From bench to bedside: The growing use of translational research in cancer medicine

American Journal of Translational Research

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-18

  Goldblatt, Erin M ^a   Lee, Wen Hwa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; From bench to bedside; Individualized therapy; Translational medicine; Translational research

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; BORTEZOMIB; DASATINIB; ERLOTINIB; IMATINIB; LAPATINIB; NILOTINIB; PACLITAXEL; TELOMERASE; TRASTUZUMAB;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER THERAPY; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; GENE CONTROL; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; LUNG CANCER; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH;

EID: 77953392503     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19438141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Chaber BA, Boral AL, Multani P. Translational Research: Walking the Bridge Between Idea and Cure- Seventeenth Bruce F. Cain Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res 1998; 58:4211-4216.
2. Gibbs JB. Mechanism-Based Target Identification and Drug Discovery in Cancer Research. Science 2000; 287:1969-1973.
3. Saijo N. Translational Study in Cancer. Int Med 2002; 41:770-773.
4. Saijo N, Nishio K, Tamura T. Translational and clinical studies of target-based cancer therapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8:187-192.
5. Woolf SH. The Meaning of Translational Research and Why It Matters. JAMA 2008; 299:211-213.
6. Toi M, Takebayashi Y, Chow LW. Translational Research in Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 2005; 12:86-90.
7. Mathew JP, Taylor BS, Bader GD, Pyarajan S, Antoniotti M, Chinnaiyan AM, Sander C, Burakoff SJ, Mishra B. From Bytes to Bedside: Data Integration and Computational Biology for Translational Cancer Research. PLoS Comput Biol 2007; 3:e12. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi. 0030012.
8. Hermiston TW and Kirn DH. Genetically Based Therapeutics for Cancer: Similarities and Contrasts with Traditional Drug Discovery and Development. Mol Ther 2005; 11:496-507.
9. Beumer HM and Porton WM. Morphologic Effects of Cytotoxic Drugs on Tumor Cells. Diseases Chest 1968; 53: 252-256.
10. Leighton J. Propagation of Cancer: Targets for Future Chemotherapy. Cancer Res 1969; 29:2457-2465.
11. Scott RB. Cancer Chemotherapy- The First Twenty-five Years. British Med J 1970; 4:259-265.
12. Devita VT and Chu E. A History of Cancer Chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8643-8653.
13. Hanahan D and Weinberg RA. The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell 2000; 100:57-70.
14. Bernier J, Hall EJ, Giaccia A. Radiation oncology: A century of achievements. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4:737-747.
15. Haffty BG, Kim JH, Yang Q, Higgins SA. Concurrent chemo-radiation in the conservative management of breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:1306-1312.
16. Hirbe A, Morgan EA, Uluçkan O, Weilbaecher K. Skeletal Complications of Breast Cancer Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:6309s-6314s.
17. Munshi A. Breast cancer radiotherapy and cardiac risk: The 15-year paradox! J Cancer Res Ther 2007; 3:190-192.
18. Torres-Roca JF and Stevens CW. Predicting Response to Clinical Radiotherapy: Past, Present, and Future Directions. Cancer Control 2008; 15:151-156.
19. Sofou S. Radionuclide carriers for targeting of cancer. Int J Nanomed 2008; 3:181-199.
20. van Meerbeeck JP, Meersschout S, de Pauw R, Madani I, de Neve W. Modern Radiotherapy as Part of Combined Modality Treatment in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lunch Cancer: Present Status and Future Prospects. The Oncologist 2008; 13:700-708.
21. Fabian MA, Biggs WH, Treiber DK. A small molecule-kinase interaction map for clinical kinase inhibitors. Nature Biotech 2005; 23:329-336.
22. Voldborg BR, Damstrup L, Spang-Thomson M, Poulsen HS. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and EGFR mutations, function, and possible role in clinical trials. Ann Onc 1997; 8:1197-1206.
23. Nicholson RI, Gee JM, Harper ME. EGFR and cancer prognosis. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:S9-S15.
24. Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, Fuchs H, Paton V, Bajamonde A, Fleming T, Eiermann W, Wolter J, Pegram M, Baselga J, Norton L. Use of Chemotherapy Plus a Monoclonal Antibody Against HER2 for Metastatic Breast Cancer that Overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:783-792.
25. Ross JS, Fletcher AJ, Linette GP, Stec J, Clark E, Ayers M, Symmans WF, Pusztai L, Bloom KJ. The HER-2/neu Gene and Protein in Breast Cancer 2003: Biomarker and Target of Therapy. The Oncologist 2003; 8:307-325.
26. Bareschino MA, Schettino C, Troiani T, Martinelli E, Morgillo F, Ciardiello F. Erlotinib in cancer treatment. Ann Onc 2007; 18:vi35-41. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm222.
27. Gridelli C, Bareschino MA, Schettino C, Rossi A, Maione P, Ciardiello F. Erlotinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment: Current Status and Future Development. The Oncologist 2007; 12:840-849.
28. Ono M and Kuwano M. Molecular Mechanisms of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Activation and Response to Gefitinib and Other EGFR-Targeting Drugs. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:7242-7251.
29. Ross JS, Fletcher JA, Bloom KJ, Linette GP, Stec J, Symmans WF, Pusztai L, Hortobagyi GN. Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer: the HER-2/neu gene and protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004; 3.4:379-398.
30. Hudis CA. Trastuzumab-Mechanism of Action and Use in Clinical Practice. N Eng J Med 2007; 357:39-51.
31. Pegram MD, Konecny GE, O'Callaghan C, Beryt M, Pietras R, Slamon DJ. Rational Combinations of Trastuzumab with Chemotherapeutic Drugs Used in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 2004; 96:739-749.
32. Fortunato C and Tortora G. EGFR antagonists in Cancer Treatment. N Eng J Med 2008; 358:1160-1174.
33. Burstein H. The Distinctive Nature of HER-2 Positive Breast Cancers. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1652-1654.
34. Nahta R and Esteva F. Trastuzumab: triumphs and tribulations. Oncogene 2007; 26:3639-3643.
35. Steeghs N, Nortier JWR, Gelderblom H. Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Solid Tumors: And Update of Recent Developments. Ann Surg Onc 2006; 14:942-953.
36. Moy B, Kirkpatrick P, Kar S, Goss P. Lapatinib. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:431-432.
37. Hayes DF, Miller K, Sledge G. Angiogenesis as targeted breast cancer therapy. The Breast 2007; 16:S17-S19.
38. Salter JT and Miller KD. Antiangiogenic Agents in Breast Cancer. Cancer Investigation 2007; 25:518-526.
39. Ho QT and Kuo CJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor: Biology and therapeutic applications. Int J of Biochem and Cell Biol 2007; 39:1349-1357.
40. Sato Y. Molecular diagnosis of tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8:200-206.
41. Augustin HG. Translating angiogenesis research into the clinic: the challenges ahead. British J Radiol 2003; 76:S3-S10.
42. Huguet F, Giocanti N, Hennequin, Croisy M, Touboul E, Favaudon V. Growth inhibition by STI571 in combination with radiation in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:398-406.
43. Li S. Src-family kinases in the development and therapy of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk and Lymph 2008; 49:19-26.
44. Joske DJL. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: the evolution of gene-targeted therapy. MJA 2008; 189:277-282.
45. Barni S and Mandalà M. Chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Annals of Oncol 2005; 16:iv23-27. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdi904.
46. Orlando L, Colleoni M, Fedele P, Cusmai A, Rizzo P, D'Amico M, Chetri MC, Cinieri S.Management of advanced breast cancer. Annals of Oncology 2007: 18;vi74-76. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm230.
47. Welch DR, Steeg PS, Rinker-Schaeffer CWR. Molecular biology of breast cancer metastis; Genetic regulation of human breast carcinoma metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2000; 2:408-416.
48. Stevanovic A, Lee P, Wilcken N. Metastatic Breast Cancer. Aust Fam Physician 2006; 35:309-312.
49. Sarkadi B, Homolya L, Szakács G, Váradi A. Human multidrug resistance ABCB and ABCG transporters: participation in a chemoimmunity defense system. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:1179-1236.
50. Sauna ZE and Ambukdar SV. About a switch: how P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) harnesses the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to do mechanical work. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:13-23.
51. Hardwick LJ, Velamakanni S, van Veen HW. The emerging pharmacotherapeutic significance of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Br J Phamacol 2007; 151:163-174.
52. Lu Y, Zhao Y, Mascarenhas D, Pollak M. Insulinlike growth factor-I receptor signaling and resistance to trastuzumab (Herceptin). J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1852-1857.
53. Ritter CA, Perez-Torres M, Rinehart C, Guix M, Dugger T, Engelman JA, Arteaga CL. Human Breast Cancer Cells Selected for Resistance to Trastuzumab In Vivo Overexpress Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and ErbB Ligands and Remain Dependent on the ErbB Receptor Network. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4909-4919.
54. Nahta R, Yuan LXH, Du Y, Esteva FJ. Lapatinib induces apoptosis in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells: effects on insulin-like growth factor I signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:667-674.
55. Eom Y-W, Kim MA, Park SS. Two distinct modes of cell death induced by doxorubicin: apoptosis and cell death through mitotic catastrophe accompanied by senescence-like phenotype. Oncogene 2005; 24:4765-777.
56. Okada H and Mak TW. Pathways of Apoptotic and Non-Apoptotic Death in Tumour Cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4:592-603.
57. Hait WN, Jin S, Yang J-M. A Matter of Life or Death (or Both): Understanding Autophagy in Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1961-1965.
58. Ashkenazi A and Herbst RS. To kill a tumor cell: the potential of proapoptotic receptor agonists. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1979-1990.
59. Behbod F and Rosen JM. Will cancer stem cells provide new therapeutic targets? Carcinogenesis 2004; 26:703-711.
60. Bjerkvig R, Tysnes BB, Aboody KS, Najbauer J, Terzis AJ. The origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5:899-904.
61. Locke M, Heywood M, Fawell S, Mackenzie IC. Retention of Intrinsic Stem Cell Hierarchies in Carcinoma-Derived Cell Lines. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8944-8950.
62. Smalley M and Ashworth A. Stem Cells and Breast Cancer: A Field in Transit. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3:832-844.
63. Al-Hajj M and Clark MF. Self-renewal and solid tumor stem cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:7274-7282.
64. Lawson DA and Witte ON. Stem cells in prostate cancer initiation and progression. J Cln Invest 2007; 117:2044-2050.
65. Hill RP and Perris R. "Destemming" Cancer Stem Cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1435-1440.
66. Croker AK and Allan AL. Cancer stem cells: implications for the progression and treatment of metastatic disease. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:374-390.
67. Wright MH, Calcagno AM, Salcido CD, Carlson MD, Ambudkar SV, Varticovski L. Brca1 breast tumors contain distinct CD44+/CD24- and CD133+ cells with cancer stem cell characteristics. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R10.
68. Wicha MS. Cancer stem cell heterogeneity in hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008. doi:10.1186/bcr1990.
69. Sørlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, Hastie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Thorsen T, Quist H, Matese JC, Brown PO, Botstein D, Eystein Lønning P, Børresen-Dale AL. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. PNAS 2001; 98:10869-10874.
70. Hinestrosa MC, Dickersin K, Klein P, Mayer M, Noss K, Slamon D, Sledge G, Visco FM. Shaping the future of biomarker research in breast cancer to ensure clinical relevance. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:309-315.
71. Azad NS, Rasool N, Annunziata CM, Minasian L, Whiteley G, Kohn EC. Proteomics in Clinical Trials and Practice; Present Uses and Future Promise. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:1819-1829.
72. Tan DSP, Lambros MBK, Natrajan R, Reis-Filho JS. Getting it right: designing microarray (and not 'microawry') comparative genomic hybridization studies for cancer research. Laboratory Investigation 2007; 87:737-754.
73. Clarke R, Ressom HW, Wang A, Xuan J, Liu MC, Gehan EA, Wang Y. The properties of highdimensional data spaces: implications for exploring gene and protein expression data. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:37-49.
74. Nalepa G, Rolfe M, Harper JW. Drug discovery in the ubiquitin-proteosome system. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:596-613.
75. Petroski MD. The ubiquitin system, disease, and drug discovery. BMC Biochem 2008. doi: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-S1-S7.
76. Carvajal RD, Tse A, Schwartz GK. Aurora kinases: new targets for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:6869-6875.
77. Fumoleau P, Coudert B, Isambert N, Ferrant E. Novel tubulin-targeting agents: anticancer activity and pharmacologic profile of epothilones and regulated analogues. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:v9-15.
78. Fojo T and Menefee M. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance: the potential role of microtubule-stabilizing agents. Ann Onc 2007; 18: v3-v8.
79. Ratnam K and Low JA. Current development of clinical inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in oncology. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1383-1388.
80. Ko JC, Ciou SC, Cheng CM, Wang LH, Hong JH, Jheng MY, Ling ST, Lin YW. Involvement of Rad51 in cytotoxicity induced by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (gefitinib, IressaR) and chemotherapeutic agents in human lung cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1448-1458.
81. Berdis AJ. DNA polymerases as therapeutic targets. Biochemistry 2008; 47:8253-8260.
82. Futamura M, Kamiya S, Tsukamoto M, Hirano A, Monden Y, Arakawa H, Nishimura S. Malolactomycin D, a potent inhibitor of transcription controlled by the Ras responsive element, inhibits Ras-mediated transformation activity with suppression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 in NIH3T3 cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:6724-6730.
83. Sah NK, Munshi A, Kurland JF, McDonnel TJ, Su B, Meyn RE. Translation Inhibitors Sensitize Prostate Cancer Cells to Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosisinducing Ligand (TRAIL) by Activating c-Jun N-terminal Kinase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 20593-20602.
84. Radhakrishnan SK and Gartel AL. A Novel Transcriptional Inhibitor Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells and Exhibits Antiangiogenic Activity. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3264-3270.
85. Camirand A and Pollak M. Co-targeting IGF-1R and c-kit: synergistic inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in H 209 small cell lung cancer cells. British J Cancer 2004; 90:1825-1829.
86. Warshamana-Greene GS, Litz J, Buchdunger E, Hofmann F, García-Echeverría C, Krystal GW. The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor kinase inhibitor NVP-ADW742, in combination with STI571, delineates a spectrum of dependence of small cell lung cancer on IGF-I and stem cell factor signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3:527-536.
87. Roberts WG, Whalen PM, Soderstrom E, Moraski G, Lyssikatos JP, Wang HF, Cooper B, Baker DA, Savage D, Dalvie D, Atherton JA, Ralston S, Szewc R, Kath JC, Lin J, Soderstrom C, Tkalcevic G, Cohen BD, Pollack V, Barth W, Hungerford W, Ung E. Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Activity of a Selective PDGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, CP-673,451. Cancer Res 2005; 65:957-966.
88. Pratz K and Levis M. Incorporating FLT3 inhibitors into acute myeloid leukemia treatment regimens. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49:852-863.
89. Gana-Weisz M, Halaschek-Wiener J, Jansen B, Elad G, Haklai R, Kloog Y. The Ras Inhibitor Strans, trans-Farnesylthiosalicylic Acid Chemosensitizes Human Tumor Cells Without Causing Resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:555-565.
90. Panka DJ, Wang W, Atkins MB, Mier JW. The Raf Inhibitor BAY 43-9006 (Sorafenib) Induces Caspase-Independent Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells. Cancer Research 2006; 66:1611-1619.
91. Zelivianski S, Spellman M, Kellerman M, Kakitelashvilli V, Zhou XW, Lugo E, Lee MS, Taylor R, Davis TL, Hauke R, Lin MF. ERK inhibitor PD98059 enhances docetaxelinduced apoptosis of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2003; 107:478-485.
92. Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Harris D, Van Q, Priebe W, Estrov Z. WP-1034, a novel JAK-STAT inhibitor, with proapoptotic and antileukemic activity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Anticancer Res 2005; 25:1841-1850.
93. Crabbe T, Welham MJ, Ward SG. The PI3K inhibitor arsenal: choose your weapon! Trends in Biochem Sci 2007; 32:450-456
94. Takayama Y, Kokuryo T, Yokoyama Y, Nagino M, Minura Y, Senga T, Hamaguchi M. MEK inhibitor enhances the inhibitory effect of imatinib on pancreatic cancer cell growth. Cancer Letters 2008; 264:241-249.
95. Serrels B, Serrels A, Mason SM, Baldeschi C, Ashton GH, Canel M, Mackintosh LJ, Doyle B, Green TP, Frame MC, Sansom OJ, Brunton VG. A novel Src kinase inhibitor reduces tumour formation in a skin carcinogenesis model. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:249-257.
96. Levy DS, Kahana JA, Kumar R. AKT inhibitor, GSK690693, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Blood 2009; 113:1723-1729.
97. Zhang K and Dent SYR. Histone Modifying Enzymes and Cancer: Going beyond Histones. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:1137-1148.
98. Balch C, Montgomery JS, Paik HI, Kim S, Kim S, Huang TH, Nephew KP. New Anti-cancer Strategies: Epigenetic Therapies and Biomarkers. Frontiers in Bioscience 2005;10: 1897-1931.
99. Kim T-Y, Bank Y-J, Robertson KD. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. Epigenetics 2006; 1:14-23.
100. Shi Y and Whetstine JR. Dynamic Regulation of Histone Lysine Methylation by Demethylases. Mol Cell 2007; 25:1-14.
101. Acharya MR, Sparreboom A, Venitz J, Figg WD. Rational Development of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: A Review. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:917-932.
102. Lin H-Y, Chen C-S, Lin S-P, Weng J-R, Chen C-S. Targeting Histone Deacetylase in Cancer Therapy. Medicinal Res Reviews 2006; 26:397-413.
103. Reed JC. Apoptosis-based therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1:111-121.
104. Reed JC and Pellecchia M. Apoptosis-based therapies for hematologic malignancies. Blood 2005; 106: 408-418.
105. Dai Y, Lawrence TS, Xu L. Overcoming cancer therapy resistance by targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins and nuclear factor-kappa B. Am J Transl Res 2009; 1:1-15.
106. Schimmer AD. Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins: Translating Basic Knowledge into Clinical Practice. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7183-7190.
107. Ziegler DS and Kung AL. Therapeutic targeting of apoptosis pathways in cancer. Current Opinion in Oncology 2008, 20:97-103.
108. Kim Y and Seol DW. TRAIL, a mighty apoptosis inducer. Mol Cells 2003; 15:283-293.
109. Goldsmith KC and Hogarty MD. Targeting programmed cell death pathways with experimental therapeutics: opportunities in high-risk neuroblastoma. Cancer Letters 2005; 228:133-141.
110. Sharkey RM, Karacay H, Cardillo TM, Chang CH, McBride WJ, Rossi EA, Horak ID, Goldenberg DM Improving the Delivery of Radionuclides for Imaging and Therapy of Cancer Using Pretargeting Methods. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:7109s-7121s.
111. Shokeen M, Fettig NM, Rossin R. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of radiolabeled nanoparticles. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 52:267-277.
112. Oyen WJ, Bodei L, Giammarile F, Maecke HR, Tennvall J, Luster M, Brans B. Targeted therapy in nuclear medicine-current status and future prospects. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:1782-1792.
113. Jain KK. Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery for Cancer. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 2005; 4:407-416.
114. Rawat M, Singh D, Saraf S, Saraf S. Nanocarriers: promising vehicles for bioactive drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1790-1798.
115. Jain KK. Applications of Nanobiotechnology in Clinical Diagnostics. Clinical Chemistry 2007; 53:2002-2009.
116. Thomson TA, Hayes MM, Spinelli JJ, Hilland E, Sawrenko C, Phillips D, Dupuis B, Parker RL. HER-2/neu in Breast Cancer: Interobserver Variability and Performance of Immunohisto-chemistry with 4 Antibodies Compared with Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. Mod Pathol 2001; 14:1079-1086.
117. Ellis CM, Dyson MJ, Stephenson TJ, Maltby EL. HER2 amplification status in breast cancer: a comparison between immunohistochemical staining and fluorescence in situ hybridisation using manual and automated quantitative image analysis scoring techniques. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:710-714.
118. Barrett C, Magee H, O'Toole, Daly S, Jeffers M. Amplification of the HER2 gene in breast cancers testing 2+ weak positive by HercepTest immunohistochemistry: falsepositive or false-negative immunohistochemistry? J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:690-693.
119. Kayser O, Lemke A, Hernández-Trejo N. The impact of nanobiotechnology on the development of new drug delivery systems. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2005; 6:3-5.
120. Hughes GA. Nanostructure-mediated drug delivery. Nanomedicine 2005; 1:22-30.
121. Jain KK. Role of Nanobiotechnology in Developing Personalized Medicine for Cancer. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 2005; 4645-4650.
122. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, Coviello GM, Wright WE, Weinrich SL, Shay JW. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 1994; 266:2011-2015.
123. Hoos A, Hepp HH, Kaul S, Ahlert T, Bastert G, Wallwiener D. Telomerase Activity Correlates with Tumor Aggressiveness and Reflects Therapy Effect in Breast Cancer. Int J Cancer 1998; 79:8-12.
124. Herbert BS, Wright WE, Shay J. Telomerase and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 2001; 3:146-149.
125. Hahn WC, Stewart SA, Brooks MW, York SG, Eaton E, Kurachi A, Beijersbergen RL, Knoll JH, Meyerson M, Weinberg RA. Inhibition of telomerase limits the growth of human cancer cells. Nat Med 1999; 5:1164-1170.
126. Zhang X, Mar V, Zhou W, Harrington L, Robinson MO. Telomere shortening and apoptosis in telomerase-inhibited human tumor cells. Genes Dev 1999; 13:2388-2399.
127. Herbert BS, Pitts AE, Baker SI, Hamilton SE, Wright WE, Shay JW, Corey DR. Inhibition of human telomerase in immortal human cells leads to progressive telomere shortening and cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:14276-14281.
128. Shay JW and Wright WE. Telomerase therapeutics for cancer: challenges and new directions. Nat Rev 2006; 5:577-584.
129. Gellert GC, Jackson SR, Dikmen ZG, Wright WE, Shay JW. Telomerase as a therapeutic target in cancer. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechansisms 2005; 2:159-164.
130. Hochreiter AE, Xiao H, Goldblatt EM, Gryaznov, Miller KD, Badve S, Sledge GW, Herbert BS. The telomerase template antagonist GRN163L disrupts telomere maintenance, tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3184-3192.
131. Jackson SR, Zhu C-H, Paulson V, Watkins L, Dikmen ZG, Gryaznov SM, Wright WE, Shay JW. Antiadhesive Effects of GRN163L-An Oligonucleotide N3'-P5' Thio-Phosphoramidate Targeting Telomerase. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1121-1129.
132. Ward RJ and Autexier C. Pharmacological Telomerase Inhibition Can Sensitize Drug-Resistant and Drug-Sensitive Cells to Chemotherapeutic Treatment. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:779-786.
133. Cerone MA, Londoño-Vallejo J, Autexier C. Telomerase inhibition enhances the response to anticancer drug treatment in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1669-1675.
134. Djojosubroto MW, Chin AC, Go N, Schaetzlein S, Manns MP, Gryaznov S, Harley CB, Rudolph KL. Telomerase Antagonists GRN163 and GRN163L Inhibit Tumor Growth and Increase Chemosensitivity of Human Hepatoma. Hepatology 2005; 42:1127-1136.
135. Kelland LR. Overcoming the immortality of tumour cells by telomere and telomerase based cancer therapeutics-Current status and future prospects. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:971-979.
136. Gomez-Millan J, Goldblatt EM, Gryaznov SM, Mendonca MS, Herbert BS. Specific Telomere Dysfunction Induced by GRN163L Increases Radiation Sensitivity in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2007; 67:897-905.
137. Zimmermann S and UM Martens. Telomeres and telomerase as targets for cancer therapy. Cell and Molecular Life Sciences 2007; 64:906-921.
138. Goldblatt EM, Erickson PA, Gentry ER, Gryaznov SM, Herbert B-S. Lipid-conjugated telomerase template antagonists sensitize resistant HER2-positive breast cancer cells to trastuzumab. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008. doi 10.1007/s10549-008-0201-4.
139. Goldblatt EM, Gentry ER, Fox MJ, Gryaznov S, Shen C, Herbert B-S. The Telomerase Template Antagonist GRN163L Alters MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Morphology, Inhibits Growth, and Augments the Effects of Paclitaxel. Mol Cancer Ther 2009. doi 0.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-1188.
140. Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F. The anticancer immune response: indispensable for therapeutic success? J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1991-2001.
141. Mittendorf EA, Peoples GE, Singletary SE. Breast cancer vaccines: promise for the future or pipe dream? Cancer 2007; 110:1677-1686.
142. Herbert B-S and Goldblatt EM. Therapeutic Targets and Drugs I: Telomerase and Telomerase Inhibitors. In: Hiyama K, editor. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development: Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer. New York: Humana Press, Springer Science and Business Media; 2009. p. 225-249.
143. Vonderheide RH, Hahn WC, Schultze JL, Nadler LM. The telomerase catalytic subunit is a widely expressed tumor-associated antigen recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1999; 10:673-679.
144. Nair SK, Heiser A, Boczkowski D, Majumdar A, Naoe M, Lebkowski JS, Vieweg J, Gilboa E. Induction of cytotoxic T cell responses and tumor immunity against unrelated tumors using telomerase reverse transcriptase RNA transfected dendritic cells. Nat Med 2000; 6:1011-1017.
145. Vonderheide RH. Telomerase as a universal tumor-associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy. Oncogene 2002; 21:674-679.
146. Brunsvig PF, Aamdal S, Gjertsen MK, Kvalheim G, Markowski-Grimsrud CJ, Sve I, Dyrhaug M, Trachsel S, Møller M, Eriksen JA, Gaudernack G. Telomerase peptide vaccination: A phase I/II study in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006: 5:1553-1564.
147. Su Z, Dannull J, Yang BK, Dahm P, Coleman D, Yancey D, Sichi S, Niedzwiecki D, Boczkowski D, Gilboa E, Vieweg J. Telomerase mRNAtransfected dendritic cells stimulate antigenspecific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J Immunol 2005; 174:3798-3807.
148. Harley CB. Telomerase and cancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:167-179.
149. Vonderheide RH. Prospects and challenges of building a cancer vaccine targeting telomerase. Biochimie 2008; 90:173-180.
150. Barrett AJ and Rezvani K. Translational minireview series on vaccines: Peptide vaccines for myeloid leukaemias. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:189-198.
151. Pinilla-Ibarz J, Shah B, Dubovsky JA. The Biological Basis for Immunotherapy in Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Cancer Control 2009; 16:141-152.
152. Schlom J, Arlen PM, Gulley JL. Cancer Vaccines: Moving Beyond Current Paradigms. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3776-3782.
153. McIntosh J, Sturpe DA, Khanna N. Human papillomavirus vaccine and cervical cancer prevention: practice and policy implications for pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc 2003; 48:e1-e13.
154. {154] Schiller JT and Lowy DR. Prospects for cervical cancer prevention by human papillomavirus vaccination. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10229-10232.
155. Hung CF, Monie A, Alvarez RD, Wu TC. DNA vaccines for cervical cancer: from bench to bedside. Exp Mol Med 2007; 39:679-689.
156. Murillo O, Arina A, Tirapu I. Potentiation of Therapeutic Immune Responses against Malignancies with Monoclonal Antibodies. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:5454-5464.
157. Melero I, Herbas-Stubbs S, Glennie M, Pardoll DM, Chen L. Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:95-106.
158. Fong L and Small EJ. Anti-Cytotoxic TLymphocyte Antigen-4 Antibody: The First in an Emerging Class of Immunomodulatory Antibodies for Cancer Treatment. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5275-5283.
159. Stocks MR. Intrabodies: production and promise. Drug Discovery Today 2004; 9:960-966.
160. Stocks M. Intrabodies as drug discovery tools and therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:359-365.
161. Böldicke T. Blocking translocation of cell surface molecules from the ER to the cell surface by intracellular antibodies targeted to the ER. J Cell Mo. Med 2007; 11:54-70.
162. Lo AS-Y, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Intracellular Antibodies (Intrabodies) and Their Therapeutic Potential. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008; 181:343-373.