Prophylactic phenolic antioxidants in functional foods of tropical island states of the mascarene archipelago (Indian Ocean)

Anti-Angiogenic Functional and Medicinal Foods

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 149-176

  Bahorun, T ^a   Neergheen, V S ^a   Soobrattee, M A ^a   Luximon Ramma, V A ^a   Aruoma, O I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS   (Mauritius)

^b LONDON SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78149408480     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (123)

1. Kris-Etherton, P. M., Hecker, K. D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S. M., Binkoski, A. E., Hilpert, K. F., Griel, A. E., and Etherton, T. D., Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, Am. J. Med., 113, 71S-88S, 2002.
2. Vinson, J. A. and Zhang, J., Black and green teas equally inhibit diabetic cataracts in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 53, 3710-3713, 2005.
3. Bazzano, L. A., He, J., and Ogden, L. G., Legume consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, Arch. Int. Med., 161, 2573-2578, 2001.
4. Nakachi, K., Imai, K., and Suga, K., Epidemiological evidence for prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease by drinking green tea, In Food Factors for Cancer Prevention, Ohigashi, H., Osawa, T., Watanabe, J., and Yoshikawa, T. Eds., Springer, Tokyo, pp. 105-108, 1996.
5. Singh, R. D., Dubnov, G., Niaz, M. A., Ghosh, S., Singh, R., Rastogi, S. S., Manor, O., Pella, D., and Berry, E. M., Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomized single-blind trial, Lancet, 360, 1455-1461, 2002.
6. Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., Hercberg, S., and Dallongeville, J., Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of cohort stuides, J. Nutr., 136, 2588-2593, 2006.
7. Bahorun, T., Luximon-Ramma, A., Crozier, A., and Aruoma, O. I., Total phenol, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and vitamin C levels and antioxidant activities of Mauritian vegetables, J. Sci. Food Agric., 84, 1553-1561, 2004.
8. Bordoni, A., Hrelia, S., Angeloni, C., Giordano, E., Guarnieri, C., Caldarera, C. M., and Biagi, P. L., Green tea protection of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in cultured cardiac cells, J. Nutr. Biochem., 13, 103-111, 2002.
9. Luximon-Ramma, A., Bahorun, T., and Crozier, A., Antioxidant actions and phenolic and vitamin C contents of Common Mauritan exotic fruits, J. Sci. Food Agric., 83, 496-502, 2003.
10. Vági, E., Rapavi, E., Hadolin, M., Vásárhelyiné Pérédi, K., Balázs, A., Blázovics, A., and Simándi, B., Phenolic and triterpenoid antioxidants from Origanum majorana L. Herb and extracts obtained with different solvents, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 17-21, 2005.
11. Middleton, E. Jr., Kandaswami, C., and Theoharides, T. C., The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease and cancer, Pharmacol. Rev., 52, 673-839, 2000.
12. Noguchi, N. and Niki, E., Phenolic antioxidants: a rationale for design and evaluation of novel antioxidant drug for atherosclerosis, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 28, 1538-1546, 2000.
13. Mandel, S. and Youdim, M. B. H., Catechin polyphenols: neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 37, 304, 2004.
14. Bors, W., Heller, W., Michel, C., and Saran, M., Flavonoids as antioxidants: Determination of radical scavenging efficiencies, Methods Enzymol., 186, 343-355, 1990.
15. Hou, Z., Lambert, J. D., Chin, K. V., and Yang, C. S., Effects of tea polyphenols on signal transduction pathways related to cancer chemoprevention, Mutat. Res., 555, 3-19, 2003.
16. Kundu, J. K. and Surh, Y. J., Breaking the relay in deregulated cellular signal transduction as a rationale for chemoprevention with anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, Mutat. Res., 591, 123-146, 2005.
17. Mira, L., Feranadez, M. T., Santos, M., Rocha, R., Florencio, M. H., and Jennings, K. R., Interactions of flavonoids with iron and copper ions: a mechanism for their antioxidant activity, Free Radic. Res., 36, 1199-1208, 2002.
18. Toyokuni, S., Tanaka, T., Kawaguchi, W., Lai Fang, N. R., Ozeki, M., Akatsuka, S., Hiai, H., Aruoma, O. I., and Bahorun, T., Effects of the phenolic contents of Mauritian endemic plant extracts on promoter activities of antioxidant enzymes, Free Radic. Res., 37, 1215-1224, 2003.
19. Mauremootoo, J. R., Watt, I., and Florens, F. B. V., The biodiversity of Mauritius and Rodrigues, Edmond, R., Langrand, O. L., Galindo-Leal, C., State of the Hotspots, Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands. Conservation International, Washington D.C., submitted.
20. Kueffer, C. and Lavergne, C., Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western Indian Ocean, Reunion, Forest Health and Biosecurity working papers, Food and Agricultural Organization, p. 37, 2004.
21. Lavergne, R., Plantes du jardin d’acclimatation de Saint Denis de l’Ile de la Reunion, St Denis, Reunion, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 2001.
22. Heeroo, R., Documentation of the weed status of exotic plants in Mauritius based on the records of the Mauritius Herbarium, Bsc Thesis, University of Mauritius, 2000.
23. http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/report/natacc/agri04/sect3.pdf (accessed on November 2005).
24. http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/report/natacc/anudig04/popu.pdf (accessed on November 2005).
25. Halliwell, B., Free radicals and antioxidants: a personal view, Nutr. Rev., 52, 253-265, 1994.
26. Aruoma, O. I., Kang, K. S., Bahorun, T., Sung, M. K., and Rahman, I., Oxidative damage and chronic inflammation induced by smoking: Potential antioxidant and peripheral biomarker considerations, Cancer Prevention Res., 10, 149-158, 2005.
27. Ursini, F., Maiorino, M., Brigelius-Flohé, R., Aumann, K. D., Roveri, A., Schomburg, D., and Flohé, L., The diversity of glutathione peroxidase, Methods Enzymol., 252, 38-63, 1995.
28. Kagan, V. E., Serbinova, E. A., and Packer, L., Antioxidant effects of ubiquinones in microsomes and mitochondria are mediated by tocopherol recycling, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 169, 851-857, 1990.
29. Aruoma, O. I., Nutrition and health aspects of free radicals and antioxidants, Food Chem. Toxicol., 32, 671-683, 1994.
30. Aruoma, O. I., Assessment of potential pro-oxidant and antioxidant actions, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 1617-1625, 1996.
31. Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N. J., and Paganga, G., Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds, Trends Plant Sci., 2, 152-159, 1997.
32. Chen, C. and Kong, A. N. T., Dietary cancer-chemopreventive compounds: from signaling and gene expression to pharmacological effects, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 26, 318-326, 2005.
33. Burton, G. W. and Traber, M. G., Vitamin E: antioxidant activity biokinetics and bioavailability, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 10, 357-382, 1990.
34. Bendich, A., Machlin, L. J., Scandurra, O., Burton, G. W., and Wayner, D. D. M., The antioxidant role of vitamin C, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2, 419-444, 1986.
35. Regoli, F. and Winston, G. W., Quantification of total oxidant scavenging capacity of antioxidants for peroxynitrite, peroxyl radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 156, 96-105, 1999.
36. Held, K. D., Models for thiol protection of DNA in cells, Pharmacol. Ther., 39, 123-313, 1988.
37. Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J. M. C., Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview, Methods Enzymol., 186, 1-85, 1990.
38. Aruoma, O. I., Halliwell, B., Gajewski, E., and Dizdaroglu, M., Copper-ion dependent damage to the bases in DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Biochem. J., 273, 601-604, 1991.
39. Aruoma, O. I. and Halliwell, B., Action of hypochlorous acid on the antioxidant enzymes SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, Biochem. J., 241, 273-278, 1987.
40. Aruoma, O. I., Whiteman, M., England, T. G., and Halliwell, B., Antioxidant action of ergothioneine: assessment of its ability to scavenge peroxynitrite, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 231, 389-391, 1997.
41. Asmus, K. D., Bensasson, R. V., Bernier, J. L., Houssin, R., and Land, E. J., Oneelectron oxidation of ergothioneine and analogues investigated by pulse radiolysis: Redox reaction involving ergothioneine and vitamin C, Biochem. J., 315, 625-629, 1996.
42. Moran, J. F., Klucas, R. V., Grayer, R. J., Abian, J., and Becana, M., Complexes of iron with phenolic compounds from soybean nodules and other legume tissues: preoxidant and antioxidant properties, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 22, 861-870, 1997.
43. Yardim-Akaydin, S., Sepici, A., Ozkan, Y., Torun, M., Simsek, B., and Sepici, V., Oxidation of uric acid in rheumatoid arthritis: is allantoin a marker of oxidative stress?, Free Radic. Res., 38, 623-628, 2004.
44. Wink, D. A. and Mitchell, J. B., Nitric oxide and cancer: an introduction, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 34, 951-954, 2003.
45. Mhatre, M., Floyd, R. A., and Hensley, K., Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Common links and potential therapeutic targets, J. Alzheimer’s Diseases, 6, 147-157, 2004.
46. Lefer, J. and Granger, D. N., Oxidative stress and cardiac disease, Am. J. Med., 109, 315-323, 2000.
47. Crack, P. J. and Taylor, J. M., Reactive oxygen species and the modulation of stroke, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 38, 1433-1444, 2005.
48. Dennery, P. A., Introduction to serial review on the role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus, Free Radic. Biol. Chem., 40, 1-2, 2006.
49. Junqueira, V. B. C., Barros, S. B. M., Chan, S. S., Rodrigues, L., Giavarotti, L., Abud, R. L., and Deucher, G. P., Aging and oxidative stress, Mol. Aspects Med., 25, 5-16, 2004.
50. Barnes, P. J. and Karin, M., Nuclear factor-kappa B: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases, N. Engl. J. Med., 336, 1066-1071, 1997.
51. Brownlee, M., Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications, Nature, 414, 813-820, 2001.
52. DeFronzo, R. A., Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes, Diabetes Rev., 5, 177-269, 1997.
53. Evans, J. L., Goldfine, I. D., Maddux, B. A., and Grodsky, G. M., Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes, Endocr. Rev., 23, 599-622, 2002.
54. Kyriakis, J. M. and Avruch, J., Sounding the alarm: protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammation, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 24313-24316, 1996.
55. Weinbrenner, T., Cladellas, M., Covas, M. I., Fito, M., Toma’s, M., Sentı, M., and Marrugat, J., High oxidative stress in patients with stable coronary heart disease, Atherosclerosis, 168, 99-106, 2003.
56. Gao, W. D., Liu, Y., and Marban, E., Selective effects of oxygen free radicals on excitation-contraction coupling in ventricular muscle. Implications for the mechanism of stunned myocardium, Circ. Res., 94, 2597-2604, 2006.
57. Finkel, T., Signal transduction by reactive oxygen species in non-phagocytic cells, J. Leukoc. Biol., 65, 337-340, 1999.
58. Shah, A. M. and Channon, K. M., Free radicals and redox signalling in cardiovascular disease, Heart, 90, 486-487, 2004.
59. Liochev, S. F. and Fridovich, I., Mutant Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: evaluation of oxidative hypotheses, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 34, 1383-1389, 2003.
60. Mhatre, M., Floyd, R. A., and Hensleya, K., Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: common links and potential therapeutic targets, J. Alzheimer’s Dis., 6, 147-157, 2004.
61. Ishikawa, Y., Kusaka, E., Enokido, Y., Ikeuchi, T., and Hatanaka, H., Regulation of Bax translocation through phosphorylation at Ser-70 of Bcl-2 by MAP kinase in NO-induced neuronal apoptosis, Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 24, 451-459, 2003.
62. Hsu, T. C., Young, M. R., Cmarik, J., and Colburn, N. H., Activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kB (NF-kB)-dependent transcriptional events in carcinogenesis, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 28, 1338-1348, 2000.
63. Bravo, L., Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance, Nutr. Rev., 56, 317-333, 1998.
64. Luximon-Ramma, A., Bahorun, T., Crozier, A., Zbarsky, V., Datla, K. K., Dexter, D. T., and Aruoma, O. I., Characteristion of the antioxidant functions of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in Mauritian black teas, Food Res. Int., 38, 357-367, 2005.
65. Hollman, P. C. and Katan, M. B., Bioavailability and health effects of dietary flavonols in man, Arch. Toxicol. Suppl., 20, 237-248, 1998.
66. Ariga, T., Koshiyama, I., and Fukushima, M., Antioxidative properties of procyanidin B1 and B3 from azuki beans in aqueous system, J. Agric. Biol. Chem., 52, 2717-2722, 1988.
67. Arteel, G. E. and Sies, H., Protection against peroxynitrite by cocoa polyphenol oligomers, FEBS Lett., 462, 167-170, 1999.
68. Bors, W. and Michel, C., Antioxidant capacity of flavanols and gallate esters: pulse radiolysis studies, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27, 1413-1426, 1999.
69. Kaur, C. K. and Kapoor, H. C., Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millenium’s health, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 36, 703-725, 2001.
70. Deighton, N., Brennan, R., Finn, C., and Davies, H. V., Antioxidant properties of domesticated and wild Rubus species, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 80, 1307-1313, 2000.
71. Li, Y., Ou-Lee, T. M., Raba, R., Amundson, R. G., and Last, R. L., Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants are hypersensitive to UV-B irradiation, Plant Cell, 5, 171-175, 1993.
72. Cao, G., Sofic, E., and Prior, R. L., Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables, J. Agric. Food Chem., 4, 3426-3431, 1996.
73. Chu, Y. F., Sun, J., Wu, X., and Liu, R. H., Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 50, 6910-6916, 2000.
74. Proteggente, A. R., Pannala, A. S., Paganga, G., Van Buren, L., Wagner, E., Wiseman, S., Van de Puy, F., Dacombe, C., and Rice-Evans, C., The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition, Free Radic. Res., 36, 217-233, 2002.
75. Kaur, C. K. and Kapoor, H. C., Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of come Asian vegetables, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 36, 217-233, 2002.
76. Aruoma, O. I., Methodological considerations for characterizing potential antioxidant actions of bioactive components in plant foods, Mutat. Res., 523-524, 9-20, 2003.
77. Schlesier, K., Harwat, M., Bóhm, V., and Bitsch, R., Assessment of antioxidant activity by using different in vitro methods, Free Radic. Res., 36, 177-187, 2002.
78. Johnson, I. T., Glucosinolates in the human diet. Bioavailability and implications for health, Phytochem. Rev., 1, 183-188, 2002.
79. Zhang, Y. and Talalay, P., Anticarcinogenic activities of organic isothiocyanates: Chemistry and mechanisms, Cancer Res., 54, 1976S-1981S, 1994.
80. Cohen, J., Krital, R., and Stanford, J., Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer, J. Natl Cancer Inst., 9, 61-68, 2000.
81. Hoefler, A. C. and Coggon, P., Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography of tea constituents, J. Chromatogr., 129, 460-463, 1976.
82. Khokhar, S. and Magnusdottir, S. G. M., Total phenol, catechin, and caffeine contents of teas commonly consumed in the United Kingdom, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 565-570, 2002.
83. Treutter, D., Chemical reaction detection of catechins and proanthocyanidins with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, J. Chromatogr., 467, 185-193, 1989.
84. Shao, W., Powell, C., and Clifford, M. N., The analysis by HPLC of green, black, and Pu’er teas produced in Yunnan, J. Sci. Food Agric., 69, 535-540, 1995.
85. Lin, J. K., Juan, I. M., Chen, Y. C., Liang, Y. C., and Lin, J. K., Composition of polyphenols in fresh tea leaves and associations of their oxygen-radical absorbing capacity with antiproliferative actions in fibroblast cells, J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 1387-1394, 1996.
86. Benzie, I. F. F. and Szeto, Y. T., Total antioxidant capacity of teas by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 633-636, 1999.
87. Wiseman, S., Balentine, D. A., and Frei, B., Antioxidants in tea, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 37, 705-718, 1997.
88. Lien, E. J., Ren, S., Bui, H., and Wang, R., Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of phenolic antioxidants, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 26, 285-294, 1999.
89. Gardner, P. T., Mc Phail, D. B., and Duthie, G. G. D., Electron spin resonance spectroscopic assessment of the antioxidant potential of teas in aqueous and organic media, J. Sci. Food Agric., 76, 257-262, 1998.
90. Hertog, M. G. L., Fesken, E., Hollman, P., Katan, M., and Kromhout, D., Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen elderly study, Lancet, 342, 1007-1010, 1993.
91. Kühnau, J., The flavonoids. A class of semi-essential food compounds: their role in human nutrition, World Rev. Nutr. Cancer, 24, 117-191, 1976.
92. Cao, G., Sofic, E., and Prior, R. L., Antioxidant and prooxidant behaviour of flavonoids: structure-activity relationships, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 22, 749-760, 1997.
93. Shekher Pannala, A., Chan, T. S., O’Brien, P. J., and Rice-Evans, C. A., Flavonoids B-ring chemistry and antioxidant activity: fast reaction kinetics, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 282, 1161-1168, 2001.
94. Soobrattee, M. A., Neergheen, V. S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruoma, O. I., and Bahorun, T., Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: mechanism and actions, Mutat. Res., 579, 200-213, 2005.
95. Bagchi, D., Sen, C. K., Ray, S. D., Das, D. K., Bagchi, M., Preus, H. G., and Vinson, J. A., Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract, Mutat. Res., 9462, 1-11, 2003.
96. Pernow, J. and Wang, Q. D., Endothelin in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion, Cardiovasc. Res., 33, 518-526, 1997.
97. Verstraeten, S. V., Keen, C. L., Schmitz, H. H., Fraga, C. G., and Oteiza, P. I., Flavan-3-ols and procyanidins protect liposomes against lipid oxidation and disruption of the bilayer structure, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 34, 84-92, 2003.
98. Schroeter, H., Spencer, J. P., Rice-Evans, C., and Williams, R. J., Flavonoids protect neurons from oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis involving c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), c-Jun and caspase-3, Biochem. J., 358, 547-557, 2001.
99. Levites, Y., Weinreb, O., Maor, G., Youdim, M. B. H., and Mandel, S., Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate prevents N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurodegenration, J. Neurochem., 78, 1073-1082, 2001.
100. Levites, Y., Amit, Y., Mandel, S., and Youdim, M. B. H., Neuroprotection and neurorescue against amyloid beta toxicity and PKC dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (K)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, FASEB J., 17, 952-954, 2003.
101. Merry, D. E. and Korsmeyer, S. J., Bcl-2 gene family in the nervous system, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 20, 245-267, 1997.
102. Burda, S. and Oleszek, W., Antioxidant and antiradical activities of flavonoids, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2774-2779, 2001.
103. van Acker, S. A. B. E., de Groot, M. J., van de Berg, D. J., Tromp, M. N. J. L., den Kelder, G. D. O., van der Vijgh, W. J. F., and Bast, A., A quantum chemical explanation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoid, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 1305-1312, 1996.
104. Ishige, K., Schubert, D., and Sagara, Y., Flavonoids protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress by three distinct mechanisms, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 30, 433-446, 2001.
105. Dajas, F., Rivera-Megret, F., Blasina, F., Arredondo, F., Abin-Carriquiry, J. A., Costa, G., Echeverry, C. et al., Neuroprotection by flavonoids, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 36, 1613-1620, 2003.
106. Wu, T., Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin signaling in cholangiocarcinoma, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1755, 135-150, 2005.
107. Kundu, J. K., Na, H. K., Chun, K. S., Kim, Y. K., Lee, S. J., Lee, S. S., Lee, O. S., Sim, Y. C., and Surh, Y. J., Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression by epigallocatechin gallate in mouse skin and cultured human mammary epithelial cells, Am. Soc. Nutr. Sci., S3805-S3810, 2003.
108. Ye, F., Wu, J., Dunn, T., Yi, J., Tong, X., and Zhang, D., Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity in head and neck cancer cells by genistein, Cancer Lett., 211, 39-46, 2004.
109. Surh, Y. J., Chun, K. S., Cha, H. O., Han, S. H., Keum, Y. S., Park, K. K., and Lee, S. S., Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of antiinflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-kB activation, Mutat. Res., 480-481, 243-268, 2001.
110. Day, A. J. and Williamson, G., Absorption of quercetin glycosides, In Flavonoids in Health and Disease, Rice-Evans, C. and Packer, L. Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 31-412, 2003.
111. Seeram, N. P., Henning, S. M., Zhang, Y., Suchard, M., Li, Z., and Heber, D., Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48 hours, J. Nutr., 136, 2481-2485, 2006.
112. Price, K. R., Bacon, J. R., and Rhodes, M. J. C., Effect of storage and domestic processing on the content and composition of flavonol glucosides in onion (Allium cepa), J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 938-942, 1997.
113. Williamsom, G., The use of flavonoid aglycones in in vitro systems to test biological activities: based on bioavailability data, is this a valid approach?, Phytochem. Rev., 1, 215-222, 2002.
114. Manach, C., Regerat, F., Texier, O., Agullo, G., Demigne, C., and Remesy, C., Bioavailability, metabolism and physiological impact of 4-oxo-flavonoids, Nutr. Res., 16, 517-544, 1996.
115. Hollman, P. C. H., de Vries, J. H. M., van Leeuwen, S. D., Mengelers, M. J. B., and Katan, M. B., Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 62, 1276-1282, 1995.
116. Day, A. J., Dupont, M. S., Ridley, S., Rhodes, M., Rhodes, M. J. C., Morgan, M. R. A., and Williamson, G., Deglycosylation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid glycosides by human small intestine and liver b-glucosidase activity, FEBS Lett., 436, 71-75, 1998.
117. Day, A. J., Canada, F. J., Diaz, J. C., Kroon, P. A., Mclauchlan, R., Faulds, C. B., Plumb, G. W., Morgan, M. R. A., and Williamson, G., Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase, FEBS Lett., 468, 166-170, 2000.
118. Scalbert, A. and Williamson, G., Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols, J. Nutr., 130, 2073S-2085S, 2000.
119. Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Remesy, C., and Jimenez, L., Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79, 727-747, 2004.
120. Manach, C. and Donovan, J., Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of dietary flavonoids in humans, Free Radic. Res., 38, 771-785, 2004.
121. Walle, U. K., Galijatovic, A., and Walle, T., Transport of the flavonoid chrysin and its conjugated metabolites by the human intestinal cell line Caco-2, Biochem. Pharmocol., 58, 431-438, 1999.
122. Blumberg, J., Introduction to the proceedings of the third scientific symposium on tea and human health, J. Nutr., 133, S3244-S3246, 2003.
123. Luximon-Ramma, A., Neergheen, V. S., Bahorun, T., Crozier, A., Zbarsky, V., Datla, K. P., Dexter, D. T., and Aruoma, O. I., Assessment of the polyphenolic composition of the organic extracts of Mauritian black teas: A potenital contributor to their antioxidant functions, BioFactors., 27, 79-91, 2006.