Radionuclide carriers for targeting of cancer

International Journal of Nanomedicine

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 181-199

  Sofou, Stavroula ^a  

^a POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer radiotheraphy; Radiotheraphy of micrometastases; Radiotheraphy of tumor vasculature; Radiotherapy of solid tumors; Targeted radiotheraphy

Indexed keywords

ACTINIUM 225; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; ASTATINE 211; BISMUTH 213; BORON 10; COMBRETASTATIN; DENDRIMER; DEXTRAN; DOXORUBICIN; HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME TECHNETIUM TC 99M; HYALURONIDASE; LIPOSOME; LUTETIUM 177; MACROGOL; MICROSPHERE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 9.2.27; NANOPARTICLE; PLATINUM COMPLEX; POLYAMIDOAMINE; POLYLACTIC ACID; RADIOISOTOPE; RHENIUM 188; THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; TRASTUZUMAB; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; YTTRIUM 90;

ALPHA RADIATION; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY; AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; BETA RADIATION; CANCER CELL; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; DNA STRAND BREAKAGE; DOSIMETRY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG UPTAKE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; INTERNALIZATION; ISOTOPE LABELING; LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER; LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY; MAGNETIC FIELD; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; NANOENCAPSULATION; NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY; OSTEOSARCOMA; OVARY CARCINOMA; PARTICLE RADIATION; PREACTIVATED RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; RADIOISOTOPE THERAPY; RADIOSENSITIVITY; REVIEW; SINGLE STEP RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; SOLID TUMOR; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TUMOR CELL DESTRUCTION; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; TUMOR XENOGRAFT;

DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; RADIOISOTOPES;

EID: 68549101438     PISSN: 11769114     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Adam MJ, Wilbur DS. 2005. Radiohalogens for imaging and therapy. Chem Soc Rev, 34:153-63.
2. Adams GP, Schier R, McCall AM, et al. 2001. High affinity restricts the localization and tumor penetration of single-chain Fv antibody molecules. Cancer Res, 61:4750-5.
3. Alessi P, Ebbinghaus C, Neri D. 2004. Molecular targeting of angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1654:39-49.
4. Allen B, Raja C, Rizvi S, et al. 2007. Tumour anti-vascular alpha therapy: a mechanism for the regression of solid tumours in metastatic cancer. Phys Med Biol, 52:L15-9.
5. Allen C, Dos Santos N, Gallagher R, et al. 2002. Controlling the physical behavior and biological performance of liposome formulations through use of surface grafted poly(ethylene glycol). Bioscience Rep, 22:225-50.
6. Allen TM. 2002. Ligand-targeted therapeutics in anticancer therapy. Nature Cancer Rev, 2:750-63.
7. Auguste DT, Prud'homme RK, Ahl PL, et al. 2003. Association of hydrophobically-modified poly(ethylene glycol) with fusogenic liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1616:184-95.
8. Azab A-K, Srebnik M, Doviner V, et al. 2005. Targeting normal and neoplastic tissues in the rat jejunum and colon with boronated, cationic acrylamide copolymers. J Control Release, 106:14-25.
9. Baker MV, Gaynutdinov TI, Patel V, et al. 2005. Vascular endothelial growth factor selectively targets boronated dendrimers to tumor vasculature. Mol Cancer Ther, 4:1423-9.
10. Barth RF, Adams DM, Soloway AH, et al. 1994. Boronated starburst dendrimer-monoclonal antibody imunoconjugates: evaluation as a potential delivery system for neutron capture therapy. Bioconjugate Chem, 5:58-66.
11. Bethge WA and Sandmaier BM. 2005. Targeted cancer therapy using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 4:393-405.
12. Bloomer WD, McLaughlin WH, Neirinckx RD, et al. 1981. Astatine-211 - tellurium radiocolloid cures experimental malignant ascites. Science, 212:340-1.
13. Borchardt P, Yuan R, Miederer M, et al. 2003. Targeted actinium-225 in vivo generators for therapy of ovarian cancer. Cancer Res, 63:5084.
14. Boswell CA and Brechbiel MW. 2005. Auger electrons: lethal, low energy, and coming soon to a tumor cell nucleus near you. J Nucl Med, 46:1946-7.
15. Bottaro DP and Liotta LA. 2003. Cancer: Out of air is not out of action. Nature, 423:593-5.
16. Brechbiel MW. 2007. Bifunctional chelates for metal nuclides. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, Nov 28 [Epub ahead of print].
17. Britz-Cunningham SH, Adelstein SJ. 2003. Molecular targeting with radionuclides: state of the science. J Nucl Med, 44:1945-61.
18. Brooks PC, Clark RA, Cheresh DA. 1994. Requirement of vascular integrin alpha v beta 3 for angiogenesis. Science, 264:569-71.
19. Bruera E, Neumann CM, Pituskin E, et al. 1999. A randomized controlled trial of local injections of hyaluronidase versus placebo in cancer patients receiving subcutaneous hydration. Ann Oncol, 10:1255-8.
20. Buchsbaum DJ, Chaudhuri TR, Zinn KR. 2005a. Radiotargeted gene therapy. J Nucl Med, 46:179s-86s.
21. Buchsbaum DJ, Khazaeli M, Axworthy DB, et al. 2005b. Intraperitoneal pretarget radioimmunotherapy with CC49 fusion protein. Clin Cancer Res, 15:8180-5.
22. Buijs WCAM, Tibben JG, Boerman OC, et al. 1998. Dosimetric analysis of chimeric monoclonal antibody cMOv18 IgG in ovarian carcinoma patients after intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. Eur J Nucl Med, 25:1552-61.
23. Burg MA, Pasqualini R, Arap W, et al. 1999. NG2 proteoglycan-binding peptides target tumor neovasculature. Cancer Res, 59:2869-74.
24. Burrows FJ, Thorpe PE. 1993. Eradication of large solid tumors in mice with an immunotoxin directed against tumor vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:8996-9000.
25. Campbell AM, Bailey IH, Burton MA. 2000. Analysis of the distribution of intra-arterial microspheres in human liver following hepatic yttrium-90 microsphere therapy. Phys Med Biol, 45:1023-33.
26. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. 2000. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature, 407:249-57.
27. Chunfu Z, Jinquan C, Duanzhi Y, et al. 2004. Preparation and radiolabeling of human serum albumin (HSA)-coated magnetite nanoparticles for magnetically targeted therapy. Appl Radiat Isot, 61:1255-9.
28. Couturier O, Supiot O, Degraef-Mougin M, et al. 2005. Cancer radioimmunotherapy with alpha-emitting nuclides. Eur J Nucl Med Imaging, 32:601-14.
29. Crippa F, Bolis G, Seregni E, et al. 1995. Single-dose intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy with the murine monoclonal antibody I-131 MOv18: Clinical results in patients with minimal residual disease of ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer, 31:686-90.
30. Davies CL, Lundstrom LM, Frengen J, et al. 2004. Radiation improves the distribution and uptake of liposomal Doxorubicin (Caelyx) in human osteosarcoma xenografts. Cancer Res, 64:547-53.
31. de Jong M, Breeman WAP, Bernard BF, et al. 2001. Tumor response after [90Y-DOTA0,Tyr3]Octreotide radionuclide therapy in a transplantable rat tumor model is dependent on tumor size. J Nucl Med, 42:1841-6.
32. Dearling JLJ, Pedley RB. 2007. Technological advances in radioimmunotherapy. Clin Oncol, 19:457-69.
33. del Rosario RB, Wahl RL. 1993. Biotinylated iodo-polylysine for pretargeted radiation delivery. J Nucl Med, 34:1147-51.
34. Delgado G, Potkul R, Treat J, et al. 1989. A phase I/II study of intraperitoneally administered doxorubicin entrapped. Am J of Obs Gyn, 160:812.
35. Du J, Marquez M, Hiltunen J, et al. 2000. Radiolabeling of dextran with rhenium-188. Appl Radiat Isot, 53:443-8.
36. Duncan R, Izzo L. 2005. Dendrimer biocompatibility and toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 57:2215-37.
37. Eikenes L, Bruland OS, Brekken C, et al. 2004. Collagenase increases the transcapillary pressure gradient and improves the uptake and distribution of monoclonal antibodies in human osteosarcoma xenografts. Cancer Res, 64:4768-73.
38. Eikenes L, Tari M, Tufto I, et al. 2005. Hyaluronidase induces a transcapillary pressure gradient and improves the distribution and uptake of liposomal doxorubicin (CaelyxTM) in human osteosarcoma xenografts. Br J Cancer, 93:81-8.
39. Emfietzoglou D, Kostarelos K, Papakostas A, et al. 2005. Liposome-mediated radiotherapeutics within a vascular tumor spheroids: comparative dosimetry study for various radionuclides, liposome systems, and a targeting antibody. J Nucl Med, 46:89-97.
40. Epenetos A, Munro A, Stewart S, et al. 1987. Antibody-guided irradiation of advanced ovarian cancer with intraperitoneally administered radio-labeled monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Oncol, 5:1890-9.
41. Faraggi G, Gardin I, de Labriolle-Vaylet C, et al. 1994. The influence of tracer localization on the electron dose rate delivered to the cell nucleus. J Nucl Med, 35:113-19.
42. Feakes DA, Shelly K, Knobler CB, et al. 1994. Na3[B20H17NH3]: Synthesis and liposomal delivery to murine tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91:3029-33.
43. Folkman J. 1971. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med, 285:1182-6.
44. Folkman J. 1990. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst, 82:4-6.
45. Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Barenholz Y. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: review of animal and human studies. Clin Pharmacokinet, 42:419-36.
46. Gillies ER, Frechet JMJ. 2005. Dendrimers and dendritic polymers in drug delivery. Drug Discov Today, 10:35-43.
47. Goldenberg DM. 2002. Targeted therapy of cancer with radiolabeled antibodies. J Nucl Med, 43:693-713.
48. Goldenberg DM, Sharkey RM, Paganelli G, et al. 2006. Antibody pretargeting advances cancer radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 24:823-34.
49. Haefeli UO, Sweeney SM, Beresford BA, et al. 1995. Effective targeting of magnetic radioactive Yttrium-90 microspheres to tumor cells by an externally applied magnetic field. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo results. Nucl Med Biol, 22:147-55.
50. Haefeli UO, Casillas S, Dietz DW, et al. 1999. Hepatic tumor radioembolization in a rat model using radioactive rhenium (186Re/188Re) glass microspheres. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys, 44:189-99.
51. Haefeli UO, Pauer G, Failing S, et al. 2001. Radiolabeling of magnetic particle with rhenium-188 for cancer therapy. J Magn Magn Mater, 225:73-8.
52. Hallahan D, Shimian Q, Geng L, et al. 2001a. Radiation-mediated control of drug delivery. Am J Clin Oncol, 24:473-80.
53. Hallahan D, Geng L, Qu S, et al. 2003. Integrin-mediated targeting of drug delivery to irradiated tumor blood vessels. Cancer Cell, 3:63-74.
54. Hallahan DE, Geng L, Cmelak A, et al. 2001b. Targeting drug delivery to radiation-induced neoantigens in tumor microvasculature, J Control Release, 74:183-91.
55. Hartman T, Carlsson J. 1994. Radiation dose heterogeneity in receptor and antigen mediated boron neutron capture therapy. Radiother Oncol, 31:61-75.
56. Hawthorne MF, Shelly K. 1997. Liposomes as drug delivery vehicles for boron agents. J Neurooncol, 33:53-8.
57. Hei TK, Persaud R, Zhou H, et al. 2004. Genotoxicity in the eyes of bystander cells. Mutat Res, 568:111-20.
58. Henriksen G, Bruland OS, Larsen RH. 2004a. Thorium- and Actinium polyphosphate compounds as bone-seeking alpha particle emitting agents. Anticancer Res, 24:101-5.
59. Henriksen G, Schoultz BW, Michaelsen TE, et al. 2004b. Sterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier for alpha-emitting radium and actinium radionuclides. Nucl Med Biol, 31:441-9.
60. Hobbs SK, Monsky WL, Yuan F, et al. 1998. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment. PNAS, 95:4607-12.
61. Hobson B, Denekamp J. 1984. Endothelial proliferation in tumours and normal tissues: continuous labelling studies. Br J Cancer, 49:405-13.
62. Houle S, Yip T-CK, Shepherd FA, et al. 1989. Hepatocellular carcinoma: pilot trial of treatment with Yttrium-90 microspheres. Radiology, 172:857-60.
63. Humm JL. 1987. A microdosimetric model of astatine-211 labeled antibodies for radioimmunotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 13:1767-73.
64. Humm JL, Chin LM. 1993. A model of cell inactivation by alpha-particle internal emitters. Radiat Res, 134:143-50.
65. Hwang KJ, Merriam JE, Beaumier PL, et al. 1982. Encapsulation, with high efficiency, of radioactive metal ions in liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 716:101-9.
66. Hynes NE, Lane HA. 2005. ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nature Rev Cancer, 5:341-54.
67. Jaggi JS, Kappel BJ, McDevitt MR, et al. 2005. Efforts to control the errent products of a targeted in vivo generator. Cancer Res, 65:4888-95.
68. Jain RK, Munn LL, Fukumura D. 2002. Dissecting tumor pathophysiology using intravital microscopy. Nature Rev Cancer, 2:266-76.
69. Jain RK. 2005. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science, 307:58-62.
70. Janssen M, Oyen W, Dijkgraaf I, et al. 2002. Tumor targeting with radiolabeled alpha v beta 3 integrin binding peptides in a nude mouse model. Cancer Res, 62:6146-51.
71. Janssen M, Frielink C, Dijkgraaf I, et al. 2004. Improved tumor targeting of radiolabeled RGD peptides using rapid dose fractionation. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 19:399-404.
72. Javid M, Brownell GL, Sweet WH. 1952. The possible use of neutron capture isotopes such as boron-10 in the treatment of neoplasms: II. computation of the radiation energy and estimates of effects in normal and neoplastic brain. J Clin Invest, 31:603-10.
73. Jhanwar YS, Divgi C. 2005. Current status of therapy of solid tumors. J Nucl Med, 46:141s-50s.
74. Jonasdottir T, Fisher D, Borrebaek J, et al. 2006. First in vivo evaluation of liposome-encapsulated 223Ra as a potential alpha-particle-emitting cancer therapeutic agent. Anticancer Res, 26:2841-8.
75. Justus E, Awad D, Hohnholt M, et al. 2007. Synthesis, liposomal preparation, and in vitro toxicity of two novel dodecaborate cluster lipids for boron neutron capture therapy. Bioconjugate Chem, 18:1287-93.
76. Kalofonos H, Rowlinson G, Epenetos A. 1990. Enhancement of monoclonal antibody uptake in human colon tumor xenografts following irradiation. Cancer Res, 50:159-63.
77. Kassis AI, Sastry KSR, Adelstein SJ. 1987. Kinetics of uptake, retention, and radiotoxicity of I-125 UDR in mammalian cells: implications of localized energy deposition by Auger processes. Radiat Res, 109:78-89.
78. Kassis AI. 2004. The amazing world of Auger electrons. Int J Radiat Biol, 80:789-803.
79. Kassis AI, Adelstein SJ. 2005. Radiobiologic principles in radionuclide therapy. J Nucl Med, 46:4s-12s.
80. Kennel SJ, Mirzadeh S. 1998. Vascular targeted radioimmunotherapy with 213Bi - an alpha-particle emitter. Nucl Med Biol, 25:241-6.
81. Kirpotin DB, Drummond DC, Shao Y, et al. 2006. Antibody targeting of long-circulating lipidic nanoparticles does not increase tumor localization but does increase internalization in animal models. Cancer Res, 66:6732-40.
82. Kobayashi H, Wu C, Kim M-K, et al. 1999. Evaluation of the in vivo evaluation of indium-111 and yttrium-88 labeled dendrimer-1B4M-DTPA and its conjugation with anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. Bioconjugate Chem, 10:103-11.
83. Koivunen E, Wang B, Ruoslahti E. 1995. Phage libraries displaying cyclic peptides with different ring sizes: ligand specificities of the RDG-directed integrins. Biotechnology, 13:265-70.
84. Kolbert KS, Hamacher KA, Jurcic JG, et al. 2001. Parametric Images of Antibody Pharmacokinetics in Bi213-HuM195 Therapy of Leukemia. J Nucl Med, 42:27-32.
85. Kolbert KS, Watson T, Matei C, et al. 2003. Murine S factors for liver, spleen, and kidney. J Nucl Med, 44:784-91.
86. Koning GA, Fretz MM, Woroniecka U, et al. 2004. Targeting liposomes to tumor endothelial cells for neutron capture therapy. Appl Radiat Isot, 61:963-7.
87. Koppe MJ, Postema EJ, Aarts F, et al. 2005. Antibody-guided radiation therapy of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 24:539-67.
88. Kullberg EB, Wei Q, Capala J, et al. 2005. EGF-receptor targeted liposomes with boronated acridine: growth inhibition of cultured glioma cells after neutron irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol, 81:621-9.
89. Kvols LK. 2005. Radiation sensitizers: a selective review of molecules targeting DNA and non-DNA targets. J Nucl Med, 46: 187s-90s.
90. Lasic DD. 1993 Liposomes from Physics to Applications. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
91. Lasic DD, Martin F (eds). 1995. Stealth liposomes, Boca Raton, Fla, CRC Pr.
92. Li C-Y, Shan S, Huang Q, et al. 2000. Initial stages of tumor cell-induced angiogenesis: Evaluation via skin window chambers in rodent models. J Natl Cancer Inst, 92:143-7.
93. Li J, Huang S, Armstrong EA, et al. 2005. Angiogenesis and radiation response modulation after vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-2) blockade. int J Radiat Oncology Biol Phys, 62:1477-85.
94. Lin G, Lunderquist A, Hagerstrand I, et al. 1984. Postmortem examination of the blood supply and vascular pattern of small liver metastases in man. Surgery, 96:517-26.
95. Lindegren S, Andersson H, Jacobsson L, et al. 2002. Synthesis and biodistribution of 211 At-labeled, biotinylated, and charge-modified poly-L-lysine: evaluation for use as an effector molecule in pretargeted intraperitoneal tumor therapy. Bioconjugate Chem, 13:502-9.
96. Lindegren S, Karlsson B, Jacobsson L, et al. 2003. 211 At-labeled and biotinylated effector molecules for pretargeted radioimmunotherapy using poly-L- and poly-D-lysine as multicarriers. Clin Cancer Res, 9:3873s-9.
97. Linden O, Kurkus J, Garkavij M, et al. 2005. A novel platform for radioimmunotherapy: extracorporeal depletion of biotinylated and 90Y-labeled Rituximab in patients with refractory B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 20:457-66.
98. Line BR, Mitra A, Nan A, et al. 2005. Targeting tumor angiogenesis: comparison of peptide and polymer-peptide conjugates. J Nucl Med, 46:1552-60.
99. Macklis RM, Kinsey BM, Kassis Al, et al. 1988. Radioimmunotherapy with alpha-particle-emitting immunoconjugates. Science, 240:1024-6.
100. Maeda H, Wu J, Sawa T, et al. 2000. Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review. J Control Release, 65:271-84.
101. Malik N, Wiwattanapatapee R, Klopsch R, et al. 2000. Relationship between structure and biocompatibility in vitro, and preliminary studies on the biodistribution of 1251-labelled polyamidoamine dendrimers in vivo J Control Release, 65:133-48.
102. Mamede M, Saga T, Kobayashi H, et al. 2003. Radiolabeling of avidin with very high specific activity for internal radiation therapy of intraperitoneal disseminated tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 9:3756-62.
103. Mantravadi RVP, Spigos DG, Tan WS, et al. 1982. Intraarterial Yttrium-90 in the treatment of hepatic malignancy. Radiolgy, 142:783-6.
104. Maruyama K, Ishida O, Kasaoka S, et al. 2004. Intracellular targeting of sodium mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate (BSH) to solid tumors by transferrin-PEG liposomes, for boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT). J Control Release, 98:195-207.
105. McDevitt MR, Ma D, Lai LT, et al. 2001. Tumor therapy with targeted atomic nanogenerators. Science, 294:1537-40.
106. Meredith RF, Partridge EE, Alvarez RD, et al. 1996. Intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer with lutetium-177-CC49. J Nucl Med, 37:1491-6.
107. Mitra A, Nan A, Papadimitriou JC, et al. 2006. Polymer-peptide conjugates for angiogenesis targeted tumor radiotherapy. Nucl Med Biol, 33:43-52.
108. Mulford DA, Scheinberg DA, Jurcic JG. 2005. The promise of targeted alpha-particle therapy. J Nucl Med, 46:199s-204s.
109. Murthy R, Nunez R, Szklaruk J, et al. 2005. Yttrium-90 microsphere therapy for hepatic malignancy: Devices, indications, technical considerations, and potential complications. Radiographics %R 101148/ rg25si055515, 2S:S41-55.
110. Netti PA, Berk DA, Swartz MA, et al. 2000. Role of extracellular matrix assembly in interstitial transport in solid tumors. Cancer Res, 60:2497-503.
111. Nieder C, Wiedenmann N, Andratschke N, et al. 2006. Current status of angiogenesis inhibitors combined with radiation therapy. Cancer Treat Rev, 32:348-64.
112. Nikula TK, McDevitt MR, Finn RD, et al. 1999. Alpha-emitting bismuth cyclohexylbenzyl DTPA constructs of recombinant humanized anti-CD33 antibodies: pharmacokinetics, bioactivity, toxicity and chemistry. J Nucl Med, 40:166-76.
113. Noguchi Y, Wu J, Duncan R, et al. 1998. Early phase tumor accumulation of macromolecules: A great difference between the tumor vs.normal tissue in their clearance rate. Jpn J Cancer Res, 89:307-14.
114. Normanno N, De Luca A, Bianco C, et al. 2006. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in cancer. Gene, 366:2-16.
115. Nunez MI, Villalobos M, Olea N, et al. 1995. Radiation-induced DNA double-strand break rejoining in human tumour cells. Br J Cancer, 71:311-16.
116. Paganelli G, Ferrari M, Cremonesi M, et al. 2007. IART(R): Intraoperative avidination for radionuclide treatment. A new way of partial breast irradiation. The Breast, 16:17-26.
117. Pak RH, Primus FJ, Rickard-Dickson KJ, et al. 1995. Preparation and properties of nido-carborane-specific monoclonal antibodies for potential use in boron neutron capture therapy for cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 92:6986-90.
118. Palm S, Enmon R, Scheinberg DA, et al. 2002. Modeling alpha-emitter labeled antiPSMA antibody (225Ac-J591) targeting of prostate micrometastases: microdosimetric analysis of spheroid response. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 17:488.
119. Palm S, Back T, Claesson I, et al. 2007. Therapeutic efficacy of astatine-211-labeled trastuzumab on radioresistant SKOV-3 tumors in nude mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 69:572-9.
120. Pan XQ, Wang H, Lee RJ. 2002a. Boron delivery to a murine lung carcinoma using folate receptor-targeted liposomes. Anticancer Res, 22:1629-33.
121. Pan XQ, Wang H, Shukla S, et al. 2002b. Boron-containing folate receptor-targeted liposomes as potential delivery agents for neutron capture therapy. Bioconjugate Chem, 13:435-42.
122. Pattillo CB, Sari-Sarraf F, Nallamothu R, et al. 2005. Targeting of the antivascular drug combretastatin to irradiated tumors results in tumor growth delay. Pharm Res, 22:1117-20.
123. Paxton RJ, Beatty BG, Varadarajan A, et al. 1992. Carboranyl peptide-antibody conjugates for neutron-capture therapy: preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. Bioconjug Chem, 3:241-7.
124. Pohlman B, Sweetenham J, Macklis RM. 2006. Review of clinical radioimmunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 6:445-61.
125. Reubi JC, Maecke HR, Krenning EP. 2005. Candidates for peptide receptor radiotherapy today and in the future. J Nucl Med, 46:67s-75s.
126. Ristori S, Oberdisse J, Grillo I, et al. 2005. Structural characterization of cationic liposomes loaded with sugar-based carboranes. Biophys J, 88:535-47.
127. Rogers BE, McLean SF, Kirkman RL, et al. 1999. In vivo localization of [111In]-DTPA-D-Phe -Octreotide to human ovarian tumor xenografts induced to express the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 using an adenoviral vector. Clin Cancer Res, 5:383-93.
128. Rogers BE, Zinn KR, Lin CY, et al. 2002. Targeted radiotherapy with [(90)Y]-SMT 487 in mice bearing human nonsmall cell lung tumor xenografts induced to express human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 with an adenoviral vector. Cancer, 94:1298-305.
129. Rosen LS. 2005. VEGF-targeted therapy: therapeutic potential and recent advances. Oncologist, 10:382-91.
130. Ruoslathi E and Pierschbacher MD. 1986. Arg-Gly-Asp: a versatile cell recognition signal. Cell, 44:517-18.
131. Ruoslathi E. 2002. Specialization of tumour vasculature. Nature Rev Cancer, 2:83-90.
132. Ryan MT, Poston JWS (eds). 2005. A half century of health physics, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
133. Salem R, Thurston KG, Carr BI, et al. 2002. Yttrium-90 microspheres: Radiation therapy for unresectable liver cancer. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 13:223S-9S.
134. Scott PA, Harris AL. 1994. Current approaches to taargetign cancer using antiangiogenesis therapies. Cancer Treat Rev, 20:393-412.
135. Sgouros G. 2002. Radiolabeled antibodies, overview. Encyclopedia of Cancer. Elsevier Science.
136. Sgouros G. 2005. Dosimetry of internal emitters. J Nucl Med, 46:18s-27s.
137. Sgouros G, Knox SJ, Joiner MC, et al. 2007. MIRD continuing education: Bystander and low dose-rate effects: Are these relevant to radionuclide therapy? J Nucl Med, 48:1683-91.
138. Sharkey RM, Goldenberg DM. 2005. Perspectives on cancer therapy with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. J Nucl Med, 46:115s-27s.
139. Shukla S, Wu G, Chatterjee M, et al. 2003. Synthesis and biological evaluation of folate receptor-targeted boronated PAMAM dendrimers as potential agents for neutron capture therapy. Bioconjugate Chem, 14:158-67.
140. Sims DE. 1986. The pericyte: a review. Tissue Cell, 18:153-74.
141. Snyder AR. 2004. Review of radiation-induced bystander effects. Hum Exp Toxicol, 23:87-9.
142. Sofou S, Enmon RM, McDevitt MR, et al. 2004a. Multivesicular radioimmunoliposomes with encapsulated Actinium-225 for targeted alpha-particle therapy of intraperitoneal micrometastatic cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 19:s518-9.
143. Sofou S, Thomas JL, Lin H-Y, et al. 2004b. Engineered liposomes for potential α-particle therapy of metastatic cancer. J Nucl Med, 45:253-60.
144. Sofou S, Kappel BJ, Jaggi JS, et al. 2007. Enhanced retention of the alpha-particle-emitting daughters of actinium-225 by liposome carriers. Bioconjugate Chem, 18:2061-7.
145. Sofou S. 2007. Surface-active liposomes for targeted cancer therapy. Nanomed, 2:711-24
146. Søyland C, Hassfjell SP. 2000. Survival of human lung epithelial cells following in vitro alpha-particle irradiation with absolute determination of the number of alpha-particle traversals of individual cells. Int J Radiat Biol, 76:1315-22.
147. Stolz B, Weckbeckre G, Smith-Jones PM, et al. 1998. The somatostatin receptor-targeted radiotherapeutic [90y-DOTA-DPhe1, Tyr3]octreotide (90Y-SMT 487) eradicates experimental rat pancreatic CA 20948 tumours. Eur J Nucl Med, 25:668-74.
148. Supiot O, Gouard S, Charrier J, et al. 2005. Mechanisms of cell sensitization to alpha radioimmunotherapy by doxorubicin or paclitaxel in multiple myeloma cell lines. Clin Cancer Res, 11:7047s-52s.
149. Supiot S, Thillays F, Rio E, et al. 2007. Gemcitabine radiosensitizes multiple myeloma cells to low let, but not high let, irradiation. Radiother Oncol, 83:97-101.
150. Thirumamagal BTS, Zhao XB, Bandyopadhyaya AK, et al. 2006. Receptor-targeted liposomal delivery of boron-containing cholesterol mimics for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Bioconjugate Chem, 17:1141-50.
151. Thorpe PE, Burrows FJ. 1995. Antibody-directed targeting of the vasculature of solid tumors Breast Cancer Res Treat, 36:237-51.
152. Thurber GM, Zajic SC, Wittrup KD. 2007. Theoretic criteria for antibody penetration into solid tumors and micrometastases. J Nucl Med, 48:995-9.
153. Tolpin EL, Wellum GR, Dohan FC Jr, et al. 1975. Boron neutron capture therapy of cerebral glyomals: II. utilization of the blood-brain barrier and tumor-specific antigens for the selective concentration of boron in gliomas. Oncology, 32:223-46.
154. Verschraegen C, Kumagai S, Davidson R, et al. 2003. Phase I clinical and pharmacological study of intraperitoneal cis-bis-neodecanoato(trans-R, R-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane)-platinum II entrapped in multilamellar liposome vesicles. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 129:549-55.
155. Wachsberger P, Burd R, Dicker AP. 2003. Tumor response to ionizing radiation combined with antiangiogenesis or vascular targeting agents: Exploring mechanisms of Interaction. Clin Cancer Res, 9:1957-71.
156. Wester HJ, Kessler H. 2005. Molecular targeting with peptides or peptide-polymer conjugates: just a question of size? J Nucl Med, 46:1940-5.
157. Wilbur DS, Pathare PM, Hamlin DK, et al. 1998. Biotin reagent for antibody pretargeting. 3. synthesis, radioiodination, and evaluation of biotinylated starburst dendrimers. Bioconjugate Chem, 9:813-25.
158. Wong JYC. 2006. Systemic targeted radionuclide therapy: Potential new areas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 66:S74-S82.
159. Xu FJ, Pirollo KF, Chang EH. 2001. Tumor-targeted p53-gene therapy enhances the efficacy of conventional chemo/radiotherapy. J Control Release, 74:115-28.
160. Xu LY, Butler NJ, Makrigiorgos GM, et al. 2002. Bystander effect produced by radiolabeled tumor cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99:13765-70.
161. Yinghuai Z, Peng AT, Carpenter K, et al. 2005. Substituted carborane-appended water-soluble single-wall carbon nanotubes: new approach to boron neutron capture therapy drug delivery. J Am Chem Soc, 127:9875-80.
162. Zaidi H, Sgouros G (eds). 2003. Therapeutic applications of Monte Carlo calculations in nuclear medicine, Bristol, IoP.
163. Zamenhof RG. 1997. Microdosimetry for boron neutron capture therapy: a review. J Neurooncol, 33:81-92.
164. Zhang J-S, Liu F, Huang L. 2005. Implications of pharmacokinetic behavior of lipoplex for its inflammatory toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 57:689-98.
165. Znati CA, Rosenstein M, McKee TD, et al. 2003. Irradiation reduces interstitial fluid transport and increases collagen content in tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 9:5508-13.