2), H442-H449.
21. Peng, H.; Matchkov, V.; Ivarsen, A.; Aalkjaer, C.; Nilsson, H. Hypothesis for the initiation of vasomotion. Circ. Res., 2001, 88(8), 810-815.
22. Aalkjaer, C.; Boedtkjer, D.; Matchkov, V. Vasomotion - what is currently thought? Acta Physiol., (Oxf.)., 2011, 202(3), 253-269.
23. Pradhan, R.K.; Chakravarthy, V.S.; Prabhakar, A. Effect of chaotic vasomotion in skeletal muscle on tissue oxygenation. Microvasc. Res., 2007, 74(1), 51-64.
24. V.V. Mechanisms of cellular synchronization in the vascular wall. Mechanisms of vasomotion. Dan. Med. Bull., 2010, 57(10), B4191.
25. Gray, S.D.; Renkin, E.M.; Mangseth, G. Distribution of capillaries to fibers of different types in mixed muscle. Bibl. Anat., 1977, (15 Pt. 1), 535-538.
26. Lillioja, S.; Young, A.A.; Culter, C.L.; Ivy, J.L.; Abbott, W.G.; Zawadzki, J.K.; Yki-Jarvinen, H.; Christin, L.; Secomb, T.W.; Bogardus, C. Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man. J Clin. Invest., 1987, 80(2), 415-424.
27. Maxwell, L.C.; White, T.P.; Faulkner, J.A. Oxidative capacity, blood flow, and capillarity of skeletal muscles. J. Appl. Physiol., 1980, 49(4), 627-633.
28. Baez, S.; Feldman, S.M.; Gootman, P.M. Central neural influence on precapillary microvessels and sphincter. Am. J. Physiol., 1977, 233(1), H141-147.
29. Wiedeman, M.P.; Tuma, R.F.; Mayrovitz, H.N. Defining the precapillary sphincter. Microvasc. Res., 1976, 12(1), 71-75.
30. Stingl, J. Fine structure of precapillary arterioles of skeletal muscle in the rat. Acta Anat. (Basel), 1976, 96(2), 196-205.
31. Mitchell, D.; Yu, J.; Tyml, K. Comparable effects of arteriolar and capillary stimuli on blood flow in rat skeletal muscle. Microvasc. Res., 1997, 53(1), 22-32.
32. Sarelius, I.H.; Cohen, K.D.; Murrant, C.L. Role for capillaries in coupling blood flow with metabolism. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2000, 27(10), 826-829.
33. Segal, S.S.; Welsh, D.G.; Kurjiaka, D.T. Spread of vasodilatation and vasoconstriction along feed arteries and arterioles of hamster skeletal muscle. J. Physiol., 1999, 516(Pt. 1), 283-291.
34. Behnke, B.J.; Armstrong, R.B.; Delp, M.D. Adrenergic control of vascular resistance varies in muscles composed of different fiber types: influence of the vascular endothelium. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2011, 301(3), R783-790.
35. Bertuglia, S.; Reiter, R.J. Melatonin reduces microvascular damage and insulin resistance in hamsters due to chronic intermittent hypoxia. J. Pineal. Res., 2009, 46(3), 307-313.
36. Renaudin, C.; Michoud, E.; Rapin, J.R.; Lagarde, M.; Wiernsperger, N. Hyperglycaemia modifies the reaction of microvessels to insulin in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetologia, 1998, 41(1), 26-33.
37. Cho, Y.I.; Cho, D.J. Hemorheology and microvascular disorders. Korean Circ. J. 2011, 41(6), 287-295.
38. Cortinovis, A.; Crippa, A.; Cavalli, R.; Corti, M.; Cattaneo, L. Capillary blood viscosity in microcirculation. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2006, 35(1-2), 183-192.
39. de Wit, C.; Schafer, C.; von Bismarck, P.; Bolz, S.S.; Pohl, U. Elevation of plasma viscosity induces sustained NO-mediated dilation in the hamster cremaster microcirculation in vivo. Pflugers Arch., 1997, 434(4), 354-361.
40. Kim, S.; Popel, A.S.; Intaglietta, M.; Johnson, P.C. Effect of erythrocyte aggregation at normal human levels on functional capillary density in rat spinotrapezius muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2006, 290(3), H941-947.
41. Baskurt, O.K.; Meiselman, H.J. Blood rheology and hemodynamics. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2003, 29(5), 435-450.
42. Mchedlishvili, G.; Varazashvili, M.; Gobejishvili, L. Local RBC aggregation disturbing blood fluidity and causing stasis in microvessels. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2002, 26(2), 99-106.
43. Cicco, G.; Cicco, S. Hemorheological aspects in the micro-vasculature of several pathologies. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2007, 599, 7-15.
44. Jensen, F.B. The dual roles of red blood cells in tissue oxygen delivery: oxygen carriers and regulators of local blood flow. J. Exp. Biol., 2009, 212(Pt. 21), 3387-3393.
45. Meiselman, H.J.; Baskurt, O.K. Hemorheology and hemodynamics: dove andare? Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2006, 35(1-2), 37-43.
46. Blaha, M.; Rencova, E.; Blaha, V.; Maly, R.; Blazek, M.; Studnicka, J.; Andrys, C.; Fatorova, I.; Filip, S.; Kasparova, M.; Prochazkova, R.; Maly, J.; Zimova, R.; Langrova, H. The importance of rheological parameters in the therapy of microcirculatory disorders. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2009, 42(1), 37-46.
47. Florian, J.A.; Kosky, J.R.; Ainslie, K.; Pang, Z.; Dull, R.O.; Tarbell, J.M. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a mechanosensor on endothelial cells. Circ. Res., 2003, 93(10), e136-e142.
48. Liu, X.; Fan, Y.; Deng, X. Mechanotransduction of flow-induced shear stress by endothelial glycocalyx fibers is torque determined. Asaio. J., 2011, 57(6), 487-494.
49. Tarbell, J.M.; Ebong, E.E. The endothelial glycocalyx: a mechano-sensor and -transducer. Sci. Signal., 2008, 1(40), pt8.
50. Constantinescu, A.; Spaan, J.A.; Arkenbout, E.K.; Vink, H.; Vanteeffelen, J.W. Degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx is associated with chylomicron leakage in mouse cremaster muscle microcirculation. Thromb. Haemost., 2011,105(5), 790-801.
51. van den Berg, B.M.; Nieuwdorp, M.; Stroes, E.S.; Vink, H. Glycocalyx and endothelial (dys) function: from mice to men. Pharmacol. Rep., 2006, 58(Suppl.), 75-80.
52. Cohen, A.W.; Combs, T.P.; Scherer, P.E.; Lisanti, M.P. Role of aveolin and caveolae in insulin signaling and diabetes. Am. J. hysiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2003, 285(6), E1151-E1160.
53. Inokuchi, J. Membrane microdomains and insulin resistance. FEBS Lett., 2010, 584(9), 1864-1871.
54. Kubota, T.; Kubota, N.; Kumagai, H.; Yamaguchi, S.; Kozono, H.; Takahashi, T.; Inoue, M.; Itoh, S.; Takamoto, I.; Sasako, T.; Kumagai, K.; Kawai, T.; Hashimoto, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Sato, M.; Tokuyama, K.; Nishimura, S.; Tsunoda, M.; Ide, T.; Murakami, K.; Yamazaki, T.; Ezaki, O.; Kawamura, K.; Masuda, H.; Moroi, M.; Sugi, K.; Oike, Y.; Shimokawa, H.; Yanagihara, N.; Tsutsui, M.; Terauchi, Y.; Tobe, K.; Nagai, R.; Kamata, K.; Inoue, K.; Kodama, T.; Ueki, K.; Kadowaki, T. Impaired insulin signaling in endothelial cells reduces insulin-induced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Cell Metab., 2011,13(3), 294-307.
55. Reitsma, S.; Slaaf, D.W.; Vink, H.; van Zandvoort, M.A.; oude Egbrink, M.G. The endothelial glycocalyx: composition, functions, and visualization. Pflugers Arch., 2007, 454(3), 345-359.
56. Van Teeffelen, J.W.; Brands, J.; Stroes, E.S.; Vink, H. Endothelial glycocalyx: sweet shield of blood vessels. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2007, 17(3), 101-105.
57. Komarova, Y.; Malik, A.B. Regulation of endothelial permeability via paracellular and transcellular transport pathways. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2010, 72, 463-493.
58. imionescu, M.; Popov, D.; Sima, A. Endothelial transcytosis in health and disease. Cell Tissue Res., 2009, 335(1), 27-40.
59. Dvorak, H.F. Vascular permeability to plasma, plasma proteins, and cells: an update. Curr. Opin. Hematol., 2010,17(3), 225-229.
60. Curry, F. R.; Noll, T., Spotlight on microvascular permeability. Cardiovasc. Res., 2010, 87(2), 195-197.
61. Reed, R.K.; Rubin, K. Transcapillary exchange: role and importance of the interstitial fluid pressure and the extracellular matrix. Cardiovasc. Res., 2010, 87(2), 211-217.
62. Duran, W.N.; Breslin, J.W.; Sanchez, F.A. The NO cascade, eNOS location, and microvascular permeability. Cardiovasc. Res., 2010, 87(2), 254-261.
63. Hatakeyama, T.; Pappas, P.J.; Hobson, R.W., Boric, M.P.; Sessa, W.C.; Duran, W.N. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulates microvascular hyperpermeability in vivo. J. Physiol., 2006, 574(Pt. 1), 275-281.
64. Freidenberg, G.R.; Suter, S.; Henry, R.R.; Nolan, J.; Reichart, D.; Olefsky, J.M. Delayed onset of insulin activation of the insulin receptor kinase in vivo in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes, 1994, 43(1), 118-126.
65. Herkner, H.; Klein, N.; Joukhadar, C.; Lackner, E.; Langenberger, H.; Frossard, M.; Bieglmayer, C.; Wagner, O.; Roden, M.; Muller, M. Transcapillary insulin transfer in human skeletal muscle. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 33(2), 141-146.
66. Majumdar, S.; Genders, A.J.; Inyard, A.C.; Frison, V.; Barrett, E.J. Insulin entry into muscle involves a saturable process in the vascular endothelium. Diabetologia, 2011, 55(2), 450-456.
67. Sandqvist, M.; Strindberg, L.; Schmelz, M.; Lonnroth, P.; Jansson, P.A. Impaired delivery of insulin to adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in obese women with postprandial hyperglycemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 96(8), E1320-1324.
68. Sjostrand, M.; Gudbjornsdottir, S.; Strindberg, L.; Lonnroth, P. Delayed transcapillary delivery of insulin to muscle interstitial fluid after oral glucose load in obese subjects. Diabetes, 2005, 54(7), 2266.
69. Wascher, T.C.; Wolkart, G.; Russell, J.C.; Brunner, F. Delayed insulin transport across endothelium in insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. Diabetes, 2000, 49(5), 803-809.
70. W. Insulin clearance in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. Panminerva. Medica., 1970, 12, 233-235.
71. Carlson, B.E.; Arciero, J.C.; Secomb, T.W. Theoretical model of blood flow autoregulation: roles of myogenic, shear-dependent, and metabolic responses. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2008, 295(4), H1572-1579.
72. N.F. In defense of microvascular constriction in diabetes. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2001, 25(2), 55-62.
73. Zhang, L.; Newman, J.M.; Richards, S.M.; Rattigan, S.; Clark, M.G. Microvascular flow routes in muscle controlled by vasoconstrictors. Microvasc. Res., 2005, 70(1-2), 7-16.
74. Nivoit, P.; Chevrier, A.M.; Lagarde, M.; Renaudin, C.; Wiernsperger, N. Noninvasive orthogonal polarization spectral imaging as applied to microvascular studies in mice. Exp. Diabesity Res., 2004, 5(3), 211-217.
75. Keske, M.A.; Clerk, L.H.; Price, W.J.; Jahn, L.A.; Barrett, E.J. Obesity blunts microvascular recruitment in human forearm muscle after a mixed meal. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(9), 1672-1677.
76. Rattigan, S.; Barrett, E.J.; Clark, M.G. Insulin-mediated capillary recruitment in skeletal muscle: is this a mediator of insulin action on glucose metabolism? Curr. Diab. Rep., 2003, 3(3), 195-200.
77. Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G.; Bouskela, E. Techniques to measure microcirculatory parameters in insulin resistant states in humans. In: Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance; Wiernsperger, N., Bouskela, E., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Eds; Bentham, 2009, pp. 14-30.
78. Strain, W.D.; Adingupu, D.D.; Shore, A.C. Microcirculation on a large scale: techniques, tactics and relevance of studying the microcirculation in larger population samples. Microcirculation, 2011, 19(1), 37-46.
79. Struijker-Boudier, H.A.; Crijns, F.R.; Stolte, J.; van Essen, H. Assessment of the microcirculation in cardiovascular disease. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)., 1996, 91(2), 131-139.
80. Turner, J.; Belch, J.J.; Khan, F. Current concepts in assessment of microvascular endothelial function using laser Doppler imaging and iontophoresis. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2008, 18(4), 109-116.
81. De Backer, D.; Hollenberg, S.; Boerma, C.; Goedhart, P.; Buchele, G.; Ospina-Tascon, G.; Dobbe, I.; Ince, C. How to evaluate the microcirculation: report of a round table conference. Crit. Care, 2007, 11(5), R101.
82. Rossi, M.; Lall, K.; Standfield, N.; Dornhorst, A. Impaired vasoconstriction of peripheral cutaneous blood flow in Type 1 diabetic patients following food ingestion. Diabet. Med., 1998, 15(6), 463-466.
83. Coggins, M.; Lindner, J.; Rattigan, S.; Jahn, L.; Fasy, E.; Kaul, S.; Barrett, E. Physiologic hyperinsulinemia enhances human skeletal muscle perfusion by capillary recruitment. Diabetes, 2001, 50(12), 2682-2690.
84. Natali, A.; Toschi, E.; Baldeweg, S.; Ciociaro, D.; Favilla, S.; Sacca, L.; Ferrannini, E. Clustering of insulin resistance with vascular dysfunction and low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 2006, 55(4), 1133-1140.
85. Roesen, P.; Roesen, R.; Oxidative stress and microvascular function in insulin-resistant states. In: Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance; Wiernsperger, N., Bouskela, E., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Eds; Bentham, 2009, pp.70-84.
86. Thacher, T.N.; Silacci, P.; Stergiopulos, N.; da Silva, R.F. Autonomous effects of shear stress and cyclic circumferential stretch regarding endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress: an ex vivo arterial model. J. Vasc. Res., 2010, 47(4), 336-345.
87. Weber, T.; Maas, R.; Auer, J.; Lamm, G.; Lassnig, E.; Rammer, M.; O'Rourke, M. F.; Boger, R.H.; Eber, B. Arterial wave reflections and determinants of endothelial function a hypothesis based on peripheral mode of action. Am. J. Hypertens., 2007, 20(3), 256-262.
88. Dessy, C.; Feron, O.; Balligand, J.L. The regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by caveolin: a paradigm validated in vivo and shared by the 'endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor'. Pflugers Arch., 2010, 459(6), 817-827.
89. Saliez, J.; Bouzin, C.; Rath, G.; Ghisdal, P.; Desjardins, F.; Rezzani, R.; Rodella, L.F.; Vriens, J.; Nilius, B.; Feron, O.; Balligand, J.L.; Dessy, C. Role of caveolar compartmentation in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated relaxation: Ca2+ signals and gap junction function are regulated by caveolin in endothelial cells. Circulation, 2008, 117(8), 1065-1074.
90. Segal, S.S.; Brett, S.E.; Sessa, W.C. Codistribution of NOS and caveolin throughout peripheral vasculature and skeletal muscle of hamsters. Am. J. Physiol., 1999, 277(3 Pt. 2), H1167-1177.
91. Pahakis, M.Y.; Kosky, J.R.; Dull, R.O.; Tarbell, J.M. The role of endothelial glycocalyx components in mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 355(1), 228-233.
92. Dahl, K.N.; Kalinowski, A.; Pekkan, K. Mechanobiology and the microcirculation: cellular, nuclear and fluid mechanics. Microcirculation, 2010, 17(3), 179-191.
93. Gouverneur, M.; Berg, B.; Nieuwdorp, M.; Stroes, E.; Vink, H. Vasculoprotective properties of the endothelial glycocalyx: effects of fluid shear stress. J. Intern. Med., 2006, 259(4), 393-400.
94. W. Change in properties of the glycocalyx affects the shear rate and stress distribution on endothelial cells. J. Biomech. Eng., 2007, 129(3), 324-329.
95. Nieuwdorp, M.; van Haeften, T.W.; Gouverneur, M.C.; Mooij, H.L.; van Lieshout, M.H.; Levi, M.; Meijers, J.C.; Holleman, F.; Hoekstra, J.B.; Vink, H.; Kastelein, J.J.; Stroes, E.S. Loss of endothelial glycocalyx during acute hyperglycemia coincides with endothelial dysfunction and coagulation activation in vivo. Diabetes, 2006, 55(2), 480-486.
96. Chappell, D.; Westphal, M.; Jacob, M. The impact of the glycocalyx on microcirculatory oxygen distribution in critical illness. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol., 2009, 22(2), 155-162.
97. Xu, Y.; Buikema, H.; van Gilst, W.H.; Henning, R.H. Caveolae and endothelial dysfunction: filling the caves in cardiovascular disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 585(2-3), 256-260.
98. Perrin, R.M.; Harper, S.J.; Bates, D.O. A role for the endothelial glycocalyx in regulating microvascular permeability in diabetes mellitus. Cell Biochem. Biophys., 2007, 49(2), 65-72.
99. McEniery, C.M.; Wallace, S.; Mackenzie, I.S.; McDonnell, B.; Yasmin; Newby, D. E.; Cockcroft, J.R.; Wilkinson, I.B. Endothelial function is associated with pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index in healthy humans. Hypertension, 2006, 48(4), 602-608.
100. Yki-Jarvinen, H.; Westerbacka, J. Insulin resistance, arterial stiffness and wave reflection. Adv. Cardiol., 2007, 44, 252-260.
101. O'Rourke, M.F.; Safar, M.E. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension, 2005, 46(1), 200-204.
102. Becker, B.F.; Chappell, D.; Bruegger, D.; Annecke, T.; Jacob, M. Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc. Res., 2010, 87(2), 300-310.
103. Drake-Holland, A.J.; Noble, M.I. The important new drug target in cardiovascular medicine--the vascular glycocalyx. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets, 2009, 9(2), 118-123.
104. Brun, J.F.; Valet-Marie, E.; Aloulou, I.; Sardinoux, M.; Raynaud de Mauverger, E.; Mercier, J.; Hemorheology in insulin resistance. In: Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance; Wiernsperger, N., Bouskela, E., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Eds; Bentham, 2009, pp 99-106.
105. Fossum, E.; Hoieggen, A.; Moan, A.; Nordby, G.; Velund, T.L.; Kjeldsen, S.E. Whole blood viscosity, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy blood donors. Blood Press., 1997, 6(3), 161-165.
106. Caprioli, J.; Remuzzi, G.; Noris, M. Thrombotic micro-angiopathies: from animal models to human disease and cure. Contrib. Nephrol., 2011, 169, 337-350.
107. Mavri, A.; Alessi, M.C.; Juhan-Vague, I. Hypofibrinolysis in the insulin resistance syndrome: implication in cardiovascular diseases. J. Intern. Med., 2004, 255(4), 448-456.
108. J.S. Abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in insulin resistance. Evidence for a common antecedent? Diabetes Care, 1999, 22(Suppl. 3), C25-C30.
109. Martinez, M.C.; Andriantsitohaina, R.; Importance of micro-particles in microcirculation and diseases. In: Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance; Wiernsperger, N., Bouskela, E., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Eds; Bentham, 2009, pp.91-98.
110. Chironi, G.N.; Boulanger, C.M.; Simon, A.; Dignat-George, F.; Freyssinet, J.M.; Tedgui, A., Endothelial microparticles in diseases. Cell Tissue Res., 2009, 335(1), 143-151.
111. Puddu, P.; Puddu, G.M.; Cravero, E.; Muscari, S.; Muscari, A. The involvement of circulating microparticles in inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular diseases. Can. J. Cardiol., 2010, 26(4), 140-145.
112. Rubin, O.; Crettaz, D.; Tissot, J.D.; Lion, N. Microparticles in stored red blood cells: submicron clotting bombs? Blood Transfus., 2010, (8 Suppl. 3), s31-s8.
113. Eringa, E.C. To PRESERVE and protect: targeting the microcirculation in prevention of diabetes and its complications. J. Hypertens., 2011, 29,1859-1860.
114. Wiernsperger, N. Defects in microvascular haemodynamics during prediabetes: contributor or epiphenomenon? Diabetologia, 2000, 43(11), 1439-1448.
115. Cutolo, M.; Ferrone, C.; Pizzorni, C.; Soldano, S.; Seriolo, B.; Sulli, A. Peripheral blood perfusion correlates with micro-vascular abnormalities in systemic sclerosis: a laser-Doppler and nailfold videocapillaroscopy study. J. Rheumatol., 2010, 37(6), 1174-1180
116. Caramaschi, P.; Canestrini, S.; Martinelli, N.; Volpe, A.; Pieropan, S.; Ferrari, M.; Bambara, L. M.; Carletto, A.; Biasi, D. Scleroderma patients nailfold videocapillaroscopic patterns are associated with disease subset and disease severity. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2007, 46(10), 1566-1569.
117. Mannini, L.; Cecchi, E.; Fatini, C.; Marcucci, R.; Alessandriello Liotta, A.; Matucci-Cerinic, M.; Abbate, R.; Gensini, G.F. Clinical haemorheology and microcirculation. Ann. Ist. Super Sanita., 2007, 43(2), 144-55.
118. Ngian, G.S.; Sahhar, J.; Wicks, I.P.; Van Doornum, S. Cardiovascular disease in systemic sclerosis--an emerging association? Arthritis Res. Ther., 2011, 13(4), 237.
119. Roustit, M.; Simmons, G.H.; Baguet, J.P.; Carpentier, P.; Cracowski, J.L. Discrepancy between simultaneous digital skin microvascular and brachial artery macrovascular post-occlusive hyperemia in systemic sclerosis. J. Rheumatol., 2008, 35(8), 1576-1583.
120. Allanore, Y.; Meune, C. Primary myocardial involvement in systemic sclerosis: evidence for a microvascular origin. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2010, 28(5 Suppl. 62), S48-S53.
121. Julius, S.; Gudbrandsson, T.; Jamerson, K.; Andersson, O. The interconnection between sympathetics, microcirculation, and insulin resistance in hypertension. Blood Press., 1992, 1(1), 9-19.
122. Serne, E.H.; Stehouwer, C.D.; ter Maaten, J.C.; ter Wee, P.M.; Rauwerda, J.A.; Donker, A.J.; Gans, R.O. Microvascular function relates to insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normal subjects. Circulation, 1999, 99(7), 896-902.
123. Shankar, A.; Sabanayagam, C.; Klein, B.E.; Klein, R. Retinal microvascular changes and the risk of developing obesity: population-based cohort study. Microcirculation, 2011, 18(8), 655-662.
124. Harris, M.I.; Klein, R.; Welborn, T.A.; Knuiman, M.W. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care, 1992, 15(7), 815-819.
125. Chao, C. Y.; Cheing, G. L., Microvascular dysfunction in diabetic foot disease and ulceration. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 2009, 25(7), 604-614.
126. Cicco, G.; Giorgino, F.; Cicco, S. Wound healing in diabetes: hemorheological and microcirculatory aspects. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2011, 701, 263-269.
127. Flynn, M.D.; Tooke, J.E. Aetiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a role for the microcirculation? Diabet. Med., 1992, 9(4), 320-329.
128. Meyer, M.F.; Rose, C.J.; Hulsmann, J.O.; Schatz, H.; Pfohl, M. Impairment of cutaneous arteriolar 0.1 Hz vasomotion in diabetes. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2003, 111(2), 104-110.
129. Stansberry, K.B.; Shapiro, S.A.; Hill, M.A.; McNitt, P.M.; Meyer, M.D.; Vinik, A. I. Impaired peripheral vasomotion in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 1996, 19(7), 715-721.
130. Georgi, M.K.; Vigilance, J.; Dewar, A.M.; Frame, M.D. Terminal arteriolar network structure/function and plasma cytokine levels in db/db and ob/ob mouse skeletal muscle. Microcirculation, 2011, 18(3), 238-251.
131. Yuan, S.Y.; Breslin, J.W.; Perrin, R.; Gaudreault, N.; Guo, M.; Kargozaran, H.; Wu, M.H. Microvascular permeability in diabetes and insulin resistance. Microcirculation, 2007, 14(4-5), 363-373.
132. Richards, R.S.; Nwose, E.U. Blood viscosity at different stages of diabetes pathogenesis. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 2010, 67(2), 67-70.
133. Beijers, H.J.; Ferreira, I.; Spronk, H.M.; Bravenboer, B.; Dekker, J.M.; Nijpels, G.; ten Cate, H.; Stehouwer, C.D. Impaired glucose metabolism and type2 diabetes are associated with hypercoagulability: potential role of central adiposity and low-grade inflammation. The Hoorn Study. Thromb. Res., 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
134. Madan, R.; Gupt, B.; Saluja, S.; Kansra, U.C.; Tripathi, B.K.; Guliani, B.P. Coagulation profile in diabetes and its association with diabetic microvascular complications. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 2010, 58, 481-484.
135. Ramasamy, R.; Yan, S.F.; Schmidt, A.M. Receptor for AGE(RAGE):signalling mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2011, 1243, 88-102.
136. Giacco, F.; Brownlee, M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ. Res., 2010, 107(9), 1058-1070.
137. Paget, C.; Lecomte, M.; Ruggiero, D.; Wiernsperger, N.; Lagarde, M. Modification of enzymatic antioxidants in retinal microvascular cells by glucose or advanced glycation end products. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1998, 25(1), 121-129.
138. Vogel, R.A.; Corretti, M.C.; Plotnick, G.D. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am. J. Cardiol., 1997, 79(3), 350-354.
139. Ceriello, A.; Esposito, K.; Piconi, L.; Ihnat, M.; Thorpe, J.; Testa, R.; Bonfigli, A. R.; Giugliano, D. Glucose peak and glucose spike: Impact on endothelial function and oxidative stress. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2008, 82(2), 262-267.
140. Duncan, E.R.; Walker, S.J.; Ezzat, V.A.; Wheatcroft, S.B.; Li, J.M.; Shah, A.M.; Kearney, M.T. Accelerated endothelial dysfunction in mild prediabetic insulin resistance: the early role of reactive oxygen species. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 293(5), E1311-1319.
141. Whaley-Connell, A.; McCullough, P.A.; Sowers, J.R. The role of oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med., 2011, 12(1), 21-29.
142. Cai, W.; Gao, Q.D.; Zhu, L.; Peppa, M.; He, C.; Vlassara, H. Oxidative stress-inducing carbonyl compounds from common foods: novel mediators of cellular dysfunction. Mol. Med., 2002, 8(7), 337-346.
143. Thomas, M.C. Advanced glycation end products. Contrib. Nephrol., 2011, 170, 66-74.
144. Wiernsperger, N.; Geloen, A.; Rapin, J.R. Fructose and cardiometabolic disorders: the controversy will, and must, continue. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2010, 65(7), 729-738.
145. Szwergold, B.S.; Beisswenger, P.J. Enzymatic deglycation--a new paradigm or an epiphenomenon? Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2003, 31(Pt. 6), 1428-1432.
146. Schalkwijk, C.G.; Brouwers, O.; Stehouwer, C.D. Modulation of insulin action by advanced glycation endproducts: a new player in the field. Horm. Metab. Res., 2008, 40(9), 614-619.
147. Faure, P.; Troncy, L.; Lecomte, M.; Wiernsperger, N.; Lagarde, M.; Ruggiero, D.; Halimi, S. Albumin antioxidant capacity is modified by methylglyoxal. Diabetes Metab., 2005, 31(2), 169-177.
148. Moore, T.C.; Moore, J.E.; Kaji, Y.; Frizzell, N.; Usui, T.; Poulaki, V.; Campbell, I.L.; Stitt, A.W.; Gardiner, T.A.; Archer, D.B.; Adamis, A.P. The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal microvascular leukostasis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2003, 44(10), 4457-4464.
149. Rasio, E.A. The displacement of insulin from blood capillaries. Diabetologia, 1969, 5(6), 416-419.
150. Mather, K.; Laakso, M.; Edelman, S.; Hook, G.; Baron, A. Evidence for physiological coupling of insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and limb blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2000, 279(6), E1264-1270.
151. Kern, M.; Tapscott, E.B.; Snider, R.D.; Dohm, G.L. Differences in glucose transport rates between perfused and in vitro incubated muscles. Horm. Metab. Res., 1990, 22(7), 366-368.
152. Barrett, E.J.; Eggleston, E.M.; Inyard, A.C.; Wang, H.; Li, G.; Chai, W.; Liu, Z. The vascular actions of insulin control its delivery to muscle and regulate the rate-limiting step in skeletal muscle insulin action. Diabetologia, 2009, 52(5), 752-764.
153. Clark, M.G. Impaired microvascular perfusion: a consequence of vascular dysfunction and a potential cause of insulin resistance in muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2008, 295(4), E732-E750.
154. Clerk, L.H.; Vincent, M.A.; Lindner, J.R.; Clark, M.G.; Rattigan, S.; Barrett, E.J. The vasodilatory actions of insulin on resistance and terminal arterioles and their impact on muscle glucose uptake. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 2004, 20(1), 3-12.
155. de Jongh, R.T.; Ijzerman, R.G.; Serne, E.H.; Voordouw, J.J.; Yudkin, J.S.; de Waal, H.A.; Stehouwer, C.D.; van Weissenbruch, M.M. Visceral and truncal subcutaneous adipose tissue are associated with impaired capillary recruitment in healthy individuals. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91(12), 5100-5106.
156. Serne, E.H.; Ijzerman, R.G.; Gans, R.O.; Nijveldt, R.; De Vries, G.; Evertz, R.; Donker, A.J.; Stehouwer, C.D. Direct evidence for insulin-induced capillary recruitment in skin of healthy subjects during physiological hyperinsulinemia. Diabetes, 2002, 51(5), 1515-1522.
157. Vincent, M.A.; Clerk, L.H.; Lindner, J.R.; Klibanov, A.L.; Clark, M.G.; Rattigan, S.; Barrett, E.J. Microvascular recruitment is an early insulin effect that regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake in vivo. Diabetes, 2004, 53(6), 1418-1423.
158. Forst, T.; Kunt, T.; Wilhelm, B.; Weber, M.M.; Pfutzner, A. Role of C-Peptide in the regulation of microvascular blood flow. Exp. Diabetes Res., 2008, 2008, 176-245.
159. Jonk, A.M.; Houben, A.J.; Schaper, N.C.; de Leeuw, P.W.; Serne, E.H.; Smulders, Y.M.; Stehouwer, C.D. Meal-related increases in microvascular vasomotion are impaired in obese individuals: a potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Diabetes Care, 2011, (34 Suppl. 2), S342-S348.
160. Frisbee, J.C.; Brock, R.W. Microvascular dysfunction in insulin resistance. In: Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance; Wiernsperger, N., Bouskela, E., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Eds; Bentham, 2009, pp. 31-40.
161. de Jongh, R.T.; Serne, E.H.; RG, I.J.; de Vries, G.; Stehouwer, C.D. Impaired microvascular function in obesity: implications for obesity-associated microangiopathy, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Circulation, 2004, 109(21), 2529-2535.
162. De Boer, M.P.; Meijer, R.I.; Wijnstok, N.J.; Jonk, A.M.; Houben, A.J.; Stehouwer, C.D.; Smulders, Y.M.; Eringa, E.C.; Serne, E.H. Microvascular dysfunction: a potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated insulin resistance and hypertension. Microcirculation, 2011, 19(1), 5-18.
163. Czernichow, S.; Greenfield, J.R.; Galan, P.; Bastard, J.P.; Charnaux, N.; Samaras, K.; Safar, M.E.; Blacher, J.; Hercberg, S.; Levy, B.I. Microvascular dysfunction in healthy insulin-sensitive overweight individuals. J. Hypertens., 2010, 28(2), 325-332.
164. Costa, R.R.; Villela, N.R.; Souza, M.G.; Boa, B.C.; Cyrino, F.Z.; Silva, S.V.; Lisboa, P.C.; Moura, E.G.; Barja-Fidalgo, T.C.; Bouskela, E. High fat diet induces central obesity, insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in hamsters. Microvasc. Res., 2010, 82(3), 416-422.
165. Wiernsperger, N.; Nivoit, P.; Bouskela, E. Microcirculation in obesity: an unexplored domain. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 2007, 79(4), 617-638.
166. Turzyniecka, M.; Wild, S.H.; Krentz, A.J.; Chipperfield, A.J.; Gamble, J.; Clough, G.F.; Byrne, C.D. Skeletal muscle micro-vascular exchange capacity is associated with hyperglycaemia in subjects with central obesity. Diabet. Med., 2009, 26(11), 1112-1119.
167. Villela, N.R.; Kramer-Aguiar, L.G.; Bottino, D.A.; Wiernsperger, N.; Bouskela, E. Metabolic disturbances linked to obesity: the role of impaired tissue perfusion. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol., 2009, 53(2), 238-245.
168. Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G.; Laflor, C.M.; Bouskela, E. Skin microcirculatory dysfunction is already present in normoglycemic subjects with metabolic syndrome. Metabolism, 2008, 57(12), 1740-1746.
169. Alexandraki, K.; Protogerou, A. D.; Papaioannou, T. G.; Piperi, C.; Mastorakos, G.; Lekakis, J.; Panidis, D.; Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. Early microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction is not accompanied by structural arterial injury in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hormones (Athens), 2006, 5(2), 126-136.
170. Lakhani, K.; Leonard, A.; Seifalian, A. M.; Hardiman, P. Microvascular dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 2005, 20(11), 3219-3224.
171. Miyai, N.; Arita, M.; Miyashita, K.; Morioka, I.; Takeda, S. The influence of obesity and metabolic risk variables on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in healthy adolescents. J. Hum. Hypertens., 2009, 23(7), 444-450.
172. Feingold, K.R.; Browner, W.S.; Siperstein, M.D. Prospective studies of muscle capillary basement membrane width in prediabetics. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1989, 69(4), 784-789.
173. Stal, P.S.; Lindman, R.; Johansson, B. Capillary supply of the soft palate muscles is reduced in long-term habitual snorers. Respiration, 2009, 77(3), 303-310.
174. Wiernsperger, N.; Nivoit, P.; Bouskela, E. Obstructive sleep apnea and insulin resistance: a role for microcirculation? Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2006, 61(3), 253-266.
175. Buchner, N.J.; Quack, I.; Stegbauer, J.; Woznowski, M.; Kaufmann, A.; Rump, L.C. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea reduces arterial stiffness. Sleep Breath 2011, 16(1), 123-133.
176. A. Metabolic disorders associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults. Adv. Cardiol., 2011, 46, 167-138.
177. Spiegel, K.; Knutson, K.; Leproult, R.; Tasali, E.; Van Cauter, E. Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J. Appl. Physiol., 2005, 99(5), 2008-2019.
178. Ohta, Y.; Kinugawa, S.; Matsushima, S.; Ono, T.; Sobirin, M. A.; Inoue, N.; Yokota, T.; Hirabayashi, K.; Tsutsui, H. Oxidative stress impairs insulin signal in skeletal muscle and causes insulin resistance in postinfarct heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2011, 300(5), H1637-H1644.
179. Poole, D.C.; Musch, T.I. Postmyocardial infarction insulin resistance: a sentinel role for the muscle microcirculation. In: Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance; Wiernsperger, N., Bouskela, E., Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G., Eds; Bentham, 2009, pp. 107-118.
180. Hamburg, N.M.; McMackin, C.J.; Huang, A.L.; Shenouda, S.M.; Widlansky, M.E.; Schulz, E.; Gokce, N.; Ruderman, N.B.; Keaney, J.F., Jr.; Vita, J.A. Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007, 27(12), 2650-2656.
181. Milman, S.; Crandall, J.P. Mechanisms of vascular complications in prediabetes. Med. Clin. North Am., 2011, 95(2), 309-325, vii.
182. Sprague, R.S.; Ellsworth, M.L. Vascular disease in pre-diabetes: new insights derived from systems biology. Mo. Med., 2010, 107(4), 265-269.
183. Barros, C.M.; Lessa, R.Q.; Grechi, M.P.; Mouco, T.L.; Souza, M.G.; Wiernsperger, N.; Bouskela, E. Substitution of drinking water by fructose solution induces hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in hamsters. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2007, 62(3), 327-334.
184. Schaefer, C.; Biermann, T.; Schroeder, M.; Fuhrhop, I.; Niemeier, A.; Ruther, W.; Algenstaedt, P.; Hansen-Algenstaedt, N. Early microvascular complications of prediabetes in mice with impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia. Acta Diabetol., 2010, 47(Suppl. 1), 19-27.
185. Alqvere, P.; Efendic, S.; Luft, R.; Wajngot, A. Retinal micro-angiopathy and pigment epithelial lesions in subjects with normal, borderline, and decreased oral glucose tolerance. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 1985, 69, 416-419.
186. Chiu, J.D.; Richey, J.M.; Harrison, L.N.; Zuniga, E.; Kolka, C.M.; Kirkman, E.; Ellmerer, M.; Bergman, R.N. Direct administration of insulin into skeletal muscle reveals that the transport of insulin across the capillary endothelium limits the time course of insulin to activate glucose disposal. Diabetes, 2008, 57(4), 828-835.
187. P.A. Endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. J. Intern. Med., 2007, 262(2), 173-183.
188. Gavin, J.B.; Maxwell, L.; Edgar, S.G. Microvascular involvement in cardiac pathology. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol., 1998, 30(12), 2531-2540.
189. Laakso, M. Heart in diabetes: a microvascular disease. Diabetes Care, 2011, (34 Suppl. 2), S145-149.
190. Leung, D.Y.; Leung, M. Non-invasive/invasive imaging: significance and assessment of coronary microvascular dysfunction. Heart, 2011, 97(7), 587-595.
191. Lockhart, C.J.; Hamilton, P.K.; Quinn, C.E.; McVeigh, G.E. End-organ dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes: the role of the microcirculation. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)., 2009, 116(3), 175-190.
192. Marcus, M.L.; Chilian, W.M.; Kanatsuka, H.; Dellsperger, K.C.; Eastham, C.L.; Lamping, K.G. Understanding the coronary circulation through studies at the microvascular level. Circulation, 1990, 82(1), 1-7.
193. Stratmann, B.; Tschoepe, D. Heart in diabetes: not only a macrovascular disease. Diabetes Care, (34 Suppl. 2), S138-144.
194. Agati, L. Microvascular integrity after reperfusion therapy. Am. Heart J., 1999, 138(2 Pt. 2), S76-78.
195. Dubiel, M.; Krolczyk, J.; Gasowski, J.; Grodzicki, T. Skin microcirculation and echocardiographic and biochemical indices of left ventricular dysfunction in non-diabetic patients with heart failure. Cardiol. J., 2011, 18(3), 270-276.
196. Houben, A.J.; Beljaars, J.H.; Hofstra, L.; Kroon, A.A.; De Leeuw, P.W. Microvascular abnormalities in chronic heart failure: a cross-sectional analysis. Microcirculation, 2003, 10(6), 471-478.
197. Houghton, A.R.; Harrison, M.; Perry, A.J.; Evans, A.J.; Cowley, A.J. Endogenous insulin and insulin sensitivity. An important determinant of skeletal muscle blood flow in chronic heart failure? Eur. Heart J., 1998, 19(3), 476-480.
198. Mahy, I.R.; Tooke, J.E. Peripheral microvascular function in human heart failure. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)., 1995, 88(5), 501-508.
199. Manetos, C.; Dimopoulos, S.; Tzanis, G.; Vakrou, S.; Tasoulis, A.; Kapelios, C.; Agapitou, V.; Ntalianis, A.; Terrovitis, J.; Nanas, S. Skeletal muscle microcirculatory abnormalities are associated with exercise intolerance, ventilatory inefficiency, and impaired autonomic control in heart failure. J. Heart Lung Transplant., 2011, 30(12), 1403-1408.
200. Granger, D.N. Ischemia-reperfusion: mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction and the influence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Microcirculation, 1999, 6(3), 167-178.
201. Jaffe, R.; Dick, A.; Strauss, B.H. Prevention and treatment of microvascular obstruction-related myocardial injury and coronary no-reflow following percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic approach. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv., 2010, 3(7), 695-704.
202. Kaul, S.; Ito, H. Microvasculature in acute myocardial ischemia: part II: evolving concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Circulation, 2004, 109(3), 310-315.
203. Bekkers, S.C.; Yazdani, S.K.; Virmani, R.; Waltenberger, J. Microvascular obstruction: underlying pathophysiology and clinical diagnosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2010, 55(16), 1649-1660.
204. Weir, R.A.; Murphy, C.A.; Petrie, C.J.; Martin, T.N.; Balmain, S.; Clements, S.; Steedman, T.; Wagner, G.S.; Dargie, H.J.; McMurray, J.J. Microvascular obstruction remains a portent of adverse remodeling in optimally treated patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging., 2010, 3(4), 360-367.
205. Pajunen, P.; Koukkunen, H.; Ketonen, M.; Jerkkola, T.; Immonen-Raiha, P.; Karja-Koskenkari, P.; Kuulasmaa, K.; Palomaki, P.; Mustonen, J.; Lehtonen, A.; Arstila, M.; Vuorenmaa, T.; Lehto, S.; Miettinen, H.; Torppa, J.; Tuomilehto, J.; Kesaniemi, Y. A.; Pyorala, K.; Salomaa, V. Myocardial infarction in diabetic and non-diabetic persons with and without prior myocardial infarction: the FINAMI Study. Diabetologia, 2005, 48(12), 2519-2524.
206. Lazzeri, C.; Valente, S.; Chiostri, M.; Attana, P.; Picariello, C.; Gensini, G.F., The glucose dysmetabolism in the acute phase of non-diabetic ST-elevation myocardial infarction: from insulin resistance to hyperglycemia. Acta Diabetol., [Epub ahead of print].
207. Kindig, C.A.; Musch, T.I.; Basaraba, R.J.; Poole, D.C. Impaired capillary hemodynamics in skeletal muscle of rats in chronic heart failure. J. Appl. Physiol., 1999, 87(2), 652-660.
208. Nusz, D.J.; White, D.C.; Dai, Q.; Pippen, A.M.; Thompson, M.A.; Walton, G.B.; Parsa, C.J.; Koch, W.J.; Annex, B.H. Vascular rarefaction in peripheral skeletal muscle after experimental heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2003, 285(4), H1554-1562.
209. Tsutsui, H.; Ide, T.; Hayashidani, S.; Suematsu, N.; Shiomi, T.; Wen, J.; Nakamura, K.; Ichikawa, K.; Utsumi, H.; Takeshita, A. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species in the limb skeletal muscles from a murine infarct model of heart failure. Circulation, 2001, 104(2), 134-136.
210. De Backer, D.; Ortiz, J.A.; Salgado, D. Coupling microcirculation to systemic hemodynamics. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care, 16(3), 250-254.
211. Tobin, L.; Simonsen, L.; Bulow, J. The dynamics of the microcirculation in the subcutaneous adipose tissue is impaired in the postprandial state in type 2 diabetes. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging, 2011, 31(6), 458-463.
212. Bagi, Z.; Feher, A.; Cassuto, J. Microvascular responsiveness in obesity: implications for therapeutic intervention. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2011, 165(3), 544-560.
213. Goossens, G.H.; Bizzarri, A.; Venteclef, N.; Essers, Y.; Cleutjens, J.P.; Konings, E.; Jocken, J.W.; Cajlakovic, M.; Ribitsch, V.; Clement, K.; Blaak, E.E. Increased adipose tissue oxygen tension in obese compared with lean men is accompanied by insulin resistance, impaired adipose tissue capillarization, and inflammation. Circulation, 2011, 124(1), 67-76.
214. Rutkowski, J.M.; Davis, K.E.; Scherer, P.E. Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: the macro-and microcirculation of adipose tissue. FEBS J., 2009, 276(20), 5738-5746.
215. Ye, J. Adipose tissue vascularization: its role in chronic inflammation. Curr. Diab. Rep., 2011, 11(3), 203-210.
216. Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G.; Laflor, C.M.; Bahia, L.; Villela, N.R.; Wiernsperger, N.; Bottino, D.A.; Bouskela, E. Metformin improves skin capillary reactivity in normoglycaemic subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Diabet. Med., 2007, 24(3), 272-279.
217. Prior, S.J.; McKenzie, M.J.; Joseph, L.J.; Ivey, F.M.; Macko, R.F.; Hafer-Macko, C.E.; Ryan, A.S. Reduced skeletal muscle capillarization and glucose intolerance. Microcirculation, 2009, 16(3), 203-212.
218. Leach, L.; Mann, G.E. Consequences of fetal programming for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Microcirculation, 2011, 18(4), 253-255.
219. Poston, L. Influence of maternal nutritional status on vascular function in the offspring. Microcirculation, 2011, 18(4), 256-262.
220. Louey, S.; Thornburg, K.L. The prenatal environment and later cardiovascular disease. Early Hum. Dev., 2005, 81(9), 745-751.
221. Neitzke, U.; Harder, T.; Plagemann, A. Intrauterine growth restriction and developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome: a critical appraisal. Microcirculation, 2011, 18(4), 304-311.
222. Gopinath, B.; Baur, L.A.; Wang, J.J.; Teber, E.; Liew, G.; Cheung, N.; Wong, T. Y.; Mitchell, P. Smaller birth size is associated with narrower retinal arterioles in early adolescence. Microcirculation, 2010, 17(8), 660-668.
223. Sasongko, M.B.; Wong, T.Y.; Wang, J.J. Retinal arteriolar changes: intermediate pathways linking early life exposures to cardiovascular disease? Microcirculation, 2010, 17(1), 21-31.
224. Martin, H.; Lindblad, B.; Norman, M., Endothelial function in newborn infants is related to folate levels and birth weight. Pediatrics, 2007, 119(6), 1152-1158.
225. Goh, K.L.; Shore, A.C.; Quinn, M.; Tooke, J.E. Impaired microvascular vasodilatory function in 3-month-old infants of low birth weight. Diabetes Care, 2001, 24(6), 1102-1107.
226. D'Souza, R.; Raghuraman, R.P.; Nathan, P.; Manyonda, I.T.; Antonios, T.F. Low birth weight infants do not have capillary rarefaction at birth: implications for early life influence on microcirculation. Hypertension, 2011, 58(5), 847-51.
227. Norman, M.; Martin, H., Preterm birth attenuates association between low birth weight and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation, 2003, 108(8), 996-1001.
228. Spaan, J.J.; Houben, A.J.; Musella, A.; Ekhart, T.; Spaanderman, M.E.; Peeters, L.L. Insulin resistance relates to microvascular reactivity 23 years after preeclampsia. Microvasc. Res., 2010, 80(3), 417-421.
229. Benyshek, D.C.; Johnston, C.S.; Martin, J.F.; Ross, W.D. Insulin sensitivity is normalized in the third generation (F3) offspring of developmentally programmed insulin resistant (F2) rats fed an energy-restricted diet. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.)., 2008, 5, 26.
230. Godfrey, K.M.; Barker, D.J. Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutr., 2001, 4(2B), 611-624.
231. McCarron, P.; Davey Smith, G.; Hattersley, A.T. Type 2 diabetes in grandparents and birth weight in offspring and grandchildren in the ALSPAC study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 2004, 58(6), 517-522.
232. Jorneskog, G.; Kalani, M.; Kuhl, J.; Bavenholm, P.; Katz, A.; Allerstrand, G.; Alvarsson, M.; Efendic, S.; Ostenson, C.G.; Pernow, J.; Wahren, J.; Brismar, K. Early microvascular dysfunction in healthy normal-weight males with heredity for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(6), 1495-1497.
233. Lee, B.C.; Shore, A.C.; Humphreys, J.M.; Lowe, G.D.; Rumley, A.; Clark, P.M.; Hattersley, A.T.; Tooke, J.E. Skin microvascular vasodilatory capacity in offspring of two parents with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 2001, 18(7), 541-545.
234. Antonios, T.F.; Rattray, F.M.; Singer, D.R.; Markandu, N.D.; Mortimer, P.S.; MacGregor, G.A. Rarefaction of skin capillaries in normotensive offspring of individuals with essential hypertension. Heart, 2003, 89(2), 175-178.
235. Stern, M.P.; Morales, P.A.; Haffner, S.M.; Valdez, R.A. Hyperdynamic circulation and the insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Hypertension, 1992, 20(6), 802-808.
236. Palatini, P.; Vriz, O.; Nesbitt, S.; Amerena, J.; Majahalme, S.; Valentini, M.; Julius, S. Parental hyperdynamic circulation predicts insulin resistance in offspring: The Tecumseh Offspring Study. Hypertension, 1999, 33(3), 769-74.
237. Matsumoto, Y.; Ohno, H.; Noguchi, I.; Kikuchi, Y.; Kurihara, T. Disturbance of microcirculation due to unhealthy lifestyle: Cause of type 2 diabetes. Med. Hypotheses, 2006, 66(3), 550-553.
238. Wiernsperger, N.F.; Bouskela, E. Microcirculation in insulin resistance and diabetes: more than just a complication. Diabetes Metab., 2003, 29(4 Pt. 2), 77-87.
239. Serne, E.H.; de Jongh, R.T.; Eringa, E.C.; RG, I.J.; Stehouwer, C.D. Microvascular dysfunction: a potential pathophysiological role in the metabolic syndrome. Hypertension, 2007, 50(1), 204-211.
240. Petrovic, M.G.; Cilensek, I.; Petrovic, D. Manganese superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism (V16A) is associated with diabetic retinopathy in Slovene (Caucasians) type 2 diabetes patients. Dis. Markers, 2008, 24(1), 59-64.
241. Zintzaras, E.; Papathanasiou, A.A.; Stefanidis, I. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Genet. Med., 2009, 11(10), 695-706.
242. Makuc, J.; Petrovic, D. A Review Of Oxidative Stress Related Genes And New Antioxidant Therapy In Diabetic Nephropathy. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med Chem., 2011, 9(4), 253-261.
243. Chiang, C.K.; Inagi, R. Glomerular diseases: genetic causes and future therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 2010, 6(9), 539-554.
244. Rizza, S.; Tesauro, M.; Cardellini, M.; Menghini, R.; Bellia, A.; Marini, M.A.; Lauro, D.; Sbraccia, P.; Sesti, G.; Lauro, R.; Federici, M. Insulin resistance and increased intimal medial thickness in glucose tolerant offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects carrying the D298D genotype of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26(2), 431-432.
245. Rasool, A.H.; Ghazali, D.M.; Abdullah, H.; Halim, A.S.; Wong, A.R. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase G894T gene polymorphism and response to skin reactive hyperemia. Microvasc. Res., 2009, 78(2), 230-234.
246. Bhanoori, M. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) variants in cardiovascular disease: pharmacogenomic implications. Indian J. Med. Res., 2011, 133(5), 464-466.
247. Ohtoshi, K.; Kaneto, H.; Node, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Shiraiwa, T.; Matsuhisa, M.; Yamasaki, Y. Association of soluble epoxide hydrolase gene polymorphism with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005, 331(1), 347-350.
248. Ikram, M.K.; Sim, X.; Jensen, R.A.; Cotch, M.F.; Hewitt, A.W.; Ikram, M.A.; Wang, J.J.; Klein, R.; Klein, B.E.; Breteler, M.M.; Cheung, N.; Liew, G.; Mitchell, P.; Uitterlinden, A.G.; Rivadeneira, F.; Hofman, A.; de Jong, P.T.; van Duijn, C.M.; Kao, L.; Cheng, C.Y.; Smith, A.V.; Glazer, N.L.; Lumley, T.; McKnight, B.; Psaty, B.M.; Jonasson, F.; Eiriksdottir, G.; Aspelund, T.; Harris, T.B.; Launer, L.J.; Taylor, K.D.; Li, X.; Iyengar, S.K.; Xi, Q.; Sivakumaran, T.A.; Mackey, D.A.; Macgregor, S.; Martin, N. G.; Young, T.L.; Bis, J.C.; Wiggins, K.L.; Heckbert, S.R.; Hammond, C.J.; Andrew, T.; Fahy, S.; Attia, J.; Holliday, E. G.; Scott, R. J.; Islam, F. M.; Rotter, J. I.; McAuley, A. K.; Boerwinkle, E.; Tai, E.S.; Gudnason, V.; Siscovick, D.S.; Vingerling, J.R.; Wong, T.Y. Four novel Loci (19q13, 6q24, 12q24, and 5q14) influence the microcirculation in vivo. PLoS Genet., 2010, 6(10), e1001184.
249. Boussageon, R.; Bejan-Angoulvant, T.; Saadatian-Elahi, M.; Lafont, S.; Bergeonneau, C.; Kassai, B.; Erpeldinger, S.; Wright, J.M.; Gueyffier, F.; Cornu, C. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 2011, 343, d4169.
250. Reusch, J.E.; Wang, C.C. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes: where does glucose fit in? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 96(8), 2367-2376.
251. Urbancic-Rovan, V.; Bernjak, A.; Stefanovska, A.; Azman-Juvan, K.; Kocijancic, A., Macro-and microcirculation in the lower extremities--possible relationship. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2006, 73(2), 166-173.
252. Ward, A.; Clissold, S.P. Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs, 1987, 34(1), 50-97.
253. Coelho da Mota, D.S.; Furtado, E.; Bottino, D.A.; Bouskela, E. Effects of buflomedil and pentoxifylline on hamster skin-flap microcirculation: prediction of flap viability using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2009, 64(8), 797-802.
254. Sato, Y.; Miura, T.; Suzuki, Y. Interaction of pentoxifylline with human erythrocytes. I. Interaction of xanthine derivatives with human erythrocyte ghosts. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 1990, 38(2), 552-554.
255. Kishi, M.; Tanaka, H.; Seiyama, A.; Takaoka, M.; Matsuoka, T.; Yoshioka, T.; Sugimoto, H., Pentoxifylline attenuates reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle after partial ischemia. Am. J. Physiol., 1998, 274(5 Pt. 2), H1435-1442.
256. de Albuquerque, R.M.; Virgini-Magalhaes, C.E.; Lencastre Sicuro, F.; Bottino, D. A.; Bouskela, E. Effects of cilostazol and pentoxifylline on forearm reactive hyperemia response, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology, 2008, 59(5), 549-558.
257. De Sanctis, M.T.; Cesarone, M.R.; Belcaro, G.; Nicolaides, A.N.; Griffin, M.; Incandela, L.; Bucci, M.; Geroulakos, G.; Ramaswami, G.; Vasdekis, S.; Agus, G.; Bavera, P.; Ippolito, E. Treatment of intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: a 12-month, randomized trial--walking distance and microcirculation. Angiology, 2002, (53 Suppl. 1), S7-S12.
258. Badri, S.; Dashti-Khavidaki, S.; Lessan-Pezeshki, M.; Abdollahi, M. A review of the potential benefits of pentoxifylline in diabetic and non-diabetic proteinuria. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2011, 14(1), 128-137.
259. El-Bassossy, H.M.; El-Moselhy, M.A.; Mahmoud, M.F. Pentoxifylline alleviates vascular impairment in insulin resistance via TNF-alpha inhibition. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 2011, 384(3), 277-285.
260. Li, W.; Zheng, L.; Sheng, C.; Cheng, X.; Qing, L.; Qu, S. Systematic review on the treatment of pentoxifylline in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis., 2011, 10, 49.
261. Schaefer, G.; Biguanides. A review of history,pharmacodynamics and therapy. Diabete Metab., 1983, 9,148-163.
262. N. 50 years later: is metformin a vascular drug with antidiabetic properties? Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis., 2007, 7, 204-210.
263. Bouskela, E.; Wiernsperger, N.; Microcirculation; a new target for metformin. In: Metformin: mechanistic insights into new applications; Mithieux, G., Wiernsperger, N.; Transworld Research Network, 2008; pp.163-186.
264. Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G.; Bouskela, E.; Metformin and vasculo-protection: clinical aspects. In: Metformin: mechanistic insights into new applications; Mithieux, G., Wiernsperger, N.; Transworld Research Network, 2008; pp. 111-130.
265. Rapin, J.R.; Wiernsperger, N. Metformin as a cardiovascular drug: evidences, mechanisms and insight into safety. In: Metformin: mechanistic insights into new applications; Mithieux,G., Wiernsperger, N.; Transworld Research Network, 2008; pp. 131-162.
266. Batandier, C.; Guigas, B.; Detaille, D.; El-Mir, M.Y.; Fontaine, E.; Rigoulet, M.; Leverve, X.M. The ROS production induced by a reverse-electron flux at respiratory-chain complex 1 is hampered by metformin. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr., 2006, 38(1), 33-42.
267. Faure, P.; Rossini, E.; Wiernsperger, N.; Richard, M.J.; Favier, A.; Halimi, S., An insulin sensitizer improves the free radical defense system potential and insulin sensitivity in high fructose-fed rats. Diabetes, 1999, 48(2), 353-357.
268. Rosen, P.; Wiernsperger, N.F. Metformin delays the manifestation of diabetes and vascular dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki rats by reduction of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 2006, 22(4), 323-330.
269. Ruggiero, D.; Lecomte, M.; Moinet, G.; Patereau, G.; Lagarde, M.; Wiernsperger, N. Reaction of metformin with dicarbonyl compounds. Possible implication in the inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1999, 58, 1765-1773.
270. Roesen, P. Antihyperglycemic action and vasculo-protection by metformin: a consequence of its anti-oxidative properties? In: Metformin: mechanistic insights into new applications; Mithieux, G., Wiernsperger, N.; Transworld Research Network, 2008; pp. 187-212.
271. Scheen, A.J.; Paquot, N.; Lefebvre, P.J. [United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS): 10 years later]. Rev. Med. Liege., 2008, 63(10), 624-629.
272. Shetty, N.; Derk, C.T. Endothelin receptor antagonists as disease modifiers in systemic sclerosis. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets, 2011, 10(1), 19-26.
273. Taniguchi, T.; Asano, Y.; Hatano, M.; Tamaki, Z.; Tomita, M.; Kawashima, T.; Miyazaki, M.; Sumida, H.; Akamata, K.; Takahashi, T.; Ichimura, Y.; Toyama, T.; Sugita, M.; Noda, S.; Yao, A.; Kinugawa, K.; Sato, S., Effects of bosentan on nondigital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis. Br. J. Dermatol., 2011, 166(2), 417-421.
274. Rafnsson, A.; Bohm, F.; Settergren, M.; Gonon, A.; Brismar, K.; Pernow, J. The endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan improves peripheral endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: a randomised trial. Diabetologia, 2012, 55(3), 600-607.
275. Yasu, T.; Ikeda, N.; Ishizuka, N.; Matsuda, E.; Kawakami, M.; Kuroki, M.; Imai, N.; Ueba, H.; Fukuda, S.; Schmid-Schonbein, G.W.; Saito, M. Nicorandil and leukocyte activation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2002, 40(5), 684-692.
276. Akai, K.; Wang, Y.; Sato, K.; Sekiguchi, N.; Sugimura, A.; Kumagai, T.; Komaru, T.; Kanatsuka, H.; Shirato, K. Vasodilatory effect of nicorandil on coronary arterial microvessels: its dependency on vessel size and the involvement of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1995, 26(4), 541-547.
277. Krombach, G.A.; Higgins, C.B.; Chujo, M.; Saeed, M. Blood pool contrast-enhanced MRI detects suppression of microvascular permeability in early postinfarction reperfusion after nicorandil therapy. Magn. Reson. Med., 2002, 47(5), 896-902.
278. Ito, N.; Nanto, S.; Doi, Y.; Sawano, H.; Masuda, D.; Yamashita, S.; Okada, K.; Kaibe, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Kai, T.; Hayashi, T. High index of microcirculatory resistance level after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention can be improved by intracoronary administration of nicorandil. Circ. J., 2010, 74(5), 909-915.
279. Leithauser, B.; Gerk, U.; Mrowietz, C.; Jung, F.; Park, J.W. Influence of xantinole nicotinic acid on cutaneous microcirculation in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2008, 39(1-4), 287-292.
280. Camici, P.G. From microcirculation to cardiac event: protection with Preterax. J. Hypertens. Suppl., 2008, 26(2), S8-10.
281. J.B. Improving microvascular outcomes in patients with diabetes through management of hypertension. Postgrad. Med., 2009, 121(2), 89-101.
282. Neglia, D.; Fommei, E.; Varela-Carver, A.; Mancini, M.; Ghione, S.; Lombardi, M.; Pisani, P.; Parker, H.; D'Amati, G.; Donato, L.; Camici, P.G. Perindopril and indapamide reverse coronary microvascular remodelling and improve flow in arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens., 2011, 9(2), 364-372.
283. Williams, M.E. The goal of blood pressure control for prevention of early diabetic microvascular complications. Curr. Diab. Rep., 2011, 11(4), 323-329.
284. Hermans, M.P.; Amoussou-Guenou, K.D.; Ahn, S.A.; Rousseau, M.F. Impact of metabolic syndrome and its severity on micro-vascular complications in type2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Syndrome, 2010, 4,150-154.
285. Porta, M.; Maldari, P.; Mazzaglia, F., New approaches to the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2011, 13(9), 784-790.
286. Matheus, A.S.; Tibirica, E.; da Silva, P.B.; de Fatima Bevilacqua da Matta, M.; Gomes, M.B. Uric acid levels are associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 2011, 28(10), 1188-1193.
287. Hovind, P.; Rossing, P.; Johnson, R.J.; Parving, H.H. Serum uric acid as a new player in the development of diabetic nephropathy. J. Ren. Nutr., 2011, 21(1), 124-127.
288. Thorwest, M.; Balling, E.; Kristensen, S.D.; Aagaard, S.; Hakami, A.; Husted, S.E.; Marqversen, J.; Hjortdal, V.E. Dietary fish oil reduces microvascular thrombosis in a porcine experimental model. Thromb. Res., 2000, 99(2), 203-208.
289. Bruckner, G. Microcirculation, vitamin E and omega 3 fatty acids: an overview. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1997, 415, 195-208.
290. Mills, D.E.; Galey, W.R.; Dixon, H. Effects of dietary fatty-acid supplementation on fatty-acid composition and deformability of young and old erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1993, 1149(2), 313-318.
291. Yoa, R.G.; Corda, C.; Rapin, J.R.; Santona, L.; Goudonet, H.; Escousse, A.; Truchot, R.; Mounie, J. Hemorheological benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte deformability in renal transplanted patients. Clin. Haemorheol., 1994, 14, 663-675.
292. Maranhao, P.A.; Kraemer-Aguiar, L.G.; de Oliveira, C.L.; Kuschnir, M.C.; Vieira, Y.R.; Souza, M.G.; Koury, J.C.; Bouskela, E. Brazil nuts intake improves lipid profile, oxidative stress and microvascular function in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.), 2011, 8(1), 32.
293. Mori, T.A.; Watts, G.F.; Burke, V.; Hilme, E.; Puddey, I.B.; Beilin, L.J. Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men. Circulation, 2000, 102(11), 1264-1269.
294. Kamburoglu, H.O.; Uzun, H.; Bitik, O.; Ersoy, U.S.; Ocal, E.; Calis, M.; Sonmez, E.; Safak, T.; Pinar, A.; Atilla, P. The effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on the microcirculation of skin flaps. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2011, 128(3), 124e-130e.
295. Lee, H.; Kim, J.M.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, I.; Chang, N. Folic acid supplementation can reduce the endothelial damage in rat brain microvasculature due to hyperhomocysteinemia. J. Nutr., 2005, 135(3), 544-548.
296. Abularrage, C.J.; Sidawy, A.N.; White, P.W.; Aidinian, G.; Dezee, K.J.; Weiswasser, J.M.; Arora, S. Effect of folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 on microcirculatory vasoreactivity in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. Vasc. Endovascular. Surg., 2007, 41(4), 339-345.
297. Dragoni, S.; Gori, T.; Di Stolfo, G.; Sicuro, S.; Forconi, S.; Parker, J.D., Folic Acid does not limit endothelial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion: a human study. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2005, 46(4), 494-497.
298. Chong, M.F.; Macdonald, R.; Lovegrove, J.A. Fruit polyphenols and CVD risk: a review of human intervention studies. Br. J. Nutr., 2010, (104 Suppl. 3), S28-39.
299. Ali, A.; Yazaki, Y.; Njike, V.Y.; Ma, Y.; Katz, D.L. Effect of fruit and vegetable concentrates on endothelial function in metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr. J., 2011, 10, 72.
300. Ras, R.T.; Zock, P.L.; Draijer, R. Tea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2011, 6(3), e16974.
301. Heinrich, U.; Moore, C.E.; De Spirt, S.; Tronnier, H.; Stahl, W. Green tea polyphenols provide photoprotection, increase micro-circulation, and modulate skin properties of women. J. Nutr., 2011, 141(6), 1202-1208.
302. Jung, F.; Mrowietz, C.; Kiesewetter, H.; Wenzel, E. Effect of Ginkgo biloba on fluidity of blood and peripheral microcirculation in volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 1990, 40(5), 589-593.
303. Drieu, K.; Vranckx, R.; Benassayad, C.; Haourigi, M.; Hassid, J.; Yoa, R.G.; Rapin, J.R.; Nunez, E.A. Effect of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on the circulating and cellular profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids: correlation with the anti-oxidant properties of the extract. Prostaglandins. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 2000, 63(5), 293-300.
304. Zhang, C.; Zu, J.; Shi, H.; Liu, J.; Qin, C. The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic microcirculation in CCl4 rats. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2004, 32(1), 21-31.
305. rd. Effects of pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 2003, 17(3), 193-199.
306. Schonlau, F.; Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol for diabetic retinopathy. A review. Int Ophthalmol., 2001, 24(3), 161-171.
307. Steigerwalt, R.; Belcaro, G.; Cesarone, M.R.; Di Renzo, A.; Grossi, M.G.; Ricci, A.; Dugall, M.; Cacchio, M.; Schonlau, F. Pycnogenol improves microcirculation, retinal edema, and visual acuity in early diabetic retinopathy. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 25(6), 537-540.
308. Sivonova, M.; Waczulikova, I.; Kilanczyk, E.; Hrnciarova, M.; Bryszewska, M.; Klajnert, B.; Durackova, Z. The effect of Pycnogenol on the erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Gen. Physiol. Biophys., 2004, 23(1), 39-51.
309. Rosenson, R.S.; Fioretto, P.; Dodson, P.M. Does microvascular disease predict macrovascular events in type 2 diabetes? Atherosclerosis, 218(1), 13-18.
310. Stern, M. P., Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The common soil hypothesis. Diabetes, 1995, 44(4), 369-374.
311. Jax, T.W. Metabolic memory: a vascular perspective. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2010, 9, 51.