Central nervous system

Cancer Biomarkers

Volumn 9, Issue 1-6, 2011, Pages 193-210

  Adamson, D Cory ^a   Rasheed, B Ahmed K ^b   McLendon, Roger E ^b   Bigner, Darell D ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Department of Pathology ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

astrocytoma; brain; CD133; Central nervous system; EGFR; EGFRvIII; GBM; glioblastoma; glioblastoma multiforme; glioma; glioma stem cell; medulloblastoma; MGMT; Myc; Olig2; oligodendroglioma; Otx2; PDGFR; PTCH; PTEN; TGF b; TP53; VEGF

Indexed keywords

CANCER ANTIBODY; CANCER VACCINE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYTOLOGY; DISEASE COURSE; FAMILIAL CANCER; GLIOBLASTOMA; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; STEM CELL; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; NEOPLASTIC STEM CELLS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 82955180305     PISSN: 15740153     EISSN: 18758592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/CBM-2011-0177     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. CBTRUS, Statistical Report: Primary Brain Tumors in the United States, 2000-2004. 2008, Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States.
2. D. M. Parkin, Epidemiology of cancer: global patterns and trends, Toxicol Lett 102-103 (1998), 227-234.
3. J. M. Connelly and M. G. Malkin, Environmental risk factors for brain tumors, Crr Neurol Neurosci Rep 7(32007), 208-214.
4. M. M. Cantwell et al. , Association of early life factors and brain tumour risk in a cohort study, Br J Cancer 99(52008), 796-799.
5. J. N. Rich et al. , Gene expression profiling and genetic markers in glioblastoma survival, Cancer Res 65(102005), 4051-4058.
6. H. S. Phillips et al. , Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis, Cancer Cell 9(32006), 157-173.
7. P. Kleihues and W. K. Cavenee, WHO classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumors of the nervous system, 2000, Lyon: IARCpress.
8. H. Ohgaki et al. , Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population- based study, Cancer Res 64(192004), 6892-6899.
9. E. A. Maher et al. , Marked genomic differences characterize primary and secondary glioblastoma subtypes and identify two distinct molecular and clinical secondary glioblastoma entities, Cancer Res 66(232006), 11502-11513.
10. Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways, Nature 455(72162008), 1061-1068.
11. G. Mohapatra et al. , Genetic analysis of glioblastoma multiforme provides evidence for subgroups within the grade, Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21(31998), 195-206.
12. T. Nishizaki et al. , Investigation of genetic alterations associated with the grade of astrocytic tumor by comparative genomic hybridization, Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21(41998), 340-346.
13. A. vonDeimling et al. , Comprehensive allelotype and genetic anaysis of 466 human nervous system tumors, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59(62000), 544-558.
14. V. P. Collins, Brain tumours: classification and genes, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(Suppl 22004), ii2-11.
15. V. Vranova et al. , Screening of genomic imbalances in glioblastoma multiforme using high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization, Oncol Rep 17(22007), 457-464.
16. R. N. Wiltshire et al. , Comparative genetic patterns of glioblastoma multiforme: potential diagnostic tool for tumor classification, Neuro Oncol 2(32000), 164-173.
17. R. N. Wiltshire et al. , Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of astrocytomas: prognostic and diagnostic implications, J Mol Diagn 6(32004), 166-179.
18. Y. Kotliarov et al. , High-resolution global genomic survey of 178 gliomas reveals novel regions of copy number alteration and allelic imbalances, Cancer Res 66(192006), 9428-9436.
19. B. K. Rasheed et al. , Chromosome 10 deletion mapping in human gliomas: a common deletion region in 10q25, Oncogene 10(111995), 2243-2246.
20. K. Ichimura et al. , Distinct patterns of deletion on 10p and 10q suggest involvement of multiple tumor suppressor genes in the development of astrocytic gliomas of different malignancy grades, Genes Chromosomes Cancer 22(11998), 9-15.
21. H. Fujisawa et al. , Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 10 is more extensive in primary (de novo) than in secondary glioblastomas, Lab Invest 80(12000), 65-72.
22. E. C. Wooten et al. , Astudy of loss of heterozygosity at 70 loci in anaplastic astroytoma and glioblastoma multiforme with implications for tumor evolution, Neuro-oncol 1(31999), 169-176.
23. M. C. Schmidt et al. , Impact of genotype and morphology on the prognosis of glioblastoma, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61(42002), 321-328.
24. Y. Ino et al. , Long survival and therapeutic responses in patients with histologically disparate high-grade gliomas demonstrating chromosome 1p loss, J Neurosurg 92(62000), 983-990.
25. C. Hill, S. B. Hunter and D. J. Brat, Genetic markers in glioblastoma: prognostic significance and future therapeutic implications, Adv Anat Pathol 10(42003), 212-217.
26. A. B. Hui et al. , Detection of multiple gene amplifications in glioblastoma multiforme using array-based comparative genomic hybridization, Lab Invest 81(52001), 717-723.
27. Y. Ruano et al. , Identification of novel candidate target genes in amplicons of Glioblastoma multiforme tumors detected by expression and CGH microarray profiling, Mol Cancer 5 (2006), 39.
28. N. Shinojima et al. , Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor in patientswith glioblastomamultiforme, Cancer Res 63(202003), 6962-6970.
29. J. H. Hoeijmakers, Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer, Nature 411(68352001), 366-374.
30. J. R. Silber et al. , O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in adult gliomas: relation to patient and tumor characteristics, Cancer Res 58(51998), 1068-1073.
31. H. S. Friedman, R. E. McLendon, T. Kerby et al. , DNA mismatch repair and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma, J Clin Oncol 16 (1998), 3851-3857.
32. M. Nakamura et al. , Promoter methylation of the DNA repair gene MGMT in astrocytomas is frequently associated with G:C -> A:T mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, Carcinogenesis 22(102001), 1715-1719.
33. D. W. Parsons et al. , An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme, Science 321(58972008), 1807-1812.
34. A. J. Wong et al. , Increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in malignant gliomas is invariably associated with gene amplification, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84(191987), 6899-6903.
35. A. J. Ekstrand et al. , Amplified and rearranged epidermal growth factor receptor genes in human glioblastomas reveal deletions of sequences encoding portions of the N- and/or C-terminal tails, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(101992), 4309-4313.
36. K. Watanabe et al. , Overexpression of the EGF receptor and p53 mutations are mutually exclusive in the evolution of primary and secondary glioblastomas, Brain Pathol 6(31996), 217-223, discussion 23-24.
37. B. K. Rasheed et al. , Molecular pathogenesis of malignant gliomas, Curr Opin Oncol 11(31999), 162-167.
38. C. J. Wikstrand et al. , The class III variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII): characterization and utilization as an immunotherapeutic target, J Neurovirol 4(21998), 148-158.
39. M. Nagane et al. , Drug resistance of human glioblastoma cells conferred by a tumor-specific mutant epidermal growth factor receptor through modulation of Bcl-XL and caspase- 3-like proteases, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(101998), 5724-5729.
40. J. N. Rich, B. K. Rasheed and H. Yan, EGFR mutations and sensitivity to gefitinib, N Engl J Med 351(122004), 1260- 1261, author reply 1260-1261.
41. K. Cichowski and T. Jacks, NF1 tumor suppressor gene function: narrowing the GAP, Cell 104(42001), 593-604.
42. H. Ding et al. , Astrocyte-specific expression of activated p21- ras results inmalignant astrocytoma formation in a transgenic mouse model of human gliomas, Cancer Res 61(92001), 3826-3836.
43. E. C. Holland et al. , Combined activation of Ras and Akt in neural progenitors induces glioblastoma formation in mice, Nat Genet 25(12000), 55-57.
44. T. A. Libermann et al. , Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of EGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumours of glial origin, Nature 313(59981985), 144-147.
45. L. Ronnstrand and C. H. Heldin, Mechanisms of plateletderived growth factor-induced chemotaxis, Int J Cancer 91(62001). 757-762.
46. A. Guha et al. , Proliferation of human malignant astrocytomas is dependent on Ras activation, Oncogene 15(231997), 2755-2765.
47. M. R. Wallace et al. , Type 1 neurofibromatosis gene: identification of a large transcript disrupted in three NF1 patients, Science 249(49651990), 181-186.
48. R. J. Shaw et al. , The Nf2 tumor suppressor, merlin, functions in Rac-dependent signaling, Dev Cell 1(12001), 63-72.
49. K. M. Reilly et al. , Nf1; Trp53 mutant mice develop glioblastomawit evidence of strain-specific effects, Nat Genet 26(12000), 109-113.
50. I. Matsuura et al. , Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the antiproliferative function of Smads, Nature 430(69962004), 226-231.
51. N. Yamada et al. , Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta and its type-I and type-II receptors in human glioblastoma, Int J Cancer 62(41995), 386-392.
52. M. T. Jennings et al. , Transforming growth factor beta as a potential tumor progression factor among hyperdiploid glioblastoma cultures: evidence for the role of plateletderived growth factor, J Neurooncol 31(31997), 233-254.
53. G. Fulci et al. , p53 gene mutation and ink4a-arf deletion appear to be two mutually exclusive events in human glioblastoma, Oncogene 19(332000), 3816-3822.
54. J. He, J. J. Olson and C. D. James, Lack of p16INK4 or retinoblastoma protein (pRb), or amplification-associated overexpression of cdk4 is observed in distinct subsets of malignant glial tumors and cell lines, Cancer Res 55(211995), 4833-4836.
55. N. Ishii et al. , Frequent co-alterations of TP53, p16/ CDKN2A, p14ARF, PTENumor suppressor genes in human glioma cell lines, Brain Pathol 9(31999), 469-479.
56. M. Labuhn et al. , Quantitative real-time PCR does not show selective targeting of p14(ARF) but concomitant inactivation of both p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) in 105 human primary gliomas, Oncogene 20(92001), 1103-1109.
57. C. J. Sherr and J. D. Weber, TheARF/p53 pathway, Curr Opin Genet Dev 10(12000), 94-99.
58. F. J. Stott et al. , The alternative product from the human CDKN2A locus, p14(ARF), participates in a regulatory feedback loop with p53 and MDM2, Embo J 17(171998), 5001-5014.
59. G. Reifenberger et al. , Amplification and overexpression of the MDM2 gene in a subset of human malignant gliomas without p53 mutations, Cancer Res 53(121993), 2736-2739.
60. C. Gomez-Manzano et al. , Transfer of E2F-1 to human glioma cells results in transcriptional up-regulation of Bcl-2, Cancer Res 61(182001), 6693-6697.
61. S. H. Park et al. , 5' CpG island methylation of p16 is associated with absence of p16 expression in glioblastomas, J Korean Med Sci 15(52000), 555-559.
62. T. Watanabe et al. , Methylation of the p73 gene in gliomas, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 104(42002), 357-362.
63. T. Gonzalez-Gomez et al. , CpG island methylation status and mutation analysis of the RB1 gene essential promoter region and protein-binding pocket domain in nervous system tumours, Br J Cancer 88(12003), 109-114.
64. M. Nakamura et al. , p14ARF deletion and methylation in genetic pathways to glioblastomas, Brain Pathol 11(22001), 159-168.
65. M. Nakamura et al. , Promoter hypermethylation of the RB1 gene in glioblastomas, Lab Invest 81(12001), 77-82
66. J. Li et al. , PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer, Science 275(53081997), 1943-1947.
67. P. A. Steck et al. , Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23. 3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers, Nat Genet 15(41997), 356-362.
68. P. A. Maehama and J. E. Dixon, PTEN: a tumour suppressor that functions as a phospholipid phosphatase, Trends Cell Biol 9(41999), 125-128.
69. P. K. Vogt, PI 3-kinase, mTOR, protein synthesis and cancer, Trends Mol Med 7(112001), 482-484.
70. H. Fujisawa et al. , Acquisition of the glioblastoma phenotype during astrocytoma progression is associated with loss of heterozygosity on 10q25-qter, Am J Pathol 155(21999), 387-394.
71. P. L. Dahia, PTEN, a unique tumor suppressor gene, Endocr Relat Cancer 7(22000), 115-129.
72. C. B. Knobbe, A. Merlo and G. Reifenberger, Pten signaling in gliomas, Neuro-oncol 4(32002), 196-211.
73. C. J. Sherr and J. M. Roberts, CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression, Genes Dev 13(121999), 1501-1512.
74. C. B. Knobbe and G. Reifenberger, Genetic alterations and aberrant expression of genes related to the phosphatidylinositol- 3'-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) signal transduction pathway in glioblastomas, Brain Pathol 13(42003), 507-518.
75. N. Baeza et al. , PTENmethylation and expression in glioblastomas, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 106(52003), 479-485.
76. 76] D. K. Broderick et al. , Mutations of PIK3CA in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, high-grade astrocytomas, and medulloblastomas, Cancer Res 64(152004), 5048-5050.
77. S. H. Bigner et al. , Structural chromosomal abnormalities in human medulloblastoma, Cancer Genet Cytogenet 30(11988), 91-101.
78. R. L. 3rd. Saylors et al. , Infrequent p53 gene mutations in medulloblastomas, Cancer Res 51(171991), 4721-4723.
79. H. Ohgaki et al. , p53 mutations in nonastrocytic human brain tumors, Cancer Res 51(221991), 6202-6205.
80. J. A. Biegel et al. , Evidence for a 17p tumor related locus distinct from p53 in pediatric primitive neuroectodermal tumors, Cancer Res 52(121992), 3391-3395.
81. C. Raffel et al. , Absence of p53 mutations in childhood central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors, Neurosurgery 33(21993), 301-305; discussion 305-306.
82. A. M. Adesina, J. Nalbantoglu and W. K. Cavenee, p53 gene mutation and mdm2 gene amplification are uncommon in medulloblastoma, Cancer Res 54(211994), 5649-5651.
83. N. Aldosari et al. , MYCC and MYCN oncogene amplification in medulloblastoma. A fluorescence in situ hybridization study on paraffin sections from the Children's Oncology Group, Arch Pathol Lab Med 126(52002), 540-544.
84. S. H. Bigner et al. , Amplification of the c-myc gene in human medulloblastoma cell lines and xenografts, Cancer Res 50(81990), 2347-2350.
85. J. C. Wasson et al. , Oncogene amplification in pediatric brain tumors, Cancer Res 50(101990), 2987-2990.
86. C. Di et al. , Identification of OTX2 as a medulloblastoma oncogene whose product can be targeted by all-trans retinoic acid, Cancer Res 65(32005), 919-924.
87. K. Boon, C. G. Eberhart and G. J. Riggins, Genomic amplification of orthodenticle homologue 2 in medulloblastomas, Cancer Res 65(32005), 703-707.
88. R. L. Johnson et al. , Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome, Science 272(52681996), 1668-1671.
89. H. Hahn et al. , Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Cell 85(61996), 841-851.
90. D. Schofield et al. , Correlation of loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 9q with histological subtype in medulloblastomas, Am J Pathol 146(21995), 472-480.
91. C. Raffel et al. , Sporadic medulloblastomas contain PTCH mutations, Cancer Res 57(51997), 842-845.
92. T. Pietsch et al. , Medulloblastomas of the desmoplastic variant carry mutations of the human homologue of Drosophila patched, Cancer Res 57(111997), 2085-2088.
93. R. Galli et al. , Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma, Cancer Res 64(192004), 7011-7021.
94. H. D. Hemmati et al. , Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(252003), 15178-15183.
95. T. N. Ignatova et al. , Human cortical glial tumors contain neural stem-like cells expressing astroglial and neuronal markers in vitro, Glia 39(32002), 193-206.
96. S. K. Singh et al. , Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors, Cancer Res 63(182003), 5821-5828.
97. A. Raso et al. , Successful isolation and long-term establishment of a cell line with stem cell-like features from an anaplastic medulloblastoma, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 34(32008), 306-315.
98. C. D. Stiles and D. H. Rowitch, Glioma stem cells: a midterm exam, Neuron 58(62008), 832-846.
99. A. Aguirre et al. , Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor confers migratory properties to nonmigratory postnatal neural progenitors, J Neurosci 25(482005), 11092-11106.
100. R. Pardal, M. F. Clarke and S. J. Morrison, Applying the principles of stem-cell biology to cancer, Nat Rev Cancer 3(122003), 895-902.
101. S. K. Singh et al. , Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells, Nature 432(70152004), 396-401.
102. N. Sanai, A. Alvarez-Buylla and M. S. Berger, Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas, N Engl J Med 353(82005), 811-822.
103. V. Clement et al. , HEDGEHOG-GLI1 signaling regulates human glioma growth, cancer stem cell self-renewal, and tumorigenicity, Curr Biol 17(22007), 165-172.
104. A. Androutsellis-Theotokis et al. , Notch signalling regulates stem cell numbers in vitro and in vivo, Nature 442(71042006), 823-826.
105. E. L. Jackson et al. , PDGFR alpha-positive B cells are neural stem cells in the adult SVZ that form glioma-like growths in response to increased PDGF signaling, Neuron 51(22006), 187-199.
106. K. L. Ligon et al. , Development of NG2 neural progenitor cells requires Olig gene function, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(202006), 7853-7858.
107. S. K. Lee et al. , Olig2 and Ngn2 function in opposition to modulate gene expression in motor neuron progenitor cells, Genes Dev 19(22005), 282-294.
108. K. L. Ligon et al. , Olig2-regulated lineage-restricted pathway controls replication competence in neural stem cells and malignant glioma, Neuron 53(42007), 503-517.
109. C. M. Sauvageot, S. Kesari and C. D. Stiles, Molecular pathogenesis of adult brain tumors and the role of stem cells, Neurol Clin 25(42007), 891-924, vii.
110. S. W. Bruggeman et al. , Bmi1 controls tumor development in an Ink4a/Arf-independent manner in a mouse model for glioma, Cancer Cell 12(42007), 328-341.
111. K. L. Ligon et al. , The oligodendroglial lineage marker OLIG2 is universally expressed in diffuse gliomas, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63(52004), 499-509.
112. S. Bao et al. , Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response, Nature 444(71202006), 756-760.
113. D. Beier et al. , Temozolomide preferentially depletes cancer stem cells in glioblastoma, Cancer Res 68(142008), 5706-5715.
114. I. F. Parney, C. Hao and K. C. Petruk, Glioma immunology and immunotherapy, Neurosurgery 46(42000), 778-791; discussion 791-792.
115. S. N. Kurpad et al. , Tumor antigens in astrocytic gliomas, Glia 15(31995), 244-256.