Ethanol Action on Dopaminergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area. Interaction with Intrinsic Ion Channels and Neurotransmitter Inputs

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 91, Issue C, 2010, Pages 235-288

  Morikawa, Hitoshi ^a   Morrisett, Richard A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Alcohol; Alcoholism; Dopamine; Dopamine neuron; Electrophysiology

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLENE; ALCOHOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; CANNABINOID DERIVATIVE; COCAINE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCINE; ION CHANNEL; NORADRENALIN; OPIATE; SEROTONIN; SMALL CONDUCTANCE CALCIUM ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL; VOLTAGE GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLISM; BOOK; BRAIN REGION; CHANNEL GATING; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HYPERPOLARIZATION; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE CELL STIMULATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE; NONHUMAN; PACEMAKER NERVE CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; SODIUM CURRENT; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM;

EID: 77956163104     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(10)91008-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (412)

1. Acquas E., Carboni E., Di Chiara G. Profound depression of mesolimbic dopamine release after morphine withdrawal in dependent rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1991, 193:133-134.
2. Ahlenius S., Carlsson A., Engel J., Svensson T., Sodersten P. Antagonism by alpha methyltyrosine of the ethanol-induced stimulation and euphoria in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1973, 14:586-591.
3. Ahmed S.H., Koob G.F. Transition to drug addiction: A negative reinforcement model based on an allostatic decrease in reward function. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2005, 180:473-490.
4. + currents in Lymnaea neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 281:84-92.
5. Anantharam V., Bayley H., Wilson A., Treistman S.N. Differential effects of ethanol on electrical properties of various potassium channels expressed in oocytes. Mol. Pharmacol. 1992, 42:499-505.
6. Appel S.B., Liu Z., McElvain M.A., Brodie M.S. Ethanol excitation of dopaminergic ventral tegmental area neurons is blocked by quinidine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 306:437-446.
7. Arbuthnott G.W., Wickens J.R. Dopamine cells are neurones too!. Trends. Neurosci. 1996, 19:279-280.
8. Aryal P., Dvir H., Choe S., Slesinger P.A. A discrete alcohol pocket involved in GIRK channel activation. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:988-995.
9. Aston-Jones G., Smith R.J., Sartor G.C., Moorman D.E., Massi L., Tahsili-Fahadan P., Richardson K.A. Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: A role in reward-seeking and addiction. Brain Res. 2010, 1314:74-90.
10. Azam L., Winzer-Serhan U.H., Chen Y., Leslie F.M. Expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNAs within midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 444:260-274.
11. Azmitia E.C., Segal M. An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1978, 179:641-667.
12. Bailey C.P., Manley S.J., Watson W.P., Wonnacott S., Molleman A., Little H.J. Chronic ethanol administration alters activity in ventral tegmental area neurons after cessation of withdrawal hyperexcitability. Brain Res. 1998, 803:144-152.
13. Bailey C.P., O'Callaghan M.J., Croft A.P., Manley S.J., Little H.J. Alterations in mesolimbic dopamine function during the abstinence period following chronic ethanol consumption. Neuropharmacology 2001, 41:989-999.
14. Balcita-Pedicino J.J., Sesack S.R. Orexin axons in the rat ventral tegmental area synapse infrequently onto dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 2007, 503:668-684.
15. Bals-Kubik R., Ableitner A., Herz A., Shippenberg T.S. Neuroanatomical sites mediating the motivational effects of opioids as mapped by the conditioned place preference paradigm in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993, 264:489-495.
16. Bayer V.E., Pickel V.M. Ultrastructural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat ventral tegmental area: Relationship between immunolabeling density and neuronal associations. J. Neurosci. 1990, 10:2996-3013.
17. Bechtholt A.J., Cunningham C.L. Ethanol-induced conditioned place preference is expressed through a ventral tegmental area dependent mechanism. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 119:213-223.
18. Beckstead M.J., Ford C.P., Phillips P.E., Williams J.T. Presynaptic regulation of dendrodendritic dopamine transmission. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 26:1479-1488.
19. Beckstead M.J., Gantz S.C., Ford C.P., Stenzel-Poore M.P., Phillips P.E., Mark G.P., Williams J.T. CRF enhancement of GIRK channel-mediated transmission in dopamine neurons. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:1926-1935.
20. Beckstead M.J., Grandy D.K., Wickman K., Williams J.T. Vesicular dopamine release elicits an inhibitory postsynaptic current in midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuron 2004, 42:939-946.
21. Beckstead M.J., Phillips T.J. Mice selectively bred for high- or low-alcohol-induced locomotion exhibit differences in dopamine neuron function. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2009, 329:342-349.
22. Belin D., Everitt B.J. Cocaine seeking habits depend upon dopamine-dependent serial connectivity linking the ventral with the dorsal striatum. Neuron 2008, 57:432-441.
23. Bergman J., Kamien J.B., Spealman R.D. Antagonism of cocaine self-administration by selective dopamine D(1) and D(2) antagonists. Behav. Pharmacol. 1990, 1:355-363.
24. Bernier B., Cui G.H., Harnett M., Morikawa H. Ethanol action on metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated pause in dopamine neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 2007, 909:16.
25. Berridge K.C. The debate over dopamine's role in reward: The case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007, 191:391-431.
26. Bevan M.D., Wilson C.J. Mechanisms underlying spontaneous oscillation and rhythmic firing in rat subthalamic neurons. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:7617-7628.
27. Blomqvist O., Engel J.A., Nissbrandt H., Soderpalm B. The mesolimbic dopamine-activating properties of ethanol are antagonized by mecamylamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993, 249:207-213.
28. Blomqvist O., Ericson M., Engel J.A., Soderpalm B. Accumbal dopamine overflow after ethanol: Localization of the antagonizing effect of mecamylamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 334:149-156.
29. Blythe S.N., Atherton J.F., Bevan M.D. Synaptic activation of dendritic AMPA and NMDA receptors generates transient high-frequency firing in substantia nigra dopamine neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 2007, 97:2837-2850.
30. Blythe S.N., Wokosin D., Atherton J.F., Bevan M.D. Cellular mechanisms underlying burst firing in substantia nigra dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:15531-15541.
31. Bolam J.P., Smith Y. The GABA and substance P input to dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra of the rat. Brain Res. 1990, 529:57-78.
32. Borghese C.M., Harris R.A. Studies of ethanol actions on recombinant delta-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors yield contradictory results. Alcohol 2007, 41:155-162.
33. Borgland S.L., Taha S.A., Sarti F., Fields H.L., Bonci A. Orexin A in the VTA is critical for the induction of synaptic plasticity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Neuron 2006, 49:589-601.
34. Brazhnik E., Shah F., Tepper J.M. GABAergic afferents activate both GABAA and GABAB receptors in mouse substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:10386-10398.
35. Brodie M.S. Increased ethanol excitation of dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area after chronic ethanol treatment. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2002, 26:1024-1030.
36. Brodie M.S., Appel S.B. The effects of ethanol on dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area studied with intracellular recording in brain slices. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1998, 22:236-244.
37. Brodie M.S., Appel S.B. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice differ in sensitivity to ethanol excitation. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2000, 24:1120-1124.
38. Brodie M.S., McElvain M.A., Bunney E.B., Appel S.B. Pharmacological reduction of small conductance calcium-activated potassium current (SK) potentiates the excitatory effect of ethanol on ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 290:325-333.
39. Brodie M.S., Pesold C., Appel S.B. Ethanol directly excites dopaminergic ventral tegmental area reward neurons. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1999, 23:1848-1852.
40. Brodie M.S., Shefner S.A., Dunwiddie T.V. Ethanol increases the firing rate of dopamine neurons of the rat ventral tegmental area in vitro. Brain Res. 1990, 508:65-69.
41. Brodie M.S., Trifunovic R.D., Shefner S.A. Serotonin potentiates ethanol-induced excitation of ventral tegmental area neurons in brain slices from three different rat strains. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995, 273:1139-1146.
42. Brown D.A., Passmore G.M. Neural KCNQ (Kv7) channels. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 156:1185-1195.
43. Brown H., Difrancesco D. Voltage-clamp investigations of membrane currents underlying pace-maker activity in rabbit sino-atrial node. J. Physiol. 1980, 308:331-351.
44. Bubar M.J., Cunningham K.A. Distribution of serotonin 5-HT2C receptors in the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2007, 146:286-297.
45. Budygin E.A., Phillips P.E., Wightman R.M., Jones S.R. Terminal effects of ethanol on dopamine dynamics in rat nucleus accumbens: An in vitro voltammetric study. Synapse 2001, 42:77-79.
46. Cagniard B., Beeler J.A., Britt J.P., McGehee D.S., Marinelli M., Zhuang X. Dopamine scales performance in the absence of new learning. Neuron 2006, 51:541-547.
47. Caine S.B., Koob G.F. Effects of dopamine D-1 and D-2 antagonists on cocaine self-administration under different schedules of reinforcement in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994, 270:209-218.
48. Cameron D.L., Wessendorf M.W., Williams J.T. A subset of ventral tegmental area neurons is inhibited by dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and opioids. Neuroscience 1997, 77:155-166.
49. Cameron D.L., Williams J.T. Dopamine D1 receptors facilitate transmitter release. Nature 1993, 366:344-347.
50. Campbell A.D., Kohl R.R., McBride W.J. Serotonin-3 receptor and ethanol-stimulated somatodendritic dopamine release. Alcohol 1996, 13:569-574.
51. Carr D.B., Sesack S.R. Projections from the rat prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area: Target specificity in the synaptic associations with mesoaccumbens and mesocortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:3864-3873.
52. Champtiaux N., Gotti C., Cordero-Erausquin M., David D.J., Przybylski C., Lena C., Clementi F., Moretti M., Rossi F.M., Le Novere N., McIntosh J.M., Gardier A.M., Changeux J.P. Subunit composition of functional nicotinic receptors in dopaminergic neurons investigated with knock-out mice. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:7820-7829.
53. Chan C.S., Guzman J.N., Ilijic E., Mercer J.N., Rick C., Tkatch T., Meredith G.E., Surmeier D.J. "Rejuvenation" protects neurons in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Nature 2007, 447:1081-1086.
54. Chan C.S., Shigemoto R., Mercer J.N., Surmeier D.J. HCN2 and HCN1 channels govern the regularity of autonomous pacemaking and synaptic resetting in globus pallidus neurons. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:9921-9932.
55. Charara A., Smith Y., Parent A. Glutamatergic inputs from the pedunculopontine nucleus to midbrain dopaminergic neurons in primates: Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde labeling combined with postembedding glutamate and GABA immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 364:254-266.
56. Charlton M.E., Sweetnam P.M., Fitzgerald L.W., Terwilliger R.Z., Nestler E.J., Duman R.S. Chronic ethanol administration regulates the expression of GABAA receptor alpha 1 and alpha 5 subunits in the ventral tegmental area and hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 1997, 68:121-127.
57. Cheer J.F., Wassum K.M., Sombers L.A., Heien M.L., Ariansen J.L., Aragona B.J., Phillips P.E., Wightman R.M. Phasic dopamine release evoked by abused substances requires cannabinoid receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:791-795.
58. 2+ dependence and time course of somatodendritic dopamine release: Substantia nigra versus striatum. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:7841-7847.
59. Chergui K., Akaoka H., Charlety P.J., Saunier C.F., Buda M., Chouvet G. Subthalamic nucleus modulates burst firing of nigral dopamine neurones via NMDA receptors. Neuroreport 1994, 5:1185-1188.
60. Chergui K., Charlety P.J., Akaoka H., Saunier C.F., Brunet J.L., Buda M., Svensson T.H., Chouvet G. Tonic activation of NMDA receptors causes spontaneous burst discharge of rat midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1993, 5:137-144.
61. Chevaleyre V., Castillo P.E. Assessing the role of Ih channels in synaptic transmission and mossy fiber LTP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:9538-9543.
62. Christoffersen C.L., Meltzer L.T. Evidence for N-methyl-d-aspartate and AMPA subtypes of the glutamate receptor on substantia nigra dopamine neurons: Possible preferential role for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Neuroscience 1995, 67:373-381.
63. Clark A., Little H.J. Interactions between low concentrations of ethanol and nicotine on firing rate of ventral tegmental dopamine neurones. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004, 75:199-206.
64. Clements J.R., Toth D.D., Highfield D.A., Grant S.J. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity is present within cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1991, 295:127-142.
65. Comoli E., Coizet V., Boyes J., Bolam J.P., Canteras N.S., Quirk R.H., Overton P.G., Redgrave P. A direct projection from superior colliculus to substantia nigra for detecting salient visual events. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:974-980.
66. Connor J.A., Stevens C.F. Prediction of repetitive firing behaviour from voltage clamp data on an isolated neurone soma. J. Physiol. 1971, 213:31-53.
67. Conrad L.C., Pfaff D.W. Autoradiographic tracing of nucleus accumbens efferents in the rat. Brain Res. 1976, 113:589-596.
68. Crippens D., Robinson T.E. Withdrawal from morphine or amphetamine: Different effects on dopamine in the ventral-medial striatum studied with microdialysis. Brain Res. 1994, 650:56-62.
69. Criswell H.E., Ming Z., Kelm M.K., Breese G.R. Brain regional differences in the effect of ethanol on GABA release from presynaptic terminals. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008, 326:596-603.
70. 2+ signals by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:4776-4785.
71. Dai M., Tepper J.M. Do silent dopaminergic neurons exist in rat substantia nigra in vivo?. Neuroscience 1998, 85:1089-1099.
72. Dani J.A., Harris R.A. Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:1465-1470.
73. + channels. Cell Signal 1997, 9:551-573.
74. Deister C.A., Teagarden M.A., Wilson C.J., Paladini C.A. An intrinsic neuronal oscillator underlies dopaminergic neuron bursting. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:15888-15897.
75. Deng C., Li K.Y., Zhou C., Ye J.H. Ethanol enhances glutamate transmission by retrograde dopamine signaling in a postsynaptic neuron/synaptic bouton preparation from the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:1233-1244.
76. Di Chiara G., Imperato A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85:5274-5278.
77. Di Loreto S., Florio T., Scarnati E. Evidence that non-NMDA receptors are involved in the excitatory pathway from the pedunculopontine region to nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Exp. Brain Res. 1992, 89:79-86.
78. Di Matteo V., De Blasi A., Di Giulio C., Esposito E. Role of 5-HT(2C) receptors in the control of central dopamine function. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2001, 22:229-232.
79. Diana M., Brodie M., Muntoni A., Puddu M.C., Pillolla G., Steffensen S., Spiga S., Little H.J. Enduring effects of chronic ethanol in the CNS: Basis for alcoholism. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2003, 27:354-361.
80. Diana M., Pistis M., Carboni S., Gessa G.L., Rossetti Z.L. Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:7966-7969.
81. Diana M., Pistis M., Muntoni A., Gessa G. Mesolimbic dopaminergic reduction outlasts ethanol withdrawal syndrome: Evidence of protracted abstinence. Neuroscience 1996, 71:411-415.
82. Diana M., Pistis M., Muntoni A.L., Gessa G.L. Ethanol withdrawal does not induce a reduction in the number of spontaneously active dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic system. Brain Res. 1995, 682:29-34.
83. Ding Z.M., Rodd Z.A., Engleman E.A., McBride W.J. Sensitization of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to the stimulating effects of ethanol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2009, 33:1571-1581.
84. Ding Z.M., Toalston J.E., Oster S.M., McBride W.J., Rodd Z.A. Involvement of local serotonin-2A but not serotonin-1B receptors in the reinforcing effects of ethanol within the posterior ventral tegmental area of female Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2009, 204:381-390.
85. Doherty M.D., Pickel V.M. Ultrastructural localization of the serotonin 2A receptor in dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 2000, 864:176-185.
86. Dommett E., Coizet V., Blaha C.D., Martindale J., Lefebvre V., Walton N., Mayhew J.E., Overton P.G., Redgrave P. How visual stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons at short latency. Science 2005, 307:1476-1479.
87. Dreixler J.C., Jenkins A., Cao Y.J., Roizen J.D., Houamed K.M. Patch-clamp analysis of anesthetic interactions with recombinant SK2 subtype neuronal calcium-activated potassium channels. Anesth. Analg. 2000, 90:727-732.
88. Durante P., Cardenas C.G., Whittaker J.A., Kitai S.T., Scroggs R.S. Low-threshold L-type calcium channels in rat dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2004, 91:1450-1454.
89. Dyr W., McBride W.J., Lumeng L., Li T.K., Murphy J.M. Effects of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agents on ethanol consumption in the high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) line of rats. Alcohol 1993, 10:207-212.
90. Engleman E.A., McBride W.J., Li T.K., Lumeng L., Murphy J.M. Ethanol drinking experience attenuates (-)sulpiride-induced increases in extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2003, 27:424-431.
91. Engleman E.A., McBride W.J., Wilber A.A., Shaikh S.R., Eha R.D., Lumeng L., Li T.K., Murphy J.M. Reverse microdialysis of a dopamine uptake inhibitor in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring rats: Effects on dialysate dopamine levels and ethanol intake. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2000, 24:795-801.
92. Engleman E.A., Rodd Z.A., Bell R.L., Murphy J.M. The role of 5-HT3 receptors in drug abuse and as a target for pharmacotherapy. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2008, 7:454-467.
93. Erhardt S., Mathe J.M., Chergui K., Engberg G., Svensson T.H. GABA(B) receptor-mediated modulation of the firing pattern of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in vivo. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2002, 365:173-180.
94. Ericson M., Molander A., Lof E., Engel J.A., Soderpalm B. Ethanol elevates accumbal dopamine levels via indirect activation of ventral tegmental nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 467:85-93.
95. Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:1481-1489.
96. Fadel J., Deutch A.Y. Anatomical substrates of orexin-dopamine interactions: Lateral hypothalamic projections to the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2002, 111:379-387.
97. Fallon J.H., Leslie F.M., Cone R.I. Dynorphin-containing pathways in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum: A double labeling study using combined immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing. Neuropeptides 1985, 5:457-460.
98. Federici M., Nistico R., Giustizieri M., Bernardi G., Mercuri N.B. Ethanol enhances GABAB-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic transmission on rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons by facilitating GIRK currents. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:1369-1377.
99. Fiorillo C.D., Williams J.T. Glutamate mediates an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in dopamine neurons. Nature 1998, 394:78-82.
100. Fiorillo C.D., Williams J.T. Cholinergic inhibition of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:7855-7860.
101. Floresco S.B., West A.R., Ash B., Moore H., Grace A.A. Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:968-973.
102. Foddai M., Dosia G., Spiga S., Diana M. Acetaldehyde increases dopaminergic neuronal activity in the VTA. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:530-536.
103. Ford C.P., Mark G.P., Williams J.T. Properties and opioid inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine neurons vary according to target location. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:2788-2797.
104. Franz O., Liss B., Neu A., Roeper J. Single-cell mRNA expression of HCN1 correlates with a fast gating phenotype of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (Ih) in central neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12:2685-2693.
105. Fujimura K., Matsuda Y. Autogenous oscillatory potentials in neurons of the guinea pig substantia nigra pars compacta in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 1989, 104:53-57.
106. Gallegos R.A., Lee R.S., Criado J.R., Henriksen S.J., Steffensen S.C. Adaptive responses of gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons in the ventral tegmental area to chronic ethanol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 291:1045-1053.
107. Garzon M., Pickel V.M. Ultrastructural localization of enkephalin and mu-opioid receptors in the rat ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2002, 114:461-474.
108. Gatto G.J., McBride W.J., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., Li T.K. Ethanol self-infusion into the ventral tegmental area by alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol 1994, 11:557-564.
109. Gehlert D.R., Gackenheimer S.L., Wong D.T., Robertson D.W. Localization of 5-HT3 receptors in the rat brain using [3H]LY278584. Brain Res. 1991, 553:149-154.
110. Geisler S., Derst C., Veh R.W., Zahm D.S. Glutamatergic afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:5730-5743.
111. Geisler S., Zahm D.S. Afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat-anatomical substratum for integrative functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 490:270-294.
112. George M.S., Abbott L.F., Siegelbaum S.A. HCN hyperpolarization-activated cation channels inhibit EPSPs by interactions with M-type K(+) channels. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:577-584.
113. Georges F., Aston-Jones G. Activation of ventral tegmental area cells by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: A novel excitatory amino acid input to midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:5173-5187.
114. Gessa G.L., Muntoni F., Collu M., Vargiu L., Mereu G. Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 1985, 348:201-203.
115. Gonzales R.A., Job M.O., Doyon W.M. The role of mesolimbic dopamine in the development and maintenance of ethanol reinforcement. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 103:121-146.
116. Gonzales R.A., Weiss F. Suppression of ethanol-reinforced behavior by naltrexone is associated with attenuation of the ethanol-induced increase in dialysate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:10663-10671.
117. Goto Y., Grace A.A. Dopaminergic modulation of limbic and cortical drive of nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:805-812.
118. Goto Y., Otani S., Grace A.A. The Yin and Yang of dopamine release: A new perspective. Neuropharmacology 2007, 53:583-587.
119. Grace A.A., Bunney B.S. The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: Burst firing. J. Neurosci. 1984, 4:2877-2890.
120. Grace A.A., Bunney B.S. The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: Single spike firing. J. Neurosci. 1984, 4:2866-2876.
121. Grace A.A., Onn S.P. Morphology and electrophysiological properties of immunocytochemically identified rat dopamine neurons recorded in vitro. J. Neurosci. 1989, 9:3463-3481.
122. Grenhoff J., North R.A., Johnson S.W. Alpha 1-adrenergic effects on dopamine neurons recorded intracellularly in the rat midbrain slice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1995, 7:1707-1713.
123. Grillner P., Berretta N., Bernardi G., Svensson T.H., Mercuri N.B. Muscarinic receptors depress GABAergic synaptic transmission in rat midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuroscience 2000, 96:299-307.
124. Grillner P., Bonci A., Svensson T.H., Bernardi G., Mercuri N.B. Presynaptic muscarinic (M3) receptors reduce excitatory transmission in dopamine neurons of the rat mesencephalon. Neuroscience 1999, 91:557-565.
125. Gronier B., Rasmussen K. Activation of midbrain presumed dopaminergic neurones by muscarinic cholinergic receptors: An in vivo electrophysiological study in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 124:455-464.
126. Groves P.M., Wilson C.J., Young S.J., Rebec G.V. Self-inhibition by dopaminergic neurons. Science 1975, 190:522-528.
127. Guatteo E., Mercuri N.B., Bernardi G., Knopfel T. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors mediate an inward current in rat substantia nigra dopamine neurons that is independent from calcium mobilization. J. Neurophysiol. 1999, 82:1974-1981.
128. Guiard B.P., El Mansari M., Blier P. Cross-talk between dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the rat ventral tegmental area, locus ceruleus, and dorsal hippocampus. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 74:1463-1475.
129. Guzman J.N., Sanchez-Padilla J., Chan C.S., Surmeier D.J. Robust pacemaking in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:11011-11019.
130. Haber S.N., Fudge J.L., McFarland N.R. Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:2369-2382.
131. Haber S.N., Lynd E., Klein C., Groenewegen H.J. Topographic organization of the ventral striatal efferent projections in the rhesus monkey: An anterograde tracing study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 293:282-298.
132. + channel-mediated dampening of dopamine neuron excitability by the antipsychotic drug haloperidol. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:10859-10866.
133. Hainsworth A.H., Roper J., Kapoor R., Ashcroft F.M. Identification and electrophysiology of isolated pars compacta neurons from guinea-pig substantia nigra. Neuroscience 1991, 43:81-93.
134. Harnett M.T., Bernier B.E., Ahn K.C., Morikawa H. Burst-timing-dependent plasticity of NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuron 2009, 62:826-838.
135. Harris N.C., Constanti A. Mechanism of block by ZD 7288 of the hyperpolarization-activated inward rectifying current in guinea pig substantia nigra neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 1995, 74:2366-2378.
136. Harris N.C., Webb C., Greenfield S.A. A possible pacemaker mechanism in pars compacta neurons of the guinea-pig substantia nigra revealed by various ion channel blocking agents. Neuroscience 1989, 31:355-362.
137. Hausser M.A., Yung W.H. Inhibitory synaptic potentials in guinea-pig substantia nigra dopamine neurones in vitro. J. Physiol. 1994, 479(Pt 3):401-422.
138. Heimer L., Zahm D.S., Churchill L., Kalivas P.W., Wohltmann C. Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neuroscience 1991, 41:89-125.
139. Herve D., Pickel V.M., Joh T.H., Beaudet A. Serotonin axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area of the rat: Fine structure and synaptic input to dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 1987, 435:71-83.
140. Hodge C.W., Haraguchi M., Erickson H., Samson H.H. Ventral tegmental microinjections of quinpirole decrease ethanol and sucrose-reinforced responding. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1993, 17:370-375.
141. Hodge C.W., Samson H.H., Chappelle A.M. Alcohol self-administration: Further examination of the role of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1997, 21:1083-1091.
142. Hopf F.W., Martin M., Chen B.T., Bowers M.S., Mohamedi M.M., Bonci A. Withdrawal from intermittent ethanol exposure increases probability of burst firing in VTA neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 2007, 98:2297-2310.
143. Horvitz J.C. Dopamine gating of glutamatergic sensorimotor and incentive motivational input signals to the striatum. Behav. Brain Res. 2002, 137:65-74.
144. Hubert G.W., Paquet M., Smith Y. Differential subcellular localization of mGluR1a and mGluR5 in the rat and monkey substantia nigra. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:1838-1847.
145. Hyland B.I., Reynolds J.N., Hay J., Perk C.G., Miller R. Firing modes of midbrain dopamine cells in the freely moving rat. Neuroscience 2002, 114:475-492.
146. Hyman S.E., Malenka R.C., Nestler E.J. Neural mechanisms of addiction: The role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 29:565-598.
147. Ikemoto S. Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Res. Rev. 2007, 56:27-78.
148. Ikemoto S., McBride W.J., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., Li T.K. 6-OHDA-lesions of the nucleus accumbens disrupt the acquisition but not the maintenance of ethanol consumption in the alcohol-preferring P line of rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1997, 21:1042-1046.
149. Imperato A., Di Chiara G. Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 239:219-228.
150. Imperato A., Mele A., Scrocco M.G., Puglisi-Allegra S. Chronic cocaine alters limbic extracellular dopamine. Neurochemical basis for addiction. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1992, 212:299-300.
151. Imperato A., Obinu M.C., Carta G., Mascia M.S., Casu M.A., Gessa G.L. Reduction of dopamine release and synthesis by repeated amphetamine treatment: Role in behavioral sensitization. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 317:231-237.
152. Jarjour S., Bai L., Gianoulakis C. Effect of acute ethanol administration on the release of opioid peptides from the midbrain including the ventral tegmental area. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2009, 33:1033-1043.
153. Jhou T.C., Fields H.L., Baxter M.G., Saper C.B., Holland P.C. The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), a GABAergic afferent to midbrain dopamine neurons, encodes aversive stimuli and inhibits motor responses. Neuron 2009, 61:786-800.
154. Jhou T.C., Geisler S., Marinelli M., Degarmo B.A., Zahm D.S. The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus: A structure targeted by the lateral habenula that projects to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and substantia nigra compacta. J. Comp. Neurol. 2009, 513:566-596.
155. 2+ sensitivity of SK channels. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:1883-1895.
156. Jia H.G., Yamuy J., Sampogna S., Morales F.R., Chase M.H. Colocalization of gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine in neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the cat: A light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res. 2003, 992:205-219.
157. Jiang Z.L., Ye J.H. Protein kinase C epsilon is involved in ethanol potentiation of glycine-gated Cl(-) current in rat neurons of ventral tegmental area. Neuropharmacology 2003, 44:493-502.
158. Johnson B.A. Update on neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: Scientific basis and clinical findings. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2008, 75:34-56.
159. Johnson S.W., Mercuri N.B., North R.A. 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors block the GABAB synaptic potential in rat dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:2000-2006.
160. Johnson S.W., North R.A. Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:483-488.
161. Johnson S.W., North R.A. Two types of neurone in the rat ventral tegmental area and their synaptic inputs. J. Physiol. 1992, 450:455-468.
162. Jones S., Bonci A. Synaptic plasticity and drug addiction. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2005, 5:20-25.
163. Jones S., Kauer J.A. Amphetamine depresses excitatory synaptic transmission via serotonin receptors in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:9780-9787.
164. Kalivas P.W., Churchill L., Klitenick M.A. GABA and enkephalin projection from the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum to the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 1993, 57:1047-1060.
165. Kalivas P.W., Duffy P. Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioral sensitization to cocaine: I. Dopamine axon terminals. J. Neurosci. 1993, 13:266-275.
166. Karreman M., Westerink B.H., Moghaddam B. Excitatory amino acid receptors in the ventral tegmental area regulate dopamine release in the ventral striatum. J. Neurochem. 1996, 67:601-607.
167. Kauer J.A., Malenka R.C. Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:844-858.
168. Kaufling J., Veinante P., Pawlowski S.A., Freund-Mercier M.J., Barrot M. Afferents to the GABAergic tail of the ventral tegmental area in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 2009, 513:597-621.
169. Kaupp U.B., Seifert R. Molecular diversity of pacemaker ion channels. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2001, 63:235-257.
170. Kemppainen H., Raivio N., Nurmi H., Kiianmaa K. GABA and glutamate overflow in the VTA and ventral pallidum of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats after ethanol. Alcohol Alcohol. 2010, 45:111-118.
171. Khaliq Z.M., Bean B.P. Dynamic, nonlinear feedback regulation of slow pacemaking by A-type potassium current in ventral tegmental area neurons. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:10905-10917.
172. Kita J.M., Kile B.M., Parker L.E., Wightman R.M. in vitro measurement of somatodendritic release of dopamine in the ventral tegmental area. Synapse 2009, 63:951-960.
173. + channels. Nat. Neurosci. 1999, 2:1091-1097.
174. Koga E., Momiyama T. Presynaptic dopamine D2-like receptors inhibit excitatory transmission onto rat ventral tegmental dopaminergic neurones. J. Physiol. 2000, 523(Pt 1):163-173.
175. Kohl R.R., Katner J.S., Chernet E., McBride W.J. Ethanol and negative feedback regulation of mesolimbic dopamine release in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1998, 139:79-85.
176. Koob G.F. Neurobiological substrates for the dark side of compulsivity in addiction. Neuropharmacology 2009, 56(Suppl. 1):18-31.
177. Korotkova T.M., Brown R.E., Sergeeva O.A., Ponomarenko A.A., Haas H.L. Effects of arousal- and feeding-related neuropeptides on dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 23:2677-2685.
178. Korotkova T.M., Sergeeva O.A., Eriksson K.S., Haas H.L., Brown R.E. Excitation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons by orexins/hypocretins. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:7-11.
179. + current of dopamine and GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 96:544-554.
180. Koyama S., Appel S.B. Characterization of M-current in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 96:535-543.
181. Koyama S., Brodie M.S., Appel S.B. Ethanol inhibition of m-current and ethanol-induced direct excitation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2007, 97:1977-1985.
182. Kretschmer B.D. Modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by glutamate: Role of NMDA receptors. J. Neurochem. 1999, 73:839-848.
183. Labouebe G., Lomazzi M., Cruz H.G., Creton C., Lujan R., Li M., Yanagawa Y., Obata K., Watanabe M., Wickman K., Boyer S.B., Slesinger P.A., Luscher C. RGS2 modulates coupling between GABAB receptors and GIRK channels in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1559-1568.
184. Lacey M.G. Neurotransmitter receptors and ionic conductances regulating the activity of neurones in substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. Prog. Brain Res. 1993, 99:251-276.
185. Lacey M.G., Calabresi P., North R.A. Muscarine depolarizes rat substantia nigra zona compacta and ventral tegmental neurons in vitro through M1-like receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990, 253:395-400.
186. Lacey M.G., Mercuri N.B., North R.A. Dopamine acts on D2 receptors to increase potassium conductance in neurones of the rat substantia nigra zona compacta. J. Physiol. 1987, 392:397-416.
187. Lacey M.G., Mercuri N.B., North R.A. On the potassium conductance increase activated by GABAB and dopamine D2 receptors in rat substantia nigra neurones. J. Physiol. 1988, 401:437-453.
188. Lammel S., Hetzel A., Hackel O., Jones I., Liss B., Roeper J. Unique properties of mesoprefrontal neurons within a dual mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Neuron 2008, 57:760-773.
189. Latimer L.G., Duffy P., Kalivas P.W. Mu opioid receptor involvement in enkephalin activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1987, 241:328-337.
190. Lavoie B., Parent A. Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: Cholinergic and glutamatergic projections to the substantia nigra. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 344:232-241.
191. Lavoie B., Parent A. Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: Distribution of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum with evidence for the presence of glutamate in cholinergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 344:190-209.
192. Lee Y.K., Park S.W., Kim Y.K., Kim D.J., Jeong J., Myrick H., Kim Y.H. Effects of naltrexone on the ethanol-induced changes in the rat central dopaminergic system. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005, 40:297-301.
193. Leone P., Pocock D., Wise R.A. Morphine-dopamine interaction: Ventral tegmental morphine increases nucleus accumbens dopamine release. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1991, 39:469-472.
194. Lewohl J.M., Wilson W.R., Mayfield R.D., Brozowski S.J., Morrisett R.A., Harris R.A. G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels are targets of alcohol action. Nat. Neurosci. 1999, 2:1084-1090.
195. Lindholm S., Ploj K., Franck J., Nylander I. Repeated ethanol administration induces short- and long-term changes in enkephalin and dynorphin tissue concentrations in rat brain. Alcohol 2000, 22:165-171.
196. Lindholm S., Werme M., Brene S., Franck J. The selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U50,488H attenuates voluntary ethanol intake in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 2001, 120:137-146.
197. Liss B., Franz O., Sewing S., Bruns R., Neuhoff H., Roeper J. Tuning pacemaker frequency of individual dopaminergic neurons by Kv4.3L and KChip3.1 transcription. EMBO J. 2001, 20:5715-5724.
198. Liu L., Shen R.Y., Kapatos G., Chiodo L.A. Dopamine neuron membrane physiology: Characterization of the transient outward current (IA) and demonstration of a common signal transduction pathway for IA and IK. Synapse 1994, 17:230-240.
199. Llinas R.R., Alonso A. Electrophysiology of the mammillary complex in vitro: I. Tuberomammillary and lateral mammillary neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 1992, 68:1307-1320.
200. Lobo I.A., Harris R.A. GABA(A) receptors and alcohol. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2008, 90:90-94.
201. Logrip M.L., Janak P.H., Ron D. Blockade of ethanol reward by the kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H. Alcohol 2009, 43:359-365.
202. Lovinger D.M. Ethanol potentiation of 5-HT3 receptor-mediated ion current in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci. Lett. 1991, 122:57-60.
203. Lovinger D.M. Alcohols and neurotransmitter gated ion channels: Past, present and future. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1997, 356:267-282.
204. Lovinger D.M., White G., Weight F.F. Ethanol inhibits NMDA-activated ion current in hippocampal neurons. Science 1989, 243:1721-1724.
205. Ludlow K.H., Bradley K.D., Allison D.W., Taylor S.R., Yorgason J.T., Hansen D.M., Walton C.H., Sudweeks S.N., Steffensen S.C. Acute and chronic ethanol modulate dopamine D2-subtype receptor responses in ventral tegmental area GABA neurons. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2009, 33:804-811.
206. 2+ -mediated upregulation of Ih. Neuron 1998, 20:553-563.
207. Maccaferri G., McBain C.J. The hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) and its contribution to pacemaker activity in rat CA1 hippocampal stratum oriens-alveus interneurones. J. Physiol. 1996, 497(Pt 1):119-130.
208. Magee J.C. Dendritic hyperpolarization-activated currents modify the integrative properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:7613-7624.
209. Mahon S., Deniau J.M., Charpier S. Corticostriatal plasticity: Life after the depression. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27:460-467.
210. Maldonado R., Robledo P., Chover A.J., Caine S.B., Koob G.F. D1 dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens modulate cocaine self-administration in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1993, 45:239-242.
211. Maldve R.E., Zhang T.A., Ferrani-Kile K., Schreiber S.S., Lippmann M.J., Snyder G.L., Fienberg A.A., Leslie S.W., Gonzales R.A., Morrisett R.A. DARPP-32 and regulation of the ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5:641-648.
212. Mansour A., Khachaturian H., Lewis M.E., Akil H., Watson S.J. Anatomy of CNS opioid receptors. Trends Neurosci. 1988, 11:308-314.
213. Mansvelder H.D., McGehee D.S. Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of nicotine addiction. J. Neurobiol. 2002, 53:606-617.
214. Manzoni O.J., Williams J.T. Presynaptic regulation of glutamate release in the ventral tegmental area during morphine withdrawal. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:6629-6636.
215. Margolis E.B., Fields H.L., Hjelmstad G.O., Mitchell J.M. Delta-opioid receptor expression in the ventral tegmental area protects against elevated alcohol consumption. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:12672-12681.
216. Margolis E.B., Hjelmstad G.O., Bonci A., Fields H.L. Kappa-opioid agonists directly inhibit midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:9981-9986.
217. Margolis E.B., Hjelmstad G.O., Bonci A., Fields H.L. Both kappa and mu opioid agonists inhibit glutamatergic input to ventral tegmental area neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2005, 93:3086-3093.
218. Margolis E.B., Lock H., Chefer V.I., Shippenberg T.S., Hjelmstad G.O., Fields H.L. Kappa opioids selectively control dopaminergic neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:2938-2942.
219. Margolis E.B., Lock H., Hjelmstad G.O., Fields H.L. The ventral tegmental area revisited: Is there an electrophysiological marker for dopaminergic neurons?. J. Physiol. 2006, 577:907-924.
220. Margolis E.B., Mitchell J.M., Ishikawa J., Hjelmstad G.O., Fields H.L. Midbrain dopamine neurons: Projection target determines action potential duration and dopamine D(2) receptor inhibition. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:8908-8913.
221. Martinez D., Gil R., Slifstein M., Hwang D.R., Huang Y., Perez A., Kegeles L., Talbot P., Evans S., Krystal J., Laruelle M., Abi-Dargham A. Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 58:779-786.
222. Matsumoto M., Hikosaka O. Lateral habenula as a source of negative reward signals in dopamine neurons. Nature 2007, 447:1111-1115.
223. Matthews R.T., German D.C. Electrophysiological evidence for excitation of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by morphine. Neuroscience 1984, 11:617-625.
224. McDaid J., McElvain M.A., Brodie M.S. Ethanol effects on dopaminergic ventral tegmental area neurons during block of Ih: Involvement of barium-sensitive potassium currents. J. Neurophysiol. 2008, 100:1202-1210.
225. Mejias-Aponte C.A., Drouin C., Aston-Jones G. Adrenergic and noradrenergic innervation of the midbrain ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field: Prominent inputs from medullary homeostatic centers. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:3613-3626.
226. Melis M., Camarini R., Ungless M.A., Bonci A. Long-lasting potentiation of GABAergic synapses in dopamine neurons after a single in vivo ethanol exposure. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:2074-2082.
227. Melis M., Diana M., Enrico P., Marinelli M., Brodie M.S. Ethanol and acetaldehyde action on central dopamine systems: Mechanisms, modulation, and relationship to stress. Alcohol 2009, 43:531-539.
228. Melis M., Enrico P., Peana A.T., Diana M. Acetaldehyde mediates alcohol activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 26:2824-2833.
229. Melis M., Perra S., Muntoni A.L., Pillolla G., Lutz B., Marsicano G., Di Marzo V., Gessa G.L., Pistis M. Prefrontal cortex stimulation induces 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol-mediated suppression of excitation in dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:10707-10715.
230. Melis M., Pistis M., Perra S., Muntoni A.L., Pillolla G., Gessa G.L. Endocannabinoids mediate presynaptic inhibition of glutamatergic transmission in rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons through activation of CB1 receptors. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:53-62.
231. Melis M., Spiga S., Diana M. The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: Hypodopaminergic state. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2005, 63:101-154.
232. Mena-Segovia J., Winn P., Bolam J.P. Cholinergic modulation of midbrain dopaminergic systems. Brain Res. Rev. 2008, 58:265-271.
233. Mendez M., Leriche M., Calva J.C. Acute ethanol administration differentially modulates mu opioid receptors in the rat meso-accumbens and mesocortical pathways. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2001, 94:148-156.
234. Mercuri N.B., Bonci A., Calabresi P., Stratta F., Stefani A., Bernardi G. Effects of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists on rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 113:831-838.
235. Meredith G.E. The synaptic framework for chemical signaling in nucleus accumbens. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1999, 877:140-156.
236. Mereu G., Fadda F., Gessa G.L. Ethanol stimulates the firing rate of nigral dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetized rats. Brain Res. 1984, 292:63-69.
237. Mereu G., Gessa G.L. Low doses of ethanol inhibit the firing of neurons in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata: A GABAergic effect?. Brain Res. 1985, 360:325-330.
238. Mileykovskiy B.Y., Kiyashchenko L.I., Siegel J.M. Behavioral correlates of activity in identified hypocretin/orexin neurons. Neuron 2005, 46:787-798.
239. Miquel M.C., Emerit M.B., Nosjean A., Simon A., Rumajogee P., Brisorgueil M.J., Doucet E., Hamon M., Verge D. Differential subcellular localization of the 5-HT3-As receptor subunit in the rat central nervous system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 15:449-457.
240. Montague P.R., Hyman S.E., Cohen J.D. Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control. Nature 2004, 431:760-767.
241. 2+ mobilization in dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:149-157.
242. Morikawa H., Manzoni O.J., Crabbe J.C., Williams J.T. Regulation of central synaptic transmission by 5-HT(1B) auto- and heteroreceptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 2000, 58:1271-1278.
243. Myers R.D., Robinson D.E. Mmu and D2 receptor antisense oligonucleotides injected in nucleus accumbens suppress high alcohol intake in genetic drinking HEP rats. Alcohol 1999, 18:225-233.
244. Narita M., Nagumo Y., Hashimoto S., Khotib J., Miyatake M., Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Nakamachi T., Shioda S., Suzuki T. Direct involvement of orexinergic systems in the activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and related behaviors induced by morphine. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:398-405.
245. 2+ conductances in guinea-pig substantia nigra pars compacta neurones. J. Physiol. 1993, 466:727-747.
246. Nestby P., Schoffelmeer A.N., Homberg J.R., Wardeh G., De Vries T.J., Mulder A.H., Vanderschuren L.J. Bremazocine reduces unrestricted free-choice ethanol self-administration in rats without affecting sucrose preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1999, 142:309-317.
247. Neuhoff H., Neu A., Liss B., Roeper J. I(h) channels contribute to the different functional properties of identified dopaminergic subpopulations in the midbrain. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:1290-1302.
248. Nicola S.M. The nucleus accumbens as part of a basal ganglia action selection circuit. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007, 191:521-550.
249. Nicola S.M., Woodward Hopf F., Hjelmstad G.O. Contrast enhancement: A physiological effect of striatal dopamine?. Cell Tissue Res. 2004, 318:93-106.
250. Nirenberg M.J., Chan J., Liu Y., Edwards R.H., Pickel V.M. Ultrastructural localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 in midbrain dopaminergic neurons: Potential sites for somatodendritic storage and release of dopamine. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:4135-4145.
251. Niv Y. Cost, benefit, tonic, phasic: What do response rates tell us about dopamine and motivation?. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 2007, 1104:357-376.
252. Niv Y., Daw N.D., Joel D., Dayan P. Tonic dopamine: Opportunity costs and the control of response vigor. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007, 191:507-520.
253. Noma A., Irisawa H. Membrane currents in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell as studied by the double microelectrode method. Pflugers Arch. 1976, 364:45-52.
254. Notomi T., Shigemoto R. Immunohistochemical localization of Ih channel subunits, HCN1-4, in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 2004, 471:241-276.
255. Nowak K.L., McBride W.J., Lumeng L., Li T.K., Murphy J.M. Involvement of dopamine D2 autoreceptors in the ventral tegmental area on alcohol and saccharin intake of the alcohol-preferring P rat. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2000, 24:476-483.
256. Oakman S.A., Faris P.L., Kerr P.E., Cozzari C., Hartman B.K. Distribution of pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons projecting to substantia nigra differs significantly from those projecting to ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:5859-5869.
257. Okada H., Matsushita N., Kobayashi K. Identification of GABAA receptor subunit variants in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurochem. 2004, 89:7-14.
258. Okamoto T., Harnett M.T., Morikawa H. Hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) is an ethanol target in midbrain dopamine neurons of mice. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 95:619-626.
259. Omelchenko N., Sesack S.R. Laterodorsal tegmental projections to identified cell populations in the rat ventral tegmental area. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 483:217-235.
260. Omelchenko N., Sesack S.R. Cholinergic axons in the rat ventral tegmental area synapse preferentially onto mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 2006, 494:863-875.
261. Omelchenko N., Sesack S.R. Glutamate synaptic inputs to ventral tegmental area neurons in the rat derive primarily from subcortical sources. Neuroscience 2007, 146:1259-1274.
262. Omelchenko N., Sesack S.R. Ultrastructural analysis of local collaterals of rat ventral tegmental area neurons: GABA phenotype and synapses onto dopamine and GABA cells. Synapse 2009, 63:895-906.
263. Ortiz J., Fitzgerald L.W., Charlton M., Lane S., Trevisan L., Guitart X., Shoemaker W., Duman R.S., Nestler E.J. Biochemical actions of chronic ethanol exposure in the mesolimbic dopamine system. Synapse 1995, 21:289-298.
264. Overton P., Clark D. Iontophoretically administered drugs acting at the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor modulate burst firing in A9 dopamine neurons in the rat. Synapse 1992, 10:131-140.
265. Overton P.G., Clark D. Burst firing in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1997, 25:312-334.
266. Paladini C.A., Fiorillo C.D., Morikawa H., Williams J.T. Amphetamine selectively blocks inhibitory glutamate transmission in dopamine neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:275-281.
267. Paladini C.A., Iribe Y., Tepper J.M. GABAA receptor stimulation blocks NMDA-induced bursting of dopaminergic neurons in vitro by decreasing input resistance. Brain Res. 1999, 832:145-151.
268. Paladini C.A., Williams J.T. Noradrenergic inhibition of midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:4568-4575.
269. Pan W.X., Hyland B.I. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus controls conditioned responses of midbrain dopamine neurons in behaving rats. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:4725-4732.
270. Pan W.X., Schmidt R., Wickens J.R., Hyland B.I. Dopamine cells respond to predicted events during classical conditioning: Evidence for eligibility traces in the reward-learning network. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:6235-6242.
271. Paolucci E., Berretta N., Tozzi A., Bernardi G., Mercuri N.B. Depression of mGluR-mediated IPSCs by 5-HT in dopamine neurons of the rat substantia nigra pars compacta. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 18:2743-2750.
272. Papadeas S., Grobin A.C., Morrow A.L. Chronic ethanol consumption differentially alters GABA(A) receptor alpha1 and alpha4 subunit peptide expression and GABA(A) receptor-mediated 36 Cl(-) uptake in mesocorticolimbic regions of rat brain. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2001, 25:1270-1275.
273. Parent A., Descarries L., Beaudet A. Organization of ascending serotonin systems in the adult rat brain. A radioautographic study after intraventricular administration of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine. Neuroscience 1981, 6:115-138.
274. Pazos A., Palacios J.M. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain: I. Serotonin-1 receptors. Brain Res. 1985, 346:205-230.
275. Pellegrino S.M., Druse M.J. The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1992, 16:275-280.
276. Perra S., Pillolla G., Melis M., Muntoni A.L., Gessa G.L., Pistis M. Involvement of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the effects of alcohol in the mesolimbic reward circuit: Electrophysiological evidence in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2005, 183:368-377.
277. Pessia M., Jiang Z.G., North R.A., Johnson S.W. Actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine on ventral tegmental area neurons of the rat in vitro. Brain Res. 1994, 654:324-330.
278. Pettit H.O., Justice J.B. Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration as studied by in vivo microdialysis. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1989, 34:899-904.
279. Pettit H.O., Justice J.B. Effect of dose on cocaine self-administration behavior and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 1991, 539:94-102.
280. Pfeffer A.O., Samson H.H. Effect of pimozide on home cage ethanol drinking in the rat: Dependence on drinking session length. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986, 17:47-55.
281. Pfeffer A.O., Samson H.H. Haloperidol and apomorphine effects on ethanol reinforcement in free feeding rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1988, 29:343-350.
282. Phillipson O.T. A Golgi study of the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1979, 187:99-115.
283. Phillipson O.T. Afferent projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus: A horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1979, 187:117-143.
284. Piazza P.V., Deroche-Gamonent V., Rouge-Pont F., Le Moal M. Vertical shifts in self-administration dose-response functions predict a drug-vulnerable phenotype predisposed to addiction. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:4226-4232.
285. Pickel V.M., Chan J., Sesack S.R. Cellular substrates for interactions between dynorphin terminals and dopamine dendrites in rat ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Brain Res. 1993, 602:275-289.
286. Pidoplichko V.I., DeBiasi M., Williams J.T., Dani J.A. Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons. Nature 1997, 390:401-404.
287. Poolos N.P., Migliore M., Johnston D. Pharmacological upregulation of h-channels reduces the excitability of pyramidal neuron dendrites. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5:767-774.
288. Przewlocka B., Turchan J., Lason W., Przewlocki R. Ethanol withdrawal enhances the prodynorphin system activity in the rat nucleus accumbens. Neurosci. Lett. 1997, 238:13-16.
289. Puopolo M., Raviola E., Bean B.P. Roles of subthreshold calcium current and sodium current in spontaneous firing of mouse midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:645-656.
290. 2+ selectivity, drives pacemaker activity and amplifies bursts in nigral dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:15414-15419.
291. Raman I.M., Bean B.P. Ionic currents underlying spontaneous action potentials in isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurons. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:1663-1674.
292. Rampon C., Luppi P.H., Fort P., Peyron C., Jouvet M. Distribution of glycine-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1996, 75:737-755.
293. Rasmussen D.D., Bryant C.A., Boldt B.M., Colasurdo E.A., Levin N., Wilkinson C.W. Acute alcohol effects on opiomelanocortinergic regulation. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1998, 22:789-801.
294. Rassnick S., Pulvirenti L., Koob G.F. Oral ethanol self-administration in rats is reduced by the administration of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonists into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1992, 109:92-98.
295. Rassnick S., Stinus L., Koob G.F. The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens and the mesolimbic dopamine system on oral self-administration of ethanol in the rat. Brain Res. 1993, 623:16-24.
296. Rice M.E., Cragg S.J., Greenfield S.A. Characteristics of electrically evoked somatodendritic dopamine release in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 77:853-862.
297. Riegel A.C., Lupica C.R. Independent presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms regulate endocannabinoid signaling at multiple synapses in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:11070-11078.
298. Riegel A.C., Williams J.T. CRF facilitates calcium release from intracellular stores in midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuron 2008, 57:559-570.
299. Robertson M.W., Leslie C.A., Bennett J.P. Apparent synaptic dopamine deficiency induced by withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment. Brain Res. 1991, 538:337-339.
300. Robinson D.L., Brunner L.J., Gonzales R.A. Effect of gender and estrous cycle on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the rat brain. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2002, 26:165-172.
301. Robinson D.L., Howard E.C., McConnell S., Gonzales R.A., Wightman R.M. Disparity between tonic and phasic ethanol-induced dopamine increases in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2009, 33:1187-1196.
302. Robinson D.L., Lara J.A., Brunner L.J., Gonzales R.A. Quantification of ethanol concentrations in the extracellular fluid of the rat brain: In vivo calibration of microdialysis probes. J. Neurochem. 2000, 75:1685-1693.
303. Robinson R.B., Siegelbaum S.A. Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents: From molecules to physiological function. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2003, 65:453-480.
304. Rodaros D., Caruana D.A., Amir S., Stewart J. Corticotropin-releasing factor projections from limbic forebrain and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to the region of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2007, 150:8-13.
305. Rodd Z.A., Bell R.L., McQueen V.K., Davids M.R., Hsu C.C., Murphy J.M., Li T.K., Lumeng L., McBride W.J. Chronic ethanol drinking by alcohol-preferring rats increases the sensitivity of the posterior ventral tegmental area to the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2005, 29:358-366.
306. Rodd Z.A., Bell R.L., McQueen V.K., Davids M.R., Hsu C.C., Murphy J.M., Li T.K., Lumeng L., McBride W.J. Prolonged increase in the sensitivity of the posterior ventral tegmental area to the reinforcing effects of ethanol following repeated exposure to cycles of ethanol access and deprivation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 315:648-657.
307. Rodd Z.A., Bell R.L., Zhang Y., Murphy J.M., Goldstein A., Zaffaroni A., Li T.K., McBride W.J. Regional heterogeneity for the intracranial self-administration of ethanol and acetaldehyde within the ventral tegmental area of alcohol-preferring (P) rats: Involvement of dopamine and serotonin. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:330-338.
308. Rodd Z.A., Melendez R.I., Bell R.L., Kuc K.A., Zhang Y., Murphy J.M., McBride W.J. Intracranial self-administration of ethanol within the ventral tegmental area of male Wistar rats: Evidence for involvement of dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:1050-1057.
309. Rodd-Henricks Z.A., McKinzie D.L., Melendez R.I., Berry N., Murphy J.M., McBride W.J. Effects of serotonin-3 receptor antagonists on the intracranial self-administration of ethanol within the ventral tegmental area of Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2003, 165:252-259.
310. Ron D., Jurd R. The "ups and downs" of signaling cascades in addiction. Sci. STKE 2005, 2005:re14.
311. Ronald K.M., Mirshahi T., Woodward J.J. Ethanol inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors is reduced by site-directed mutagenesis of a transmembrane domain phenylalanine residue. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:44729-44735.
312. Rosin A., Lindholm S., Franck J., Georgieva J. Downregulation of kappa opioid receptor mRNA levels by chronic ethanol and repetitive cocaine in rat ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbens. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 275:1-4.
313. Rosin D.L., Weston M.C., Sevigny C.P., Stornetta R.L., Guyenet P.G. Hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons express vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 or VGLUT2. J. Comp. Neurol. 2003, 465:593-603.
314. Rossetti Z.L., Melis F., Carboni S., Gessa G.L. Dramatic depletion of mesolimbic extracellular dopamine after withdrawal from morphine, alcohol or cocaine: A common neurochemical substrate for drug dependence. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1992, 654:513-516.
315. Rudy B. Diversity and ubiquity of K channels. Neuroscience 1988, 25:729-749.
316. Salamone J.D., Correa M., Farrar A., Mingote S.M. Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007, 191:461-482.
317. Samson H.H., Hodge C.W., Tolliver G.A., Haraguchi M. Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on ethanol-reinforced behavior: The involvement of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. Bull. 1993, 30:133-141.
318. Sanchez-Catalan M.J., Hipolito L., Zornoza T., Polache A., Granero L. Motor stimulant effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde injected into the posterior ventral tegmental area of rats: Role of opioid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2009, 204:641-653.
319. Santoro B., Chen S., Luthi A., Pavlidis P., Shumyatsky G.P., Tibbs G.R., Siegelbaum S.A. Molecular and functional heterogeneity of hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels in the mouse CNS. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:5264-5275.
320. Schilstrom B., Yaka R., Argilli E., Suvarna N., Schumann J., Chen B.T., Carman M., Singh V., Mailliard W.S., Ron D., Bonci A. Cocaine enhances NMDA receptor-mediated currents in ventral tegmental area cells via dopamine D5 receptor-dependent redistribution of NMDA receptors. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:8549-8558.
321. Schulteis G., Markou A., Cole M., Koob G.F. Decreased brain reward produced by ethanol withdrawal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:5880-5884.
322. Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 80:1-27.
323. Semba K., Fibiger H.C. Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat: A retro- and antero-grade transport and immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 323:387-410.
324. Sesack S.R., Pickel V.M. Prefrontal cortical efferents in the rat synapse on unlabeled neuronal targets of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi and on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 320:145-160.
325. Seutin V., Massotte L., Renette M.F., Dresse A. Evidence for a modulatory role of Ih on the firing of a subgroup of midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuroreport 2001, 12:255-258.
326. Shen R.Y. Ethanol withdrawal reduces the number of spontaneously active ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in conscious animals. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 307:566-572.
327. Shen R.Y., Chiodo L.A. Acute withdrawal after repeated ethanol treatment reduces the number of spontaneously active dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 1993, 622:289-293.
328. Shen R.Y., Choong K.C., Thompson A.C. Long-term reduction in ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron population activity following repeated stimulant or ethanol treatment. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61:93-100.
329. + conductance. Exp. Brain Res. 1991, 86:141-150.
330. Shoji Y., Delfs J., Williams J.T. Presynaptic inhibition of GABA(B)-mediated synaptic potentials in the ventral tegmental area during morphine withdrawal. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:2347-2355.
331. Silva N.L., Pechura C.M., Barker J.L. Postnatal rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons exhibit five types of potassium conductances. J. Neurophysiol. 1990, 64:262-272.
332. Skvorak K., Vissel B., Homanics G.E. Production of conditional point mutant knockin mice. Genesis 2006, 44:345-353.
333. Smith A.D., Weiss F. Ethanol exposure differentially alters central monoamine neurotransmission in alcohol-preferring versus -nonpreferring rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 288:1223-1228.
334. Smith Y., Charara A., Parent A. Synaptic innervation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by glutamate-enriched terminals in the squirrel monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 364:231-253.
335. Sombers L.A., Beyene M., Carelli R.M., Wightman R.M. Synaptic overflow of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens arises from neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:1735-1742.
336. Spanagel R., Herz A., Shippenberg T.S. Opposing tonically active endogenous opioid systems modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:2046-2050.
337. Steffensen S.C., Nie Z., Criado J.R., Siggins G.R. Ethanol inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate responses involves presynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid(B) receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2000, 294:637-647.
338. Steffensen S.C., Walton C.H., Hansen D.M., Yorgason J.T., Gallegos R.A., Criado J.R. Contingent and non-contingent effects of low-dose ethanol on GABA neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2009, 92:68-75.
339. Stobbs S.H., Ohran A.J., Lassen M.B., Allison D.W., Brown J.E., Steffensen S.C. Ethanol suppression of ventral tegmental area GABA neuron electrical transmission involves N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 311:282-289.
340. Stuber G.D., Hopf F.W., Hahn J., Cho S.L., Guillory A., Bonci A. Voluntary ethanol intake enhances excitatory synaptic strength in the ventral tegmental area. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32:1714-1720.
341. Stuber G.D., Wightman R.M., Carelli R.M. Extinction of cocaine self-administration reveals functionally and temporally distinct dopaminergic signals in the nucleus accumbens. Neuron 2005, 46:661-669.
342. Tagliaferro P., Morales M. Synapses between corticotropin-releasing factor-containing axon terminals and dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area are predominantly glutamatergic. J. Comp. Neurol. 2008, 506:616-626.
343. Tan K.R., Brown M., Labouebe G., Yvon C., Creton C., Fritschy J.M., Rudolph U., Luscher C. Neural bases for addictive properties of benzodiazepines. Nature 2010, 463:769-774.
344. Tao L., Ye J.H. Protein kinase C modulation of ethanol inhibition of glycine-activated current in dissociated neurons of rat ventral tegmental area. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 300:967-975.
345. Tepper J.M., Lee C.R. GABAergic control of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Prog. Brain Res. 2007, 160:189-208.
346. Testa C.M., Standaert D.G., Young A.B., Penney J.B. Metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA expression in the basal ganglia of the rat. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:3005-3018.
347. Theile J.W., Morikawa H., Gonzales R.A., Morrisett R.A. Ethanol enhances GABAergic transmission onto dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32:1040-1048.
348. 2+ -dependent ethanol potentiation of GABA release onto ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2009, 329:625-633.
349. Thielen R.J., Engleman E.A., Rodd Z.A., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., Li T.K., McBride W.J. Ethanol drinking and deprivation alter dopaminergic and serotonergic function in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 309:216-225.
350. Tizabi Y., Copeland R.L., Louis V.A., Taylor R.E. Effects of combined systemic alcohol and central nicotine administration into ventral tegmental area on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2002, 26:394-399.
351. Tong Z.Y., Overton P.G., Clark D. Antagonism of NMDA receptors but not AMPA/kainate receptors blocks bursting in dopaminergic neurons induced by electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. J. Neural. Transm. 1996, 103:889-904.
352. Tozzi A., Bengtson C.P., Longone P., Carignani C., Fusco F.R., Bernardi G., Mercuri N.B. Involvement of transient receptor potential-like channels in responses to mGluR-I activation in midbrain dopamine neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 18:2133-2145.
353. Treistman S.N., Wilson A. Alkanol effects on early potassium currents in Aplysia neurons depend on chain length. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987, 84:9299-9303.
354. Treistman S.N., Wilson A. Effects of ethanol on early potassium currents in Aplysia: Cell specificity and influence of channel state. J. Neurosci. 1987, 7:3207-3214.
355. Trevisan L.A., Boutros N., Petrakis I.L., Krystal J.H. Complications of alcohol withdrawal: Pathophysiological insights. Alcohol Health Res. World 1998, 22:61-66.
356. Trifunovic R.D., Brodie M.S. The effects of clomipramine on the excitatory action of ethanol on dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 276:34-40.
357. Tsibulsky V.L., Norman A.B. Satiety threshold: A quantitative model of maintained cocaine self-administration. Brain Res. 1999, 839:85-93.
358. Ungless M.A., Singh V., Crowder T.L., Yaka R., Ron D., Bonci A. Corticotropin-releasing factor requires CRF binding protein to potentiate NMDA receptors via CRF receptor 2 in dopamine neurons. Neuron 2003, 39:401-407.
359. Uzbay I.T. Serotonergic anti-depressants and ethanol withdrawal syndrome: A review. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008, 43:15-24.
360. Valenzuela C.F., Bhave S., Hoffman P., Harris R.A. Acute effects of ethanol on pharmacologically isolated kainate receptors in cerebellar granule neurons: Comparison with NMDA and AMPA receptors. J. Neurochem. 1998, 71:1777-1780.
361. Vengeliene V., Bilbao A., Molander A., Spanagel R. Neuropharmacology of alcohol addiction. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 154:299-315.
362. Venton B.J., Zhang H., Garris P.A., Phillips P.E., Sulzer D., Wightman R.M. Real-time decoding of dopamine concentration changes in the caudate-putamen during tonic and phasic firing. J. Neurochem. 2003, 87:1284-1295.
363. Vittoz N.M., Berridge C.W. Hypocretin/orexin selectively increases dopamine efflux within the prefrontal cortex: Involvement of the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:384-395.
364. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J., Swanson J.M. Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: Results from imaging studies and treatment implications. Mol. Psychiatry 2004, 9:557-569.
365. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Telang F., Fowler J.S., Logan J., Jayne M., Ma Y., Pradhan K., Wong C. Profound decreases in dopamine release in striatum in detoxified alcoholics: Possible orbitofrontal involvement. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:12700-12706.
366. Waeber C., Dietl M.M., Hoyer D., Palacios J.M. 5.HT1 receptors in the vertebrate brain. Regional distribution examined by autoradiography. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1989, 340:486-494.
367. Waeber C., Hoyer D., Palacios J.M. 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors in the human brain: Autoradiographic visualization using [3H]ICS 205-930. Neuroscience 1989, 31:393-400.
368. Walaas I., Fonnum F. Biochemical evidence for gamma-aminobutyrate containing fibres from the nucleus accumbens to the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat. Neuroscience 1980, 5:63-72.
369. Wallner M., Hanchar H.J., Olsen R.W. Ethanol enhances alpha 4 beta 3 delta and alpha 6 beta 3 delta gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors at low concentrations known to affect humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:15218-15223.
370. Walter H.J., Messing R.O. Regulation of neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels by ethanol. Neurochem. Int. 1999, 35:95-101.
371. Wanat M.J., Hopf F.W., Stuber G.D., Phillips P.E., Bonci A. Corticotropin-releasing factor increases mouse ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron firing through a protein kinase C-dependent enhancement of Ih. J. Physiol. 2008, 586:2157-2170.
372. Wanat M.J., Sparta D.R., Hopf F.W., Bowers M.S., Melis M., Bonci A. Strain specific synaptic modifications on ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons after ethanol exposure. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 65:646-653.
373. 2+ channel in neurohypophysial terminals. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:5453-5460.
374. Wee S., Koob G.F. The role of the dynorphin-kappa opioid system in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2010, 210:121-135.
375. Weight F.F., Aguayo L.G., White G., Lovinger D.M., Peoples R.W. GABA- and glutamate-gated ion channels as molecular sites of alcohol and anesthetic action. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 1992, 47:335-347.
376. Weiss F., Hurd Y.L., Ungerstedt U., Markou A., Plotsky P.M., Koob G.F. Neurochemical correlates of cocaine and ethanol self-administration. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1992, 654:220-241.
377. Weiss F., Lorang M.T., Bloom F.E., Koob G.F. Oral alcohol self-administration stimulates dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: Genetic and motivational determinants. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993, 267:250-258.
378. Weiss F., Parsons L.H., Schulteis G., Hyytia P., Lorang M.T., Bloom F.E., Koob G.F. Ethanol self-administration restores withdrawal-associated deficiencies in accumbal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in dependent rats. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:3474-3485.
379. Weiss F., Paulus M.P., Lorang M.T., Koob G.F. Increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by cocaine are inversely related to basal levels: Effects of acute and repeated administration. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:4372-4380.
380. Wickens J.R., Reynolds J.N., Hyland B.I. Neural mechanisms of reward-related motor learning. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2003, 13:685-690.
381. Wilson C.J., Callaway J.C. Coupled oscillator model of the dopaminergic neuron of the substantia nigra. J. Neurophysiol. 2000, 83:3084-3100.
382. Wise R.A. Dopamine and reward: The anhedonia hypothesis 30 years on. Neurotox. Res. 2008, 14:169-183.
383. Wise R.A., Morales M. A ventral tegmental CRF-glutamate-dopamine interaction in addiction. Brain Res. 2010, 1314:38-43.
384. Wise R.A., Newton P., Leeb K., Burnette B., Pocock D., Justice J.B. Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1995, 120:10-20.
385. Wolf M.E., Sun X., Mangiavacchi S., Chao S.Z. Psychomotor stimulants and neuronal plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2004, 47(Suppl. 1):61-79.
386. Wolfart J., Neuhoff H., Franz O., Roeper J. Differential expression of the small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel SK3 is critical for pacemaker control in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:3443-3456.
387. Wolfart J., Roeper J. Selective coupling of T-type calcium channels to SK potassium channels prevents intrinsic bursting in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:3404-3413.
388. Woods J.M., Druse M.J. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption and aging on dopamine, serotonin, and metabolites. J. Neurochem. 1996, 66:2168-2178.
389. Wooltorton J.R., Pidoplichko V.I., Broide R.S., Dani J.A. Differential desensitization and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in midbrain dopamine areas. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:3176-3185.
390. Xiao C., Shao X.M., Olive M.F., Griffin W.C., Li K.Y., Krnjevic K., Zhou C., Ye J.H. Ethanol facilitates glutamatergic transmission to dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34:307-318.
391. Xiao C., Ye J.H. Ethanol dually modulates GABAergic synaptic transmission onto dopaminergic neurons in ventral tegmental area: Role of mu-opioid receptors. Neuroscience 2008, 153:240-248.
392. Xiao C., Zhang J., Krnjevic K., Ye J.H. Effects of ethanol on midbrain neurons: Role of opioid receptors. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2007, 31:1106-1113.
393. Xiao C., Zhou C., Li K., Davies D.L., Ye J.H. Purinergic type 2 receptors at GABAergic synapses on ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons are targets for ethanol action. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008, 327:196-205.
394. Yamada M., Basile A.S., Fedorova I., Zhang W., Duttaroy A., Cui Y., Lamping K.G., Faraci F.M., Deng C.X., Wess J. Novel insights into M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function by the use of gene targeting technology. Life Sci. 2003, 74:345-353.
395. Yan H., Li Q., Fleming R., Madison R.D., Wilson W.A., Swartzwelder H.S. Developmental sensitivity of hippocampal interneurons to ethanol: Involvement of the hyperpolarization-activated current, Ih. J. Neurophysiol. 2009, 101:67-83.
396. Yan Q.S., Reith M.E., Jobe P.C., Dailey J.W. Focal ethanol elevates extracellular dopamine and serotonin concentrations in the rat ventral tegmental area. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 301:49-57.
397. Yan Q.S., Zheng S.Z., Feng M.J., Yan S.E. Involvement of 5-HT1B receptors within the ventral tegmental area in ethanol-induced increases in mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission. Brain Res. 2005, 1060:126-137.
398. Yang F., Feng L., Zheng F., Johnson S.W., Du J., Shen L., Wu C.P., Lu B. GDNF acutely modulates excitability and A-type K(+) channels in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:1071-1078.
399. Ye J. Physiology and pharmacology of native glycine receptors in developing rat ventral tegmental area neurons. Brain Res. 2000, 862:74-82.
400. Ye J.H., Ren J., Liu P.L., McArdle J.J. Glycine-activated chloride currents of neurons freshly isolated from the ventral tegmental area of rats. Brain Res. 1998, 796:53-62.
401. Ye J.H., Tao L., Ren J., Schaefer R., Krnjevic K., Liu P.L., Schiller D.A., McArdle J.J. Ethanol potentiation of glycine-induced responses in dissociated neurons of rat ventral tegmental area. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 296:77-83.
402. Ye J.H., Tao L., Zhu L., Krnjevic K., McArdle J.J. Ethanol inhibition of glycine-activated responses in neurons of ventral tegmental area of neonatal rats. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 86:2426-2434.
403. Ye J.H., Wang F., Krnjevic K., Wang W., Xiong Z.G., Zhang J. Presynaptic glycine receptors on GABAergic terminals facilitate discharge of dopaminergic neurons in ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:8961-8974.
404. Yeomans J., Forster G., Blaha C. M5 muscarinic receptors are needed for slow activation of dopamine neurons and for rewarding brain stimulation. Life Sci. 2001, 68:2449-2456.
405. Yim H.J., Gonzales R.A. Ethanol-induced increases in dopamine extracellular concentration in rat nucleus accumbens are accounted for by increased release and not uptake inhibition. Alcohol 2000, 22:107-115.
406. Yin H.H., Mulcare S.P., Hilario M.R., Clouse E., Holloway T., Davis M.I., Hansson A.C., Lovinger D.M., Costa R.M. Dynamic reorganization of striatal circuits during the acquisition and consolidation of a skill. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:333-341.
407. Zahm D.S. The ventral striatopallidal parts of the basal ganglia in the rat: II. Compartmentation of ventral pallidal efferents. Neuroscience 1989, 30:33-50.
408. Zapata A., Gonzales R.A., Shippenberg T.S. Repeated ethanol intoxication induces behavioral sensitization in the absence of a sensitized accumbens dopamine response in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:396-405.
409. Zhang F., Aravanis A.M., Adamantidis A., de Lecea L., Deisseroth K. Circuit-breakers: Optical technologies for probing neural signals and systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:577-581.
410. Zhang T.A., Maldve R.E., Morrisett R.A. Coincident signaling in mesolimbic structures underlying alcohol reinforcement. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2006, 72:919-927.
411. Zhang X.F., Hu X.T., White F.J., Wolf M.E. Increased responsiveness of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to glutamate after repeated administration of cocaine or amphetamine is transient and selectively involves AMPA receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 281:699-706.
412. Zweifel L.S., Parker J.G., Lobb C.J., Rainwater A., Wall V.Z., Fadok J.P., Darvas M., Kim M.J., Mizumori S.J., Paladini C.A., Phillips P.E., Palmiter R.D. Disruption of NMDAR-dependent burst firing by dopamine neurons provides selective assessment of phasic dopamine-dependent behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:7281-7288.