Health-promoting effects of wine phenolics

Wine Chemistry and Biochemistry

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 571-591

  Dávalos, Alberto ^a   Lasunción, Miguel A ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL RAMÓN Y CAJAL   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALCALÁ   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954084344     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74118-5_25     Document Type: Chapter

References (175)

1. Abu-Amsha Caccetta, R., Burke, V., Mori, T. A., Beilin, L. J., Puddey, I. B., & Croft, K. D. (2001). Red wine polyphenols, in the absence of alcohol, reduce lipid peroxidative stress in smoking subjects. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 30, 636-642.
2. Ader, P., Block, M., Pietzsch, S., & Wolffram, S. (2001). Interaction of quercetin glucosides with the intestinal sodium/glucose co-transporter (SGLT-1). Cancer Lett., 162, 175-180.
3. Al-Awwadi, N. A., Araiz, C., Bornet, A., Delbosc, S., Cristol, J. P., Linck, N., Azay, J., Teissedre, P. L., & Cros, G. (2005). Extracts enriched in different polyphenolic families normalize increased cardiac NADPH oxidase expression while having differential effects on insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy in high-fructose-fed rats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 151-157.
4. Allister, E. M., Borradaile, N. M., Edwards, J. Y., & Huff, M. W. (2005). Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression and apolipoprotein B100 secretion by the citrus flavonoid naringenin and by insulin involves activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in hepatocytes. Diabetes, 54, 1676-1683.
5. Anter, E., Thomas, S. R., Schulz, E., Shapira, O. M., Vita, J. A., & Keaney, J. F. Jr. (2004). Activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by the p38MAPK in response to black tea polyphenols. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 46637-46643.
6. Arts, I. C., & Hollman, P. C. (2005). Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81, 317S-325S.
7. Avellone, G., Di Garbo, V., Campisi, D., De Simone, R., Raneli, G., Scaglione, R., & Licata, G. (2006). Effects of moderate Sicilian red wine consumption on inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 60, 41-47.
8. Aviram, M., & Fuhrman, B. (1998). Polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit macrophage-mediated oxidation of LDL and attenuate atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis, 137, S45-S50.
9. Azumi, H., Inoue, N., Ohashi, Y., Terashima, M., Mori, T., Fujita, H., Awano, K., Kobayashi, K., Maeda, K., Hata, K., Shinke, T., Kobayashi, S., Hirata, K., Kawashima, S., Itabe, H., Hayashi, Y., Imajoh-Ohmi, S., Itoh, H., & Yokoyama, M. (2002). Superoxide generation in directional coronary atherectomy specimens of patients with angina pectoris: important role of NAD(P)H
10. oxidase. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 22, 1838-1844.
11. Baba, S., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A., Nakamura, Y., Tamura, T., Osakabe, N., Kanegae, M., & Kondo, K. (2007a). Plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations are altered in normo- and hypercholesterolemic humans after intake of different levels of cocoa powder. J. Nutr., 137, 1436-1441.
12. Baba, S., Osakabe, N., Kato, Y., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A., Kido, T., Fukuda, K., Muto, Y., & Kondo, K. (2007b). Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85, 709-717.
13. Baron-Menguy, C., Bocquet, A., Guihot, A. L., Chappard, D., Amiot, M. J., Andriantsitohaina, R., Loufrani, L., & Henrion, D. (2007). Effects of red wine polyphenols on postischemic neovascularization model in rats: low doses are proangiogenic, high doses anti-angiogenic. FASEB J., 13, 3511-3521.
14. Basak, S., Kim, H., Kearns, J. D., Tergaonkar, V., O'Dea, E., Werner, S. L., Benedict, C. A., Ware, C. F., Ghosh, G., Verma, I. M., & Hoffmann, A. (2007). A fourth IkappaB protein within the NF-kappaB signaling module. Cell, 128, 369-381.
15. Baur, J. A., Pearson, K. J., Price, N. L., Jamieson, H. A., Lerin, C., Kalra, A., Prabhu, V. V., Allard, J. S., Lopez-Lluch, G., Lewis, K., Pistell, P. J., Poosala, S., Becker, K. G., Boss, O., Gwinn, D., Wang, M., Ramaswamy, S., Fishbein, K. W., Spencer, R. G., Lakatta, E. G., Le Couteur, D., Shaw, R. J., Navas, P., Puigserver, P., Ingram, D. K., de Cabo, R., & Sinclair, D. A. (2006). Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature, 444, 337-342.
16. Bedard, K., & Krause, K. H. (2007). The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev., 87, 245-313.
17. Bell, J. R., Donovan, J. L., Wong, R., Waterhouse, A. L., German, J. B., Walzem, R. L., & Kasim-Karakas, S. E. (2000). (+)-Catechin in human plasma after ingestion of a single serving of reconstituted red wine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 103-108.
18. Berge, K. E., Tian, H., Graf, G. A., Yu, L., Grishin, N. V., Schultz, J., Kwiterovich, P., Shan, B., Barnes, R., & Hobbs, H. H. (2000). Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters. Science, 290, 1771-1775.
19. Bitsch, R., Netzel, M., Frank, T., Strass, G., & Bitsch, I. (2004). Bioavailability and Biokinetics of Anthocyanins From Red Grape Juice and Red Wine. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 5, 293-298.
20. Blanco-Colio, L. M., Valderrama, M., Alvarez-Sala, L. A., Bustos, C., Ortego, M., Hernandez-Presa, M. A., Cancelas, P., Gomez-Gerique, J., Millan, J., & Egido, J. (2000). Red wine intake prevents nuclear factor-kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers during postprandial lipemia. Circulation, 102, 1020-1026.
21. Blanco-Colio, L. M., Muñoz-García, B., Martín- Ventura, J. L., Alvarez-Sala, L. A., Castilla, M., Bustamante, A., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., Gómez-Gerique, J., Fernández-Cruz, A., Millán, J., & Egido, J. (2007). Ethanol beverages containing polyphenols decrease nuclear factor kappa-B activation in mononuclear cells and circulating MCP-1 concentrations in healthy volunteers during a fat-enriched diet. Atherosclerosis, 192, 335-341.
22. Borges, G., Roowi, S., Rouanet, J. M., Duthie, G. G., Lean, M. E., & Crozier, A. (2007). The bioavailability and absorption of anthocyanins: towards a better understanding. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 51, 702-713.
23. Borradaile, N. M., de Dreu, L. E., Barrett, P. H., Behrsin, C. D., & Huff, M. W. (2003). Hepatocyte apoB-containing lipoprotein secretion is decreased by the grapefruit flavonoid, naringenin, via inhibition of MTP-mediated microsomal triglyceride accumulation. Biochemistry, 42, 1283-1291.
24. Bourne, L., Paganga, G., Baxter, D., Hughes, P., & Rice-Evans, C. (2000). Absorption of ferulic acid from low-alcohol beer. Free Rad. Res., 32, 273-280.
25. Brown, M. S., Ye, J., Rawson, R. B., & Goldstein, J. L. (2000). Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: a control mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans. Cell, 100, 391-398.
26. Bub, A., Watzl, B., Heeb, D., Rechkemmer, G., & Briviba, K. (2001). Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice. Eur. J. Nutr., 40, 113-120.
27. Bursill, C. A., & Roach, P. D. (2006). Modulation of cholesterol metabolism by the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in cultured human liver (HepG2) cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 1621-1626.
28. Bursill, C. A., Abbey, M., & Roach, P. D. (2007). A green tea extract lowers plasma cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and upregulating the LDL receptor in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Atherosclerosis, 193, 86-93.
29. Caccetta, R. A., Croft, K. D., Beilin, L. J., & Puddey, I. B. (2000). Ingestion of red wine significantly increases plasma phenolic acid concentrations but does not acutely affect ex vivo lipoprotein oxidizability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 67-74.
30. Carnevale, R., Pignatelli, P., Lenti, L., Buchetti, B., Sanguigni, V., Di Santo, S., & Violi, F. (2007). LDL are oxidatively modified by platelets via GP91(phox) and accumulate in human monocytes. FASEB J., 21, 927-934.
31. Cartron, E., Fouret, G., Carbonneau, M. A., Lauret, C., Michel, F., Monnier, L., Descomps, B., & Leger, C. L. (2003). Red-wine beneficial long-term effect on lipids but not on antioxidant characteristics in plasma in a study comparing three types of wine-description of two O-methylated derivatives of gallic acid in humans. Free Rad. Res., 37, 1021-1035.
32. Casaschi, A., Wang, Q., Dang, K., Richards, A., & Theriault, A. (2002). Intestinal apolipoprotein B secretion is inhibited by the flavonoid quercetin: potential role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and diacylglycerol acyltransferase. Lipids, 37, 647-652.
33. Castilla, P., Echarri, R., Dávalos, A., Cerrato, F., Ortega, H., Teruel, J. L., Lucas, M. F., Gómez-Coronado, D., Ortuno, J., & Lasunción, M. A. (2006). Concentrated red grape juice exerts antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiinflammatory effects in both hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84, 252-262.
34. Cave, A. C., Brewer, A. C., Narayanapanicker, A., Ray, R., Grieve, D. J., Walker, S., & Shah, A. M. (2006). NADPH oxidases in cardiovascular health and disease. Antiox. Redox Signal., 8, 691-728.
35. Clee, S. M., Kastelein, J. J., van Dam, M., Marcil, M., Roomp, K., Zwarts, K. Y., Collins, J. A., Roelants, R., Tamasawa, N., Stulc, T., Suda, T., Ceska, R., Boucher, B., Rondeau, C., DeSouich, C., Brooks-Wilson, A., Molhuizen, H. O., Frohlich, J., Genest, J. Jr., & Hayden, M. R. (2000). Age and residual cholesterol efflux affect HDL cholesterol levels and coronary artery disease in ABCA1 heterozygotes. J. Clin. Inves., 106, 1263-1270.
36. Cohen, H. Y., Miller, C., Bitterman, K. J., Wall, N. R., Hekking, B., Kessler, B., Howitz, K. T., Gorospe, M., de Cabo, R., & Sinclair, D. A. (2004). Calorie restriction promotes mammalian cell survival by inducing the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science, 305, 390-392.
37. Corder, R., Douthwaite, J. A., Lees, D. M., Khan, N. Q., Viseu Dos Santos, A. C., Wood, E. G., & Carrier, M. J. (2001). Endothelin-1 synthesis reduced by red wine. Nature, 414, 863-864.
38. Corder, R., Mullen, W., Khan, N. Q., Marks, S. C., Wood, E. G., Carrier, M. J., & Crozier, A. (2006). Oenology: red wine procyanidins and vascular health. Nature, 444, 566.
39. Covas, M. I., Konstantinidou, V., Mysytaki, E., Fito, M., Weinbrenner, T., De La Torre, R., Farre- Albadalejo, M., & Lamuela-Raventos, R. (2003). Postprandial effects of wine consumption on lipids and oxidative stress biomarkers. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 29, 217-223.
40. Covas, M. I., Nyyssonen, K., Poulsen, H. E., Kaikkonen, J., Zunft, H. J., Kiesewetter, H., Gaddi, A., de la Torre, R., Mursu, J., Baumler, H., Nascetti, S., Salonen, J. T., Fito, M., Virtanen, J., Marrugat, J., & EUROLIVE Study Group. (2006). The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 145, 333-341.
41. Dávalos, A., Fernández-Hernando, C., Cerrato, F., Martínez-Botas, J., Gómez-Coronado, D., Gómez-Cordoves, C., & Lasunción. M. A. (2006). Red grape juice polyphenols alter cholesterol homeostasis and increase LDL-receptor activity in human cells in vitro. J. Nutr., 136, 1766-1773.
42. Davis, J. N., Kucuk, O., Djuric, Z., & Sarkar, F. H. (2001). Soy isoflavone supplementation in healthy men prevents NF-kappa B activation by TNF-alpha in blood lymphocytes. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 30, 1293-1302.
43. Day, A. J., Canada, F. J., Diaz, J. C., Kroon, P. A., Mclauchlan, R., Faulds, C. B., Plumb, G. W., Morgan, M. R., & Williamson, G. (2000). Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. FEBS Letters, 468, 166-170.
44. De Boer, V. C., de Goffau, M. C., Arts, I. C., Hollman, P. C., & Keijer, J. (2006). SIRT1 stimulation by polyphenols is affected by their stability and metabolism. Mech. Ageing Dev., 127, 618-627.
45. De Graaf, M., van Veen, I. C., van der Meulen-Muileman, I. H., Gerritsen, W. R., Pinedo, H. M., & Haisma, H. J. (2001). Cloning and characterization of human liver cytosolic beta-glycosidase. Biochem. J., 356, 907-910.
46. De Vries, J. H., Hollman, P. C., van Amersfoort, I., Olthof, M. R., & Katan, M. B. (2001). Red wine is a poor source of bioavailable flavonols in men. J. Nutr., 131, 745-748.
47. De Whalley, C. V., Rankin, S. M., Hoult, J. R., Jessup, W., & Leake, D. S. (1990). Flavonoids inhibit the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins by macrophages. Biochem. Pharmacol., 39, 1743-1750.
48. Deckert, V., Desrumaux, C., Athias, A., Duverneuil, L., Palleau, V., Gambert, P., Masson, D., & Lagrost, L. (2002). Prevention of LDL alpha-tocopherol consumption, cholesterol oxidation, and vascular endothelium dysfunction by polyphenolic compounds from red wine. Atherosclerosis, 165, 41-50.
49. Del Bas, J. M., Fernandez-Larrea, J., Blay, M., Ardevol, A., Salvado, M. J., Arola, L., & Blade, C. (2005). Grape seed procyanidins improve atherosclerotic risk index and induce liver CYP7A1 and SHP expression in healthy rats. FASEB J., 19, 479-481.
50. Di Bari, M., Zacchei, S., Kritchevsky, S. B., Anichini, M., Cesaretti, S., Chiarlone, M., Masotti, G., & Marchionni, N. (2003). Anti-oxidized LDL antibodies and wine consumption: a populationbased epidemiological study in Dicomano, Italy. Ann. Epidemiol., 13, 189-195.
51. Donovan, J. L., Bell, J. R., Kasim-Karakas, S., German, J. B., Walzem, R. L., Hansen, R. J., & Waterhouse, A. L. (1999). Catechin is present as metabolites in human plasma after consumption of red wine. J. Nutr., 129, 1662-1668.
52. El Bedoui, J., Oak, M. H., Anglard, P., & Schini-Kerth, V. B. (2005). Catechins prevent vascular smooth muscle cell invasion by inhibitingMT1-MMP activity and MMP-2 expression. Cardiovasc. Res., 67, 317-325.
53. Estruch, R., Sacanella, E., Badia, E., Antunez, E., Nicolas, J. M., Fernandez-Sola, J., Rotilio, D., de Gaetano, G., Rubin, E., & Urbano-Marquez, A. (2004). Different effects of red wine and gin consumption on inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis: a prospective randomized crossover trial. Effects of wine on inflammatory markers. Atherosclerosis, 175, 117-123.
54. Feng, B., Yao, P. M., Li, Y., Devlin, C. M., Zhang, D., Harding, H. P., Sweeney, M., Rong, J. X., Kuriakose, G., Fisher, E. A., Marks, A. R., Ron, D., & Tabas, I. (2003). The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages. Nat. Cell Biol., 5, 781-792.
55. Finkel, T., & Holbrook, N. J. (2000). Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature, 408, 239-247.
56. Fontana, L., & Klein, S. (2007). Aging, adiposity, and calorie restriction. JAMA, 297, 986-994.
57. Fortuño, A., Beloqui, O., San Jose, G., Moreno, M. U., Zalba, G., & Diez, J. (2005). Increased phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-dependent superoxide production in patients with early chronic kidney disease. Kidney Inter. Suppl., 99, S71-S75.
58. Fortuño, A., San José, G., Moreno, M. U., Beloqui, O., Diez, J., & Zalba, G. (2006). Phagocytic NADPH oxidase overactivity underlies oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, 55, 209-215.
59. Frank, J., Budek, A., Lundh, T., Parker, R. S., Swanson, J. E., Lourenco, C. F., Gago, B., Laranjinha, J., Vessby, B., & Kamal-Eldin, A. (2006). Dietary flavonoids with a catechol structure increase alpha-tocopherol in rats and protect the vitamin from oxidation in vitro. J. Lipid Res., 47, 2718-2725.
60. Frank, T., Netzel, M., Strass, G., Bitsch, R., & Bitsch, I. (2003). Bioavailability of anthocyanidin-3-glucosides following consumption of red wine and red grape juice. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 81, 423-435.
61. Frankel, E. N., Kanner, J., German, J. B., Parks, E., & Kinsella, J. E. (1993). Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine. The Lancet, 341, 454-457.
62. Fuhrman, B., & Aviram, M. (2002). Preservation of paraoxonase activity by wine flavonoids: possible role in protection of LDL from lipid peroxidation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 957, 321-324.
63. Fuhrman, B., Lavy, A., & Aviram, M. (1995). Consumption of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 61, 549-554.
64. Garvin, S., Ollinger, K., & Dabrosin, C. (2006). Resveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Cancer Lett., 231, 113-122.
65. Gauss, K. A., Nelson-Overton, L. K., Siemsen, D.W., Gao, Y., Deleo, F. R., & Quinn, M. T. (2007). Role of NF-kappaB in transcriptional regulation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Leukocite Biol., 82, 729-741.
66. Gilmore, T. D. (2006). Introduction to NF-kappaB: players, pathways, perspectives. Oncogene, 25, 6680-6684.
67. Goldberg, D. M., Yan, J., & Soleas, G. J. (2003). Absorption of three wine-related polyphenols in three different matrices by healthy subjects. Clin. Biochem., 36, 79-87.
68. Goldstein, J. L., DeBose-Boyd, R. A., & Brown, M. S. (2006). Protein sensors for membrane sterols. Cell, 124, 35-46.
69. Gouedard, C., Barouki, R., & Morel, Y. (2004). Dietary polyphenols increase paraoxonase 1 gene expression by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent mechanism. Mol. Cell. Biol., 24, 5209-5222.
70. Guarente, L. (1999). Diverse and dynamic functions of the Sir silencing complex. Nat. Genet., 23, 281-285.
71. Guzik, T. J., West, N. E., Black, E., McDonald, D., Ratnatunga, C., Pillai, R., & Channon, K. M. (2000). Vascular superoxide production by NAD(P)H oxidase: association with endothelial dysfunction and clinical risk factors. Circ. Res., 86, E85-E90.
72. Guzik, T. J., Sadowski, J., Guzik, B., Jopek, A., Kapelak, B., Przybylowski, P., Wierzbicki, K., Korbut, R., Harrison, D. G., & Channon, K. M. (2006). Coronary artery superoxide production and nox isoform expression in human coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 26, 333-339.
73. Hayek, T., Fuhrman, B., Vaya, J., Rosenblat, M., Belinky, P., Coleman, R., Elis, A., & Aviram, M. (1997). Reduced progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice following consumption of red wine, or its polyphenols quercetin or catechin, is associated with reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and aggregation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17, 2744-2752.
74. Henning, S. M., Aronson, W., Niu, Y., Conde, F., Lee, N. H., Seeram, N. P., Lee, R. P., Lu, J., Harris, D. M., Moro, A., Hong, J., Pak-Shan, L., Barnard, R. J., Ziaee, H. G., Csathy, G., Go, V. L., Wang, H., & Heber, D. (2006). Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption. J. Nutr., 136, 1839-1843.
75. Henry-Vitrac, C., Desmoulière, A., Girard, D., Mérillon, J. M., & Krisa, S. (2006). Transport, deglycosylation, and metabolism of trans-piceid by small intestinal epithelial cells. Eur. J. Nutr., 45, 376-382.
76. Hoffmann, A., Natoli, G., & Ghosh, G. (2006). Transcriptional regulation via the NF-kappaB signaling module. Oncogene, 25, 6706-6716.
77. Hou, D. X., Masuzaki, S., Hashimoto, F., Uto, T., Tanigawa, S., Fujii, M., & Sakata, Y. (2007). Green tea proanthocyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-activated mouse macrophages: molecular mechanisms and structure-activity relationship. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 460, 67-74.
78. Howitz, K. T., Bitterman, K. J., Cohen, H. Y., Lamming, D.W., Lavu, S., Wood, J. G., Zipkin, R. E., Chung, P., Kisielewski, A., Zhang, L. L., Scherer, B., & Sinclair, D. A. (2003). Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature, 425, 191-196.
79. Huang, C., Jacobson, K., & Schaller, M. D. (2004). MAP kinases and cell migration. J. Cell Sci., 117, 4619-4628.
80. Iijima, K., Yoshizumi, M., Hashimoto, M., Akishita, M., Kozaki, K., Ako, J., Watanabe, T., Ohike, Y., Son, B., Yu, J., Nakahara, K., & Ouchi, Y. (2002). Red wine polyphenols inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell migration through two distinct signaling pathways. Circulation, 105, 2404-2410.
81. Imai, S., Armstrong, C. M., Kaeberlein, M., & Guarente, L. (2000). Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Nature, 403, 795-800.
82. Infanger, D. W., Sharma, R. V., & Davisson, R. L. (2006). NADPH oxidases of the brain: distribution, regulation, and function. Antiox. Redox Signal., 8, 1583-1596.
83. Ivanov, V., Carr, A. C., & Frei, B. (2001). Red wine antioxidants bind to human lipoproteins and protect them from metal ion-dependent and -independent oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 4442-4
84. Jimenez, R., Lopez-Sepulveda, R., Kadmiri, M., Romero, M., Vera, R., Sanchez, M., Vargas, F., O'Valle, F., Zarzuelo, A., Duenas, M., Santos-Buelga, C., & Duarte, J. (2007). Polyphenols restore endothelial function in DOCA-salt hypertension: role of endothelin-1 and NADPH oxidase. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 43, 462-473.
85. Jung, U. J., Kim, H. J., Lee, J. S., Lee, M. K., Kim, H. O., Park, E. J., Kim, H. K., Jeong, T. S., & Choi, M. S. (2003). Naringin supplementation lowers plasma lipids and enhances erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Clin. Nutr., 22, 561-568.
86. Kaminski, W. E., Piehler, A., & Wenzel, J. J. (2006). ABC A-subfamily transporters: structure, function and disease. Biochim. Biophis. Acta, 1762, 510-524.
87. Karin, M., & Ben-Neriah, Y. (2000). Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-[kappa]B activity. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 18, 621-663.
88. Karin, M., & Greten, F. R. (2005). NF-kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 5, 749-759.
89. Kim, D., Nguyen, M. D., Dobbin, M. M., Fischer, A., Sananbenesi, F., Rodgers, J. T., Delalle, I., Baur, J. A., Sui, G., Armour, S. M., Puigserver, P., Sinclair, D. A., & Tsai, L. H. (2007). SIRT1 deacetylase protects against neurodegeneration in models for Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EMBO J., 26, 3169-3179.
90. Kim, H. J., Oh, G. T., Park, Y. B., Lee, M. K., Seo, H. J., & Choi, M. S. (2004). Naringin alters the cholesterol biosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities in LDL receptor-knockout mice under cholesterol fed condition. Life Sci., 74, 1621-1634.
91. Kuhn, D. J., Burns, A. C., Kazi, A., & Dou, Q. P. (2004). Direct inhibition of the ubiquitinproteasome pathway by ester bond-containing green tea polyphenols is associated with increased expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 and LDL receptor. Biochim. Biophis. Acta, 1682, 1-10.
92. Lafay, S., Morand, C., Manach, C., Besson, C., & Scalbert, A. (2006). Absorption and metabolism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in the small intestine of rats. British J. Nutr., 96, 39-46.
93. Lamuela-Raventos, R. M., Covas, M. I., Fito, M., Marrugat, J., & de La Torre-Boronat, M. C. (1999). Detection of dietary antioxidant phenolic compounds in human LDL. Clin. Chem., 45, 1870-1872.
94. Lee, S. O., Jeong, Y. J., Yu, M. H., Lee, J. W., Hwangbo, M. H., Kim, C. H., & Lee, I. S. (2006). Wogonin suppresses TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 expression by blocking the NF-kappaB activation via MAPK signaling pathways in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 351, 118-125.
95. Leikert, J. F., Rathel, T. R., Wohlfart, P., Cheynier, V., Vollmar, A.M., & Dirsch, V.M. (2002). Red wine polyphenols enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and subsequent nitric oxide release from endothelial cells. Circulation, 106, 1614-1617.
96. Lin, S. J., Defossez, P. A., & Guarente, L. (2000). Requirement of NAD and SIR2 for life-span extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science, 289, 2126-2128.
97. Liu, J. C., Chen, J. J., Chan, P., Cheng, C. F., & Cheng, T. H. (2003). Inhibition of cyclic straininduced endothelin-1 gene expression by resveratrol. Hypertension, 42, 1198-1205.
98. Luo, J., Nikolaev, A. Y., Imai, S., Chen, D., Su, F., Shiloh, A., Guarente, L., & Gu, W. (2001). Negative control of p53 by Sir2alpha promotes cell survival under stress. Cell, 107, 137-148.
99. Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A., & Remesy, C. (2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81, 230S-242S.
100. Mantei, N., Villa, M., Enzler, T., Wacker, H., Boll, W., James, P., Hunziker, W., & Semenza, G. (1988). Complete primary structure of human and rabbit lactase-phlorizin hydrolase: implications for biosynthesis, membrane anchoring and evolution of the enzyme. EMBO J., 7, 2705-2713.
101. Masoro, E. J. (2000). Caloric restriction and aging: an update. Exp. Gerontol., 35, 299-305.
102. Maxwell, S., Cruickshank, A., & Thorpe, G. (1994). Red wine and antioxidant activity in serum. The Lancet, 344, 193-194.
103. McDougall, G, J., Fyffe, S., Dobson, P., & Stewart, D. (2005). Anthocyanins from red wine - their stability under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Phytochemistry, 66, 2540-2548.
104. Mink, P. J., Scrafford, C. G., Barraj, L. M., Harnack, L., Hong, C. P., Nettleton, J. A., & Jacobs, D. R. Jr. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85, 895-909.
105. Moreno, M. U., San Jose, G., Orbe, J., Paramo, J. A., Beloqui, O., Diez, J., & Zalba, G. (2003). Preliminary characterisation of the promoter of the human p22(phox) gene: identification of a new polymorphism associated with hypertension. FEBS Letters, 542, 27-31.
106. Mukamal, K. J., Massaro, J.M., Ault, K. A., Mittleman, M. A., Sutherland, P. A., Lipinska, I., Levy, D., D'Agostino, R. B., & Tofler, G. H. (2005). Alcohol consumption and platelet activation and aggregation among women and men: the Framingham Offspring Study. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 29, 1906-1912.
107. Mullen, E., Brown, R. M., Osborne, T. F., & Shay, N. F. (2004). Soy isoflavones affect sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and SREBP-regulated genes in HepG2 cells. J. Nutr., 134, 2942-2947.
108. Mursu, J., Voutilainen, S., Nurmi, T., Rissanen, T. H., Virtanen, J. K., Kaikkonen, J., Nyyssönen, K., & Salonen, J. T. (2004). Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 37, 1351-1359.
109. Nam, N. H. (2006). Naturally occurring NF-kappaB inhibitors. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 6, 945-951.
110. Nardini, M., Cirillo, E., Natella, F., & Scaccini, C. (2002). Absorption of phenolic acids in humans after coffee consumption. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 5735-5741.
111. Natella, F., Nardini, M., Belelli, F., & Scaccini, C. (2007). Coffee drinking induces incorporation of phenolic acids into LDL and increases the resistance of LDL to ex vivo oxidation in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 86, 604-609.
112. Ndiaye, M., Chataigneau, M., Lobysheva, I., Chataigneau, T., & Schini-Kerth, V. B. (2005). Red wine polyphenol-induced, endothelium-dependent NO-mediated relaxation is due to the redoxsensitive PI3-kinase/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of endothelial NO-synthase in the isolated porcine coronary artery. FASEB J., 19, 455-457.
113. Nemeth, K., Plumb, G. W., Berrin, J. G., Juge, N., Jacob, R., Naim, H. Y., Williamson, G., Swallow, D. M., & Kroon, P. A. (2003). Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell betaglucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans. Eur. J. Nutr., 42, 29-42.
114. Nigdikar, S. V., Williams, N. R., Griffin, B. A., & Howard, A. N. (1998). Consumption of red wine polyphenols reduces the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in vivo. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68, 258-265.
115. Oak, M. H., Chataigneau, M., Keravis, T., Chataigneau, T., Beretz, A., Andriantsitohaina, R., Stoclet, J. C., Chang, S. J., & Schini-Kerth, V. B. (2003). Red wine polyphenolic compounds inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by preventing the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 23, 1001-1007.
116. Oak, M. H., El Bedoui, J., Anglard, P., & Schini-Kerth, V. B. (2004). Red wine polyphenolic compounds strongly inhibit pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and its activation in response to thrombin via direct inhibition of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation, 110, 1861-1867.
117. O'Byrne, D. J., Devaraj, S., Grundy, S. M., & Jialal, I. (2002). Comparison of the antioxidant effects of Concord grape juice flavonoids alpha-tocopherol on markers of oxidative stress in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, 1367-1374.
118. Olthof, M. R., Hollman, P. C., Buijsman, M. N., van Amelsvoort, J. M., & Katan, M. B. (2003). Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside and black tea phenols are extensively metabolized in humans. J. Nutr., 133, 1806-1814.
119. Oram, J. F., & Vaughan, A. M. (2006). ATP-Binding cassette cholesterol transporters and cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res., 99, 1031-1043.
120. Pal, S., Ho, N., Santos, C., Dubois, P., Mamo, J., Croft, K., & Allister, E. (2003). Red wine polyphenolics increase LDL receptor expression and activity and suppress the secretion of ApoB100 from human HepG2 cells. J. Nutr., 133, 700-706.
121. Pal, S., Ho, S. S., & Takechi, R. (2005). Red wine polyphenolics suppress the secretion of ApoB48 from human intestinal CaCo-2 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 2767-2772.
122. Pignatelli, P., Di Santo, S., Buchetti, B., Sanguigni, V., Brunelli, A., & Violi, F. (2006a). Polyphenols enhance platelet nitric oxide by inhibiting protein kinase C-dependent NADPH oxidase activation: effect on platelet recruitment. FASEB J., 20, 1082-1089.
123. Pignatelli, P., Ghiselli, A., Buchetti, B., Carnevale, R., Natella, F., Germano, G., Fimognari, F., Di Santo, S., Lenti, L., & Violi, F. (2006b). Polyphenols synergistically inhibit oxidative stress in subjects given red and white wine. Atherosclerosis, 188, 77-83.
124. Pitsavos, C., Makrilakis, K., Panagiotakos, D. B., Chrysohoou, C., Ioannidis, I., Dimosthenopoulos, C., Stefanadis, C., & Katsilambros, N. (2005). The J-shape effect of alcohol intake on the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes in diabetic subjects: the CARDIO2000 II Study. Diabet. Med., 22, 243-248.
125. Renaud, S., & de Lorgeril, M. (1992).Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease. The Lancet, 339, 1523-1526.
126. Rodgers, J. T., Lerin, C., Haas, W., Gygi, S. P., Spiegelman, B.M., & Puigserver, P. (2005). Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1alpha and SIRT1. Nature, 434, 113-138.
127. Roux, P. P., & Blenis, J. (2004). ERK and p38 MAPK-activated protein kinases: a family of protein kinases with diverse biological functions. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 68, 320-344.
128. Sanchez, M., Lodi, F., Vera, R., Villar, I. C., Cogolludo, A., Jimenez, R., Moreno, L., Romero, M., Tamargo, J., Perez-Vizcaino, F., & Duarte, J. (2007). Quercetin and isorhamnetin prevent endothelial dysfunction, superoxide production, and overexpression of p47phox induced by angiotensin II in rat aorta. J. Nutr., 137, 910-915.
129. Sarr, M., Chataigneau, M., Martins, S., Schott, C., El Bedoui, J., Oak, M. H., Muller, B., Chataigneau, T., & Schini-Kerth, V. B. (2006). Red wine polyphenols prevent angiotensin IIinduced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in rats: role of NADPH oxidase. Cardiovasc. Res., 71, 794-802.
130. Sasaki, S. (2000). Alcohol and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Acta Cardiol., 55, 151-156.
131. Scalbert, A., & Williamson, G. (2000). Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J. Nutr., 130, 2073S-2085S.
132. Schubert, S. Y., Neeman, I., & Resnick, N. (2002). A novel mechanism for the inhibition of NFkappaB activation in vascular endothelial cells by natural antioxidants. FASEB J., 16, 1931-1933.
133. Sembries, S., Dongowski, G., Mehrlander, K., Will, F., & Dietrich, H. (2006). Physiological effects of extraction juices from apple, grape, and red beet pomaces in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 10269-10280.
134. Serafini, M., Maiani, G., & Ferro-Luzzi, A. (1998). Alcohol-free red wine enhances plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Nutr., 128, 1003-1007.
135. Sesso, H. D. (2001). Alcohol and cardiovascular health: recent findings. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drug.: drugs, devices, and other interventions, 1, 167-172.
136. Sesso, H. D., Gaziano, J. M., Liu, S., & Buring, J. E. (2003). Flavonoid intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 1400-1408.
137. Sevov, M., Elfineh, L., & Cavelier, L. B. (2006). Resveratrol regulates the expression of LXR-alpha in human macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 348, 1047-1054.
138. Shahidi, F., Janitha, P. K., & Wanasundara, P. D. (1992). Phenolic antioxidants. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 32, 67-103.
139. Shimizu, M., Kobayashi, Y., Suzuki, M., Satsu, H., & Miyamoto, Y. (2000). Regulation of intestinal glucose transport by tea catechins. Biofactors, 13, 61-65.
140. Silberberg, M., Morand, C., Mathevon, T., Besson, C., Manach, C., Scalbert, A., & Remesy, C. (2006). The bioavailability of polyphenols is highly governed by the capacity of the intestine and of the liver to secrete conjugated metabolites. Eur. J. Nutr., 45, 88-96.
141. Simonetti, P., Gardana, C., & Pietta, P. (2001). Plasma levels of caffeic acid and antioxidant status after red wine intake. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 5964-5968.
142. Sohal, R. S., & Weindruch, R. (1996). Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science, 273, 59-63.
143. Sorescu, D., Weiss, D., Lassegue, B., Clempus, R. E., Szocs, K., Sorescu, G. P., Valppu, L., Quinn, M. T., Lambeth, J. D., Vega, J. D., Taylor, W. R., & Griendling, K. K. (2002). Superoxide production and expression of nox family proteins in human atherosclerosis. Circulation, 105, 1429-1435.
144. St Leger, A. S., Cochrane, A. L., & Moore, F. (1979). Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine. The Lancet, 1, 1017-1020.
145. Stein, J. H., Keevil, J. G., Wiebe, D. A., Aeschlimann, S., & Folts, J. D. (1999). Purple grape juice improves endothelial function and reduces the susceptibility of LDL cholesterol to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 100, 1050-1055.
146. Stoclet, J. C., Chataigneau, T., Ndiaye, M., Oak, M. H., El Bedoui, J., & Chataigneau, M., (2004). Schini-Kerth, V. B. Vascular protection by dietary polyphenols. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 500, 299-313.
147. Su, H. C., Hung, L. M., & Chen, J. K. (2006). Resveratrol, a red wine antioxidant, possesses an insulin-like effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 290, E1339-E1346.
148. Takechi, R., Hiramatsu, N., Mamo, J. C., & Pal, S. (2004). Red wine polyphenolics suppress the secretion and the synthesis of Apo B48 from human intestinal CaCo-2 cells. Biofactors, 22, 181-183.
149. Terra, X., Valls, J., Vitrac, X., Merrillon, J. M., Arola, L., Ardevol, A., Blade, C., Fernandez-Larrea, J., Pujadas, G., Salvado, J., & Blay, M. (2007). Grape-seed procyanidins act as anti-inflammatory agents in endotoxin-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting NFkB signaling pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 4357-4365.
150. Tissenbaum, H. A., & Guarente, L. (2001). Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 410, 227-230.
151. Tontonoz, P., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2003). Liver X receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular disease. Mol. Endocrinol., 17, 985-993.
152. Ukil, A., Maity, S., & Das, P. K. (2006). Protection from experimental colitis by theaflavin-3, 3'-digallate correlates with inhibition of IKK and NF-kappaB activation. Br. J. Pharmacol., 149, 121-131.
153. Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 39, 44-84.
154. Vayalil, P. K., Mittal, A., & Katiyar, S. K. (2004). Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds inhibit expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human prostate carcinoma cells, which is associated with the inhibition of activation of MAPK and NF kappa B. Carcinogenesis, 25, 987-995.
155. Vaziri, H., Dessain, S. K., Ng Eaton, E., Imai, S. I., Frye, R. A., Pandita, T. K., Guarente, L., & Weinberg, R. A. (2001). hSIR2(SIRT1) functions as an NAD-dependent p53 deacetylase. Cell, 107, 149-159.
156. Vidal, R., Hernandez-Vallejo, S., Pauquai, T., Texier, O., Rousset, M., Chambaz, J., Demignot, S., & Lacorte, J. M. (2005). Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes. J. Lipid Res., 46, 258-268.
157. Vita, J. A. (2005). Polyphenols and cardiovascular disease: effects on endothelial and platelet function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81, 292S-297S.
158. Vitaglione, P., Sforza, S., Galaverna, G., Ghidini, C., Caporaso, N., Vescovi, P. P., Fogliano, V., & Marchelli, R. (2005). Bioavailability of trans-resveratrol from red wine in humans. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 49, 495-504.
159. Wallerath, T., Deckert, G., Ternes, T., Anderson, H., Li, H., Witte, K., & Forstermann, U. (2002). Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin present in red wine, enhances expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation, 106, 1652-1658.
160. Wheeler, D. S., Catravas, J. D., Odoms, K., Denenberg, A., Malhotra, V., & Wong, H. R. (2004). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green tea-derived polyphenol, inhibits IL-1 beta-dependent proinflammatory signal transduction in cultured respiratory epithelial cells. J. Nutr., 134, 1039-1044.
161. Whitehead, T. P., Robinson, D., Allaway, S., Syms, J., & Hale, A. (1995). Effect of red wine ingestion on the antioxidant capacity of serum. Clin. Chem., 41, 32-35.
162. Wilcox, L. J., Borradaile, N. M., de Dreu, L. E., & Huff, M. W. (2001). Secretion of hepatocyte apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, via reduced activity and expression of ACAT2 and MTP. J. Lipid Res., 42, 725-734.
163. Witztum, J. L., & Steinberg, D. (1991). Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J. Clin. Inves., 88, 1785-1792.
164. Wood, J. G., Rogina, B., Lavu, S., Howitz, K., Helfand, S. L., Tatar, M., & Sinclair, D. A. (2004). Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans. Nature, 430, 686-689.
165. World Health Organisation. (1989). World health statistics annual. Geneve, World Health Organisation.
166. Xia, M., Hou, M., Zhu, H., Ma, J., Tang, Z., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Chi, D., Yu, X., Zhao, T., Han, P., Xia, X., & Ling, W. (2005). Anthocyanins induce cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages: the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-liver X receptor alpha-ABCA1 pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 36792-36801.
167. Xia, M., Ling, W., Zhu, H., Wang, Q., Ma, J., Hou, M., Tang, Z., Li, L., & Ye, Q. (2007). Anthocyanin prevents CD40-activated proinflammatory signaling in endothelial cells by regulating cholesterol distribution. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 27, 519-524.
168. Xu, J. W., Ikeda, K., & Yamori, Y. (2004). Genistein inhibits expressions of NADPH oxidase p22phox and angiotensin II type 1 receptor in aortic endothelial cells from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens. Res., 27, 675-683.
169. Yang, F., Oz, H. S., Barve, S., de Villiers, W. J., McClain, C. J., & Varilek, G. W. (2001). The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks nuclear factor-kappa B activation by inhibiting I kappa B kinase activity in the intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. Molecular Pharmacology, 60, 528-533.
170. Yang, H., Baur, J. A., Chen, A., Miller, C., Adams, J. K., Kisielewski, A., Howitz, K. T., Zipkin, R. E., & Sinclair, D. A. (2007). Design and synthesis of compounds that extend yeast replicative lifespan. Aging Cell, 6, 35-43.
171. Yang, T. T., & Koo, M. W. (2000). Chinese green tea lowers cholesterol level through an increase in fecal lipid excretion. Life Sci.s, 66, 411-423.
172. Ying, C. J., Xu, J.W., Ikeda, K., Takahashi, K., Nara, Y., & Yamori, Y. (2003). Tea polyphenols regulate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit expression and ameliorate angiotensin II-induced hyperpermeability in endothelial cells. Hypertens. Res., 26, 823-828.
173. Zalba, G., Fortuño, A., Orbe, J., San Jose, G., Moreno, M. U., Belzunce, M., Rodriguez, J. A., Beloqui, O., Paramo, J. A., & Diez, J. (2007). Phagocytic NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-9: implications for human atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 27, 587-593.
174. Zern, T. L., Wood, R. J., Greene, C., West, K. L., Liu, Y., Aggarwal, D., Shachter, N. S., & Fernandez, M. L. (2005). Grape polyphenols exert a cardioprotective effect in pre- and postmenopausal women by lowering plasma lipids and reducing oxidative stress. J. Nutr., 135, 1911-1917.
175. Zhen, M. C., Huang, X. H., Wang, Q., Sun, K., Liu, Y. J., Li, W., Zhang, L. J., Cao, L. Q., & Chen, X. L. (2006). Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses rat hepatic stellate cell invasion by inhibition of MMP-2 expression and its activation. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 27, 1600-1607.