Current drug targets for modulating Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein: Role of specific micro-RNA species

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 18, Issue 22, 2011, Pages 3314-3321

  Long, J M ^a   Lahiri, D K ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Amyloid; APP expression; Brain disorders; CNS; Dementia; Drug target; MicroRNA 101; Neurodegeneration; Neuronal; Non coding RNA; Post transcriptional

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-40]; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-42]; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; BETA SECRETASE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CURCUMIN; DIAZOXIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MEMANTINE; MICRORNA; RIVASTIGMINE; S ALLYLCYSTEINE;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BIOGENESIS; COGNITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE COURSE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE REGULATORY NETWORK; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING;

AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN PRECURSOR; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY;

EID: 79961045911     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986711796504592     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (131)

1. Alzheimer's Association. 2010 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement, 2010, 6(2), 158-194.
2. Hebert, L.E.; Scherr, P.A.; Bienias, J.L.; Bennett, D.A.; Evans, D.A. Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Archives of neurology, 2003, 60(8), 1119-1122. (Pubitemid 36975801)
3. Raina, P.; Santaguida, P.; Ismaila, A.; Patterson, C.; Cowan, D.; Levine, M.; Booker, L.; Oremus, M. Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med, 2008, 148(5), 379-397. (Pubitemid 351665469)
4. Lahiri, D.K.; Farlow, M.R.; Sambamurti, K.; Greig, N.H.; Giacobini, E.; Schneider, L.S. A critical analysis of new molecular targets and strategies for drug developments in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Drug Targets, 2003, 4(2), 97-112. (Pubitemid 36553583)
5. Schneider, L.S.; Insel, P.S.; Weiner, M.W. Treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine of patients in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Archives of neurology, 2011, 68(1), 58-66.
6. Alley, G.M.; Bailey, J.A.; Chen, D.; Ray, B.; Puli, L.K.; Tanila, H.; Banerjee, P.K.; Lahiri, D.K. Memantine lowers amyloid-beta peptide levels in neuronal cultures and in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. J Neurosci Res, 2010, 88(1), 143-154.
7. Bailey, J.A.; Lahiri, D.K. A novel effect of rivastigmine on pre-synaptic proteins and neuronal viability in a neurodegeneration model of fetal rat primary cortical cultures and its implication in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem, 2010, 112(4), 843-853.
8. Why are drug trials in Alzheimer's disease failing? Lancet, 2010, 376(9742), 658.
9. Becker, R.E.; Greig, N.H. Why so few drugs for Alzheimer's disease? Are methods failing drugs? Curr Alzheimer Res, 2010, 7(7), 642-651.
10. Schneider, L.S.; Lahiri, D.K. The perils of Alzheimer's drug development. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2009, 6(1), 77-78.
11. Lahiri, D.K.; Maloney, B.; Zawia, N.H. The LEARn model: an epigenetic explanation for idiopathic neurobiological diseases. Mol Psychiatry, 2009, 14(11), 992-1003.
12. Nelson, P.T.; Braak, H.; Markesbery, W.R. Neuropathology and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease: a complex but coherent relationship. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2009, 68(1), 1-14.
13. Terry, R.D.; Masliah, E.; Salmon, D.P.; Butters, N.; DeTeresa, R.; Hill, R.; Hansen, L.A.; Katzman, R. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol, 1991, 30(4), 572-580.
14. Hardy, J.A.; Higgins, G.A. Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science, 1992, 256(5054), 184-185.
15. Hardy, J.; Selkoe, D.J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science, 2002, 297(5580), 353-356. (Pubitemid 34790756)
16. Querfurth, H.W.; LaFerla, F.M. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(4), 329-344.
17. Sambamurti, K.; Suram, A.; Venugopal, C.; Prakasam, A.; Zhou, Y.; Lahiri, D.K.; Greig, N.H. A partial failure of membrane protein turnover may cause Alzheimer's disease: a new hypothesis. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2006, 3(1), 81-90.
18. Thinakaran, G.; Koo, E.H. Amyloid precursor protein trafficking, processing, and function. J Biol Chem, 2008, 283(44), 29615-29619.
19. Tanzi, R.E.; Bertram, L. Twenty years of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid hypothesis: a genetic perspective. Cell, 2005, 120(4), 545-555. (Pubitemid 40269768)
20. Rovelet-Lecrux, A.; Hannequin, D.; Raux, G.; Le Meur, N.; Laquerriere, A.; Vital, A.; Dumanchin, C.; Feuillette, S.; Brice, A.; Vercelletto, M.; Dubas, F.; Frebourg, T.; Campion, D. APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Nat Genet, 2006, 38(1), 24-26. (Pubitemid 43011878)
21. Rumble, B.; Retallack, R.; Hilbich, C.; Simms, G.; Multhaup, G.; Martins, R.; Hockey, A.; Montgomery, P.; Beyreuther, K.; Masters, C.L. Amyloid A4 protein and its precursor in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med, 1989, 320(22), 1446-1452. (Pubitemid 19143709)
22. Theuns, J.; Brouwers, N.; Engelborghs, S.; Sleegers, K.; Bogaerts, V.; Corsmit, E.; De Pooter, T.; van Duijn, C.M.; De Deyn, P.P.; Van Broeckhoven, C. Promoter mutations that increase amyloid precursor-protein expression are associated with Alzheimer disease. Am J Hum Genet, 2006, 78(6), 936-946. (Pubitemid 43787686)
23. Lahiri, D.K.; Ge, Y.W.; Maloney, B.; Wavrant-De Vrieze, F.; Hardy, J. Characterization of two APP gene promoter polymorphisms that appear to influence risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging, 2005, 26(10), 1329-1341. (Pubitemid 41483761)
24. Bertram, L.; Lill, C.M.; Tanzi, R.E. The genetics of Alzheimer disease: back to the future. Neuron, 2010, 68(2), 270-281.
25. Kim, J.; Basak, J.M.; Holtzman, D.M. The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron, 2009, 63(3), 287-303.
26. Walsh, D.M.; Selkoe, D.J. A oligomers - a decade of discovery J Neurochem, 2007, 101(5), 1172-1184.
27. Pimplikar, S.W.; Nixon, R.A.; Robakis, N.K.; Shen, J.; Tsai, L.H. Amyloidindependent mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci, 2010, 30(45), 14946-14954.
28. Salehi, A.; Delcroix, J.D.; Belichenko, P.V.; Zhan, K.; Wu, C.; Valletta, J.S.; Takimoto-Kimura, R.; Kleschevnikov, A.M.; Sambamurti, K.; Chung, P.P.; Xia, W.; Villar, A.; Campbell, W.A.; Kulnane, L.S.; Nixon, R.A.; Lamb, B.T.; Epstein, C.J.; Stokin, G.B.; Goldstein, L.S.; Mobley, W.C. Increased App expression in a mouse model of Down's syndrome disrupts NGF transport and causes cholinergic neuron degeneration. Neuron, 2006, 51(1), 29-42. (Pubitemid 43963336)
29. Jiang, Y.; Mullaney, K.A.; Peterhoff, C.M.; Che, S.; Schmidt, S.D.; Boyer- Boiteau, A.; Ginsberg, S.D.; Cataldo, A.M.; Mathews, P.M.; Nixon, R.A. Alzheimer's-related endosome dysfunction in Down syndrome is Aβ- independent but requires APP and is reversed by BACE-1 inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010, 107(4), 1630-1635.
30. Cataldo, A.M.; Petanceska, S.; Peterhoff, C.M.; Terio, N.B.; Epstein, C.J.; Villar, A.; Carlson, E.J.; Staufenbiel, M.; Nixon, R.A. App gene dosage modulates endosomal abnormalities of Alzheimer's disease in a segmental trisomy 16 mouse model of down syndrome. J Neurosci, 2003, 23(17), 6788-6792. (Pubitemid 36951206)
31. Greig, N.H.; Utsuki, T.; Ingram, D.K.; Wang, Y.; Pepeu, G.; Scali, C.; Yu, Q.S.; Mamczarz, J.; Holloway, H.W.; Giordano, T.; Chen, D.; Furukawa, K.; Sambamurti, K.; Brossi, A.; Lahiri, D.K. Selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibition elevates brain acetylcholine, augments learning and lowers Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide in rodent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005, 102(47), 17213-17218. (Pubitemid 41692709)
32. Liu, D.; Pitta, M.; Lee, J.H.; Ray, B.; Lahiri, D.K.; Furukawa, K.; Mughal, M.; Jiang, H.; Villarreal, J.; Cutler, R.G.; Greig, N.H.; Mattson, M.P. The KATP channel activator diazoxide ameliorates amyloid-beta and tau pathologies and improves memory in the 3xTgAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2010, 22(2), 443-457.
33. Ray, B.; Chauhan, N.B.; Lahiri, D.K. Oxidative insults to neurons and synapse are prevented by Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) and S-allyl-L-Cysteine (SAC) treatment in the neuronal culture and APP-Tg mouse model. J Neurochem, 2010.
34. Ray, B.; Chauhan, N.B.; Lahiri, D.K. The "aged garlic extract" (AGE) and one of its active ingredients S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) as potential preventive and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Curr Med Chem, 2011, 18(?).
35. Ono, K.; Hasegawa, K.; Naiki, H.; Yamada, M. Curcumin has potent antiamyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. J Neurosci Res, 2004, 75(6), 742-750. (Pubitemid 38296087)
36. Ray, B.; Bisht, S.; Maitra, A.; Lahiri, D.K. Neuroprotective and neurorescue effects of a novel polymeric nanoparticle formulation of curcumin (NanoCurc) in the neuronal cell culture and animal model: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2011, 23(1), 61-77.
37. Ghosh, A.K.; Kumaragurubaran, N.; Hong, L.; Koelsh, G.; Tang, J. Memapsin 2 (beta-secretase) inhibitors: drug development. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2008, 5(2), 121-131. (Pubitemid 351536337)
38. Mangialasche, F.; Solomon, A.; Winblad, B.; Mecocci, P.; Kivipelto, M. Alzheimer's disease: clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol, 2010, 9(7), 702-716.
39. Sambamurti, K.; Greig, N.H.; Utsuki, T.; Barnwell, E.L.; Sharma, E.; Mazell, C.; Bhat, N.R.; Kindy, M.S.; Lahiri, D.K.; Pappolla, M.A. Targets for AD treatment: conflicting messages from gamma-secretase inhibitors. J Neurochem, 2011.
40. Siemers, E.R.; Friedrich, S.; Dean, R.A.; Gonzales, C.R.; Farlow, M.R.; Paul, S.M.; Demattos, R.B. Safety and changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta after a single administration of an amyloid beta monoclonal antibody in subjects with Alzheimer disease. Clin Neuropharmacol, 2010, 33(2), 67-73.
41. Dodel, R.; Neff, F.; Noelker, C.; Pul, R.; Du, Y.; Bacher, M.; Oertel, W. Intravenous immunoglobulins as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease: rationale and current evidence. Drugs, 2010, 70(5), 513-528.
42. Poon, H.F.; Joshi, G.; Sultana, R.; Farr, S.A.; Banks, W.A.; Morley, J.E.; Calabrese, V.; Butterfield, D.A. Antisense directed at the Abeta region of APP decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice. Brain Res, 2004, 1018(1), 86-96. (Pubitemid 38942865)
43. Sokol, D.K.; Chen, D.; Farlow, M.R.; Dunn, D.W.; Maloney, B.; Zimmer, J.A.; Lahiri, D.K. High levels of Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in children with severely autistic behavior and aggression. J Child Neurol, 2006, 21(6), 444-449. (Pubitemid 44069791)
44. Ray, B.; Long, J.M.; Sokol, D.K.; Lahiri, D.K. Increased secreted amyloid precursor protein-α (sAPPα) in severe autism: Proposal of a specific, anabolic pathway and putative biomarker. PLoS One, 2011, In press.
45. Sokol, D.K.; Maloney, B.; Long, J.M.; Ray, B.; Lahiri, D.K. Autism, Alzheimer disease, and fragile X: APP, FMRP, and mGluR5 are molecular links. Neurology, 2011, 76(15), 1344-1352.
46. Rogers, J.T.; Randall, J.D.; Eder, P.S.; Huang, X.; Bush, A.I.; Tanzi, R.E.; Venti, A.; Payton, S.M.; Giordano, T.; Nagano, S.; Cahill, C.M.; Moir, R.; Lahiri, D.K.; Greig, N.; Sarang, S.S.; Gullans, S.R. Alzheimer's disease drug discovery targeted to the APP mRNA 5'untranslated region. J Mol Neurosci, 2002, 19(1-2), 77-82. (Pubitemid 35013337)
47. Long, J.M.; Lahiri, D.K. MicroRNA-101 downregulates Alzheimer's amyloid-beta precursor protein levels in human cell cultures and is differentially expressed. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011, 404(4), 889-895.
48. Ge, Y.W.; Lahiri, D.K. Regulation of promoter activity of the APP gene by cytokines and growth factors: implications in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002, 973, 463-467. (Pubitemid 36125054)
49. Song, W.; Lahiri, D.K. Functional identification of the promoter of the gene encoding the Rhesus monkey beta-amyloid precursor protein. Gene, 1998, 217(1-2), 165-176. (Pubitemid 28427318)
50. Lahiri, D.K.; Nall, C. Promoter activity of the gene encoding the betaamyloid precursor protein is up-regulated by growth factors, phorbol ester, retinoic acid and interleukin-1. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1995, 32(2), 233-240.
51. Ruiz-Leon, Y.; Pascual, A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates beta-amyloid gene promoter activity by a Ras-dependent/AP-1-independent mechanism in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem, 2001, 79(2), 278-285. (Pubitemid 32988943)
52. Villa, A.; Latasa, M.J.; Pascual, A. Nerve growth factor modulates the expression and secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein through different mechanisms in PC12 cells. J Neurochem, 2001, 77(4), 1077-1084. (Pubitemid 32467062)
53. Pollwein, P.; Masters, C.L.; Beyreuther, K. The expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is regulated by two GC-elements in the promoter. Nucleic Acids Res, 1992, 20(1), 63-68.
54. Bourbonniere, M.; Nalbantoglu, J. Expression of amyloid precursor protein in a neuronal cell line: functional activity of proximal regulatory elements. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1993, 19(3), 246-250.
55. Lahiri, D.K.; Robakis, N.K. The promoter activity of the gene encoding Alzheimer beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is regulated by two blocks of upstream sequences. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1991, 9(3), 253-257.
56. Quitschke, W.W.; Goldgaber, D. The amyloid beta-protein precursor promoter. A region essential for transcriptional activity contains a nuclear factor binding domain. J Biol Chem, 1992, 267(24), 17362-17368.
57. Quitschke, W.W. Two nuclear factor binding domains activate expression from the human amyloid beta-protein precursor promoter. J Biol Chem, 1994, 269(33), 21229-21233. (Pubitemid 24266498)
58. Pollwein, P. Overlapping binding sites of two different transcription factors in the promoter of the human gene for the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1993, 190(2), 637-647. (Pubitemid 23209659)
59. Vostrov, A.A.; Quitschke, W.W.; Vidal, F.; Schwarzman, A.L.; Goldgaber, D. USF binds to the APB alpha sequence in the promoter of the amyloid beta-protein precursor gene. Nucleic Acids Res, 1995, 23(14), 2734-2741.
60. Bourbonniere, M.; Nalbantoglu, J. The helix-loop-helix transcription factor USF interacts with the basal promoter of human amyloid precursor protein. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1996, 35(1-2), 304-308. (Pubitemid 26036759)
61. Yang, Y.; Quitschke, W.W.; Vostrov, A.A.; Brewer, G.J. CTCF is essential for up-regulating expression from the amyloid precursor protein promoter during differentiation of primary hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem, 1999, 73(6), 2286-2298.
62. Vostrov, A.A.; Quitschke, W.W. The zinc finger protein CTCF binds to the APBbeta domain of the amyloid beta-protein precursor promoter. Evidence for a role in transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem, 1997, 272(52), 33353-33359. (Pubitemid 28023686)
63. Ge, Y.W.; Ghosh, C.; Song, W.; Maloney, B.; Lahiri, D.K. Mechanism of promoter activity of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene in different cell lines: identification of a specific 30 bp fragment in the proximal promoter region. J Neurochem, 2004, 90(6), 1432-1444. (Pubitemid 39223646)
64. Lahiri, D.K. An region upstream of the gene promoter for the beta-amyloid precursor protein interacts with proteins from nuclear extracts of the human brain and PC12 cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1998, 58(1-2), 112-122. (Pubitemid 28352238)
65. Lahiri, D.K.; Nall, C.; Ge, Y.W. Promoter activity of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene is negatively modulated by an upstream regulatory element. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1999, 71(1), 32-41. (Pubitemid 29320053)
66. Dewji, N.N.; Do, C. Heat shock factor-1 mediates the transcriptional activation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein gene in response to stress. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 1996, 35(1-2), 325-328. (Pubitemid 26036763)
67. Querfurth, H.W.; Jiang, J.; Xia, W.; Selkoe, D.J. Enhancer function and novel DNA binding protein activity in the near upstream betaAPP gene promoter. Gene, 1999, 232(1), 125-141. (Pubitemid 29305325)
68. Lahiri, D.K.; Ge, Y.W.; Maloney, B. Characterization of the APP proximal promoter and 5'-untranslated regions: identification of cell type-specific domains and implications in APP gene expression and Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J, 2005, 19(6), 653-655. (Pubitemid 40471275)
69. Maloney, B.; Ge, Y.W.; Greig, N.; Lahiri, D.K. Presence of a "CAGA box" in the APP gene unique to amyloid plaque-forming species and absent in all APLP-1/2 genes: implications in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J, 2004, 18(11), 1288-1290. (Pubitemid 39561579)
70. Villa, A.; Santiago, J.; Belandia, B.; Pascual, A. A response unit in the first exon of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene containing thyroid hormone receptor and Sp1 binding sites mediates negative regulation by 3,5,3′- triiodothyronine. Mol Endocrinol, 2004, 18(4), 863-873. (Pubitemid 38429478)
71. Vostrov, A.A.; Taheny, M.J.; Izkhakov, N.; Quitschke, W.W. A nuclear factor-binding domain in the 5'-untranslated region of the amyloid precursor protein promoter: Implications for the regulation of gene expression. BMC Res Notes, 2010, 3, 4.
72. Rogers, J.T.; Randall, J.D.; Cahill, C.M.; Eder, P.S.; Huang, X.; Gunshin, H.; Leiter, L.; McPhee, J.; Sarang, S.S.; Utsuki, T.; Greig, N.H.; Lahiri, D.K.; Tanzi, R.E.; Bush, A.I.; Giordano, T.; Gullans, S.R. An iron-responsive element type II in the 5'-untranslated region of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein transcript. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277(47), 45518-45528. (Pubitemid 36159162)
73. Rogers, J.T.; Leiter, L.M.; McPhee, J.; Cahill, C.M.; Zhan, S.S.; Potter, H.; Nilsson, L.N. Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274(10), 6421-6431. (Pubitemid 29111057)
74. Beaudoin, M.E.; Poirel, V.J.; Krushel, L.A. Regulating amyloid precursor protein synthesis through an internal ribosomal entry site. Nucleic Acids Res, 2008, 36(21), 6835-6847.
75. Lahiri, D.K.; Chen, D.; Maloney, B.; Holloway, H.W.; Yu, Q.S.; Utsuki, T.; Giordano, T.; Sambamurti, K.; Greig, N.H. The experimental Alzheimer's disease drug posiphen [(+)-phenserine] lowers amyloid-beta peptide levels in cell culture and mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2007, 320(1), 386-396. (Pubitemid 46025753)
76. Utsuki, T.; Yu, Q.S.; Davidson, D.; Chen, D.; Holloway, H.W.; Brossi, A.; Sambamurti, K.; Lahiri, D.K.; Greig, N.H.; Giordano, T. Identification of novel small molecule inhibitors of amyloid precursor protein synthesis as a route to lower Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2006, 318(2), 855-862. (Pubitemid 44061261)
77. Shaw, K.T.; Utsuki, T.; Rogers, J.; Yu, Q.S.; Sambamurti, K.; Brossi, A.; Ge, Y.W.; Lahiri, D.K.; Greig, N.H. Phenserine regulates translation of beta - amyloid precursor protein mRNA by a putative interleukin-1 responsive element, a target for drug development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001, 98(13), 7605-7610. (Pubitemid 32567995)
78. Zaidi, S.H.; Malter, J.S. Amyloid precursor protein mRNA stability is controlled by a 29-base element in the 3′-untranslated region. J Biol Chem, 1994, 269(39), 24007-24013.
79. Zaidi, S.H.; Denman, R.; Malter, J.S. Multiple proteins interact at a unique cis-element in the 3′-untranslated region of amyloid precursor protein mRNA. J Biol Chem, 1994, 269(39), 24000-24006.
80. Westmark, P.R.; Shin, H.C.; Westmark, C.J.; Soltaninassab, S.R.; Reinke, E.K.; Malter, J.S. Decoy mRNAs reduce beta-amyloid precursor protein mRNA in neuronal cells. Neurobiol Aging, 2006, 27(6), 787-796.
81. Zaidi, S.H.; Malter, J.S. Nucleolin and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C proteins specifically interact with the 3′- untranslated region of amyloid protein precursor mRNA. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270(29), 17292-17298.
82. Rajagopalan, L.E.; Westmark, C.J.; Jarzembowski, J.A.; Malter, J.S. hnRNP C increases amyloid precursor protein (APP) production by stabilizing APP mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res, 1998, 26(14), 3418-3423. (Pubitemid 28321407)
83. Westmark, C.J.; Malter, J.S. Up-regulation of nucleolin mRNA and protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by extracellular-regulated kinase. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276(2), 1119-1126. (Pubitemid 32096536)
84. de Sauvage, F.; Kruys, V.; Marinx, O.; Huez, G.; Octave, J.N. Alternative polyadenylation of the amyloid protein precursor mRNA regulates translation. EMBO J, 1992, 11(8), 3099-3103.
85. Mbella, E.G.; Bertrand, S.; Huez, G.; Octave, J.N. A GG nucleotide sequence of the 3′ untranslated region of amyloid precursor protein mRNA plays a key role in the regulation of translation and the binding of proteins. Mol Cell Biol, 2000, 20(13), 4572-4579. (Pubitemid 30396105)
86. Westmark, C.J.; Malter, J.S. FMRP mediates mGluR5-dependent translation of amyloid precursor protein. PLoS Biol, 2007, 5(3), e52.
87. Lee, E.K.; Kim, H.H.; Kuwano, Y.; Abdelmohsen, K.; Srikantan, S.; Subaran, S.S.; Gleichmann, M.; Mughal, M.R.; Martindale, J.L.; Yang, X.; Worley, P.F.; Mattson, M.P.; Gorospe, M. hnRNP C promotes APP translation by competing with FMRP for APP mRNA recruitment to P bodies. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 2010, 17(6), 732-739.
88. Kim, V.N.; Han, J.; Siomi, M.C. Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2009, 10(2), 126-139.
89. Thomson, T.; Lin, H. The biogenesis and function of PIWI proteins and piRNAs: progress and prospect. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2009, 25, 355-376.
90. Watanabe, T.; Totoki, Y.; Toyoda, A.; Kaneda, M.; Kuramochi-Miyagawa, S.; Obata, Y.; Chiba, H.; Kohara, Y.; Kono, T.; Nakano, T.; Surani, M.A.; Sakaki, Y.; Sasaki, H. Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes. Nature, 2008, 453(7194), 539-543. (Pubitemid 351733315)
91. Okamura, K.; Lai, E.C. Endogenous small interfering RNAs in animals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2008, 9(9), 673-678.
92. Carthew, R.W.; Sontheimer, E.J. Origins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs. Cell, 2009, 136(4), 642-655.
93. Lee, R.C.; Feinbaum, R.L.; Ambros, V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell, 1993, 75(5), 843-854. (Pubitemid 24014542)
94. Wightman, B.; Ha, I.; Ruvkun, G. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell, 1993, 75(5), 855-862. (Pubitemid 24014543)
95. Reinhart, B.J.; Slack, F.J.; Basson, M.; Pasquinelli, A.E.; Bettinger, J.C.; Rougvie, A.E.; Horvitz, H.R.; Ruvkun, G. The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 2000, 403(6772), 901-906. (Pubitemid 30130993)
96. Pasquinelli, A.E.; Reinhart, B.J.; Slack, F.; Martindale, M.Q.; Kuroda, M.I.; Maller, B.; Hayward, D.C.; Ball, E.E.; Degnan, B.; Muller, P.; Spring, J.; Srinivasan, A.; Fishman, M.; Finnerty, J.; Corbo, J.; Levine, M.; Leahy, P.; Davidson, E.; Ruvkun, G. Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA. Nature, 2000, 408(6808), 86-89.
97. Lagos-Quintana, M.; Rauhut, R.; Lendeckel, W.; Tuschl, T. Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science, 2001, 294(5543), 853-858. (Pubitemid 33032103)
98. Lee, R.C.; Ambros, V. An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 2001, 294(5543), 862-864. (Pubitemid 33032105)
99. Lau, N.C.; Lim, L.P.; Weinstein, E.G.; Bartel, D.P. An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 2001, 294(5543), 858-862. (Pubitemid 33032104)
100. Grimson, A.; Farh, K.K.; Johnston, W.K.; Garrett-Engele, P.; Lim, L.P.; Bartel, D.P. MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: determinants beyond seed pairing. Mol Cell, 2007, 27(1), 91-105. (Pubitemid 46991392)
101. Hafner, M.; Landthaler, M.; Burger, L.; Khorshid, M.; Hausser, J.; Berninger, P.; Rothballer, A.; Ascano, M., Jr.; Jungkamp, A.C.; Munschauer, M.; Ulrich, A.; Wardle, G.S.; Dewell, S.; Zavolan, M.; Tuschl, T. Transcriptome-wide identification of RNA-binding protein and microRNA target sites by PAR-CLIP. Cell, 2010, 141(1), 129-141.
102. Chi, S.W.; Zang, J.B.; Mele, A.; Darnell, R.B. Argonaute HITS-CLIP decodes microRNA-mRNA interaction maps. Nature, 2009, 460(7254), 479-486.
103. Filipowicz, W.; Bhattacharyya, S.N.; Sonenberg, N. Mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight? Nat Rev Genet, 2008, 9(2), 102-114.
104. Djuranovic, S.; Nahvi, A.; Green, R. A Parsimonious Model for Gene Regulation by miRNAs. Science, 2011, 331(6017), 550-553.
105. Friedman, R.C.; Farh, K.K.; Burge, C.B.; Bartel, D.P. Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res, 2009, 19(1), 92-105.
106. Selbach, M.; Schwanhausser, B.; Thierfelder, N.; Fang, Z.; Khanin, R.; Rajewsky, N. Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature, 2008, 455(7209), 58-63.
107. Baek, D.; Villen, J.; Shin, C.; Camargo, F.D.; Gygi, S.P.; Bartel, D.P. The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature, 2008, 455(7209), 64-71.
108. Lau, P.; Hudson, L.D. MicroRNAs in neural cell differentiation. Brain Res, 2010, 1338, 14-19.
109. Kumar, M.S.; Lu, J.; Mercer, K.L.; Golub, T.R.; Jacks, T. Impaired microRNA processing enhances cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Nat Genet, 2007, 39(5), 673-677. (Pubitemid 46676103)
110. Nunez-Iglesias, J.; Liu, C.C.; Morgan, T.E.; Finch, C.E.; Zhou, X.J. Joint genome-wide profiling of miRNA and mRNA expression in Alzheimer's disease cortex reveals altered miRNA regulation. PLoS One, 2010, 5(2), e8898.
111. Cogswell, J.P.; Ward, J.; Taylor, I.A.; Waters, M.; Shi, Y.; Cannon, B.; Kelnar, K.; Kemppainen, J.; Brown, D.; Chen, C.; Prinjha, R.K.; Richardson, J.C.; Saunders, A.M.; Roses, A.D.; Richards, C.A. Identification of miRNA changes in Alzheimer's disease brain and CSF yields putative biomarkers and insights into disease pathways. J Alzheimers Dis, 2008, 14(1), 27-41. (Pubitemid 352039013)
112. Hebert, S.S.; Horre, K.; Nicolai, L.; Papadopoulou, A.S.; Mandemakers, W.; Silahtaroglu, A.N.; Kauppinen, S.; Delacourte, A.; De Strooper, B. Loss of microRNA cluster miR-29a/b-1 in sporadic Alzheimer's disease correlates with increased BACE1/beta-secretase expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008, 105(17), 6415-6420. (Pubitemid 351758360)
113. Wang, W.X.; Huang, Q.; Hu, Y.; Stromberg, A.J.; Nelson, P.T. Patterns of microRNA expression in normal and early Alzheimer's disease human temporal cortex: white matter versus gray matter. Acta Neuropathol, 2011, 121(2), 193-205.
114. Wang, W.X.; Rajeev, B.W.; Stromberg, A.J.; Ren, N.; Tang, G.; Huang, Q.; Rigoutsos, I.; Nelson, P.T. The expression of microRNA miR-107 decreases early in Alzheimer's disease and may accelerate disease progression through regulation of beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1. J Neurosci, 2008, 28(5), 1213-1223. (Pubitemid 351186356)
115. Lukiw, W.J. Micro-RNA speciation in fetal, adult and Alzheimer's disease hippocampus. Neuroreport, 2007, 18(3), 297-300.
116. Schipper, H.M.; Maes, O.C.; Chertkow, H.M.; Wang, E. MicroRNA expression in Alzheimer blood mononuclear cells. Gene Regul Syst Bio, 2007, 1, 263-274.
117. Weber, J.A.; Baxter, D.H.; Zhang, S.; Huang, D.Y.; Huang, K.H.; Lee, M.J.; Galas, D.J.; Wang, K. The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids. Clin Chem, 2010, 56(11), 1733-1741.
118. Nelson, P.T.; Wang, W.X.; Rajeev, B.W. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Pathol, 2008, 18(1), 130-138.
119. Hebert, S.S.; De Strooper, B. Alterations of the microRNA network cause neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci, 2009, 32(4), 199-206.
120. Lau, P.; de Strooper, B. Dysregulated microRNAs in neurodegenerative disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2010.
121. Betel, D.; Koppal, A.; Agius, P.; Sander, C.; Leslie, C. Comprehensive modeling of microRNA targets predicts functional non-conserved and noncanonical sites. Genome Biol, 2010, 11(8), R90.
122. Kertesz, M.; Iovino, N.; Unnerstall, U.; Gaul, U.; Segal, E. The role of site accessibility in microRNA target recognition. Nat Genet, 2007, 39(10), 1278-1284. (Pubitemid 47482690)
123. Krek, A.; Grun, D.; Poy, M.N.; Wolf, R.; Rosenberg, L.; Epstein, E.J.; MacMenamin, P.; da Piedade, I.; Gunsalus, K.C.; Stoffel, M.; Rajewsky, N. Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat Genet, 2005, 37(5), 495-500. (Pubitemid 40617277)
124. Vilardo, E.; Barbato, C.; Ciotti, M.; Cogoni, C.; Ruberti, F. MicroRNA-101 regulates amyloid precursor protein expression in hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem, 2010, 285(24), 18344-18351.
125. Patel, N.; Hoang, D.; Miller, N.; Ansaloni, S.; Huang, Q.; Rogers, J.T.; Lee, J.C.; Saunders, A.J. MicroRNAs can regulate human APP levels. Mol Neurodegener, 2008, 3, 10.
126. Hebert, S.S.; Horre, K.; Nicolai, L.; Bergmans, B.; Papadopoulou, A.S.; Delacourte, A.; De Strooper, B. MicroRNA regulation of Alzheimer's Amyloid precursor protein expression. Neurobiol Dis, 2009, 33(3), 422-428.
127. Liu, W.; Liu, C.; Zhu, J.; Shu, P.; Yin, B.; Gong, Y.; Qiang, B.; Yuan, J.; Peng, X. MicroRNA-16 targets amyloid precursor protein to potentially modulate Alzheimer's-associated pathogenesis in SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol Aging, 2010.
128. Smith, P.; Al Hashimi, A.; Girard, J.; Delay, C.; Hebert, S.S. In vivo regulation of amyloid precursor protein neuronal splicing by microRNAs. J Neurochem, 2011, 116(2), 240-247.
129. Fan, X.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, J.; Ma, Z.; Wu, H.; Liu, T.; Liu, M.; Li, X.; Tang, H. miR-20a promotes proliferation and invasion by targeting APP in human ovarian cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2010, 42(5), 318-324.
130. Long, J.M.; Lahiri, D.K. Role of specific microRNAs in regulating neuronal genes implicated in Alzheimer disease. Program No. 424.1. In 2010 Neuroscience Meeting Planner; Society for Neuroscience: San Diego, CA, 2010, Online.
131. Long, J.M.; Lahiri, D.K. A Novel microRNA Interaction Relevant to Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis and Drug Target Discovery: miR-346 Induces Expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein. Alzheimers Dement, 2011, 7(4 Suppl.), Abstract in press.