Mechanisms involved in the genesis of diabetic nephropathy

Current Diabetes Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 68-87

  Blázquez Medela, Ana M ^a   López Novoa, José M ^a   Martinez Salgado, Carlos ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE SALAMANCA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Gestational diabetes; Nephropathy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; COLLAGEN TYPE 4; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALKIREN; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GROWTH FACTOR; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LAMININ; METFORMIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PRORENIN; PROTEIN KINASE C; RAMIPRIL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REMIKIREN; RENIN; RENIN INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE; ZANKIREN;

ALBUMINURIA; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BULIMIA; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; GLYCATION; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOXIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; KIDNEY HYPERTROPHY; LIFESTYLE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MICROALBUMINURIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLYDIPSIA; POLYURIA; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN RESTRICTION; PROTEINURIA; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; ULTRAFILTRATION; WEIGHT CONTROL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MIDDLE AGED;

EID: 77950825404     PISSN: 15733998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157339910790909422     Document Type: Review

References (412)

1. U.S. Renal Data System, USRDS 2007 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [monograph on the Internet] 2007. Available from: http://www.usrds.org/ adr-2007.htm [cited 2008 May 27].
2. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456-1462
3. Dobson M. Nature of the urine in diabetes. Med Obs Inquires: 1776: 298-310.
4. Henschen F. On the term diabetes in the work of Aretaeus and Galen. Med Hist 1969; 13: 190-192
5. Oskar Minkowski (1858-1931): designer of experimental diabetes. JAMA 1967; 169: 754-755
6. Minkowski O. Die Lehre vom pancreas- Diabetes in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung. Munch Med Wschr 1929; 76: 311-315
7. Von Mehring J, Minkowski O. Diabetes mellitus nach pancreas extirpation. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 1890; 26: 371-387
8. Banting FG, Best CH. Pancreatic extracts. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 115(2): 254-272
9. Banting FG, Best CH. The internal secretion of the pancreas. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125(3): 251-266
10. Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA. Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: preliminary report. CMAJ 1991; 145(10): 1281-1286
11. Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA. Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus 1922. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125(3): 141-146
12. Banting FG, Best CH, Doffin GM, Gilchrist JA. Quantitative paralelism of effect of insulin in man, dog and rabbit. Am J Physiol 1923; 62: 162-176
13. Banting FG, Best CH, Macleod JJR, Noble EC. The effect of pancreatic extract (insulin) on normal rabbits. Am J Physiol 1922; 62: 162-176
14. Banting FG, Best CH, Macleod JJR, Noble EC. The effects of insulin on experimental hyperglycemia in rabbits. Am J Physiol 1922; 62: 559-580
15. Kimmelstiel P, Wilson C. Intercapillary lesions in the glomeruli of the kidney. Am Pathol 1936; 12(1): 83-98.
16. Bell HJ, Best CH, Haist RE. The effect of partial pancreatectomy on the concentration of insulin in the pancreatic remnant. J Physiol 1942; 101(1): 11-16
17. Lundbaek K, Petersen VP. Lipid composition of diabetic and non-diabetic coronary arteries. Acta Med Scand 1953; 144(5): 354-359
18. Masharani U. In: Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. New York, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill 2002; pp. 1203-1215
19. World Health Organization Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. Definition diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications [monograph on the Internet]. 1999. Available from http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/philip.home/who-dmc.htm [cited 2008 May 7].
20. Sarafidis PA, Ruilope LM. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and renal injury: mechanisms and implications. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26(3): 232-244
21. Powers AC. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. Eds, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Columbus: Mc Graw Hill 2005; pp. 2152-2180
22. Rother KI. Diabetes treatment--bridging the divide. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(15): 1499-1501
23. Gerberding JL. Diabetes: disabling disease double by 2050. [monograph on the Internet] 2007 May; Available from: http://cd.gov/NCCDPHP/publications/aag/ ddt.htm [cited 2008 May 28].
24. Gallivan J. Diabetes rates are increasing among youth. [monograph on the Internet] 2007 Nov; Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/nov2007/niddk-13. htm [cited 2008 May 31].
25. Metzger BE, Coustan DR. The Organizing Committee. Summary and recommendations of the fourth international workshop- conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: B161-7.
26. Carr DB, Gabbe S. Gestational diabetes: detection, management and implications. Clin Diabetes 1998; 16(Pt 1): 4.
27. Barbieri RL, Repke JT. Medical disorders during pregnancy. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fausci AS, et al., eds. Columbus, OH: Mc Graw Hill 2005; pp. 665-700.
28. American Diabetes Association. Nephropathy in diabetes: position statement. Diabetes Care 2004: S79-S82. [29] Resolution of the United Nations 61/225. 2006 Dec; Available from: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/ 507/87/PDF-N065087.pdf [cited 2008 May 2].
29. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(5): 1047-1053 (Pubitemid 38579764)
30. Breyer JA. Diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 20(6): 533-547
31. Martinez-Castelao A, De Alvaro F, Gorriz JL. Epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy in Spain. Kidney Int Suppl 2005; 99: S20-4. (Pubitemid 44324682)
32. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(12): 861-869 (Pubitemid 32927514)
33. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(12): 851-860
34. Mathiesen ER, Ronn B, Jensen T, Storm B, Deckert T. Relationship between blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion in development of microalbuminuria. Diabetes 1990; 39(2): 245-249 (Pubitemid 20054294)
35. Viberti GC, Keen H, Wiseman MJ. Raised arterial pressure in parents of proteinuric insulin dependent diabetics. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 295(6597): 515-7. (Pubitemid 17120996)
36. Brito PL, Fioretto P, Drummond K, et al. Proximal tubular basement membrane width in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1998; 53(3): 754-761 (Pubitemid 28124292)
37. American Diabetes Association: Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2002; 25(S): S85-S9.
38. Mogensen CE, Christensen CK. Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. N Engl J Med 1984; 311(2): 89-93. (Pubitemid 14084080)
39. Parving HH, Oxenbell B, Svendsen PA, Christiansen JS, Andersen AR. Early detection of patients at risk of developing diabetic neph- ropathy: a longitudinal study of urinary albumin excretion. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982; 100(4): 550-555
40. Viberti GC, Hill RD, Jarrett RJ, Argyropoulos A, Mahmud U,Keen H. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1982; 1(8287): 1430-1432
41. Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, Bilous RW, Cull CA, Holman RR. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int 2003; 63(1): 225-232
42. Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. The need for early predictors of diabetic nephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient? Diabetes 2000; 49(9): 1399-1408
43. Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. Enhancing the predictive value of urinary albumin for diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(2): 339-352
44. Forsblom CM, Groop PH, Ekstrand A, Groop LC. Predictive value of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes of long duration. BMJ 1992; 305(6861): 1051-1053
45. Hovind P, Tarnow L, Rossing P, et al. Predictors for the development of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes: inception cohort study. BMJ 2004; 328(7448): 1105. (Pubitemid 38608441)
46. Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(23): 2285-2293
47. Gambaro G, Verlato F, Budakovic A, et al. Renal impairment in chronic cigarette smokers. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9(4): 562-567 (Pubitemid 28186043)
48. Halimi JM, Philippon C, Mimran A. Contrasting renal effects of nicotine in smokers and non-smokers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13(4): 940-944 (Pubitemid 28161768)
49. Orth SR, Ritz E, Schrier RW. The renal risks of smoking. Kidney Int 1997; 51(6): 1669-1677 (Pubitemid 27252734)
50. Remuzzi G. Cigarette smoking and renal function impairment. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33(4): 807-813 (Pubitemid 29159955)
51. Mogensen CE, Schmitz O. The diabetic kidney: from hyperfiltration and microalbuminuria to end-stage renal failure. Med Clin North Am 1988; 72(6): 1465-1492
52. Parving HH, Andersen AR, Smidt UM, Svendsen PA. Early aggressive antihypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1983; 1(8335): 11759.
53. Wiseman KC. Nephrotic syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment. ANNA J 1991; 18(5): 469-78, 504.
54. Phillips CA, Molitch ME. The relationship between glucose control and the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Curr Diabetes Rep 2002; 2(6): 523-529
55. Romero P, Salvat M, Fernandez J, Baget M, Martinez I. Renal and retinal microangiopathy after 15 years of follow-up study in a sample of Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. J Diabetes Complications 2007; 21(2): 93-100. (Pubitemid 46321521)
56. Keane WF. Metabolic pathogenesis of cardiorenal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38(6): 1372-5.
57. Naidoo DP. The link between microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Cardiovasc J S Afr2002; 13(4): 194-199
58. Tooke JE. Microvascular function in human diabetes: a physiological perspective. Diabetes 1995; 44(7): 721-726
59. Parving HH. Going out to detect incipient diabetic nephropathy rather than waiting until it has supervened a reversal in policy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11(9): 1728-1729
60. Christiansen JS, Frandsen M, Svendsen PA, Gammelgaard J, Parving HH. Rapid changes in kidney function--factors influencing kidney function in diabetics and normal man. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh) 1981; 242: 11-13 (Pubitemid 11037026)
61. Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Uremia. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(13): 1316-1325
62. Guyton AC, Hall JE. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, Eds. Textbook of medical physiology. Phipadelphia: Elsevier Science 2006; pp. 40215.
63. Kamath S, Roobottom CA. Hyperdense pericardial effusion in dermatomyositis and contrast induced nephropathy. Emerg Radiol 2005; 11(3): 177-179 (Pubitemid 40603227)
64. Wood JE, Mahnensmith RL. Pericarditis associated with renal failure: evolution and management. Semin Dial 2001; 14(1): 61-66 (Pubitemid 33720830)
65. London GM. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure: pathophysiologic aspects. Semin Dial 2003; 16(2): 85-94. (Pubitemid 37356820)
66. Mauer SM, Steffes MW, Ellis EN, Sutherland DE, Brown DM,Goetz FC. Structural-functional relationships in diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Invest 1984; 74(4): 1143-1155
67. Fioretto P, Steffes MW, Mauer M. Glomerular structure in nonpro- teinuric IDDM patients with various levels of albuminuria. Diabetes 1994; 43(11): 1358-1364
68. Mauer M, Fioretto P, Woredekal Y, Friedman EA. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, Eds, Diseases of the kidney. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 2001; pp. 2083-2128
69. Fioretto P, Steffes MW, Barbosa J, Rich SS, Miller ME, Mauer M. Is diabetic nephropathy inherited? Studies of glomerular structure in type 1 diabetic sibling pairs. Diabetes 1999; 48(4): 865-869 (Pubitemid 29153088)
70. Quinn M, Angelico MC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Familial factors determine the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with IDDM. Diabetologia 1996; 39(8): 940-945 (Pubitemid 26249113)
71. Miller JA, Floras JS, Zinman B, Skorecki KL, Logan AG. Effect of hyperglycaemia on arterial pressure, plasma renin activity and renal function in early diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 1996; 90(3): 189-195 (Pubitemid 26071790)
72. Kofoed-Enevoldsen A, Borch-Johnsen K, Kreiner S, Nerup J, Deckert T. Declining incidence of persistent proteinuria in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in Denmark. Diabetes 1987; 36(2): 205-209 (Pubitemid 18025322)
73. Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Christlieb AR, Busick EJ, Kahn CR. The changing natural history of nephropathy in type I diabetes. Am J Med 1985; 78(5): 785-794 (Pubitemid 15008233)
74. Berger M, Monks D, Wanner C, Lindner TH. Diabetic nephropathy: an inherited disease or just a diabetic complication? Kidney Blood Press Res 2003; 26(3): 143-154 (Pubitemid 36928700)
75. Parving HH, Gall MA, Skott P, et al. Prevalence and causes of albuminuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Kidney Int 1992; 41(4): 758-762
76. Chiarelli F, Verrotti A, Morgese G. Glomerular hyperfiltration increases the risk of developing microalbuminuria in diabetic children. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9(2): 154-158
77. Rudberg S, Persson B, Dahlquist G. Increased glomerular filtration rate as a predictor of diabetic nephropathy--an 8-year prospective study. Kidney Int 1992; 41(4): 822-828
78. Jones SL, Wiseman MJ, Viberti GC. Glomerular hyperfiltration as a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy: five-year report of a prospective study. Diabetologia 1991; 34(1): 59-60.
79. Lervang HH, Jensen S, Brochner-Mortensen J, Ditzel J. Early glomerular hyperfiltration and the development of late nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1988; 31(10): 723-729
80. Yip JW, Jones SL, Wiseman MJ, Hill C, Viberti G. Glomerular hyperfiltration in the prediction of nephropathy in IDDM: a 10-year follow-up study. Diabetes 1996; 45(12): 1729-1733 (Pubitemid 26398952)
81. Vernier RL, Steffes MW, Sisson-Ross S, Mauer SM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basement membrane in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1992; 41(4): 1070-1080
82. 0sterby R, Gall MA, Schmitz A, Nielsen FS, Nyberg G, Parving HH. Glomerular structure and function in proteinuric type 2 (non- insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1993; 36(10): 1064-1070 (Pubitemid 23288777)
83. Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med 1984; 310(6): 356-360 (Pubitemid 14179541)
84. Steffes MW, Bilous RW, Sutherland DE, Mauer SM. Cell and matrix components of the glomerular mesangium in type I diabetes. Diabetes 1992; 41(6): 679-684
85. Ellis EN, Steffes MW, Goetz FC, Sutherland DE, Mauer SM. Glomerular filtration surface in type I diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1986; 29(4): 889-94. (Pubitemid 16094018)
86. 0sterby R, Parving HH, Nyberg G, et al. A strong correlation between glomerular filtration rate and filtration surface in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1988; 31(5): 265-270
87. Steffes MW, Osterby R, Chavers B, Mauer SM. Mesangial expansion as a central mechanism for loss of kidney function in diabetic patients. Diabetes 1989; 38(9): 1077-1081 (Pubitemid 19250390)
88. Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(3): 745-751 (Pubitemid 40315343)
89. Lin CL, Wang FS, Kuo YR, et al. Ras modulation of superoxide activates ERK-dependent fibronectin expression in diabetes- induced renal injuries. Kidney Int 2006; 69(9): 1593-1600
90. Berkman J, Rifkin H. Unilateral nodular diabetic glomerulosclero- sis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson): report of a case. Metabolism 1973; 22(5): 715-722
91. Hostetter TH. Hyperfiltration and glomerulosclerosis. Semin Neph- rol 2003; 23(2): 194-199
92. Hostetter TH, Troy JL, Brenner BM. Glomerular hemodynamics in experimental diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1981; 19(3): 410-415 (Pubitemid 11112621)
93. Mogensen CE, Christensen CK, Pedersen MM, et al. Renal and glycemic determinants of glomerular hyperfiltration in normoal- buminuric diabetics. J Diabet Complications 1990; 4(4): 159-165
94. Wiseman MJ, Viberti GC, Keen H. Threshold effect of plasma mucose in the glomerular hyperfiltration of diabetes. Nephron 1984; 38(4): 257-260 (Pubitemid 15200062)
95. Ellis EN, Arnold WC. Use of urinary indexes in renal failure in the newborn. Am J Dis Child 1982; 136(7): 615-617 (Pubitemid 12075629)
96. Anderson S, Rennke HG, Brenner BM. Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat. J Clin Invest 1986; 77(6): 1993-2000. (Pubitemid 16062656)
97. Wolf G, Butzmann U, Wenzel UO. The renin-angiotensin system and progression of renal disease: from hemodynamics to cell biology. Nephron Physiol 2003; 93(1): P3-13. (Pubitemid 37499910)
98. Gruden G, Thomas S, Burt D, et al. Interaction of angiotensin II and mechanical stretch on vascular endothelial growth factor production by human mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10(4): 730-737 (Pubitemid 29149522)
99. Durvasula RV, Petermann AT, Hiromura K, et al. Activation of a local tissue angiotensin system in podocytes by mechanical strain. Kidney Int 2004; 65(1): 30-39 (Pubitemid 38037489)
100. Petermann AT, Pippin J, Durvasula R, et al. Mechanical stretch induces podocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Kidney Int 2005; 67(1): 157-166 (Pubitemid 40019237)
101. Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, Beilin L. Advanced glycation endproducts: a review. Diabetology 2001; 44: 129-146
102. Tesch GH, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Recent insights into experimental mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2006; 104(2): e57-62.
103. Cohen MP, Masson N, Hud E, Ziyadeh F, Han DC, Clements RS. Inhibitin albumin glycation ameliorated diabetic nephropathy in the db/db mouse. Exp Nephrol 2000; 8: 135-143 (Pubitemid 30313589)
104. Lassila M, Seah KK, Allen TJ, et al. Accelerated nephropathy in diabetic apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse: role od advanced end products. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 2125-2138 (Pubitemid 39031351)
105. Flyvbjerg A, Denner L, Schrijvers BF, et al. Long-term renal effects of a neutralizing RAGE antibody in obese type 2 diabetic mice. Diabetes 2004; 53: 166-172 (Pubitemid 38044711)
106. Wendt TM, Tanji N, Guo J, et al. RAGE drives the development of glomerulosclerosis and implicates podocyte activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Pathol 2003; 162(4): 1123-1137 (Pubitemid 36350658)
107. Mott JD, Khalifah RG, Nagase H, Shield CF, 3rd, Hudson JK, Hudson BG. Nonenzymatic glycation of type IV collagen and matrix metalloproteinase susceptibility. Kidney Int 1997; 52(5): 130212. (Pubitemid 27496059)
108. Silbiger S, Crowley S, Shan Z, Brownlee M, Satriano J, Schlon- dorff D. Nonenzymatic glycation of mesangial matrix and prolonged exposure of mesangial matrix to elevated glucose reduces collagen synthesis and proteoglycan charge. Kidney Int 1993; 43(4): 853-864 (Pubitemid 23105219)
109. Silbiger S, Schlondorff D, Crowley S, et al. The effect of glucose on proteoglycans produced by cultured mesangial cells. Diabetes 1993; 42(12): 1815-1822 (Pubitemid 23346419)
110. Krishnamurti U, Rondeau E, Sraer JD, Michael AF, Tsilibary EC. Alterations in human glomerular epithelial cells interacting with nonenzymatically glycosylated matrix. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(44): 27966-27970 (Pubitemid 27473602)
111. Oldfield MD, Bach LA, Forbes JM, et al. Advanced glycation end products cause epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation via the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). J Clin Invest 2001; 108(12): 1853-1863. (Pubitemid 34015131)
112. Charonis AS, Tsilbary EC. Structural and functional changes of laminin and type IV collagen after nonenzymatic glycation. Diabetes 1992; 41(Suppl 2): 49-51.
113. Lee HB, Yu MR, Yang Y, Jiang Z, Ha H. Reactive oxygen species- regulated signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14(8 Suppl 3): S241-5. (Pubitemid 36903933)
114. Huang JS, Guh JY, Chen HC, Hung WC, Lai YH, Chuang LY. Role of receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) and the JAK/STAT-signaling pathway in AGE-induced collagen production in NRK-49F cells. J Cell Biochem 2001; 81(1): 102-113
115. Twigg SM, Cao Z, SV MC, et al. Renal connective tissue growth factor induction in experimental diabetes is prevented by amino- guanidine. Endocrinology 2002; 143(12): 4907-4915 (Pubitemid 35397630)
116. Zhou G, Li C, Cai L. Advanced glycation end-products induce connective tissue growth factor-mediated renal fibrosis predominantly through transforming growth factor beta-independent pathway. Am J Pathol 2004; 165(6): 2033-2043 (Pubitemid 39578381)
117. Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57(6): 144654.
118. Bellin C, de Wiza DH, Wiernsperger NF, Rosen P. Generation of reactive oxygen species by endothelial and smooth muscle cells: influence of hyperglycemia and metformin. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 732-739 (Pubitemid 44885426)
119. Giardino I, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. BCL-2 expression or anti- oxidants prevent hyperglycemia-induced formation of intracellular advanced glycation endproducts in bovine endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1996; 97(6): 1422-1428 (Pubitemid 26097031)
120. Palm F, Cederberg J, Hansell P, Liss P, Carlsson PO. Reactive oxygen species cause diabetes-induced decrease in renal oxygen tension. Diabetologia 2003; 46(8): 1153-1160 (Pubitemid 37041246)
121. Price KD, Price CS, Reynolds RD. Hyperglycemia-induced ascorbic acid deficiency promotes endothelial dysfunction and the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158: 1-12.
122. Yu Y, Lyons TJ. A lethal tetrad in diabetes: hyperglycemia, dyslip-idemia, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Med Sci 2005; 330: 227-232 (Pubitemid 41689451)
123. Zurova-Nedelcevova J, Navarova J, Drabikova K, et al. Participation of reactive oxygen species in diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2006; 27 (Supp12): 168-171 (Pubitemid 46534365)
124. Yan SD, Schmidt AM, Anderson GM, et al. Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptors/binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1994; 269(13): 9889-9897
125. Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, Egido J. Angiotensin III increases MCP-1 and activates NF-kappaB and AP-1 in cultured mesangial and mononuclear cells. Kidney Int 2000; 57(6): 2285-2298 (Pubitemid 30340728)
126. Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, Ruperez M, Konig S, Wittig B, Egido J. Angiotensin II activates nuclear transcription factor kappaB through AT(1) and AT(2) in vascular smooth muscle cells: molecular mechanisms. Circ Res 2000; 86(12): 1266-1272 (Pubitemid 30436668)
127. Forbes JM, Thorpe SR, Thallas-Bonke V, et al. Modulation of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products by angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(8): 2363-2372 (Pubitemid 41725054)
128. Sakurai S, Yamamoto Y, Tamei H, et al. Development of an ELISA for esRAGE and its application to type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 73(2): 158-165 (Pubitemid 43928158)
129. Monnier VM, Bautista O, Kenny D, et al. Skin collagen glycation, glycoxidation, and crosslinking are lower in subjects with long- term intensive versus conventional therapy of type 1 diabetes: relevance of glycated collagen products versus HbA1c as markers of diabetic complications. DCCT Skin Collagen Ancillary Study Group. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1999; 48(4): 870-880
130. Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Thallas V, et al. Reduction of the accumulation of advanced glycation end products by ACE inhibition in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2002; 51(11): 3274-3282 (Pubitemid 35246974)
131. Miyata T, van Ypersele de Strihou C, Ueda Y, et al. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower in vitro the formation of advanced glycation end products: biochemical mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13(10): 247887.
132. Marx N, Walcher D, Ivanova N, et al. Thiazolidinediones reduce endothelial expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products. Diabetes 2004; 53(10): 2662-2668 (Pubitemid 39299276)
133. Urios P, Grigorova-Borsos AM, Sternberg M. Aspirin inhibits the formation of pentosidine, a cross-linking advanced glycation end product, in collagen. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77(2): 337-340 (Pubitemid 46670425)
134. Yan H, Guo Y, Zhang J, Ding Z, Ha W, Harding JJ. Effect of carnosine, aminoguanidine, and aspirin drops on the prevention of cataracts in diabetic rats. Mol Vis 2008; 14: 2282-2291
135. Beisswenger P, Ruggiero-Lopez D. Metformin inhibition of glycation processes. Diabetes Metab 2003; 29(4 Pt 2): 6S95-103. (Pubitemid 37187096)
136. Jyothirmayi GN, Soni BJ, Masurekar M, Lyons M, Regan TJ. Effects of metformin on collagen glycation and diastolic dysfunction in diabetic myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 1998; 3(4): 319-326 (Pubitemid 29131662)
137. Dandona P, Thusu K, Cook S, et al. Oxidative damage to DNA in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1996; 347(8999): 444-445 (Pubitemid 26054071)
138. Gopaul NK, Anggård EE, Mallet AI, Betteridge DJ, Wolff SP, Nourooz-Zadeh J. Plasma 8-epi-PGF2 alpha levels are elevated in individuals with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. FEBS Lett 1995; 368(2): 225-229
139. Nourooz-Zadeh J, Tajaddini-Sarmadi J, McCarthy S, Betteridge DJ, Wolff SP. Elevated levels of authentic plasma hydroperoxides in NIDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44(9): 1054-1058
140. Ha H, Yu MR, Choi YJ, Lee HB. Activation of protein kinase c-delta and c-epsilon by oxidative stress in early diabetic rat kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38(4 Suppl 1): S204-7. (Pubitemid 32927645)
141. Studer RK, Craven PA, DeRubertis FR. Antioxidant inhibition of protein kinase C-signaled increases in transforming growth factor-beta in mesangial cells. Metabolism 1997; 46(8): 918-925
142. Ha H, Yu MR, Choi YJ, Kitamura M, Lee HB. Role of high glucose-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13(4): 894-902. (Pubitemid 34274085)
143. Jiang Z, Seo JY, Ha H, et al. Reactive oxygen species mediate TGF-beta1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 upregulation in mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309(4): 961-6. (Pubitemid 37122623)
144. Lee EA, Seo JY, Jiang Z, et al. Reactive oxygen species mediate high glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 up- regulation in mesangial cells and in diabetic kidney. Kidney Int 2005; 67(5): 1762-1771 (Pubitemid 40577711)
145. Rhyu DY, Yang Y, Ha H, et al. Role of reactive oxygen species in TGF-beta1-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(3): 667-675 (Pubitemid 41725103)
146. Fine LG, Bandyopadhay D, Norman JT. Is there a common mechanism for the progression of different types of renal diseases other than proteinuria? Towards the unifying theme of chronic hypoxia. Kidney Int Suppl 2000; 75: S22-6. (Pubitemid 30205435)
147. Eckardt KU, Rosenberger C, Jurgensen JS, Wiesener MS. Role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of renal disease. Blood Purif 2003; 21(3): 253-257 (Pubitemid 36649375)
148. Kang DH, Kanellis J, Hugo C, et al. Role of the microvascular endothelium in progressive renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13(3): 806-816 (Pubitemid 34183950)
149. Dobrowolski L, Flemming B, Wronski T. Tissue pO2 in the renal cortex and medulla of anaesthetised rats: effect of fluctuations in renal perfusion pressure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18(Suppl 4): 9.
150. Norman JT, Clark IM, Garcia PL. Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in human renal fibroblasts. Kidney Int 2000; 58(6): 2351-2366
151. Norman JT, Orphanides C, Garcia P, Fine LG. Hypoxia-induced changes in extracellular matrix metabolism in renal cells. Exp Nephrol 1999; 7(5-6): 463-469 (Pubitemid 29517356)
152. Zeisberg M, Strutz F, Muller GA. Role of fibroblast activation in inducing interstitial fibrosis. J Nephrol 2000; 13(Suppl 3): S111-20.
153. Manotham K, Tanaka T, Matsumoto M, et al. Transdifferentiation of cultured tubular cells induced by hypoxia. Kidney Int 2004; 65(3): 871-880 (Pubitemid 38251062)
154. Bell DS. Hypertension and diabetes: a toxic combination. Endocr Pract 2008; 14(8): 1031-1039
155. Gallego B, Arévalo MA, Flores O, López-Novoa JM, Perez- Barriocanal F. Renal fibrosis in diabetic and aortic-constricted hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280(6): R1823-9. (Pubitemid 32552471)
156. Gallego B, Flores O, Lopez-Novoa JM, Perez-Barriocanal F. Renal effects of antihypertensive therapy in uninephrectomized diabetic rats. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1997; 197(4): 199-209. (Pubitemid 27524949)
157. Chow F, Ozols E, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Atkins RC, Tesch GH. Macrophages in mouse type 2 diabetic nephropathy: correlation with diabetic state and progressive renal injury. Kidney Int 2004; 65(1): 116-128 (Pubitemid 38037496)
158. Chow FY, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Ma FY, Ozols E, Rollins BJ, Tesch GH. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced tissue inflammation is critical for the development of renal injury but not type 2 diabetes in obese db/db mice. Diabetologia 2007; 50(2): 471-480
159. Chow FY, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Ozols E, Atkins RC, Rollin BJ, Tesch GH. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promotes the development of diabetic renal injury in streptozotocin-treated mice. Kidney Int 2006; 69(1): 73-80. (Pubitemid 43117741)
160. Chow FY, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Ozols E, Atkins RC, Tesch GH. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 deficiency is protective against nephropathy in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(6): 1711-1722 (Pubitemid 41716477)
161. Forbes JM, Thallas V, Thomas MC, et al. The breakdown of preexisting advanced glycation end products is associated with reduced renal fibrosis in experimental diabetes. FASEB J 2003; 17(12): 1762-1764
162. Giunti S, Tesch GH, Pinach S, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 has prosclerotic effects both in a mouse model of experimental diabetes and in vitro in human mesangial cells. Diabetologia 2008; 51(1): 198-207. (Pubitemid 350197986)
163. Hohenstein B, Hugo CP, Hausknecht B, Boehmer KP, Riess RH, Schmieder RE. Analysis of NO-synthase expression and clinical risk factors in human diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23(4): 1346-1354 (Pubitemid 351767511)
164. Mora C, Navarro JF. Inflammation and diabetic nephropathy. Curr Diab Rep 2006; 6(6): 463-468 (Pubitemid 44896406)
165. Nguyen D, Ping F, Mu W, Hill P, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ. Macrophage accumulation in human progressive diabetic nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2006; 11(3): 226-231 (Pubitemid 43829442)
166. Ninichuk V, Khandoga AG, Segerer S, et al. The role of interstitial macrophages in nephropathy of type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Am J Pathol 2007; 170(4): 1267-1276 (Pubitemid 47339334)
167. Tuttle KR. Linking metabolism and immunology: diabetic neph- ropathy is an inflammatory disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(6): 1537-1538
168. Wu CH, Huang CM, Lin CH, Ho YS, Chen CM, Lee HM. Advanced glycosylation end products induce NF-kappaB dependent iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 194(1-2): 9-17.
169. Navarro JF, Mora C. Role of inflammation in diabetic complications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20(12): 2601-2604 (Pubitemid 41672253)
170. Singh R, Singh AK, Leehey DJ. A novel mechanism for angio- tensin II formation in streptozotocin-diabetic rat glomeruli. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288(6): F1183-90. (Pubitemid 40677088)
171. Vidotti DB, Casarini DE, Cristovam PC, Leite CA, Schor N, Boim MA. High glucose concentration stimulates intracellular renin activity and angiotensin II
172. Yoo TH, Li JJ, Kim JJ, et al. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system within podocytes in diabetes. Kidney Int 2007; 71(10): 1019-1027
173. Hsieh TJ, Fustier P, Zhang SL, et al. High glucose stimulates an- giotensinogen gene expression and cell hypertrophy via activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway in rat kidney proximal tubular cells. Endocrinology 2003; 144(10): 4338-4349 (Pubitemid 37204833)
174. Hsieh TJ, Zhang SL, Filep JG, Tang SS, Ingelfinger JR, Chan JS. High glucose stimulates angiotensinogen gene expression via reactive oxygen species generation in rat kidney proximal tubular cells. Endocrinology 2002; 143(8): 2975-2985 (Pubitemid 34809870)
175. Zhang SL, Tang SS, Chen X, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, Chan JS. High levels of glucose stimulate angiotensinogen gene expression via the P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in rat kidney proximal tubular cells. Endocrinology 2000; 141(12): 4637-4646 (Pubitemid 32055143)
176. Brezniceanu ML, Liu F, Wei CC, et al. Attenuation of interstitial fibrosis and tubular apoptosis in db/db transgenic mice overex- pressing catalase in renal proximal tubular cells. Diabetes 2008; 57(2): 451-459
177. Brezniceanu ML, Liu F, Wei CC, et al. Catalase overexpression attenuates angiotensinogen expression and apoptosis in diabetic mice. Kidney Int 2007; 71(9): 912-923 (Pubitemid 46663797)
178. Wolf G. New insights into the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy: from haemodynamics to molecular pathology. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34(12): 785-796 (Pubitemid 39657924)
179. Haugen EN, Croatt AJ, Nath KA. Angiotensin II induces renal oxidant stress in vivo and heme oxygenase-1 in vivo and in vitro. Kidney Int 2000; 58(1): 144-152
180. Ogawa S, Mori T, Nako K, Kato T, Takeuchi K, Ito S. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers reduce urinary oxidative stress markers in hypertensive diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 2006; 47(4): 699-705 (Pubitemid 43740241)
181. Brewster UC, Setaro JF, Perazella MA. The renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system: cardiorenal effects and implications for renal and cardiovascular disease states. Am J Med Sci 2003; 326(1): 15-24.
182. Cooper ME. The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetes and its vascular complications. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17(11 Pt 2): 16S-20S; quiz A2-4. (Pubitemid 39469911)
183. Galkina E, Ley K. Leukocyte recruitment and vascular injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(2): 368-377
184. Shikata K, Makino H. Role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 2001(134): 46-54. (Pubitemid 33339448)
185. Ihm CG. Monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 1997; 60: S20-2.
186. Okada S, Shikata K, Matsuda M, et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice are resistant against renal injury after induction of diabetes. Diabetes 2003; 52(10): 2586-2593 (Pubitemid 37210549)
187. Flyvbjerg A, Khatir DS, Jensen LJ, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Gronbaek H, Rasch R. The involvement of growth hormone (GH), insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic kidney disease. Curr Pharm Des 2004; 10(27): 3385-3394 (Pubitemid 39276624)
188. Nakagawa T. Uncoupling of the VEGF-endothelial nitric oxide axis in diabetic nephropathy: an explanation for the paradoxical effects of VEGF in renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292(6): F1665-72. (Pubitemid 47105355)
189. Pantsulaia T. Role of TGF-beta in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Georgian Med News 2006(131): 13-18
190. Schena FP, Gesualdo L. Pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(Suppl 1): S30-3. (Pubitemid 41725079)
191. Mezzano S, Aros C, Droguett A, et al. NF-kappaB activation and overexpression of regulated genes in human diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(10): 2505-2512 (Pubitemid 39360096)
192. Schmid H, Boucherot A, Yasuda Y, et al. Modular activation of nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional programs in human diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2006; 55(11): 2993-3003. (Pubitemid 44923635)
193. Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Mora-Fernandez C. The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19(3): 433-442 (Pubitemid 351355386)
194. Cooper ME. Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1998; 352(9123): 213-219 (Pubitemid 28327814)
195. Tesch GH. MCP-1/CCL2: a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for progressive renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294(4): F697-701.
196. Matsui T, Yamagishi S, Ueda S, et al. Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, inhibits advanced glycation end-product (AGE)-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in mesangial cells through downregulation of receptor for AGEs via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation. J Int Med Res 2007; 35(4): 482-489 (Pubitemid 47261110)
197. Herman WH, Emancipator SN, Rhoten RL, Simonson MS. Vascular and glomerular expression of endothelin-1 in normal human kidney. Am J Physiol 1998; 275(1 Pt 2): F8-17. (Pubitemid 28376328)
198. Jandeleit-Dahm K, Cao Z, Cox AJ, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE, Cooper ME. Role of hyperlipidemia in progressive renal disease: focus on diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 1999; 71: S31-6. (Pubitemid 29304809)
199. Montero A, Munger KA, Khan RZ, et al. F(2)-isoprostanes mediate high glucose-induced TGF-beta synthesis and glomerular proteinu- ria in experimental type I diabetes. Kidney Int 2000; 58(5): 196372.
200. Rocco MV, Neilson EG, Hoyer JR, Ziyadeh FN. Attenuated expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecules in murine polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol 1992; 262(4 Pt 2): F679-86.
201. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN, Zahner G, Stahl RA. Angiotensin II- stimulated expression of transforming growth factor beta in renal proximal tubular cells: attenuation after stable transfection with the c-mas oncogene. Kidney Int 1995; 48(6): 1818-1827
202. Leehey DJ, Isreb MA, Marcic S, Singh AK, Singh R. Effect of high glucose on superoxide in human mesangial cells: role of angiotensin II. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2005; 100(1): e46-53. (Pubitemid 40674605)
203. Ushio-Fukai M, Zafari AM, Fukui T, Ishizaka N, Griendling KK. p22phox is a critical component of the superoxide-generating NADH/NADPH oxidase system and regulates angiotensin II- induced hypertrophy in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(38): 23317-23321 (Pubitemid 26314775)
204. Martinez-Salgado C, Fuentes-Calvo I, Garcia-Cenador B, Santos E, Lopez-Novoa JM. Involvement of H- and N-Ras isoforms in transforming growth factor-beta1-induced proliferation and in collagen and fibronectin synthesis. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312(11): 2093-2106 (Pubitemid 43850934)
205. Martinez-Salgado C, Rodriguez-Peña AB, López-Novoa JM. Involvement of small Ras GTPases and their effectors in chronic renal disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65(3): 477-492
206. Hill C, Flyvbjerg A, Gronbaek H, et al. The renal expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and their receptors in acute and chronic experimental diabetes in rats. Endocrinology 2000; 141(3): 1196-1208 (Pubitemid 32260463)
207. Riser BL, Denichilo M, Cortes P, et al. Regulation of connective tissue growth factor activity in cultured rat mesangial cells and its expression in experimental diabetic glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11(1): 25-38. (Pubitemid 30020423)
208. Murphy M, Godson C, Cannon S, et al. Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies high glucose levels as a stimulus for expression of connective tissue growth factor and other genes in human mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(9): 5830-5834 (Pubitemid 29109239)
209. Ito Y, Aten J, Bende RJ, et al. Expression of connective tissue growth factor in human renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 1998; 53(4): 85361. (Pubitemid 28155657)
210. De Vriese AS, Tilton RG, Stephan CC, Lameire NH. Vascular endothelial growth factor is essential for hyperglycemia-induced structural and functional alterations of the peritoneal membrane. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12(8): 1734-1741
211. Rizkalla B, Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Cao Z. Increased renal vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietins by angiotensin II infusion is mediated by both AT1 and AT2 receptors. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14(12): 3061-71. (Pubitemid 37509284)
212. Thallas-Bonke V, Lindschau C, Rizkalla B, et al. Attenuation of extracellular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy by the advanced glycation end product cross-link breaker ALT-711 via a protein kinase C-alpha-dependent pathway. Diabetes 2004; 53(11): 2921-2930 (Pubitemid 39425918)
213. Wada R, Nishizawa Y, Yagihashi N, et al. Effects of OPB-9195, anti-glycation agent, on experimental diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31(6): 513-520 (Pubitemid 32579388)
214. Advani A, Kelly DJ, Advani SL, et al. Role of VEGF in maintaining renal structure and function under normotensive and hypertensive conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104(36): 14448-14453 (Pubitemid 350003281)
215. Baud L, Perez J, Friedlander G, Ardaillou R. Tumor necrosis factor stimulates prostaglandin production and cyclic AMP levels in rat cultured mesangial cells. FEBS Lett 1988; 239(1): 50-54
216. Coleman DL, Ruef C. Interleukin-6: an autocrine regulator of me-sangial cell growth. Kidney Int 1992; 41(3): 604-606
217. DiPetrillo K, Coutermarsh B, Gesek FA. Urinary tumor necrosis factor contributes to sodium retention and renal hypertrophy during diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284(1): F113-21. (Pubitemid 35471291)
218. Jaattela M. Biologic activities and mechanisms of action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha/cachectin. Lab Invest 1991; 64(6): 724-742
219. Jones S, Jones S, Phillips AO. Regulation of renal proximal tubular epithelial cell hyaluronan generation: implications for diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2001; 59(5): 1739-1749 (Pubitemid 32336788)
220. Koike N, Takamura T, Kaneko S. Induction of reactive oxygen species from isolated rat glomeruli by protein kinase C activation and TNF-alpha stimulation, and effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Life Sci 2007; 80(18): 1721-1728 (Pubitemid 46441272)
221. Larrick JW, Wright SC. Cytotoxic mechanism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. FASEB J 1990; 4(14): 3215-3223 (Pubitemid 120012567)
222. McCarthy ET, Sharma R, Sharma M, et al. TNF-alpha increases albumin permeability of isolated rat glomeruli through the generation of superoxide. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9(3): 433-438 (Pubitemid 28122868)
223. Navarro JF, Milena FJ, Mora C, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in diabetic nephropathy: relationship with urinary albumin excretion and effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Kidney Int Suppl 2005(99): S98-102. (Pubitemid 44324695)
224. Navarro JF, Milena FJ, Mora C, Leon C, Garcia J. Renal proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in diabetic nephropathy: effect of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition and pentoxifylline dministration. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26(6): 562-570 (Pubitemid 46143878)
225. Pfeilschifter J, Miihl H. Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor potentiate angiotensin II- and calcium ionophore-timulated prostaglandin E2 synthesis in rat renal mesangial cells. Biochem BiophysRes Commun 1990; 169(2): 585-595 (Pubitemid 20216148)
226. Pfeilschifter J, Pignat W, Vosbeck K, Marki F. Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor synergistically stimulate prostaglandin synthesis and phospholipase A2 release from rat renal mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159(2): 385-394 (Pubitemid 19089760)
227. Dalla Vestra M, Mussap M, Gallina P, et al. Acute-phase markers of inflammation and glomerular structure in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(Suppl 1): S78-82. (Pubitemid 41725090)
228. Kim Y, Kleppel MM, Butkowski R, Mauer SM, Wieslander J, Michael AF. Differential expression of basement membrane collagen chains in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Pathol 1991; 138(2): 413-420
229. Kiryu K, Morita H, Fujita Y, et al. Phenotypic expressions of type I, III, IV, V, and VI collagens in patients with diabetic nephropa- thy: immunohistochemical comparison between HD and non-HD patients. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1994; 36(4): 365-373
230. Makino H, Yamasaki Y, Haramoto T, et al. Ultrastructural changes of extracellular matrices in diabetic nephropathy revealed by high resolution scanning and immunoelectron microscopy. Lab Invest 1993; 68(1): 45-55. (Pubitemid 23055012)
231. Moriya T, Groppoli TJ, Kim Y, Mauer M. Quantitative immu- noelectron microscopy of type VI collagen in glomeruli in type I diabetic patients. Kidney Int 2001; 59(1): 317-323 (Pubitemid 32055239)
232. Razzaque MS, Koji T, Harada T, Taguchi T. Identification of type VI collagen synthesizing cells in human diabetic glomerulosclerosis using renal biopsy sections. Anal Cell Pathol 1997; 15(3): 17581. (Pubitemid 28057339)
233. Yagame M, Kim Y, Zhu D, et al. Differential distribution of type IV collagen chains in patients with diabetic nephropathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nephron 1995; 70(1): 42-48
234. Zhu D, Kim Y, Steffes MW, Groppoli TJ, Butkowski RJ, Mauer SM. Glomerular distribution of type IV collagen in diabetes by high resolution quantitative immunochemistry. Kidney Int 1994; 45(2): 425-433 (Pubitemid 24065076)
235. Nerlich A, Schleicher E. Immunohistochemical localization of extracellular matrix components in human diabetic glomerular lesions. Am J Pathol 1991; 139(4): 889-899
236. Tsilibary EC. Microvascular basement membranes in diabetes mellitus. J Pathol 2003; 200(4): 537-546
237. Olgemoller B, Schleicher E. Alterations of glomerular matrix proteins in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Clin Investig 1993; 71(5 Suppl): S13-9. (Pubitemid 23137524)
238. Glick AD, Jacobson HR, Haralson MA. Mesangial deposition of type I collagen in human glomerulosclerosis. Hum Pathol 1992; 23(12): 1373-1379
239. Makino H, Shikata K, Wieslander J, et al. Localization of fi-bril/microfibril and basement membrane collagens in diabetic glomerulosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 1994; 11(3): 304-311 (Pubitemid 24144148)
240. Schaefer L, Raslik I, Grone HJ, et al. Small proteoglycans in human diabetic nephropathy: discrepancy between glomerular expression and protein accumulation of decorin, biglycan, lumican, and fibromodulin. FASEB J 2001; 15(3): 559-561
241. Stokes MB, Holler S, Cui Y, et al. Expression of decorin, biglycan, and collagen type I in human renal fibrosing disease. Kidney Int 2000; 57(2): 487-498 (Pubitemid 30430640)
242. Natali A, Toschi E, Baldeweg S, et al. Clustering of insulin resistance with vascular dysfunction and low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55(4): 1133-1140 (Pubitemid 44100192)
243. DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 2004; 88(4): 787-835.
244. Forsblom CM, Eriksson JG, Ekstrand AV, Teppo AM, Taskinen MR, Groop LC. Insulin resistance and abnormal albumin excretion in non-diabetic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM. Dia-betologia 1995; 38(3): 363-369
245. Groop L, Ekstrand A, Forsblom C, et al. Insulin resistance, hypertension and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 (non-insulin- dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1993; 36(7): 642-647 (Pubitemid 23186457)
246. Parvanova AI, Trevisan R, Iliev IP, et al. Insulin resistance and microalbuminuria: a cross-sectional, case-control study of 158 patients with type 2 diabetes and different degrees of urinary albumin excretion. Diabetes 2006; 55(5): 1456-1462 (Pubitemid 44195387)
247. Catalano C, Muscelli E, Quinones Galvan A, et al. Effect of insulin on systemic and renal handling of albumin in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects. Diabetes 1997; 46(5): 868-875 (Pubitemid 27188266)
248. Greenbaum CJ. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2002; 18(3): 192-200.
249. Leslie RD, Taylor R, Pozzilli P. The role of insulin resistance in the natural history of type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 1997; 14(4): 327-331 (Pubitemid 27181969)
250. Ekstrand AV, Groop PH, Gronhagen-Riska C. Insulin resistance precedes microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13(12): 3079-3083 (Pubitemid 28534711)
251. Yip J, Mattock M, Sethi M, Morocutti A, Viberti G. Insulin resistance in family members of insulin-dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Lancet 1993; 341(8841): 369-370 (Pubitemid 23039720)
252. Yip J, Mattock MB, Morocutti A, Sethi M, Trevisan R, Viberti G. Insulin resistance in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Lancet 1993; 342(8876): 883-887 (Pubitemid 23291590)
253. Nielsen S, Schmitz O, Orskov H, Mogensen CE. Similar insulin sensitivity in NIDDM patients with normo- and microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 1995; 18(6): 834-842
254. Rademacher E, Mauer M, Jacobs DR, Jr, Chavers B, Steinke J, Sinaiko A. Albumin excretion rate in normal adolescents: relation to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors and comparisons to type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3(4): 998-1005.
255. Nguyen G, Danser AH. Prorenin and (pro)renin receptor: a review of available data from in vitro studies and experimental models in rodents. Exp Physiol 2008; 93(5): 557-563 (Pubitemid 351595066)
256. Nguyen G, Delarue F, Burckle C, Bouzhir L, Giller T, Sraer JD. Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin. J Clin Invest 2002; 109(11): 1417-1427 (Pubitemid 34596167)
257. Danser AH, Deinum J. Renin, prorenin and the putative (pro)reninreceptor. Hypertension 2005; 46(5): 1069-1076
258. Danser AH. Novel drugs targeting hypertension: renin inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50(2): 105-111 (Pubitemid 47267735)
259. Danser AH, van den Dorpel MA, Deinum J, et al. Renin, prorenin, and immunoreactive renin in vitreous fluid from eyes with and without diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68(1): 160-167 (Pubitemid 19028740)
260. Deinum J, Ronn B, Mathiesen E, Derkx FH, Hop WC, Schalekamp MA. Increase in serum prorenin precedes onset of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1999; 42(8): 1006-1010
261. Luetscher JA, Kraemer FB, Wilson DM, Schwartz HC, Bryer-Ash M. Increased plasma inactive renin in diabetes mellitus: a marker of microvascular complications. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(22): 1412-1417
262. Ichihara A, Hayashi M, Kaneshiro Y, et al. Inhibition of diabetic nephropathy by a decoy peptide corresponding to the "handle" region for nonproteolytic activation of prorenin. J Clin Invest 2004; 114(8): 1128-1135
263. Agarwal R. Effects of statins on renal function. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82(11): 1381-1390
264. Agarwal R. Effects of statins on renal function. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97(5): 748-755
265. Parving HH. Diabetic nephropathy: prevention and treatment. Kidney Int 2001; 60(5): 2041-2055
266. Remuzzi G, Schieppati A, Ruggenenti P. Clinical practice. Nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(15): 1145-1151
267. Kanellis J, Watanabe S, Li JH, et al. Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Hypertension 2003; 41(6): 1287-1293
268. Raptis AE, Viberti G. Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001; 109(Suppl 2): S424-37.
269. Wiseman MJ, Mangili R, Alberetto M, Keen H, Viberti G. Glomerular response mechanisms to glycemic changes in insulin-dependent diabetics. Kidney Int 1987; 31(4): 1012-1018
270. Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, et al. Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study II. Diabetes 1990; 39(9): 1116-1124
271. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group.The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14): 977-986
272. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352(9131): 837-853
273. Wrting Team for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic neph- ropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. JAMA 2003; 290(16): 2159-2167
274. Dandona P, Chaudhuri A, Ghanim H, Mohanty P. Proinflammatory effects of glucose and anti-inflammatory effect of insulin: relevance to cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99(4A): 15B-26B.
275. King DE, Mainous AG, 3rd, Buchanan TA, Pearson WS. Creactive protein and glycemic control in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(5): 1535-1539
276. Lindmark S, Buren J, Eriksson JW. Insulin resistance, endocrine function and adipokines in type 2 diabetes patients at different glycaemic levels: potential impact for glucotoxicity in vivo. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65(3): 301-309
277. Heliövaara MK, Teppo AM, Karonen SL, Tuominen JA, Ebeling P. Improved glycaemia in type 1 diabetes results in decreased levels of soluble adhesion molecules with no change in serum adiponectin or most acute phase proteins. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006; 114(6): 295-300.
278. Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Kitabchi AE. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes 2004; 53(8): 2079-2086
279. Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 2004; 25(1): 4-7.
280. Reynolds K, Goldberg RB. Thiazolidinediones: beyond glycemic control. Treat Endocrinol 2006; 5(1): 25-36.
281. Mogensen CE. Long-term antihypertensive treatment inhibiting progression of diabetic nephropathy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285(6343): 685-688
282. Insua A, Ribstein J, Mimran A. Comparative effect of captopril and nifedipine in normotensive patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64(Suppl 3): 59-62; discussion 902.
283. Marre M, Chatellier G, Leblanc H, Guyene TT, Menard J, Passa P. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive diabetics with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1988; 297(6656): 1092-1095
284. Marre M, Leblanc H, Suarez L, Guyenne TT, Menard J, Passa P. Converting enzyme inhibition and kidney function in normotensive diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 294(6585): 1448-1452
285. Mathiesen ER, Hommel E, Giese J, Parving HH. Efficacy of capto- pril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1991; 303(6794): 81-87
286. Parving HH, Hommel E, Nielsen MD, Giese J. Effect of captopril on blood pressure and kidney function in normotensive insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. BMJ 1989; 299(6698): 533-536
287. Parving HH, Hommel E, Smidt UM. Protection of kidney function and decrease in albuminuria by captopril in insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. BMJ 1988; 297(6656): 1086-1091
288. Stornello M, Valvo EV, Scapellato L. Hemodynamic, renal, and humoral effects of the calcium entry blocker nicardipine and converting enzyme inhibitor captopril in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with nephropathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 14(6):851-855
289. Bjorck S, Mulec H, Johnsen SA, Norden G, Aurell M. Renal protective effect of enalapril in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1992; 304(6823): 339-343
290. Bjorck S, Mulec H, Johnsen SA, Nyberg G, Aurell M. Contrasting effects of enalapril and metoprolol on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1990; 300(6729): 904-907
291. Mauer M, Zinman B, Gardiner R, et al. Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(1): 40-51.
292. Kasiske BL, Kalil RS, Ma JZ, Liao M, Keane WF. Effect of anti- hypertensive therapy on the kidney in patients with diabetes: a meta-regression analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118(2): 129-138
293. Shammas NW, Sica DA, Toth PP. A guide to the management of blood pressure in the diabetic hypertensive patient. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2009; 9(3): 149-62.
294. Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and an-giotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361(9352): 117-124 (Pubitemid 36092015)
295. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(15): 1547-1559
296. Campbell R, Sangalli F, Perticucci E, et al. Effects of combined ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II antagonist treatment in human chronic nephropathies. Kidney Int 2003; 63(3): 1094-1103
297. Luno J, Barrio V, Goicoechea MA, et al. Effects of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in primary proteinuric nephropathies. Kidney Int Suppl 2002(82): S47-52.
298. Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, et al. Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ 2000; 321(7274): 1440-1444
299. Jacobsen P, Andersen S, Jensen BR, Parving HH. Additive effect of ACE inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade in type I diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14(4): 992-999
300. Jacobsen P, Andersen S, Rossing K, Jensen BR, Parving HH. Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system versus maximal recommended dose of ACE inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003; 63(5): 1874-1880
301. Ozturk S, Sar F, Bengi-Bozkurt O, Kazancioglu R. Study of ACEI versus ARB in managing hypertensive overt diabetic nephropathy: long-term analysis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2009; 32(4): 268-275
302. Wenzel RR, Littke T, Kuranoff S, et al. Avosentan reduces albumin excretion in diabetics with macroalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20(3): 655-664
303. Azizi M, Guyene TT, Chatellier G, Menard J. Blood pressure effects of acute intravenous renin or oral angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1994; 12(4): 419-427
304. Camenzind E, Nussberger J, Juillerat L, et al. Effect of the renin response during renin inhibition: oral Ro 42-5892 in normal humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 18(3): 299-307.
305. Himmelmann A, Bergbrant A, Svensson A, Hansson L, Aurell M. Remikiren (Ro 42-5892)--an orally active renin inhibitor in essential hypertension. Effects on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9(6): 51722.
306. Kiowski W, Beermann J, Rickenbacher P, et al. Angiotensinergic versus nonangiotensinergic hemodynamic effects of converting enzyme inhibition in patients with chronic heart failure: assessment by acute renin and converting enzyme inhibition. Circulation 1994; 90(6): 2748-2756
307. Kleinbloesem CH, Weber C, Fahrner E, et al. Hemodynamics, biochemical effects, and pharmacokinetics of the renin inhibitor remikiren in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53(5): 585-592
308. MacFadyen RJ, Jones CR, Doig JK, Birnbock H, Reid JL. Responses to an orally active renin inhibitor, remikiren (Ro 42-5892), after controlled salt depletion in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 25(3): 347-353
309. Rongen GA, Lenders JW, Kleinbloesem CH, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the renin inhibitor Ro 42-5892 in patients with hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54(5): 567-577
310. van den Meiracker AH, Admiraal PJ, Derkx FH, et al. Comparison of blood pressure and angiotensin responses to the renin inhibitor Ro 42-5892 and the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1993; 11(8): 831-838
311. Delabays A, Nussberger J, Porchet M, et al. Hemodynamic and humoral effects of the new renin inhibitor enalkiren in normal humans. Hypertension 1989; 13(6 Pt 2): 941-947
312. Fisher ND, Allan D, Kifor I, et al. Responses to converting enzyme and renin inhibition. Role of angiotensin II in humans. Hypertension 1994; 23(1): 44-51.
313. Boger RS, Glassman HN, Cavanaugh JH, et al. Prolonged duration of blood pressure response to enalkiren, the novel dipeptide renin inhibitor, in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1990; 15(6 Pt 2): 835-840
314. Fisher ND, Hollenberg N. Renal vascular responses to renin inhibition with zankiren in men. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 57(3): 3428.
315. Menard J, Boger RS, Moyse DM, Guyene TT, Glassman HN, Kleinert HD. Dose-dependent effects of the renin inhibitor zankiren HCl after a single oral dose in mildly sodium-depleted normotensive subjects. Circulation 1995; 91(2): 330-338
316. Azizi M, Menard J, Bissery A, Guyene TT, Bura-Riviere A. Hormonal and hemodynamic effects of aliskiren and valsartan and their combination in sodium-replete normotensive individuals. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2(5): 947-955
317. Azizi M, Menard J, Bissery A, et al. Pharmacologic demonstration of the synergistic effects of a combination of the renin inhibitor aliskiren and the AT1 receptor antagonist valsartan on the angiotensin II-renin feedback interruption. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(12): 3126-3133
318. Gradman AH, Traub DM. In: Zipes DP, Libby O, Bonow R, Braunwald E, Eds. Braunwald's heart disease. Aurora: Saunders 2006.
319. Hong Y, Dingemanse J, Mager DE. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of renin biomarkers in subjects treated with the renin inhibitor aliskiren. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 84(1): 136-143
320. Nussberger J, Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL, Chiang Y, Prescott MF. Plasma renin and the antihypertensive effect of the orally active renin inhibitor aliskiren in clinical hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61(9): 1461-1468
321. Nussberger J, Wuerzner G, Jensen C, Brunner HR. Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril. Hypertension 2002; 39(1): E1-8.
322. Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, Fang H, Zhang J, Satlin A. Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2007; 370(9583): 221-229
323. Zhao C, Vaidyanathan S, Yeh CM, Maboudian M, Armin Dieterich H. Aliskiren exhibits similar pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006; 45(11): 1125-1134
324. Uresin Y, Taylor AA, Kilo C, et al. Efficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2007; 8(4): 190-198
325. Villamil A, Chrysant SG, Calhoun D, et al. Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. J Hypertens 2007; 25(1): 217-226
326. Muller DN, Luft FC. Direct renin inhibition with aliskiren in hypertension and target organ damage. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1(2): 221-228
327. Persson F, Rossing P, Schjoedt KJ, et al. Time course of the anti-proteinuric and antihypertensive effects of direct renin inhibition in type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int 2008; 73(12): 1419-1425
328. Persson FP, Rossing H, Reinhard T, et al. Renoprotective effects of direct renin inhibition compared to and in combination with irbe-sartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Diabetologia 2008;
329. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Hollenberg NK. Al-iskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(23): 2433-2446
330. Godsland IF, Crook D, Proudler AJ, Stevenson JC. Hemostatic risk factors and insulin sensitivity, regional body fat distribution, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(1): 190-197
331. Christiansen T, Richelsen B, Bruun JM. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is produced in isolated adipocytes, associated with adiposity and reduced after weight loss in morbid obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29(1): 146-150
332. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19(4): 972-978
333. Urakawa H, Katsuki A, Sumida Y, et al. Oxidative stress is associated with adiposity and insulin resistance in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(10): 4673-4676
334. Haffner S, Temprosa M, Crandall J, et al. Intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin on inflammation and coagulation in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2005; 54(5): 156672.
335. Hamalainen H, Ronnemaa T, Virtanen A, et al. Improved fibrinolysis by an intensive lifestyle intervention in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetologia 2005; 48(11): 2248-2253 (Pubitemid 41618914)
336. Jacobson HR. Chronic renal failure: pathophysiology. Lancet 1991; 338(8764): 419-423
337. Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124(7): 627-632
338. Ghosh S, Khazaei M, Moien-Afshari F, et al. Moderate exercise attenuates caspase-3 activity, oxidative stress, and inhibits progression of diabetic renal disease in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296(4): F700-8.
339. Cignarelli M, Lamacchia O, Di Paolo S, Gesualdo L. Cigarette smoking and kidney dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. J Nephrol 2008; 21(2): 180-189
340. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, et al. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2(6): 1131-1139
341. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57(7): 728-734
342. Clinical Trial PLANET II; Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ results?term=planet+ii [cited 2009 September 22].
343. Gueler F, Rong S, Park JK, et al. Postischemic acute renal failure is reduced by short-term statin treatment in a rat model. J Am SocNephrol 2002; 13(9): 2288-2298
344. Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS. An overview of the extra-lipid effects of rosuvastatin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008; 13(3): 157-174
345. Li H, Li X, Duan L, Li C. Inhibition of lovastatin on proliferation and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in cultured human glomerular mesangial cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2003; 116(9): 13669.
346. Massy ZA, Kim Y, Guijarro C, Kasiske BL, Keane WF, O'Donnell MP. Low-density lipoprotein-induced expression of interleukin-6, a marker of human mesangial cell inflammation: effects of oxidation and modulation by lovastatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267(2): 536-540
347. Ota T, Takamura T, Ando H, Nohara E, Yamashita H, Kobayashi K. Preventive effect of cerivastatin on diabetic nephropathy through suppression of glomerular macrophage recruitment in a rat model. Diabetologia 2003; 46(6): 843-851
348. Park JK, Muller DN, Mervaala EM, et al. Cerivastatin prevents angiotensin II-induced renal injury independent of blood pressure and cholesterol-lowering effects. Kidney Int 2000; 58(4): 1420-1430
349. Park YS, Guijarro C, Kim Y, et al. Lovastatin reduces glomerular macrophage influx and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA in nephrotic rats. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31(1): 190-194
350. Sharyo S, Yokota-Ikeda N, Mori M, et al. Pravastatin improves renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. Kidney Int 2008; 74(5): 577-584
351. Usui H, Shikata K, Matsuda M, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by its pleiotropic effects in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18(2): 265-272
352. Verma A, Ranganna KM, Reddy RS, Verma M, Gordon NF. Effect of rosuvastatin on C-reactive protein and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96(9): 1290-1292
353. Fujii M, Inoguchi T, Maeda Y, et al. Pitavastatin ameliorates albuminuria and renal mesangial expansion by downregulating NOX4 in db/db mice. Kidney Int 2007; 72(4): 473-480
354. Matsumoto M, Tanimoto M, Gohda T, et al. Effect of pitavastatin on type 2 diabetes mellitus nephropathy in KK-Ay/Ta mice. Metabolism 2008; 57(5): 691-697
355. Liang XM, Otani H, Zhou Q, et al. Renal protective effects of pitavastatin on spontaneously hypercholesterolaemic Imai Rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(8): 2156-2164
356. Moriyama T, Kawada N, Nagatoya K, et al. Fluvastatin suppresses oxidative stress and fibrosis in the interstitium of mouse kidneys with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2001; 59(6): 2095103.
357. Sonmez A, Yilmaz MI, Korkmaz A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment augments the efficacy of cilazapril and simvastatin regimens in an experimental nephrotic syndrome model. Clin Exp Nephrol 2008; 12(2): 110-118
358. Whaley-Connell A, Habibi J, Nistala R, et al. Attenuation of NADPH oxidase activation and glomerular filtration barrier remodeling with statin treatment. Hypertension 2008; 51(2): 474-480
359. Whaley-Connell AT, Morris EM, Rehmer N, et al. Albumin activation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity is mediated via Rac1 in proximal tubule cells. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27(1): 15-23.
360. Yagi S, Aihara K, Ikeda Y, et al. Pitavastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, exerts eNOS-independent protective actions against angiotensin II induced cardiovascular remodeling and renal insufficiency. Circ Res 2008; 102(1): 68-76.
361. Yu HY, Inoguchi T, Nakayama M, et al. Statin attenuates high glucose-induced and angiotensin II-induced MAP kinase activity through inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity in cultured mesan- gial cells. Med Chem 2005; 1(5): 461-466
362. Chade AR, Zhu XY, Grande JP, Krier JD, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Simvastatin abates development of renal fibrosis in experimental renovascular disease. J Hypertens 2008; 26(8): 1651-1660
363. Essig M, Vrtovsnik F, Nguyen G, Sraer JD, Friedlander G. Lovas-tatin modulates in vivo and in vitro the plasminogen activa-tor/plasmin system of rat proximal tubular cells: role of geranylger-anylation and Rho proteins. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9(8): 137788.
364. Gianella A, Nobili E, Abbate M, et al. Rosuvastatin treatment prevents progressive kidney inflammation and fibrosis in stroke-prone rats. Am J Pathol 2007; 170(4): 1165-1177
365. Heusinger-Ribeiro J, Fischer B, Goppelt-Struebe M. Differential effects of simvastatin on mesangial cells. Kidney Int 2004; 66(1): 187-195
366. Ikeuchi H, Kuroiwa T, Yamashita S, et al. Fluvastatin reduces renal fibroblast proliferation and production of type III collagen: therapeutic implications for tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2004; 97(4): e115-22.
367. Kramer S, Kron S, Wang-Rosenke Y, et al. Rosuvastatin is additive to high-dose candesartan in slowing progression of experimental mesangioproliferative glomerulosclerosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294(4): F801-11.
368. O'Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Kim Y, Atluru D, Keane WF. Lovas-tatin inhibits proliferation of rat mesangial cells. J Clin Invest 1993; 91(1): 83-87
369. Terada Y, Inoshita S, Nakashima O, et al. Lovastatin inhibits me-sangial cell proliferation via p27Kip1. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9(12): 2235-2243
370. Vieira JM, Jr, Rodrigues LT, Mantovani E, et al. Statin monotherapy attenuates renal injury in a salt-sensitive hypertension model of renal disease. Nephron Physiol 2005; 101(4): p82-91.
371. Xu H, Zeng L, Peng H, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin mitigates VEGF-induced "inside-out" signaling to extracellular matrix by preventing RhoA activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291(5): F995-1004.
372. Yamashita T, Kawashima S, Miwa Y, et al. A 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl co-enzyme A reductase inhibitor reduces hypertensive nephrosclerosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2002; 20(12): 2465-2473
373. Baigent C, Landry M. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). Kidney Int Suppl 2003(84): S207-10.
374. Danesh FR, Sadeghi MM, Amro N, et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors prevent high glucose-induced proliferation of mesangial cells via modulation of Rho GTPase/ p21 signaling pathway: Implications for diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(12): 8301-8305
375. Grandaliano G, Biswas P, Choudhury GG, Abboud HE. Simvastatin inhibits PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in human glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1993; 44(3): 503-508
376. Iimura O, Vrtovsnik F, Terzi F, Friedlander G. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce apoptosis in mouse proximal tubular cells in primary culture. Kidney Int 1997; 52(4): 962-972
377. Vrtovsnik F, Couette S, Prie D, Lallemand D, Friedlander G. Lo-vastatin-induced inhibition of renal epithelial tubular cell proliferation involves a p21ras activated, AP-1-dependent pathway. Kidney Int 1997; 52(4): 1016-1027
378. Vrtovsnik F, Essig M, Iimura O, Friedlander G. Effect of lipid-lowering strategies on tubular cell biology. Kidney Int Suppl 1999; 71: S92-6.
379. Ghosh PM, Mott GE, Ghosh-Choudhury N, et al. Lovastatin induces apoptosis by inhibiting mitotic and post-mitotic events in cultured mesangial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1359(1): 1324.
380. Fellstrom B, Zannad F, Schmieder R, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on outcomes in chronic haemodialysis patients - design and rationale of the AURORA study. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2005; 6(1): 9.
381. Jiang J, Sun CW, Alonso-Galicia M, Roman RJ. Lovastatin reduces renal vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11(10): 1222-1231
382. Joyce M, Kelly C, Winter D, Chen G, Leahy A, Bouchier-Hayes D. Pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, attenuates renal injury in an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion. J Surg Res 2001; 101(1): 79-84.
383. Kuwahara N, Sasaki S, Kobara M, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibition improves anti-aging klotho protein expression and arte riosclerosis in rats with chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Int J Cardiol 2008; 123(2): 84-90.
384. Ott C, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BM, Titze SI, Schaufele T, Schmieder RE. Rosuvastatin improves basal nitric oxide activity of the renal vasculature in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2008; 196(2): 704-711
385. Pisani A, Uccello F, Cesaro A, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on ischemic acute renal failure in aging rats. G Ital Nefrol 2002; 19(5): 534-539
386. Schwartz IF, Ayalon R, Chernichovski T, et al. Arginine uptake is attenuated through modulation of cationic amino-acid transporter- 1, in uremic rats. Kidney Int 2006; 69(2): 298-303.
387. Zhou MS, Schuman IH, Jaimes EA, Raij L. Renoprotection by statins is linked to a decrease in renal oxidative stress, TGF-beta, and fibronectin with concomitant increase in nitric oxide bioavail- ability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295(1): F53-9.
388. Soulis-Liparota T, Cooper M, Papazoglou D, Clarke B, Jerums G. Retardation by aminoguanidine of development of albuminuria, mesangial expansion, and tissue fluorescence in streptozocin- induced diabetic rat. Diabetes 1991; 40(10): 1328-1334
389. Miyata T, Ueda Y, Asahi K, et al. Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of OPB-9195 [(+/-)-2-isopropylidenehydrazono-4-oxo- thiazolidin-5-yla cetanilide] on advanced glycation end product and advanced lipoxidation end product formation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11(9): 1719-1725
390. Beisswenger PJ, Howell SK, Touchette AD, Lal S, Szwergold BS. Metformin reduces systemic methylglyoxal levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1999; 48(1): 198-202.
391. Booth AA, Khalifah RG, Todd P, Hudson BG. In vitro kinetic studies of formation of antigenic advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Novel inhibition of post-Amadori glycation pathways. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(9): 5430-5437
392. Brownlee M, Vlassara H, Kooney A, Ulrich P, Cerami A. Amino- guanidine prevents diabetes-induced arterial wall protein cross- linking. Science 1986; 232(4758): 1629-1632
393. Khalifah RG, Chen Y, Wassenberg JJ. Post-Amadori AGE inhibition as a therapeutic target for diabetic complications: a rational approach to second-generation Amadorin design. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043: 793-806.
394. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. The losartan renal protection study--rationale, study design and baseline characteristics of RENAAL (Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the An- giotensin II Antagonist Losartan). J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000; 1(4): 328-335
395. Forbes JM, Thomas MC, Thorpe SR, Alderson NL, Cooper ME. The effects of valsartan on the accumulation of circulating and renal advanced glycation end products in experimental diabetes. Kidney Int Suppl 2004(92): S105-7.
396. Nangaku M, Miyata T, Sada T, et al. Anti-hypertensive agents inhibit in vivo the formation of advanced glycation end products and improve renal damage in a type 2 diabetic nephropathy rat model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14(5): 1212-1222
397. Figarola JL, Loera S, Weng Y, Shanmugam N, Natarajan R, Rahbar S. LR-90 prevents dyslipidaemia and diabetic nephropathy in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetologia 2008; 51(5): 882-891
398. Figarola JL, Scott S, Loera S, et al. LR-90 a new advanced glyca- tion endproduct inhibitor prevents progression of diabetic neph- ropathy in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 2003; 46(8): 1140-1152
399. Cooper ME, Thallas V, Forbes J, et al. The cross-link breaker, Nphenacylthiazolium bromide prevents vascular advanced glycation end-product accumulation. Diabetologia 2000; 43(5): 660-664
400. Little WC, Zile MR, Kitzman DW, Hundley WG, O'Brien TX, Degroof RC. The effect of alagebrium chloride (ALT-711), a novel glucose cross-link breaker, in the treatment of elderly patients with diastolic heart failure. J Card Fail 2005; 11(3): 191-195
401. Vasan S, Zhang X, Zhang X, et al. An agent cleaving-glucose derived protein crosslinks in vitro and in vivo. Nature 1996; 382(6588): 275-278
402. Hirasawa Y, Matsui Y, Yamane K, et al. Pioglitazone improves obesity type diabetic nephropathy: relation to the mitigation of renal oxidative reaction. Exp Anim 2008; 57(5): 423-432
403. Wang K, Zhou Z, Zhang M, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma down-regulates receptor for advanced glycation end products and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in a diabetic and nondiabetic rat carotid artery injury model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317(1): 37-43.
404. Tan KC, Chow WS, Tso AW, et al. Thiazolidinedione increases serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50(9): 1819-1825
405. Kuhad A, Chopra K. Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy by to- cotrienol: involvement of NFkB signaling pathway. Life Sci 2009; 84(9-10): 296-301.
406. Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90(1-5): 387-392
407. Yuan W, Pan W, Kong J, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter. J Biol Chem 2007; 282(41): 29821-29830
408. Kong J, Li YC. Effect of ANG II type I receptor antagonist and ACE inhibitor on vitamin D receptor-null mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285(1): R255-61.
409. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 2002; 110(2): 229-238
410. Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin- angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288(1): E125-32.
411. Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Ning G, Deb DK, Kong J, Li YC. Combination therapy with AT1 blocker and vitamin D analog markedly ameliorates diabetic nephropathy: blockade of compensatory renin increase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105(41): 15896-15901
412. Deb DK, Chen Y, Zhang Z, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses high glucose-induced angiotensinogen expression in kidney cells by blocking the NF-{kappa}B pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296(5): F1212-8.