메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 815-826

Gracefully ageing at 50, X-chromosome inactivation becomes a paradigm for RNA and chromatin control

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENTARY RNA; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

EID: 81855212626     PISSN: 14710072     EISSN: 14710080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrm3231     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (164)

References (201)
  • 1
    • 7144223296 scopus 로고
    • Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.)
    • Lyon, M. F. Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature 190, 372-373 (1961).
    • (1961) Nature , vol.190 , pp. 372-373
    • Lyon, M.F.1
  • 2
    • 58549109636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X chromosome dosage compensation: How mammals keep the balance
    • Payer, B. & Lee, J. T. X chromosome dosage compensation: how mammals keep the balance. Annu. Rev. Genet. 42, 733-772 (2008).
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Genet , vol.42 , pp. 733-772
    • Payer, B.1    Lee, J.T.2
  • 3
    • 29444458753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromatin remodeling in dosage compensation
    • Lucchesi, J. C., Kelly, W. G. & Panning, B. Chromatin remodeling in dosage compensation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 39, 615-651 (2005).
    • (2005) Annu. Rev. Genet , vol.39 , pp. 615-651
    • Lucchesi, J.C.1    Kelly, W.G.2    Panning, B.3
  • 4
    • 0030300044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vive la difference: Males vs females in flies vs worms
    • Cline, T. W. & Meyer, B. J. Vive la difference: males vs females in flies vs worms. Annu. Rev. Genet. 30, 637-702 (1996).
    • (1996) Annu. Rev. Genet , vol.30 , pp. 637-702
    • Cline, T.W.1    Meyer, B.J.2
  • 5
    • 60749133597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new model for random X chromosome inactivation
    • Starmer, J. & Magnuson, T. A new model for random X chromosome inactivation. Development 136, 1-10 (2009).
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 1-10
    • Starmer, J.1    Magnuson, T.2
  • 6
    • 79960484375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene silencing in X-chromosome inactivation: Advances in understanding facultative heterochromatin formation
    • Wutz, A. Gene silencing in X-chromosome inactivation: advances in understanding facultative heterochromatin formation. Nature Rev. Genet. 12, 542-553 (2011).
    • (2011) Nature Rev. Genet , vol.12 , pp. 542-553
    • Wutz, A.1
  • 7
    • 0020987354 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation
    • Gartler, S. M. & Riggs, A. D. Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 17, 155-190 (1983).
    • (1983) Annu. Rev. Genet , vol.17 , pp. 155-190
    • Gartler, S.M.1    Riggs, A.D.2
  • 8
    • 33746069681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosage compensation in mammals: Fine-tuning the expression of the X chromosome
    • Heard, E. & Disteche, C. M. Dosage compensation in mammals: fine-tuning the expression of the X chromosome. Genes Dev. 20, 1848-1867 (2006).
    • (2006) Genes Dev , vol.20 , pp. 1848-1867
    • Heard, E.1    Disteche, C.M.2
  • 10
    • 0031811256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of X-chromosome inactivation in development in mice and humans
    • Goto, T. & Monk, M. Regulation of X-chromosome inactivation in development in mice and humans. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 362-378 (1998).
    • (1998) Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev , vol.62 , pp. 362-378
    • Goto, T.1    Monk, M.2
  • 12
    • 8944243469 scopus 로고
    • Experiments in plant hybridization (English translation)
    • Mendel, J. G. Experiments in plant hybridization (English translation). J. R. Hort. Soc. 26, 1-32 (1866).
    • (1866) J. R. Hort. Soc , vol.26 , pp. 1-32
    • Mendel, J.G.1
  • 13
    • 43449091496 scopus 로고
    • Theodor boveri
    • Baltzer, F. Theodor Boveri. Science 144, 809-815 (1964).
    • (1964) Science , vol.144 , pp. 809-815
    • Baltzer, F.1
  • 14
    • 0017974384 scopus 로고
    • Nettie Stevens and the discovery of sex chromosomes
    • Brush, S. G. Nettie Stevens and the discovery of sex chromosomes. Isis 69, 163-172 (1978).
    • (1978) Isis , vol.69 , pp. 163-172
    • Brush, S.G.1
  • 16
    • 0001224667 scopus 로고
    • Some genetic aspects of sex
    • Muller, H. J. Some genetic aspects of sex. Am. Nat. 66, 118-138 (1932).
    • (1932) Am. Nat , vol.66 , pp. 118-138
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 17
    • 0001194208 scopus 로고
    • The genetic control of biochemical reactions in Neurospora
    • Beadle, G. W. & Tatum, E. L. The genetic control of biochemical reactions in Neurospora. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 27, 499-506 (1941).
    • (1941) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.27 , pp. 499-506
    • Beadle, G.W.1    Tatum, E.L.2
  • 18
    • 85045484695 scopus 로고
    • A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis
    • Barr, M. L. & Bertram, E. G. A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis. Nature 163, 676 (1949).
    • (1949) Nature , vol.163 , pp. 676
    • Barr, M.L.1    Bertram, E.G.2
  • 19
    • 0003781611 scopus 로고
    • Formation of the sex chromatin by a single X-chromosome in liver cells of Rattus norvegicus
    • Ohno, S., Kaplan, W. D. & Kinosita, R. Formation of the sex chromatin by a single X-chromosome in liver cells of Rattus norvegicus. Exp. Cell Res. 18, 415-418 (1959).
    • (1959) Exp. Cell Res , vol.18 , pp. 415-418
    • Ohno, S.1    Kaplan, W.D.2    Kinosita, R.3
  • 20
    • 0015261497 scopus 로고
    • X-chromosome inactivation and developmental patterns in mammals
    • Lyon, M. F. X-chromosome inactivation and developmental patterns in mammals. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 47, 1-35 (1972).
    • (1972) Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc , vol.47 , pp. 1-35
    • Lyon, M.F.1
  • 21
    • 0015239907 scopus 로고
    • Possible mechanisms of X chromosome inactivation
    • Lyon, M. F. Possible mechanisms of X chromosome inactivation. Nature New Biol. 232, 229-232 (1971).
    • (1971) Nature New Biol , vol.232 , pp. 229-232
    • Lyon, M.F.1
  • 22
    • 0344364543 scopus 로고
    • Variegated-type position effects in the mouse
    • Russell, L. B. & Bangham, J. W. Variegated-type position effects in the mouse. Genetics 46, 509-525 (1961).
    • (1961) Genetics , vol.46 , pp. 509-525
    • Russell, L.B.1    Bangham, J.W.2
  • 23
    • 12644253782 scopus 로고
    • Sex chromatin and the sex chromosomes: On the origin of sex chromatin from a single X chromosome
    • Grumbach, M. M. & Morishima, A. Sex chromatin and the sex chromosomes: on the origin of sex chromatin from a single X chromosome. Acta Cytol. 6, 46-60 (1962).
    • (1962) Acta Cytol , vol.6 , pp. 46-60
    • Grumbach, M.M.1    Morishima, A.2
  • 24
    • 0002826398 scopus 로고
    • The normal human female as a mosaic of X-chromosome activity: Studies using the gene for C-6-PD-deficiency as a marker
    • Beutler, E., Yeh, M. & Fairbanks, V. F. The normal human female as a mosaic of X-chromosome activity: studies using the gene for C-6-PD-deficiency as a marker. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 48, 9-16 (1962).
    • (1962) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.48 , pp. 9-16
    • Beutler, E.1    Yeh, M.2    Fairbanks, V.F.3
  • 25
    • 0022545099 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian X chromosome inactivation: Testing the hypothesis of transcriptional control
    • Graves, J. A. & Gartler, S. M. Mammalian X chromosome inactivation: testing the hypothesis of transcriptional control. Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 12, 275-280 (1986).
    • (1986) Somat. Cell Mol. Genet , vol.12 , pp. 275-280
    • Graves, J.A.1    Gartler, S.M.2
  • 26
    • 81855162159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mary Lyon: Quiet battler
    • Vines, G. Mary Lyon: quiet battler. Curr. Biol. 7, R269-R270 (1997).
    • (1997) Curr. Biol , vol.7
    • Vines, G.1
  • 27
    • 0032576744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X inactivation in females with X-linked disease
    • Puck, J. M. & Willard, H. F. X inactivation in females with X-linked disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 325-328 (1998).
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.338 , pp. 325-328
    • Puck, J.M.1    Willard, H.F.2
  • 29
    • 0001872496 scopus 로고
    • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism: Utilization as a cell marker in the study of leiomyomas
    • Linder, D. & Gartler, S. M. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism: utilization as a cell marker in the study of leiomyomas. Science 150, 67-69 (1965).
    • (1965) Science , vol.150 , pp. 67-69
    • Linder, D.1    Gartler, S.M.2
  • 30
    • 79961021806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-inactivation and X-reactivation: Epigenetic hallmarks of mammalian reproduction and pluripotent stem cells
    • Payer, B., Lee, J. T. & Namekawa, S. H. X-inactivation and X-reactivation: epigenetic hallmarks of mammalian reproduction and pluripotent stem cells. Hum. Genet. 130, 265-280 (2011).
    • (2011) Hum. Genet , vol.130 , pp. 265-280
    • Payer, B.1    Lee, J.T.2    Namekawa, S.H.3
  • 31
    • 0016692463 scopus 로고
    • Preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome in the extraembryonic membranes of the mouse
    • Takagi, N. & Sasaki, M. Preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome in the extraembryonic membranes of the mouse. Nature 256, 640-642 (1975).
    • (1975) Nature , vol.256 , pp. 640-642
    • Takagi, N.1    Sasaki, M.2
  • 32
    • 0015240843 scopus 로고
    • Late DNA replication in the paternally derived X chromosome of female kangaroos
    • Sharman, G. B. Late DNA replication in the paternally derived X chromosome of female kangaroos. Nature 230, 231-232 (1971).
    • (1971) Nature , vol.230 , pp. 231-232
    • Sharman, G.B.1
  • 33
    • 0025809321 scopus 로고
    • Parental imprinting of the mouse H19 gene
    • Bartolomei, M. S., Zemel, S. & Tilghman, S. M. Parental imprinting of the mouse H19 gene. Nature 351, 153-155 (1991).
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 153-155
    • Bartolomei, M.S.1    Zemel, S.2    Tilghman, S.M.3
  • 34
    • 0024440608 scopus 로고
    • Genetic imprinting suggested by maternal heterodisomy in nondeletion Prader-Willi syndrome
    • Nicholls, R. D., Knoll, J. H., Butler, M. G., Karam, S. & Lalande, M. Genetic imprinting suggested by maternal heterodisomy in nondeletion Prader-Willi syndrome. Nature 342, 281-285 (1989).
    • (1989) Nature , vol.342 , pp. 281-285
    • Nicholls, R.D.1    Knoll, J.H.2    Butler, M.G.3    Karam, S.4    Lalande, M.5
  • 35
    • 0021139084 scopus 로고
    • Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes
    • McGrath, J. & Solter, D. Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes. Cell 37, 179-183 (1984).
    • (1984) Cell , vol.37 , pp. 179-183
    • McGrath, J.1    Solter, D.2
  • 36
    • 0021237658 scopus 로고
    • Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis
    • Surani, M. A., Barton, S. C. & Norris, M. L. Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis. Nature 308, 548-550 (1984).
    • (1984) Nature , vol.308 , pp. 548-550
    • Surani, M.A.1    Barton, S.C.2    Norris, M.L.3
  • 37
    • 0015253206 scopus 로고
    • The role of X-chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis
    • Lifschytz, E. & Lindsley, D. L. The role of X-chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 69, 182-186 (1972).
    • (1972) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.69 , pp. 182-186
    • Lifschytz, E.1    Lindsley, D.L.2
  • 38
    • 33745851176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The X and y chromosomes assemble into H2A.Z-containing facultative heterochromatin following meiosis
    • Greaves, I. K., Rangasamy, D., Devoy, M., Marshall Graves, J. A. & Tremethick, D. J. The X and Y chromosomes assemble into H2A.Z-containing facultative heterochromatin following meiosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 5394-405 (2006).
    • (2006) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.26 , pp. 5394-405
    • Greaves, I.K.1    Rangasamy, D.2    Devoy, M.3    Marshall Graves, J.A.4    Tremethick, D.J.5
  • 39
    • 33645514277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pachytene asynapsis drives meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and leads to substantial postmeiotic repression in spermatids
    • Turner, J. M., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Ellis, P. J., Mitchell, M. J. & Burgoyne, P. S. Pachytene asynapsis drives meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and leads to substantial postmeiotic repression in spermatids. Dev. Cell 10, 521-529 (2006).
    • (2006) Dev. Cell , vol.10 , pp. 521-529
    • Turner, J.M.1    Mahadevaiah, S.K.2    Ellis, P.J.3    Mitchell, M.J.4    Burgoyne, P.S.5
  • 40
    • 33645511177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmeiotic sex chromatin in the male germline of mice
    • Namekawa, S. H. et al. Postmeiotic sex chromatin in the male germline of mice. Curr. Biol. 16, 660-667 (2006).
    • (2006) Curr. Biol , vol.16 , pp. 660-667
    • Namekawa, S.H.1
  • 41
    • 0035546002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imprinted X inactivation in eutherians: A model of gametic execution and zygotic relaxation
    • Huynh, K. D. & Lee, J. T. Imprinted X inactivation in eutherians: a model of gametic execution and zygotic relaxation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13, 690-697 (2001).
    • (2001) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol , vol.13 , pp. 690-697
    • Huynh, K.D.1    Lee, J.T.2
  • 42
    • 0347357614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos
    • Huynh, K. D. & Lee, J. T. Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos. Nature 426, 857-862 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature , vol.426 , pp. 857-862
    • Huynh, K.D.1    Lee, J.T.2
  • 44
    • 0015207737 scopus 로고
    • Directed genetic change model for X chromosome inactivation in eutherian mammals
    • Cooper, D. W. Directed genetic change model for X chromosome inactivation in eutherian mammals. Nature 230, 292-294 (1971).
    • (1971) Nature , vol.230 , pp. 292-294
    • Cooper, D.W.1
  • 45
    • 0018146503 scopus 로고
    • HGPRT activity changes in preimplantation mouse embryos
    • Kratzer, P. G. & Gartler, S. M. HGPRT activity changes in preimplantation mouse embryos. Nature 274, 503-504 (1978).
    • (1978) Nature , vol.274 , pp. 503-504
    • Kratzer, P.G.1    Gartler, S.M.2
  • 46
    • 0014939812 scopus 로고
    • Phosphoribosyltransferase activity during early mammalian development
    • Epstein, C. J. Phosphoribosyltransferase activity during early mammalian development. J. Biol. Chem. 245, 3289-3294 (1970).
    • (1970) J. Biol. Chem , vol.245 , pp. 3289-3294
    • Epstein, C.J.1
  • 47
    • 0017686279 scopus 로고
    • Expression of α-galactosidase in preimplantation mouse embryos
    • Adler, D. A., West, J. D. & Chapman, V. M. Expression of α-galactosidase in preimplantation mouse embryos. Nature 267, 838-839 (1977).
    • (1977) Nature , vol.267 , pp. 838-839
    • Adler, D.A.1    West, J.D.2    Chapman, V.M.3
  • 48
    • 0017668163 scopus 로고
    • Dosage compensation for an X-linked gene in pre-implantation mouse embryos
    • Monk, M. & Kathuria, H. Dosage compensation for an X-linked gene in pre-implantation mouse embryos. Nature 270, 599-601 (1977).
    • (1977) Nature , vol.270 , pp. 599-601
    • Monk, M.1    Kathuria, H.2
  • 49
    • 77953409471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-step imprinted X inactivation: Repeat versus genic silencing in the mouse
    • Namekawa, S. H., Payer, B., Huynh, K. D., Jaenisch, R. & Lee, J. T. Two-step imprinted X inactivation: repeat versus genic silencing in the mouse. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30, 3187-3205 (2010).
    • (2010) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.30 , pp. 3187-3205
    • Namekawa, S.H.1    Payer, B.2    Huynh, K.D.3    Jaenisch, R.4    Lee, J.T.5
  • 50
    • 67949089685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of Xist RNA-independent initiation of mouse imprinted X-chromosome inactivation
    • Kalantry, S., Purushothaman, S., Bowen, R. B., Starmer, J. & Magnuson, T. Evidence of Xist RNA-independent initiation of mouse imprinted X-chromosome inactivation. Nature 460, 647-651 (2009).
    • (2009) Nature , vol.460 , pp. 647-651
    • Kalantry, S.1    Purushothaman, S.2    Bowen, R.B.3    Starmer, J.4    Magnuson, T.5
  • 51
    • 0942268864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic dynamics of imprinted X inactivation during early mouse development
    • Okamoto, I., Otte, A. P., Allis, C. D., Reinberg, D. & Heard, E. Epigenetic dynamics of imprinted X inactivation during early mouse development. Science 303, 644-649 (2004).
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 644-649
    • Okamoto, I.1    Otte, A.P.2    Allis, C.D.3    Reinberg, D.4    Heard, E.5
  • 52
    • 0942268867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactivation of the paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos
    • Mak, W. et al. Reactivation of the paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos. Science 303, 666-669 (2004).
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 666-669
    • Mak, W.1
  • 53
    • 0018719004 scopus 로고
    • Sequential X chromosome inactivation coupled with cellular differentiation in early mouse embryos
    • Monk, M. & Harper, M. I. Sequential X chromosome inactivation coupled with cellular differentiation in early mouse embryos. Nature 281, 311-313 (1979).
    • (1979) Nature , vol.281 , pp. 311-313
    • Monk, M.1    Harper, M.I.2
  • 54
    • 0020644681 scopus 로고
    • X-chromosome inactivation mosaicism in the three germ layers and the germ line of the mouse embryo
    • McMahon, A., Fosten, M. & Monk, M. X-chromosome inactivation mosaicism in the three germ layers and the germ line of the mouse embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 74, 207-220 (1983).
    • (1983) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol , vol.74 , pp. 207-220
    • McMahon, A.1    Fosten, M.2    Monk, M.3
  • 55
    • 0017845192 scopus 로고
    • X-chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro
    • Martin, G. R. et al. X-chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro. Nature 271, 329-333 (1978).
    • (1978) Nature , vol.271 , pp. 329-333
    • Martin, G.R.1
  • 56
    • 0022273289 scopus 로고
    • X-chromosome deletions in embryo-derived (EK) cell lines associated with lack of X-chromosome inactivation
    • Rastan, S. & Robertson, E. J. X-chromosome deletions in embryo-derived (EK) cell lines associated with lack of X-chromosome inactivation. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 90, 379-388 (1985).
    • (1985) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol , vol.90 , pp. 379-388
    • Rastan, S.1    Robertson, E.J.2
  • 57
    • 0019826665 scopus 로고
    • Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos
    • Evans, M. J. & Kaufman, M. H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292, 154-156 (1981).
    • (1981) Nature , vol.292 , pp. 154-156
    • Evans, M.J.1    Kaufman, M.H.2
  • 58
    • 0024328536 scopus 로고
    • Altering the genome by homologous recombination
    • Capecchi, M. R. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244, 1288-1292 (1989).
    • (1989) Science , vol.244 , pp. 1288-1292
    • Capecchi, M.R.1
  • 59
    • 0019393577 scopus 로고
    • Random X-chromosome inactivation in female primordial germ cells in the mouse
    • McMahon, A., Fosten, M. & Monk, M. Random X-chromosome inactivation in female primordial germ cells in the mouse. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 64, 251-258 (1981).
    • (1981) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol , vol.64 , pp. 251-258
    • McMahon, A.1    Fosten, M.2    Monk, M.3
  • 60
    • 0019393567 scopus 로고
    • X-chromosome activity in foetal germ cells of the mouse
    • Monk, M. & McLaren, A. X-chromosome activity in foetal germ cells of the mouse. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 63, 75-84 (1981).
    • (1981) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol , vol.63 , pp. 75-84
    • Monk, M.1    McLaren, A.2
  • 62
    • 34547617220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X chromosome reactivation initiates in nascent primordial germ cells in mice
    • Sugimoto, M. & Abe, K. X chromosome reactivation initiates in nascent primordial germ cells in mice. PLoS Genet. 3, e116 (2007).
    • (2007) PLoS Genet , vol.3
    • Sugimoto, M.1    Abe, K.2
  • 63
    • 36049046315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early loss of Xist RNA expression and inactive X chromosome associated chromatin modification in developing primordial germ cells
    • de Napoles, M., Nesterova, T. & Brockdorff, N. Early loss of Xist RNA expression and inactive X chromosome associated chromatin modification in developing primordial germ cells. PLoS ONE 2, e860 (2007).
    • (2007) PLoS ONE , vol.2
    • De Napoles, M.1    Nesterova, T.2    Brockdorff, N.3
  • 64
    • 40149110698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X chromosome activity in mouse XX primordial germ cells
    • Chuva de Sousa Lopes, S. M. et al. X chromosome activity in mouse XX primordial germ cells. PLoS Genet. 4, e30 (2008).
    • (2008) PLoS Genet , vol.4
    • Chuva De Sousa Lopes, S.M.1
  • 65
    • 0344949234 scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle-specific reactivation of an inactive X-chromosome locus by 5-azadeoxycytidine
    • Jones, P. A., Taylor, S. M., Mohandas, T. & Shapiro, L. J. Cell cycle-specific reactivation of an inactive X-chromosome locus by 5-azadeoxycytidine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 79, 1215-1219 (1982).
    • (1982) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.79 , pp. 1215-1219
    • Jones, P.A.1    Taylor, S.M.2    Mohandas, T.3    Shapiro, L.J.4
  • 66
    • 0016692220 scopus 로고
    • X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation
    • Riggs, A. D. X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 14, 9-25 (1975).
    • (1975) Cytogenet. Cell Genet , vol.14 , pp. 9-25
    • Riggs, A.D.1
  • 67
    • 0020436347 scopus 로고
    • 5-azacytidine-induced re-expression of alleles on the inactive X chromosome in a hybrid mouse cell line
    • Graves, J. A. 5-azacytidine-induced re-expression of alleles on the inactive X chromosome in a hybrid mouse cell line. Exp. Cell Res. 141, 99-105 (1982).
    • (1982) Exp. Cell Res , vol.141 , pp. 99-105
    • Graves, J.A.1
  • 68
    • 0033868543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imprint switching for non-random X-chromosome inactivation during mouse oocyte growth
    • Tada, T. et al. Imprint switching for non-random X-chromosome inactivation during mouse oocyte growth. Development 127, 3101-3105 (2000).
    • (2000) Development , vol.127 , pp. 3101-3105
    • Tada, T.1
  • 69
    • 0028229427 scopus 로고
    • Imprinting and X chromosome counting mechanisms determine Xist expression in early mouse development
    • Kay, G. F., Barton, S. C., Surani, M. A. & Rastan, S. Imprinting and X chromosome counting mechanisms determine Xist expression in early mouse development. Cell 77, 639-650 (1994).
    • (1994) Cell , vol.77 , pp. 639-650
    • Kay, G.F.1    Barton, S.C.2    Surani, M.A.3    Rastan, S.4
  • 70
    • 0014143246 scopus 로고
    • Controlling elements in the mouse X chromosome
    • Cattanach, B. M. & Isaacson, J. H. Controlling elements in the mouse X chromosome. Genetics 57, 331-346 (1967).
    • (1967) Genetics , vol.57 , pp. 331-346
    • Cattanach, B.M.1    Isaacson, J.H.2
  • 71
    • 0015356840 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of non-random X chromosome activity in the mouse
    • Cattanach, B. M. & Williams, C. E. Evidence of non-random X chromosome activity in the mouse. Genet. Res. 19, 229-240 (1972).
    • (1972) Genet. Res , vol.19 , pp. 229-240
    • Cattanach, B.M.1    Williams, C.E.2
  • 72
    • 0000974514 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of sex chromosomes in mammals
    • Ohno, S. Evolution of sex chromosomes in mammals. Annu. Rev. Genet. 3, 495-524 (1969).
    • (1969) Annu. Rev. Genet , vol.3 , pp. 495-524
    • Ohno, S.1
  • 73
    • 23044455689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of X-chromosome counting by Tsix and Xite sequences
    • Lee, J. T. Regulation of X-chromosome counting by Tsix and Xite sequences. Science 309, 768-771 (2005).
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 768-771
    • Lee, J.T.1
  • 74
    • 0033214928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted mutagenesis of Tsix leads to nonrandom X inactivation
    • Lee, J. T. & Lu, N. Targeted mutagenesis of Tsix leads to nonrandom X inactivation. Cell 99, 47-57 (1999).
    • (1999) Cell , vol.99 , pp. 47-57
    • Lee, J.T.1    Lu, N.2
  • 75
    • 0026007719 scopus 로고
    • Localization of the X inactivation centre on the human X chromosome in Xq13
    • Brown, C. J. et al. Localization of the X inactivation centre on the human X chromosome in Xq13. Nature 349, 82-84 (1991).
    • (1991) Nature , vol.349 , pp. 82-84
    • Brown, C.J.1
  • 76
    • 0033566090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human X inactivation center induces random X chromosome inactivation in male transgenic mice
    • Migeon, B. R. et al. Human X inactivation center induces random X chromosome inactivation in male transgenic mice. Genomics 59, 113-121 (1999).
    • (1999) Genomics , vol.59 , pp. 113-121
    • Migeon, B.R.1
  • 77
    • 0032958104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xist yeast artificial chromosome transgenes function as X-inactivation centers only in multicopy arrays and not as single copies
    • Heard, E., Mongelard, F., Arnaud, D. & Avner, P. Xist yeast artificial chromosome transgenes function as X-inactivation centers only in multicopy arrays and not as single copies. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 3156-3166 (1999).
    • (1999) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.19 , pp. 3156-3166
    • Heard, E.1    Mongelard, F.2    Arnaud, D.3    Avner, P.4
  • 78
    • 0030581152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 450 kb transgene displays properties of the mammalian X-inactivation center
    • Lee, J. T., Strauss, W. M., Dausman, J. A. & Jaenisch, R. A 450 kb transgene displays properties of the mammalian X-inactivation center. Cell 86, 83-94 (1996).
    • (1996) Cell , vol.86 , pp. 83-94
    • Lee, J.T.1    Strauss, W.M.2    Dausman, J.A.3    Jaenisch, R.4
  • 79
    • 0033616710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of the mouse X inactivation center defines an 80-kb multifunction domain
    • Lee, J. T., Lu, N. & Han, Y. Genetic analysis of the mouse X inactivation center defines an 80-kb multifunction domain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3836-3841 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 3836-3841
    • Lee, J.T.1    Lu, N.2    Han, Y.3
  • 80
    • 0032439560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular correlates of the murine Xce locus
    • Avner, P. et al. Molecular correlates of the murine Xce locus. Genet. Res. 72, 217-224 (1998).
    • (1998) Genet. Res , vol.72 , pp. 217-224
    • Avner, P.1
  • 81
    • 0025961771 scopus 로고
    • A gene from the region of the human X inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome
    • Brown, C. J. et al. A gene from the region of the human X inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 349, 38-44 (1991).
    • (1991) Nature , vol.349 , pp. 38-44
    • Brown, C.J.1
  • 82
    • 0025829449 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a murine gene expressed from the inactive X chromosome
    • Borsani, G. et al. Characterization of a murine gene expressed from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 351, 325-329 (1991).
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 325-329
    • Borsani, G.1
  • 83
    • 0025727201 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of position and exclusive expression of mouse Xist from the inactive X chromosome
    • Brockdorff, N. et al. Conservation of position and exclusive expression of mouse Xist from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 351, 329-331 (1991).
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 329-331
    • Brockdorff, N.1
  • 84
    • 0026456701 scopus 로고
    • The human XIST gene: Analysis of a 17 kb inactive X-specific RNA that contains conserved repeats and is highly localized within the nucleus
    • Brown, C. J. et al. The human XIST gene: analysis of a 17 kb inactive X-specific RNA that contains conserved repeats and is highly localized within the nucleus. Cell 71, 527-542 (1992).
    • (1992) Cell , vol.71 , pp. 527-542
    • Brown, C.J.1
  • 85
    • 0026489906 scopus 로고
    • The product of the mouse Xist gene is a 15 kb inactive X-specific transcript containing no conserved ORF and located in the nucleus
    • Brockdorff, N. et al. The product of the mouse Xist gene is a 15 kb inactive X-specific transcript containing no conserved ORF and located in the nucleus. Cell 71, 515-526 (1992).
    • (1992) Cell , vol.71 , pp. 515-526
    • Brockdorff, N.1
  • 86
    • 0030034051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • XIST RNA paints the inactive X chromosome at interphase: Evidence for a novel RNA involved in nuclear/chromosome structure
    • Clemson, C. M., McNeil, J. A., Willard, H. F. & Lawrence, J. B. XIST RNA paints the inactive X chromosome at interphase: evidence for a novel RNA involved in nuclear/chromosome structure. J. Cell Biol. 132, 259-275 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Cell Biol , vol.132 , pp. 259-275
    • Clemson, C.M.1    McNeil, J.A.2    Willard, H.F.3    Lawrence, J.B.4
  • 87
    • 0031044166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xist-deficient mice are defective in dosage compensation but not spermatogenesis
    • Marahrens, Y., Panning, B., Dausman, J., Strauss, W. & Jaenisch, R. Xist-deficient mice are defective in dosage compensation but not spermatogenesis. Genes Dev. 11, 156-166 (1997).
    • (1997) Genes Dev , vol.11 , pp. 156-166
    • Marahrens, Y.1    Panning, B.2    Dausman, J.3    Strauss, W.4    Jaenisch, R.5
  • 89
    • 0036479009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA
    • Wutz, A., Rasmussen, T. P. & Jaenisch, R. Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA. Nature Genet. 30, 167-174 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Genet , vol.30 , pp. 167-174
    • Wutz, A.1    Rasmussen, T.P.2    Jaenisch, R.3
  • 91
    • 0032527755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Igf2 imprinting does not require its own DNA methylation or H19 RNA
    • Jones, B. K., Levorse, J. M. & Tilghman, S. M. Igf2 imprinting does not require its own DNA methylation or H19 RNA. Genes Dev. 12, 2200-2207 (1998).
    • (1998) Genes Dev , vol.12 , pp. 2200-2207
    • Jones, B.K.1    Levorse, J.M.2    Tilghman, S.M.3
  • 92
    • 0037387711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of histone h3 methylation on the inactive X chromosome requires transient recruitment of Eed-Enx1 polycomb group complexes
    • Silva, J. et al. Establishment of histone h3 methylation on the inactive X chromosome requires transient recruitment of Eed-Enx1 polycomb group complexes. Dev. Cell 4, 481-495 (2003).
    • (2003) Dev. Cell , vol.4 , pp. 481-495
    • Silva, J.1
  • 93
    • 0242668706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in X inactivation
    • Plath, K. et al. Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in X inactivation. Science 300, 131-135 (2003).
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 131-135
    • Plath, K.1
  • 94
    • 19344375746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chromosomal memory triggered by Xist regulates histone methylation in X inactivation
    • Kohlmaier, A. et al. A chromosomal memory triggered by Xist regulates histone methylation in X inactivation. PLoS Biol. 2, E171 (2004).
    • (2004) PLoS Biol , vol.2
    • Kohlmaier, A.1
  • 95
    • 0037172659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitotically stable association of polycomb group proteins eed and enx1 with the inactive X chromosome in trophoblast stem cells
    • Mak, W. et al. Mitotically stable association of polycomb group proteins eed and enx1 with the inactive X chromosome in trophoblast stem cells. Curr. Biol. 12, 1016-1020 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Biol , vol.12 , pp. 1016-1020
    • Mak, W.1
  • 96
    • 0034934749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imprinted X inactivation maintained by a mouse Polycomb group gene
    • Wang, J. et al. Imprinted X inactivation maintained by a mouse Polycomb group gene. Nature Genet. 28, 371-375 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Genet , vol.28 , pp. 371-375
    • Wang, J.1
  • 97
    • 55349109963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome
    • Zhao, J., Sun, B. K., Erwin, J. A., Song, J. J. & Lee, J. T. Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science 322, 750-756 (2008).
    • (2008) Science , vol.322 , pp. 750-756
    • Zhao, J.1    Sun, B.K.2    Erwin, J.A.3    Song, J.J.4    Lee, J.T.5
  • 98
    • 75749124997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2D structure of the A region of Xist RNA and its implication for PRC2 association
    • Maenner, S. et al. 2D structure of the A region of Xist RNA and its implication for PRC2 association. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000276 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS Biol , vol.8
    • Maenner, S.1
  • 99
    • 34250729138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs
    • Rinn, J. L. et al. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell 129, 1311-1323 (2007).
    • (2007) Cell , vol.129 , pp. 1311-1323
    • Rinn, J.L.1
  • 100
    • 8844265508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic regulation of cellular memory by the Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins
    • Ringrose, L. & Paro, R. Epigenetic regulation of cellular memory by the Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet. 38, 413-443 (2004).
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Genet , vol.38 , pp. 413-443
    • Ringrose, L.1    Paro, R.2
  • 101
    • 79959948197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YY1 tethers Xist RNA to the inactive X nucleation center
    • Jeon, Y. & Lee, J. T. YY1 tethers Xist RNA to the inactive X nucleation center. Cell 146, 119-133 (2011).
    • (2011) Cell , vol.146 , pp. 119-133
    • Jeon, Y.1    Lee, J.T.2
  • 102
    • 0032932528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsix a gene antisense to Xist at the X-inactivation centre
    • Lee, J. T., Davidow, L. S. & Warshawsky, D. Tsix, a gene antisense to Xist at the X-inactivation centre. Nature Genet. 21, 400-404 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature Genet , vol.21 , pp. 400-404
    • Lee, J.T.1    Davidow, L.S.2    Warshawsky, D.3
  • 103
    • 0034730332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of imprinted X inactivation by parent-of-origin effects at Tsix
    • Lee, J. T. Disruption of imprinted X inactivation by parent-of-origin effects at Tsix. Cell 103, 17-27 (2000).
    • (2000) Cell , vol.103 , pp. 17-27
    • Lee, J.T.1
  • 104
    • 33845743589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The DXPas34 repeat regulates random and imprinted X inactivation
    • Cohen, D. E. et al. The DXPas34 repeat regulates random and imprinted X inactivation. Dev. Cell 12, 57-71 (2007).
    • (2007) Dev. Cell , vol.12 , pp. 57-71
    • Cohen, D.E.1
  • 105
    • 45549098196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intersection of the RNA interference and X-inactivation pathways
    • Ogawa, Y., Sun, B. K. & Lee, J. T. Intersection of the RNA interference and X-inactivation pathways. Science 320, 1336-1341 (2008).
    • (2008) Science , vol.320 , pp. 1336-1341
    • Ogawa, Y.1    Sun, B.K.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 106
    • 4644223587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsix transcription-versus RNA-based mechanisms in Xist repression and epigenetic choice
    • Shibata, S. & Lee, J. T. Tsix transcription-versus RNA-based mechanisms in Xist repression and epigenetic choice. Curr. Biol. 14, 1747-1754 (2004).
    • (2004) Curr. Biol , vol.14 , pp. 1747-1754
    • Shibata, S.1    Lee, J.T.2
  • 107
    • 0035964420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A functional role for Tsix transcription in blocking Xist RNA accumulation but not in X-chromosome choice
    • Stavropoulos, N., Lu, N. & Lee, J. T. A functional role for Tsix transcription in blocking Xist RNA accumulation but not in X-chromosome choice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10232-10237 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 10232-10237
    • Stavropoulos, N.1    Lu, N.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 108
    • 0035197920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antisense transcription through the Xist locus mediates Tsix function in embryonic stem cells
    • Luikenhuis, S., Wutz, A. & Jaenisch, R. Antisense transcription through the Xist locus mediates Tsix function in embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 8512-8520 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.21 , pp. 8512-8520
    • Luikenhuis, S.1    Wutz, A.2    Jaenisch, R.3
  • 109
    • 0031832579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the region 3′ to Xist exon 6 in the counting process of X-chromosome inactivation
    • Clerc, P. & Avner, P. Role of the region 3′ to Xist exon 6 in the counting process of X-chromosome inactivation. Nature Genet. 19, 249-253 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature Genet , vol.19 , pp. 249-253
    • Clerc, P.1    Avner, P.2
  • 110
    • 1442338339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The region 3′ to Xist mediates X chromosome counting and H3 Lys-4 dimethylation within the Xist gene
    • Morey, C. et al. The region 3′ to Xist mediates X chromosome counting and H3 Lys-4 dimethylation within the Xist gene. EMBO J. 23, 594-604 (2004).
    • (2004) EMBO J , vol.23 , pp. 594-604
    • Morey, C.1
  • 111
    • 33646538783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An essential role for the DXPas34 tandem repeat and Tsix transcription in the counting process of X chromosome inactivation
    • Vigneau, S., Augui, S., Navarro, P., Avner, P. & Clerc, P. An essential role for the DXPas34 tandem repeat and Tsix transcription in the counting process of X chromosome inactivation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7390-7395 (2006).
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 7390-7395
    • Vigneau, S.1    Augui, S.2    Navarro, P.3    Avner, P.4    Clerc, P.5
  • 112
    • 33645459614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsix-deficient X chromosome does not undergo inactivation in the embryonic lineage in males: Implications for Tsix-independent silencing of Xist
    • Ohhata, T., Hoki, Y., Sasaki, H. & Sado, T. Tsix-deficient X chromosome does not undergo inactivation in the embryonic lineage in males: implications for Tsix-independent silencing of Xist. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 113, 345-349 (2006).
    • (2006) Cytogenet. Genome Res , vol.113 , pp. 345-349
    • Ohhata, T.1    Hoki, Y.2    Sasaki, H.3    Sado, T.4
  • 113
    • 38949194937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crucial role of antisense transcription across the Xist promoter in Tsix-mediated Xist chromatin modification
    • Ohhata, T., Hoki, Y., Sasaki, H. & Sado, T. Crucial role of antisense transcription across the Xist promoter in Tsix-mediated Xist chromatin modification. Development 135, 227-235 (2008).
    • (2008) Development , vol.135 , pp. 227-235
    • Ohhata, T.1    Hoki, Y.2    Sasaki, H.3    Sado, T.4
  • 114
    • 21344460496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsix silences Xist through modification of chromatin structure
    • Sado, T., Hoki, Y. & Sasaki, H. Tsix silences Xist through modification of chromatin structure. Dev. Cell 9, 159-165 (2005).
    • (2005) Dev. Cell , vol.9 , pp. 159-165
    • Sado, T.1    Hoki, Y.2    Sasaki, H.3
  • 115
    • 33846156841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsix defective in splicing is competent to establish Xist silencing
    • Sado, T., Hoki, Y. & Sasaki, H. Tsix defective in splicing is competent to establish Xist silencing. Development 133, 4925-4931 (2006).
    • (2006) Development , vol.133 , pp. 4925-4931
    • Sado, T.1    Hoki, Y.2    Sasaki, H.3
  • 116
    • 0344099527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of TSIX disruption on XIST expression in male ES cells
    • Sado, T., Li, E. & Sasaki, H. Effect of TSIX disruption on XIST expression in male ES cells. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 99, 115-118 (2002).
    • (2002) Cytogenet. Genome Res , vol.99 , pp. 115-118
    • Sado, T.1    Li, E.2    Sasaki, H.3
  • 117
    • 0035030004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in mice by Tsix
    • Sado, T., Wang, Z., Sasaki, H. & Li, E. Regulation of imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in mice by Tsix. Development 128, 1275-1286 (2001).
    • (2001) Development , vol.128 , pp. 1275-1286
    • Sado, T.1    Wang, Z.2    Sasaki, H.3    Li, E.4
  • 118
    • 35649000946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that homologous X-chromosome pairing requires transcription and Ctcf protein
    • Xu, N., Donohoe, M. E., Silva, S. S. & Lee, J. T. Evidence that homologous X-chromosome pairing requires transcription and Ctcf protein. Nature Genet. 39, 1390-1396 (2007).
    • (2007) Nature Genet , vol.39 , pp. 1390-1396
    • Xu, N.1    Donohoe, M.E.2    Silva, S.S.3    Lee, J.T.4
  • 119
    • 33644557773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient homologous chromosome pairing marks the onset of X inactivation
    • Xu, N., Tsai, C. L. & Lee, J. T. Transient homologous chromosome pairing marks the onset of X inactivation. Science 311, 1149-1152 (2006).
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 1149-1152
    • Xu, N.1    Tsai, C.L.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 120
    • 33344461310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A transient heterochromatic state in Xist preempts X inactivation choice without RNA stabilization
    • Sun, B. K., Deaton, A. M. & Lee, J. T. A transient heterochromatic state in Xist preempts X inactivation choice without RNA stabilization. Mol. Cell 21, 617-628 (2006).
    • (2006) Mol. Cell , vol.21 , pp. 617-628
    • Sun, B.K.1    Deaton, A.M.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 121
    • 22344451854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsix transcription across the Xist gene alters chromatin conformation without affecting Xist transcription: Implications for X-chromosome inactivation
    • Navarro, P., Pichard, S., Ciaudo, C., Avner, P. & Rougeulle, C. Tsix transcription across the Xist gene alters chromatin conformation without affecting Xist transcription: implications for X-chromosome inactivation. Genes Dev. 19, 1474-1484 (2005).
    • (2005) Genes Dev , vol.19 , pp. 1474-1484
    • Navarro, P.1    Pichard, S.2    Ciaudo, C.3    Avner, P.4    Rougeulle, C.5
  • 122
    • 59049101616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dicer regulates Xist promoter methylation in ES cells indirectly through transcriptional control of Dnmt3a
    • Nesterova, T. B. et al. Dicer regulates Xist promoter methylation in ES cells indirectly through transcriptional control of Dnmt3a. Epigenetics Chromatin 1, 2 (2008).
    • (2008) Epigenetics Chromatin , vol.1 , pp. 2
    • Nesterova, T.B.1
  • 123
    • 59049090827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X chromosome inactivation in the absence of Dicer
    • Kanellopoulou, C. et al. X chromosome inactivation in the absence of Dicer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1122-1127 (2009).
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 1122-1127
    • Kanellopoulou, C.1
  • 124
    • 0034757204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of TSIX, encoding an RNA antisense to human XIST, reveals differences from its murine counterpart: Implications for X inactivation
    • Migeon, B. R., Chowdhury, A. K., Dunston, J. A. & McIntosh, I. Identification of TSIX, encoding an RNA antisense to human XIST, reveals differences from its murine counterpart: implications for X inactivation. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69, 951-960 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Hum. Genet , vol.69 , pp. 951-960
    • Migeon, B.R.1    Chowdhury, A.K.2    Dunston, J.A.3    McIntosh, I.4
  • 125
    • 0842300104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reply to Is Tsix repression of Xist specific to mouse?
    • Lee, J. T. Reply to "Is Tsix repression of Xist specific to mouse?". Nature Genetics 33, 337-338 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Genetics , vol.33 , pp. 337-338
    • Lee, J.T.1
  • 126
    • 0842300104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Tsix repression of Xist specific to mouse?
    • Migeon, B. R. Is Tsix repression of Xist specific to mouse? Nature Genet. 33, 337 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Genet , vol.33 , pp. 337
    • Migeon, B.R.1
  • 127
    • 15044340643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of developmentally specific enhancers for Tsix in the regulation of X chromosome inactivation
    • Stavropoulos, N., Rowntree, R. K. & Lee, J. T. Identification of developmentally specific enhancers for Tsix in the regulation of X chromosome inactivation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 2757-2769 (2005).
    • (2005) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.25 , pp. 2757-2769
    • Stavropoulos, N.1    Rowntree, R.K.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 128
    • 0037349309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-inactivation intergenic transcription elements that regulate the probability of choice
    • Ogawa, Y. & Lee, J. T. Xite, X-inactivation intergenic transcription elements that regulate the probability of choice. Mol. Cell 11, 731-743 (2003).
    • (2003) Mol. Cell , vol.11 , pp. 731-743
    • Ogawa, Y.1    Xite, T.L.J.2
  • 129
    • 60749087716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A proximal conserved repeat in the Xist gene is essential as a genomic element for X-inactivation in mouse
    • Hoki, Y. et al. A proximal conserved repeat in the Xist gene is essential as a genomic element for X-inactivation in mouse. Development 136, 139-146 (2009).
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 139-146
    • Hoki, Y.1
  • 130
    • 0042622519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of expression at the human XIST locus in somatic, embryonal carcinoma, and transgenic cell lines
    • Chow, J. C., Hall, L. L., Clemson, C. M., Lawrence, J. B. & Brown, C. J. Characterization of expression at the human XIST locus in somatic, embryonal carcinoma, and transgenic cell lines. Genomics 82, 309-322 (2003).
    • (2003) Genomics , vol.82 , pp. 309-322
    • Chow, J.C.1    Hall, L.L.2    Clemson, C.M.3    Lawrence, J.B.4    Brown, C.J.5
  • 131
    • 0036993322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enox a novel gene that maps 10 kb upstream of Xist and partially escapes X inactivation
    • Johnston, C. M., Newall, A. E., Brockdorff, N. & Nesterova, T. B. Enox, a novel gene that maps 10 kb upstream of Xist and partially escapes X inactivation. Genomics 80, 236-244 (2002).
    • (2002) Genomics , vol.80 , pp. 236-244
    • Johnston, C.M.1    Newall, A.E.2    Brockdorff, N.3    Nesterova, T.B.4
  • 132
    • 0036073174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative sequence analysis of the X-inactivation center region in mouse, human, and bovine
    • Chureau, C. et al. Comparative sequence analysis of the X-inactivation center region in mouse, human, and bovine. Genome Res. 12, 894-908 (2002).
    • (2002) Genome Res , vol.12 , pp. 894-908
    • Chureau, C.1
  • 133
    • 77958472025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long noncoding RNA, Jpx, is a molecular switch for X chromosome inactivation
    • Tian, D., Sun, S. & Lee, J. T. The long noncoding RNA, Jpx, is a molecular switch for X chromosome inactivation. Cell 143, 390-403 (2010).
    • (2010) Cell , vol.143 , pp. 390-403
    • Tian, D.1    Sun, S.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 134
    • 70449840392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNF12 is an X-encoded dose-dependent activator of X chromosome inactivation
    • Jonkers, I. et al. RNF12 is an X-encoded dose-dependent activator of X chromosome inactivation. Cell 139, 999-1011 (2009).
    • (2009) Cell , vol.139 , pp. 999-1011
    • Jonkers, I.1
  • 135
    • 79851493511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNF12 activates Xist and is essential for X chromosome inactivation
    • Barakat, T. S. et al. RNF12 activates Xist and is essential for X chromosome inactivation. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002001 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS Genet , vol.7
    • Barakat, T.S.1
  • 136
    • 77958601446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal Rnf12/RLIM is required for imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in mice
    • Shin, J. et al. Maternal Rnf12/RLIM is required for imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in mice. Nature 467, 977-981 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 977-981
    • Shin, J.1
  • 137
    • 0344226379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 94 kb genomic sequence 3′ to the murine Xist gene reveals an at rich region containing a new testis specific gene Tsx
    • Simmler, M. C. et al. A 94 kb genomic sequence 3′ to the murine Xist gene reveals an AT rich region containing a new testis specific gene Tsx. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5, 1713-1726 (1996).
    • (1996) Hum. Mol. Genet , vol.5 , pp. 1713-1726
    • Simmler, M.C.1
  • 138
    • 0032534876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mouse Tsx gene is expressed in Sertoli cells of the adult testis and transiently in premeiotic germ cells during puberty
    • Cunningham, D. B., Segretain, D., Arnaud, D., Rogner, U. C. & Avner, P. The mouse Tsx gene is expressed in Sertoli cells of the adult testis and transiently in premeiotic germ cells during puberty. Dev. Biol. 204, 345-360 (1998).
    • (1998) Dev. Biol , vol.204 , pp. 345-360
    • Cunningham, D.B.1    Segretain, D.2    Arnaud, D.3    Rogner, U.C.4    Avner, P.5
  • 139
    • 80053444842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsx produces a long noncoding RNA and has general functions in the germline, stem cells, and brain
    • Anguera, M. et al. Tsx produces a long noncoding RNA and has general functions in the germline, stem cells, and brain. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002248 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS Genet , vol.7
    • Anguera, M.1
  • 140
    • 78751698195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ftx is a non-coding RNA which affects Xist expression and chromatin structure within the X-inactivation center region
    • Chureau, C. et al. Ftx is a non-coding RNA which affects Xist expression and chromatin structure within the X-inactivation center region. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20, 705-718 (2010).
    • (2010) Hum. Mol. Genet , vol.20 , pp. 705-718
    • Chureau, C.1
  • 141
    • 0028954556 scopus 로고
    • Xce haplotypes show modified methylation in a region of the active X chromosome lying 3′ to Xist
    • Courtier, B., Heard, E. & Avner, P. Xce haplotypes show modified methylation in a region of the active X chromosome lying 3′ to Xist. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3531-3535 (1995).
    • (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 3531-3535
    • Courtier, B.1    Heard, E.2    Avner, P.3
  • 142
    • 67650076211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pluripotency factor Oct4 interacts with Ctcf and also controls X-chromosome pairing and counting
    • Donohoe, M. E., Silva, S. S., Pinter, S. F., Xu, N. & Lee, J. T. The pluripotency factor Oct4 interacts with Ctcf and also controls X-chromosome pairing and counting. Nature 460, 128-132 (2009).
    • (2009) Nature , vol.460 , pp. 128-132
    • Donohoe, M.E.1    Silva, S.S.2    Pinter, S.F.3    Xu, N.4    Lee, J.T.5
  • 143
    • 78549258489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular coupling of Tsix regulation and pluripotency
    • Navarro, P. et al. Molecular coupling of Tsix regulation and pluripotency. Nature 468, 457-460 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.468 , pp. 457-460
    • Navarro, P.1
  • 144
    • 52249096815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular coupling of Xist regulation and pluripotency
    • Navarro, P. et al. Molecular coupling of Xist regulation and pluripotency. Science 321, 1693-1695 (2008).
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 1693-1695
    • Navarro, P.1
  • 145
    • 0021769663 scopus 로고
    • Chromatin structure of active and inactive human X chromosomes
    • Riley, D. E., Canfield, T. K. & Gartler, S. M. Chromatin structure of active and inactive human X chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 1829-1845 (1984).
    • (1984) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.12 , pp. 1829-1845
    • Riley, D.E.1    Canfield, T.K.2    Gartler, S.M.3
  • 146
    • 0020691216 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of transformation efficiency of human active and inactive X-chromosomal DNA
    • Venolia, L. & Gartler, S. M. Comparison of transformation efficiency of human active and inactive X-chromosomal DNA. Nature 302, 82-83 (1983).
    • (1983) Nature , vol.302 , pp. 82-83
    • Venolia, L.1    Gartler, S.M.2
  • 147
    • 33646743365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The X chromosome is organized into a gene-rich outer rim and an internal core containing silenced nongenic sequences
    • Clemson, C. M., Hall, L. L., Byron, M., McNeil, J. & Lawrence, J. B. The X chromosome is organized into a gene-rich outer rim and an internal core containing silenced nongenic sequences. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7688-7693 (2006).
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 7688-7693
    • Clemson, C.M.1    Hall, L.L.2    Byron, M.3    McNeil, J.4    Lawrence, J.B.5
  • 148
    • 33746076412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel role for Xist RNA in the formation of a repressive nuclear compartment into which genes are recruited when silenced
    • Chaumeil, J., Le Baccon, P., Wutz, A. & Heard, E. A novel role for Xist RNA in the formation of a repressive nuclear compartment into which genes are recruited when silenced. Genes Dev. 20, 2223-2237 (2006).
    • (2006) Genes Dev , vol.20 , pp. 2223-2237
    • Chaumeil, J.1    Le Baccon, P.2    Wutz, A.3    Heard, E.4
  • 149
    • 10644221120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple spatially distinct types of facultative heterochromatin on the human inactive X chromosome
    • Chadwick, B. P. & Willard, H. F. Multiple spatially distinct types of facultative heterochromatin on the human inactive X chromosome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 17450-17455 (2004).
    • (2004) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.101 , pp. 17450-17455
    • Chadwick, B.P.1    Willard, H.F.2
  • 150
    • 79959952919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inactive X chromosome adopts a unique three-dimensional conformation that is dependent on Xist RNA
    • Splinter, E. et al. The inactive X chromosome adopts a unique three-dimensional conformation that is dependent on Xist RNA. Genes Dev. 25, 1371-1383 (2011).
    • (2011) Genes Dev , vol.25 , pp. 1371-1383
    • Splinter, E.1
  • 151
    • 0842303342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lyon and the LINE hypothesis. Semin
    • Lyon, M. F. The Lyon and the LINE hypothesis. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 14, 313-318 (2003).
    • (2003) Cell Dev. Biol , vol.14 , pp. 313-318
    • Lyon, M.F.1
  • 152
    • 0034612238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular evidence for a relationship between LINE-1 elements and X chromosome inactivation: The Lyon repeat hypothesis
    • Bailey, J. A., Carrel, L., Chakravarti, A. & Eichler, E. E. Molecular evidence for a relationship between LINE-1 elements and X chromosome inactivation: the Lyon repeat hypothesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6634-6639 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 6634-6639
    • Bailey, J.A.1    Carrel, L.2    Chakravarti, A.3    Eichler, E.E.4
  • 153
    • 33749368402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of influence of genomic DNA sequence on human X chromosome inactivation
    • Wang, Z., Willard, H. F., Mukherjee, S. & Furey, T. S. Evidence of influence of genomic DNA sequence on human X chromosome inactivation. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2, e113 (2006).
    • (2006) PLoS Comput. Biol , vol.2
    • Wang, Z.1    Willard, H.F.2    Mukherjee, S.3    Furey, T.S.4
  • 154
    • 77953703353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LINE-1 activity in facultative heterochromatin formation during X chromosome inactivation
    • Chow, J. C. et al. LINE-1 activity in facultative heterochromatin formation during X chromosome inactivation. Cell 141, 956-969 (2010).
    • (2010) Cell , vol.141 , pp. 956-969
    • Chow, J.C.1
  • 155
    • 67650674335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X chromosome inactivation and Xist evolution in a rodent lacking LINE-1 activity
    • Cantrell, M. A., Carstens, B. C. & Wichman, H. A. X chromosome inactivation and Xist evolution in a rodent lacking LINE-1 activity. PLoS ONE 4, e6252 (2009).
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4
    • Cantrell, M.A.1    Carstens, B.C.2    Wichman, H.A.3
  • 157
    • 77950354829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Trithorax group protein Ash2l and Saf-A are recruited to the inactive X chromosome at the onset of stable X inactivation
    • Pullirsch, D. et al. The Trithorax group protein Ash2l and Saf-A are recruited to the inactive X chromosome at the onset of stable X inactivation. Development 137, 935-943 (2010).
    • (2010) Development , vol.137 , pp. 935-943
    • Pullirsch, D.1
  • 158
    • 77956607961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The matrix protein hnRNP U is required for chromosomal localization of Xist RNA
    • Hasegawa, Y., Brockdorff, N., Kawano, S., Tsutui, K. & Nakagawa, S. The matrix protein hnRNP U is required for chromosomal localization of Xist RNA. Dev. Cell 19, 469-476 (2010).
    • (2010) Dev. Cell , vol.19 , pp. 469-476
    • Hasegawa, Y.1    Brockdorff, N.2    Kawano, S.3    Tsutui, K.4    Nakagawa, S.5
  • 159
    • 0347355216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) is concentrated in inactive X chromosome territories through its RGG domain
    • Helbig, R. & Fackelmayer, F. O. Scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) is concentrated in inactive X chromosome territories through its RGG domain. Chromosoma 112, 173-182 (2003).
    • (2003) Chromosoma , vol.112 , pp. 173-182
    • Helbig, R.1    Fackelmayer, F.O.2
  • 160
    • 64549153094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SATB1 defines the developmental context for gene silencing by Xist in lymphoma and embryonic cells
    • Agrelo, R. et al. SATB1 defines the developmental context for gene silencing by Xist in lymphoma and embryonic cells. Dev. Cell 16, 507-516 (2009).
    • (2009) Dev. Cell , vol.16 , pp. 507-516
    • Agrelo, R.1
  • 161
    • 34249006523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinucleolar targeting of the inactive X during S phase: Evidence for a role in the maintenance of silencing
    • Zhang, L. F., Huynh, K. D. & Lee, J. T. Perinucleolar targeting of the inactive X during S phase: evidence for a role in the maintenance of silencing. Cell 129, 693-706 (2007).
    • (2007) Cell , vol.129 , pp. 693-706
    • Zhang, L.F.1    Huynh, K.D.2    Lee, J.T.3
  • 162
    • 77958197135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape from X inactivation in mice and humans
    • Berletch, J. B., Yang, F. & Disteche, C. M. Escape from X inactivation in mice and humans. Genome Biol. 11, 213 (2010).
    • (2010) Genome Biol , vol.11 , pp. 213
    • Berletch, J.B.1    Yang, F.2    Disteche, C.M.3
  • 163
    • 0033435207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A first-generation X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome
    • Carrel, L., Cottle, A. A., Goglin, K. C. & Willard, H. F. A first-generation X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 14440-14444 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 14440-14444
    • Carrel, L.1    Cottle, A.A.2    Goglin, K.C.3    Willard, H.F.4
  • 164
    • 15244353967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
    • Carrel, L. & Willard, H. F. X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature 434, 400-404 (2005).
    • (2005) Nature , vol.434 , pp. 400-404
    • Carrel, L.1    Willard, H.F.2
  • 166
    • 11244258156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boundaries between chromosomal domains of X inactivation and escape bind CTCF and lack CpG methylation during early development
    • Filippova, G. N. et al. Boundaries between chromosomal domains of X inactivation and escape bind CTCF and lack CpG methylation during early development. Dev. Cell 8, 31-42 (2005).
    • (2005) Dev. Cell , vol.8 , pp. 31-42
    • Filippova, G.N.1
  • 167
    • 55949099351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape from X chromosome inactivation is an intrinsic property of the Jarid1c locus
    • Li, N. & Carrel, L. Escape from X chromosome inactivation is an intrinsic property of the Jarid1c locus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17055-17060 (2008).
    • (2008) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 17055-17060
    • Li, N.1    Carrel, L.2
  • 168
    • 33644751726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient colocalization of X-inactivation centres accompanies the initiation of X inactivation
    • Bacher, C. P. et al. Transient colocalization of X-inactivation centres accompanies the initiation of X inactivation. Nature Cell Biol. 8, 293-299 (2006).
    • (2006) Nature Cell Biol , vol.8 , pp. 293-299
    • Bacher, C.P.1
  • 169
    • 0030043993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homologous association of oppositely imprinted chromosomal domains
    • LaSalle, J. M. & Lalande, M. Homologous association of oppositely imprinted chromosomal domains. Science 272, 725-728 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 725-728
    • Lasalle, J.M.1    Lalande, M.2
  • 170
    • 67349228524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAG-1 and ATM coordinate monoallelic recombination and nuclear positioning of immunoglobulin loci
    • Hewitt, S. L. et al. RAG-1 and ATM coordinate monoallelic recombination and nuclear positioning of immunoglobulin loci. Nature Immunol. 10, 655-664 (2009).
    • (2009) Nature Immunol , vol.10 , pp. 655-664
    • Hewitt, S.L.1
  • 171
    • 36849038994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensing X chromosome pairs before X inactivation via a novel X-pairing region of the Xic
    • Augui, S. et al. Sensing X chromosome pairs before X inactivation via a novel X-pairing region of the Xic. Science 318, 1632-1636 (2007).
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 1632-1636
    • Augui, S.1
  • 172
    • 79952263739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Xpr (Xpct) reveals instability but no effects on X-chromosome pairing or Xist expression
    • Sun, S., Fukue, Y., Nolen, L., Sadreyev, R. I. & Lee, J. T. Characterization of Xpr (Xpct) reveals instability but no effects on X-chromosome pairing or Xist expression. Transcr. 1, 46-56 (2010).
    • (2010) Transcr , vol.1 , pp. 46-56
    • Sun, S.1    Fukue, Y.2    Nolen, L.3    Sadreyev, R.I.4    Lee, J.T.5
  • 173
    • 79955540235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Live-cell chromosome dynamics and outcome of X chromosome pairing events during ES cell differentiation
    • Masui, O. et al. Live-cell chromosome dynamics and outcome of X chromosome pairing events during ES cell differentiation. Cell 145, 447-458 (2011).
    • (2011) Cell , vol.145 , pp. 447-458
    • Masui, O.1
  • 174
    • 33847770917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symmetry-breaking model for X-chromosome inactivation
    • Nicodemi, M. & Prisco, A. Symmetry-breaking model for X-chromosome inactivation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 108104 (2007).
    • (2007) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.98 , pp. 108104
    • Nicodemi, M.1    Prisco, A.2
  • 175
    • 34249088350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide transcription and the implications for genomic organization
    • Kapranov, P., Willingham, A. T. & Gingeras, T. R. Genome-wide transcription and the implications for genomic organization. Nature Rev. Genet. 8, 413-423 (2007).
    • (2007) Nature Rev. Genet , vol.8 , pp. 413-423
    • Kapranov, P.1    Willingham, A.T.2    Gingeras, T.R.3
  • 176
    • 60149099385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs
    • Ponting, C. P., Oliver, P. L. & Reik, W. Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell 136, 629-641 (2009).
    • (2009) Cell , vol.136 , pp. 629-641
    • Ponting, C.P.1    Oliver, P.L.2    Reik, W.3
  • 177
    • 24644519490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome
    • Carninci, P. et al. The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science 309, 1559-1563 (2005).
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 1559-1563
    • Carninci, P.1
  • 178
    • 33745125901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene
    • Duret, L., Chureau, C., Samain, S., Weissenbach, J. & Avner, P. The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene. Science 312, 1653-1655 (2006).
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 1653-1655
    • Duret, L.1    Chureau, C.2    Samain, S.3    Weissenbach, J.4    Avner, P.5
  • 179
    • 69249235745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from X-chromosome inactivation: Long ncRNA as guides and tethers to the epigenome
    • Lee, J. T. Lessons from X-chromosome inactivation: long ncRNA as guides and tethers to the epigenome. Genes Dev. 23, 1831-1842 (2009).
    • (2009) Genes Dev , vol.23 , pp. 1831-1842
    • Lee, J.T.1
  • 180
    • 78650240738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The X as model for RNA's niche in epigenomic regulation
    • Lee, J. T. The X as model for RNA's niche in epigenomic regulation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2, a003749 (2010).
    • (2010) Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol , vol.2
    • Lee, J.T.1
  • 181
    • 78650253763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq
    • Zhao, J. et al. Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq. Mol. Cell 40, 939-953 (2010).
    • (2010) Mol. Cell , vol.40 , pp. 939-953
    • Zhao, J.1
  • 182
    • 67650921949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression
    • Khalil, A. M. et al. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (2009).
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA
    • Khalil, A.M.1
  • 183
    • 77953107585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short RNAs are transcribed from repressed Polycomb target genes and interact with Polycomb repressive complex-2
    • Kanhere, A. et al. Short RNAs are transcribed from repressed Polycomb target genes and interact with Polycomb repressive complex-2. Mol. Cell 38, 675-688 (2010).
    • (2010) Mol. Cell , vol.38 , pp. 675-688
    • Kanhere, A.1
  • 184
    • 79953858658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No-nonsense functions for long noncoding RNAs
    • Nagano, T. & Fraser, P. No-nonsense functions for long noncoding RNAs. Cell 145, 178-181 (2011).
    • (2011) Cell , vol.145 , pp. 178-181
    • Nagano, T.1    Fraser, P.2
  • 185
    • 78649339069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long noncoding RNA in genome regulation: Prospects and mechanisms
    • Hung., T. & Chang, H. Y. Long noncoding RNA in genome regulation: prospects and mechanisms. RNA Biol. 7, 582-585 (2010).
    • (2010) RNA Biol , vol.7 , pp. 582-585
    • Hung, T.1    Chang, H.Y.2
  • 186
    • 77957243921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long noncoding RNAs with enhancer-like function in human cells
    • Orom, U. A. et al. Long noncoding RNAs with enhancer-like function in human cells. Cell 143, 46-58 (2010).
    • (2010) Cell , vol.143 , pp. 46-58
    • Orom, U.A.1
  • 187
    • 79953748673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression
    • Wang, K. C. et al. A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression. Nature 472, 120-124 (2011).
    • (2011) Nature , vol.472 , pp. 120-124
    • Wang, K.C.1
  • 189
    • 42449163490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-inactivation in female human embryonic stem cells is in a nonrandom pattern and prone to epigenetic alterations
    • Shen, Y. et al. X-inactivation in female human embryonic stem cells is in a nonrandom pattern and prone to epigenetic alterations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4709-4714 (2008).
    • (2008) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 4709-4714
    • Shen, Y.1
  • 190
    • 44449159596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-inactivation reveals epigenetic anomalies in most hESC but identifies sublines that initiate as expected
    • Hall, L. L. et al. X-inactivation reveals epigenetic anomalies in most hESC but identifies sublines that initiate as expected. J. Cell. Physiol. 216, 445-452 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Cell. Physiol , vol.216 , pp. 445-452
    • Hall, L.L.1
  • 191
    • 11144346999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes
    • Grutzner, F. et al. In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes. Nature 432, 913-917 (2004).
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , pp. 913-917
    • Grutzner, F.1
  • 192
    • 79955482843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eutherian mammals use diverse strategies to initiate X-chromosome inactivation during development
    • Okamoto, I. et al. Eutherian mammals use diverse strategies to initiate X-chromosome inactivation during development. Nature 472, 370-374 (2011).
    • (2011) Nature , vol.472 , pp. 370-374
    • Okamoto, I.1
  • 193
    • 33646481643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation at an epigenetically sensitive allele in mice
    • Blewitt, M. E., Vickaryous, N. K., Paldi, A., Koseki, H. & Whitelaw, E. Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation at an epigenetically sensitive allele in mice. PLoS Genet. 2, e49 (2006).
    • (2006) PLoS Genet , vol.2
    • Blewitt, M.E.1    Vickaryous, N.K.2    Paldi, A.3    Koseki, H.4    Whitelaw, E.5
  • 194
    • 42649100978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SmcHD1, containing a structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes hinge domain, has a critical role in X inactivation
    • Blewitt, M. E. et al. SmcHD1, containing a structural-maintenance-of- chromosomes hinge domain, has a critical role in X inactivation. Nature Genet. 40, 663-669 (2008).
    • (2008) Nature Genet , vol.40 , pp. 663-669
    • Blewitt, M.E.1
  • 195
    • 0030087880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of chromosomal sex determination and dosage compensation
    • Charlesworth, B. The evolution of chromosomal sex determination and dosage compensation. Curr. Biol. 6, 149-162 (1996).
    • (1996) Curr. Biol , vol.6 , pp. 149-162
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 196
    • 33644761962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex chromosome specialization and degeneration in mammals
    • Graves, J. A. Sex chromosome specialization and degeneration in mammals. Cell 124, 901-914 (2006).
    • (2006) Cell , vol.124 , pp. 901-914
    • Graves, J.A.1
  • 197
    • 34548292733 scopus 로고
    • More about the mammalian X chromosome
    • Ohno, S. More about the mammalian X chromosome. Lancet 2, 152-153 (1962).
    • (1962) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 152-153
    • Ohno, S.1
  • 198
    • 38749117957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosage compensation in the mouse balances up-regulation and silencing of X-linked genes
    • Lin, H. et al. Dosage compensation in the mouse balances up-regulation and silencing of X-linked genes. PLoS Biol. 5, e326 (2007).
    • (2007) PLoS Biol , vol.5
    • Lin, H.1
  • 199
    • 29444455049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosage compensation of the active X chromosome in mammals
    • Nguyen, D. K. & Disteche, C. M. Dosage compensation of the active X chromosome in mammals. Nature Genet. 38, 47-53 (2006).
    • (2006) Nature Genet , vol.38 , pp. 47-53
    • Nguyen, D.K.1    Disteche, C.M.2
  • 200
    • 78649458548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA sequencing shows no dosage compensation of the active X-chromosome
    • Xiong, Y. et al. RNA sequencing shows no dosage compensation of the active X-chromosome. Nature Genet. 42, 1043-1047 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature Genet , vol.42 , pp. 1043-1047
    • Xiong, Y.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.