The microcirculation as a functional system

Critical Care

Volumn 9, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2005, Pages

  Ellis, Christopher G ^a   Jagger, Justin ^a   Sharpe, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTERIOLE; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOTHELIUM; ERYTHROCYTE; HUMAN; HYPOVOLEMIA; HYPOXEMIA; MICROCIRCULATION; MICROVASCULATURE; OXYGEN SATURATION; OXYGEN SUPPLY; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEPSIS; TISSUE OXYGENATION; TISSUE PERFUSION; VASCULAR RESISTANCE;

ANIMALS; ERYTHROCYTES; HUMANS; MICROCIRCULATION; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; SEPSIS;

EID: 27144432919     PISSN: 13648535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/cc3751     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Krogh A: The number and the distribution of capillaries in muscle with the calculation of the oxygen pressure necessary for supplying tissue. J Physiol (Lond) 1919, 52:409-515.
2. Duling BR, Hogan RD, Langille BL, Lelkes P, Segal SS, Vatner SF, Weigelt H, Young MA: Vasomotor control: functional hyperemia and beyond. Fed Proc 1987, 46:251-263.
3. Segal SS, Damon DN, Duling BR: Propagation of vasomotor responses coordinates arteriolar resistances. Am J Physiol 1989, 256:H832-837.
4. Segal SS: Regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation. Microcirculation 2005, 12:33-45.
5. Segal SS, Duling BR: Propagation of vasodilation in resistance vessels of the hamster: development and review of a working hypothesis. Circ Res 1987, 61:1120-1125.
6. Segal SS, Duling BR: Conduction of vasomotor responses in arterioles: a role for cell-to-cell coupling? Am J Physiol 1989, 256:H838-H845.
7. Dietrich HH, Tyml K: Capillary as a communicating medium in the microvasculature. Microvasc Res 1992, 43:87-99.
8. Koller A, Kaley G: Endothelial regulation of wall shear stress and blood flow in skeletal muscle microcirculation. Am J Physiol 1991, 260:H862-H868.
9. Duling BR, Berne RM: Longitudinal gradients in periarteriolar oxygen tension. A possible mechanism for the participation of oxygen in local regulation of blood flow. Circ Res 1970, 27: 669-678.
10. Ellsworth ML, Ellis CG, Popel AS, Pittman RN: Role of microvessels in oxygen-supply to tissue. News Physiol Sci 1994, 9:119-123.
11. Tsai AG, Johnson PC, Intaglietta M: Oxygen gradients in the microcirculation. Physiol Rev 2003, 83:933-963.
12. Ellsworth ML, Pittman RN: Arterioles supply oxygen to capillaries by diffusion as well as by convection. Am J Physiol 1990, 258:H1240-H1243.
13. Stein JC, Ellis CG, Ellsworth ML: Relationship between capillary and systemic venous PO2 during nonhypoxic and hypoxic ventilation. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:H537-H542.
14. Tyml K, Ellis CG, Safranyos RG, Fraser S, Groom AC: Temporal and spatial distributions of red cell velocity in capillaries of resting skeletal muscle, including estimates of red cell transit times. Microvasc Res 1981, 22:14-31.
15. Ellis CG, Wrigley SM, Groom AC: Heterogeneity of red blood cell perfusion in capillary networks supplied by a single arteriole in resting skeletal muscle. Circ Res 1994, 75:357-368.
16. Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gaehtgens P: Biophysical aspects of blood flow in the microvasculature. Cardiovasc Res 1996, 32: 654-667.
17. Bergfeld GR, Forrester T: Release of ATP from human erythrocytes in response to a brief period of hypoxia and hypercapnia. Cardiovasc Res 1992, 26:40-47.
18. McCullough WT, Collins DM, Ellsworth ML: Arteriolar responses to extracellular ATP in striated muscle. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:H1886-H1891.
19. Ellsworth ML, Forrester T, Ellis CG, Dietrich HH: The erythrocyte as a regulator of vascular tone. Am J Physiol 1995, 269: H2155-H2161.
20. Rubino A, Ralevic V, Burnstock G: Contribution of P1-(A2b subtype) and P2-purinoceptors to the control of vascular tone in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed. Br J Pharmacol 1995, 115:648-652.
21. Needham L, Cusack NJ, Pearson JD, Gordon JL: Characteristics of the P2 purinoceptor that mediates prostacyclin production by pig aortic endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1987, 134:199-209.
22. Malmsjo M, Erlinge D, Hogestatt ED, Zygmunt PM: Endothelial P2Y receptors induce hyperpolarisation of vascular smooth muscle by release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor. Eur J Pharmacol 1999, 364:169-173.
23. Wihlborg A-K, Malmsjo M, Eyjolfsson A, Gustafsson R, Jacobson K, Erlinge D: Extracellular nucleotides induce vasodilatation in human arteries via prostaglandins, nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor. Br J Pharmacol 2003, 138: 1451-1458.
24. Collins DM, McCullough WT, Ellsworth ML: Conducted vascular responses: communication across the capillary bed. Microvasc Res 1998, 56:43-53.
25. Dietrich HH, Ellsworth ML, Sprague RS, Dacey RG Jr: Red blood cell regulation of microvascular tone through adenosine triphosphate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000, 278: H1294-H1298.
26. Jagger JE, Bateman RM, Ellsworth ML, Ellis CG: Role of erythrocyte in regulating local O2 delivery mediated by hemoglobin oxygenation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001, 280: H2833-H2839.
27. Hammer LW, Ligon AL, Hester RL: ATP-mediated release of arachidonic acid metabolites from venular endothelium causes arteriolar dilation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001, 280:H2616-H2622.
28. Hester RL, Hammer LW: Venular-arteriolar communication in the regulation of blood flow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002, 282:R1280-R1285.
29. Hammer LW, Overstreet CR, Choi J, Hester RL: ATP stimulates the release of prostacyclin from perfused veins isolated from the hamster hindlimb. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003, 285:R193-R199.
30. Gonzalez-Alonso J, Richardson RS, Saltin B: Exercising skeletal muscle blood flow in humans responds to reduction in arterial oxyhaemoglobin, but not to altered free oxygen. J Physiol (Lond) 2001, 530:331-341.
31. Gonzalez-Alonso J, Olsen DB, Saltin B: Erythrocyte and the regulation of human skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery: role of circulating ATP. Circ Res 2002, 91:1046-1055.
32. Jia L, Bonaventura C, Bonaventura J, Stamler JS: S-nitroso-haemoglobin: a dynamic activity of blood involved in vascular control. Nature 1996, 380:221-226.
33. Stamler JS, Jia L, Eu JP, McMahon TJ, Demchenko IT, Bonaventura J, Gernert K, Piantadosi CA: Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosohemoglobin in the physiological oxygen gradient. Science 1997, 276:2034-2037.
34. Liu L, Yan Y, Zeng M, Zhang J, Hanes MA, Ahearn G, McMahon TJ, Dickfeld T, Marshall HE, Que LG, Stamler JS: Essential roles of S-nitrosothiols in vascular homeostasis and endotoxic shock. Cell 2004, 116:617-628.
35. Patel RP, Hogg N, Spencer NY, Kalyanaraman B, Matalon S, Darley-Usmar VM: Biochemical characterization of human S-nitrosohemoglobin. Effects on oxygen binding and transnitrosation. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:15487-15492.
36. Gladwin MT, Schechter AN: NO contest: nitrite versus S-nitroso- hemoglobin. Circ Res 2004, 94:851-855.
37. Gladwin MT, Lancaster JR Jr, Freeman BA, Schechter AN: Nitric oxide's reactions with hemoglobin: a view through the SNO-storm. Nat Med 2003, 9:496-500.
38. Cosby K, Partovi KS, Crawford JH, Patel RP, Reiter CD, Martyr S, Yang BK, Waclawiw MA, Zalos G, Xu X, et al.: Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation. Nat Med 2003, 9:1498-1505.
39. Patel RP, Gladwin MT: Physiologic, pathologic and therapeutic implications for hemoglobin interactions with nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 36:399-401.
40. Singel DJ, Stamler JS: Chemical physiology of blood flow regulation by red blood cells: the role of nitric oxide and S-nitrosohemoglobin. Annu Rev Physiol 2005, 67:99-145.
41. Lehr HA, Bittinger F, Kirkpatrick CJ: Microcirculatory dysfunction in sepsis: a pathogenetic basis for therapy? J Pathol 2000, 190:373-386.
42. Lam C, Tyml K, Martin C, Sibbald W: Microvascular perfusion is impaired in a rat model of normotensive sepsis. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:2077-2083.
43. Farquhar I, Martin CM, Lam C, Potter R, Ellis CG, Sibbald WJ: Decreased capillary density in vivo in bowel mucosa of rats with normotensive sepsis. J Surg Res 1996, 61:190-196.
44. Nakajima Y, Baudry N, Duranteau J, Vicaut E: Microcirculation in intestinal villi: a comparison between hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:1526-1530.
45. Boczkowski J, Vicaut E, Aubier M: In vivo effects of Escherichia coli endotoxemia on diaphragmatic microcirculation in rats. J Appl Physiol 1992, 72:2219-2224.
46. Gundersen Y, Corso CO, Leiderer R, Dorger M, Lilleaasen P, Aasen AO, Messmer K: Use of selective and nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in rat endotoxemia: effects on hepatic morphology and function. Shock 1997, 8:368-372.
47. 2 extraction in sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002, 282: H156-H164.
48. Goldman D, Bateman RM, Ellis CG: Effect of sepsis on skeletal muscle oxygen consumption and tissue oxygenation: interpreting capillary oxygen transport data using a mathematical model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004, 287:H2535-H2544.
49. Bateman R, Sharpe M, Ellis C: Bench-to-bedside review: Microvascular dysfunction in sepsis - hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and nitric oxide. Crit Care 2003, 7:359-373.
50. De Backer D, Creteur J, Preiser J-C, Dubois M-J, Vincent J-L: Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:98-104.
51. Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, De Backer D, Creteur J, Vincent JL: Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:1825-1831.
52. Piper RD, Pitt-Hyde ML, Anderson LA, Sibbald WJ, Potter RF: Leukocyte activation and flow behavior in rat skeletal muscle in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:129-134.
53. Goddard CM, Allard MF, Hogg JC, Herbertson MJ, Walley KR: Prolonged leukocyte transit time in coronary microcirculation of endotoxemic pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1995, 269:H1389-H1397.
54. Goddard CM, Poon BY, Klut ME, Wiggs BR, van Eeden SF, Hogg JC, Walley KR: Leukocyte activation does not mediate myocardial leukocyte retention during endotoxemia in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1998, 275:H1548-H1557.
55. Bateman RM, Jagger JE, Sharpe MD, Ellsworth ML, Mehta S, Ellis CG: Erythrocyte deformability is a nitric oxide-mediated factor in decreased capillary density during sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001, 280:H2848-H2856.
56. Jagger JE, Ellis CG, Sibbald WJ, Eichelbronner O: Measurement temperature plays a pivotal role in the distribution of erythrocyte deformability after LPS. Biorheology 2001, 38:439-448.
57. Condon MR, Kim JE, Deitch EA, Machiedo GW, Spolarics Z: Appearance of an erythrocyte population with decreased deformability and hemoglobin content following sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003, 284:H2177-H2184.
58. Levi M, de Jonge E, van der Poll T: Sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2003, 16:43-47.
59. Bernard G, Vincent J, Laterre P, LaRosa S, Dhainaut J, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub J, Garber G, Helterbrand J: Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:699-709.
60. Bernard G, Macias W, Joyce D, Williams M, Bailey J, Vincent J-L: Safety assessment of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of adult patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care 2003, 7:155-163.
61. Hollenberg SM, Tangora JJ, Piotrowski MJ, Easington C, Parrillo JE: Impaired microvascular vasoconstrictive responses to vasopressin in septic rats. Crit Care Med 1997, 25:869-873.
62. Tyml K, Yu J, McCormack DG: Capillary and arteriolar responses to local vasodilators are impaired in a rat model of sepsis. J Appl Physiol 1998, 84:837-844.
63. Hollenberg SM, Broussard M, Osman J, Parrillo JE: Increased microvascular reactivity and improved mortality in septic mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res 2000, 86:774-778.
64. Tyml K, Wang X, Lidington D, Ouellette Y: Lipopolysaccharide reduces intercellular coupling in vitro and arteriolar conducted response in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001, 281:H1397-H1406.
65. Lidington D, Ouellette Y, Tyml K: Endotoxin increases intercellular resistance in microvascular endothelial cells by a tyrosine kinase pathway. J Cell Physiol 2000, 185:117-125.
66. Lidington D, Ouellette Y, Li F, Tyml K: Conducted vasoconstriction is reduced in a mouse model of sepsis. J Vasc Res 2003, 40:149-158.
67. Wu F, Wilson JX, Tyml K: Ascorbate inhibits iNOS expression and preserves vasoconstrictor responsiveness in skeletal muscle of septic mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003, 285:R50-R56.
68. Lidington D, Ouellette Y, Tyml K: Communication of agonist-induced electrical responses along 'capillaries' in vitro can be modulated by lipopolysaccharide, but not nitric oxide. J Vasc Res 2002, 39:405-413.
69. Lidington D, Tyml K, Ouellette Y: Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in cellular coupling correlate with tyrosine phosphorylation of connexin 43. J Cell Physiol 2002, 193:373-379.
70. Japee SA, Ellis CG, Pittman RN: Flow visualization tools for image analysis of capillary networks. Microcirculation 2004, 11:39-54.