The renin-angiotensin system and progression of renal disease: From hemodynamics to cell biology

Nephron

Volumn 93, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Wolf, Gunter ^a,b   Butzmann, Ulrike ^a   Wenzel, Ulrich O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

AT1 and AT2 receptors; Glomerular hyperfiltration; Glomerulosclerosis; Progression of renal disease; Renin angiotensin system; Tubulointerstitial fibrosis

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BENAZEPRIL; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; RAMIPRIL; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; GLOMERULUS; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY INJURY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HEMODYNAMIC PROCESSES; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 0041713942     PISSN: 00282766     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000066656     Document Type: Short Survey

References (113)

1. Manns BJ, Taub K, Donaldson C: Economic evaluation and end-stage renal disease: From basics to bedside. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:12-28.
2. Klahr S, Scheiner G, Ichikawa I: The progression of renal disease. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1657-1666.
3. Epstein M: Aldosterone as a mediator of progressive renal disease: pathogenetic and clinical implications. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:677-688.
4. Jardine AG, Padmanabhan N, Connell JMC: Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hyperten 1998;7:259-264.
5. Huang W, Gallois Y, Bouby N, Bruneval P, Heudes D, Belair MF, Krege JH, Meneton P, Marre M, Smithies O, Alhenc-Gelas F: Genetically increased angiotensin I-converting enzyme level and renal complications in the diabetic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:13330-13334.
6. Bader M, Peters J, Baltatu O, Müller DN, Luft FC, Ganten D: Tissue renin-angiotensin systems: new insights from experimental animal models in hypertension research. J Mol Med 2001;79:76-110.
7. Seikaly MG, Arant BS, Seney FD: Endogenous angiotensin concentrations in specific intrare-nal fluid compartments of the rat. J Clin Invest 1990;86:1352-1357.
8. Nishiyama A, Seth DM, Navar LG: Renal interstitial fluid concentrations of angiotensins I and II in anesthetized rats. Hypertension 2002,39:129-134.
9. van Kats JP, Schalekamp MA, Verdouw PD, Duncker DJ, Danser AHJ: Intrarenal angiotensin II: interstitial and cellular levels and site of production. Kidney Int 2001;60:2311-2317.
10. 1 receptor. Hypertension 2002;39:116-121.
11. Re RN: On the biological actions of intracellu-lar angiotensin. Hypertension 2000;35:1189-1190.
12. Bernstein KE, Sayeski PP, Doan T, Farmer PK, Ali MS: Signal transduction pathways of angiotensin II in the kidney. Contrib Nephrol 2001;135:16-33.
13. Gallinat S, Busche S, Raizada MK, Sumners C: The angiotensin II type 2 receptor: An enigma with multiple variations. Am J Physiol 2000;278:E357-E374.
14. Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C, Okuyama S, Imagawa Y, Fogo A, Niimura F, Ichikawa I, Hogan BLM, Inagami T: Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behavior of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 1995;377:748-750.
15. Wolf G, Mentzel S, Assmann KJM: Aminopeptidase A: A key enzyme in the intrarenal degradation of angiotensin II. Exp Nephrol 1997;5:364-369.
16. Wolf G, Wenzel U, Assmann KJM, Stahl RAK: Renal expression of aminopeptidase A in rats with two-kidney, one-clip hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:1935-1942.
17. Handa EK, Krebs LT, Harding JW, Handa SE: Angiotensin IV AT4-receptor system in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1998;274:F290-F299.
18. 2 receptors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:2988-2990.
19. Kerins DM, Hao Q, Vaughan DE: Angiotensin induction of PAI-1 expression in endothelial cells is mediated by the hexapeptide angiotensin IV. J Clin Invest 1995;96:2515-2520.
20. Gesulado L, Ranieri E, Monno R, Rossiello MR, Colucci M, Semeraro N, Grandaliano G, Schena FP: Angiotensin IV stimulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int 1999;56:461-470.
21. Hill-Kapturczak N, Kapturczak MH, Block ER, Patel JM, Malinski T, Madsen KM, Tisher CC: Angiotensin II-stimulated nitric oxide release from porcine pulmonary endothelium is mediated by angiotensin IV. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:481-491.
22. Chen JK, Zimpelmann J, Harris RC, Burns KD: Angiotensin IV induces tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxil-lin in proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol 2001;280:F980-F988.
23. Toke A, Meyer TW: Hemodynamic effects of angiotensin II in the kidney. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger, 2001, vol 135, pp 34-46.
24. Arima S, Kohagura K, Abe M, Ito S: Mechanisms that control glomerular hemodynamics. Clin Exp Nephrol 2001;5:55-61.
25. Arima S, Endo Y, Yaoita H, Omata K, Ogawa S, Tsunoda K, Abe M, Takeuchi K, Abe K, Ito S: Possible role of P-450 metabolite of arachidonic acid in vasodilator mechanism of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in the isolated microperfused rabbit afferent arteriole. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2816-2823.
26. Blantz RC, Konnen KS, Tucker BJ: Angiotensin II effects upon the glomerular microcirculation and ultrafiltration coefficient of the rat. J Clin Invest 1976;57:419-434.
27. Pagtalunan ME, Rasch R, Rennke HG, Meyer TW: Morphometric analysis of effects of angiotensin II on glomerular structure in rats. Am J Physiol 1995;268:F82-F88.
28. Kriz W, Elger M, Mundel P, Lemley KV: Structure-stabilizing forces in the glomerular tuft. J Am Soc Nphrol 1995;5:1731-1739.
29. Wolf G: Cell physiology of vascular smooth muscle cells and mesangial cells and the impact of this on the control of renal circulation. Adv Organ Physiol 2000;9:35-61.
30. Ichikawa I, Kon V: Glomerular mesangium as an effector locus for the tubuloglomerular feedback system and renal sympathetic innervation. Fed Proc 1983;42:3075-3079.
31. Schuster VL, Kokko JP, Jacobson HR: Angiotensin II directly stimulates sodium transport in rabbit proximal convoluted tubules. J Clin Invest 1984;73:507-515.
32. - cotransport in the rabbit proximal tubule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:7917-7920.
33. Quan A, Baum M: Regulation of proximal tubule transport by endogenously produced angiotensin II. Nephron 2000;84:103-110.
34. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN, Schroeder R, Stahl RAK: Angiotensin II inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase in tubular MCT cells by a posttranscriptional mechanism. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8:551-557.
35. Roczniak A, Burns KD: Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase and regulates sodium transport in rabbit proximal tubule. Am J Physiol 1996;270:F106-F115.
36. Wang T, Giebisch G: Effects of angiotensin II on electrolyte transport in the early and late distal tubule in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1996;:
37. Oliverio MI, Delnomdediue M, Best CF, Li P, Morris M, Callahan MF, Johnson GA, Smithies O, Coffman TM:: metabolism in mice lacking the type 1A receptor for ANG II. Am J Physiol 2000;278::
38. Floege J, Burns MW, Alpers CE, Yoshimura A, Pritzl P, Gordon K, Seifert RA, Bowen-Pope DF, Couser WG, Johnson RJ:: Glomerular cell proliferation and PDGF expression precede glomerulosclerosis in the remnant kidney model. Kidney Int 1992;41::
39. Wolf G, Neilson EG:: growth. Curr Top Pathol 1995;88::
40. Kaneto H, Morrissey JJ, McCreaken R, Reyers A, Klahr S:: Enalapril reduces collagen type IV synthesis and expansion of the interstitium in the obstructed rat kidney. Kidney Int 1994;45:: 1637-1647.
41. Johnson RJ, Alpers CE, Yoshimura A, Lombardi D, Pritzl P, Floege J, Schwartz SM:: hypertension. Hypertension 1992;19::
42. Wolf G, Haberstroh U, Neilson EG:: stimulates the proliferation and biosynthesis of type I collagen in cultured murine mesangial cells. Am J Pathol 1992;140::
43. Anderson PW, Do Ys, Hsueh WA:: mesangial cell hypertrophy. Hypertension 1993;21::
44. Wolf G, Neilson EG:: factor. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993;3::-1540.
45. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN, Zahner G, Stahl RAK:: mitogenic for cultured rat glomerular endothelial cells. Hypertension 1996;27::
46. Wolf G, Neilson EG:: hypertrophy in cultured murine proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol 1990;259::
47. 1 receptor. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993;8::
48. Kip1. Kidney Int 1996;50::
49. Kip1 expression in renal tubules in vivo:: reactive oxygen species. J Mol Med 2001;79::
50. Kip1 and induction of cellular hypertrophy in renal tubular cells depends on the generation of oxygen radicals. Kidney int 1998;54:1923-1933.
51. Kip1:Role in angiotensin II-mediated hypertrophy of proximal tubular cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000;11:1387-1397.
52. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN, Helmchen U, Zahner G, Schroeder R, Stahl RAK: ANG II is a mitogen for a murine cell line isolated from medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Am J Physiol 1995;268:F940-F947.
53. Bonnet F, Cao Z, Cooper ME: Apoptosis and angiotensin II: Yet another renal regulatory system? Exp Nephrol 2001;9:295-300.
54. Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, Tolcos M, Cooper ME, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Gilbert RE: Attenuation of tubular apoptosis by blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in diabetic Ren-2 rats. Kidney Int 2002;61:31-39.
55. Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ: Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:156-160.
56. 2 receptor. Kidney Int 1998;53:92-99.
57. Ishidoya S, Morrissey J, McCracken R, Klahr S: Delayed treatment with enalapril halts tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats with obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 1996;49:1110-1119.
58. Wolf G: Link between angiotensin II and TGF-βin the kidney. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1998; 24:174-180.
59. Gaedeke J, Peters H, Noble NA, Border WA: Angiotensin II, TGF-β and renal fibrosis. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger, 2001, vol 135, pp 153-160.
60. Satoh M, Kashihara N, Yamasaki Y, Maruyama K, Okamoto K, Maeshima Y, Sugiyama H, Sugaya T, Murakami K, Makino H: Renal interstitial fibrosis is reduced in angiotensin II type 1a receptor-deficient mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:317-325.
61. 1 and renal injury following subtotal nephrectomy in the rat: Role of the renin-angiotensin system. Kidney Int 1997;51:1553-1567.
62. Wolf G, Schneider A, Wenzel U, Helmchen U, Stahl RAK: Regulation of glomerular TGF-beta expression in the contralateral kidney of two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:763-772.
63. Arai M, Isaka Y, Akagi Y, Sugiura T, Miyazaki M, Moriyama T, Kaneda Y, Naruse K, Naruse M, Orita Y, Ando A, Kamada T, Ueda N, Imai E: In vivo transfection of genes for renin and angiotensinogen into the glomerular cells induced phenotypic changes of the mesangial cells and glomerular sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;206:525-532.
64. Amann K, Simonaviciene A, Medwedewa T, Koch A, Orth S, Gross ML, Haas C, Kuhlmann A, Linz W, Schölkens B, Ritz E: Blood pressure-independent additive effects of pharmacologic blockade of the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems on progression in a low-renin model of renal damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2572-2584.
65. 1 receptors. Kidney Int 1994;45:177-184.
66. Wolf G, Killen PD, Neilson EG: Intracellular signaling of transcription and secretion of type IV collagen after angiotensin II-induced cellular hypertrophy in cultured proximal tubular cells. Cell Regul 1991;2:219-227.
67. Wolf G, Kalluri R, Ziyadeh FN, Neilson E, Stahl RAK: Angiotensin II induces alpha3 (IV) collagen expression in cultured murine proximal tubular cells. Proc Assoc Am Physcns 1999;11:357-364.
68. Wolf G, Mueller E, Stahl RAK, Ziyadeh FN: Angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cultured murine proximal tubular cells is mediated by endogenous transforming growth factor-β. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1366-1372.
69. Kagami S, Border WA, Miller DE, Noble NA: Angiotensin II stimulates extracellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth fcator-β expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells. J Clin Invest 1994;93:2431-2437.
70. Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J: Angiotensin II modulates cell growth-related events and synthesis of matrix proteins in renal interstitial fibroblasts. Kidney Int 1997;52:1497-1510.
71. Fogo AB: The role of angiotensin II and plasminogen activator-inhibitor- 1 in progressive glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;35:179-188.
72. Kagami S, Kuhara T, Okada K, Kuroda Y, Border Wa, Noble NA: Dual effects of angiotensin II on the plasminogen/plasmin system in rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1997;51:664-671.
73. 1 cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10:1305-1312.
74. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN, Thaiss F, Tomaszewski J, Caron RJ, Wenzel U, Zahner G, Helmchen U, Stahl RAK: Angiotensin II stimulates expression of the chemokine RANTES in rat glomerular endothelial cells: Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1047-1058.
75. 2 receptors. Am J Pathol 2001;158:1743-1756.
76. 1-receptor antagonists abolish glomerular MCP-1 expression in a model of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Exp Nephrol 1998;6:112-120.
77. Hisada Y, Sugaya T, Yamanouchi M, Uchida H, Fujimura H, Sakurai H, Fukamizu A, Murakami K: Angiotensin II plays a pathogenic role in immune-mediated renal injury in mice. J Clin Invest 1999;103:627-635.
78. Hilgers KF, Hartner A, Porst M, Mai M, Wittmann M, Hugo C, Ganten D, Geiger H, Veelk-en R, Mann JFE: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage infiltration in hypertensive kidney injury. Kidney Int 2000;58:2408-2419.
79. Giachelli CM, Pichler R, Lombardi D, Denhardt DT, Alpers CE, Schwartz SM, Johnson RJ: Osteopontin expresion in angiotensin II-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 1994;45:515-524.
80. Panzer U, Thaiss F, Zahner G, Barth P, Reszka M, Reinking RR, Wolf G, Helmchen U, Stahl RAK: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and osteopontin differentially regulate monocytes recruitment in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2001;59:1762-1769.
81. 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Molecular mechanisms. Circ Res 2000;86:1266-1272.
82. 1 knockout mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16(suppl 1):27-33.
83. Gómez-Garre D, Largo R, Tejera N, Fortes J, Manzarbeitia F, Egido J: Activation of NF-κB in tubular epithelial cells of rats with intense proteinuria. Role of angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Hypertension 2001;37:1171-1178.
84. Muller DN, Dechend R, Mervaala EMA, Park JK, Schmidt F, Fiebeler A, Theuer J, Breu V, Ganten D, Haller H, Luft FC: NF-κB inhibition ameliorates angiotensin II-induced inflammatory damage in rats. Hypertension 2000;35:193-201.
85. Muller DN, Heissmeyer V, Dechend R, Hampich F, Park JK, Fiebeler A, Shagdarsuren E, Theuer J, Elger M, Pilz B, Breu V, Schroer K, Ganten D, Dietz R, Haller H, Scheidereit C, Luft FC: Aspirin inhibits NF-κB and protects from angiotensin II-induced organ damage. FASEB J 2001;15:1822-1824.
86. 2 receptors. Kidney Int 2002;61:1986-1995.
87. Wolf G: 'The road not taken': role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in pathophysiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:195-198.
88. Hostetter TH, Olson JL, Rennke HG, Venkatachalam MA, Brenner BM: Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons: A potentially adverse response to renal ablation. Am J Physiol 1981; 241:F85-F93.
89. Matsuka T, Hymes J, Ichikawa I: Angiotensin in progressive renal disease: Theory and practice. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:2025-2043.
90. Anderson S, Meyer TW, Rennke HG, Brenner BW: Control of glomerular hypertension limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass. J Clin Invest 1985;76:612-619.
91. Anderson S, Rennke HG, Brenner BW: Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat. J Clin Invest 1986;77:1993-2000.
92. Bertanin T, Cutillo F, Zoja C, Broggini M, Remuzzi G: Tubulointerstitial lesions mediate renal damage in adriamycin glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1986;30:488-496.
93. Benigni A, Gagliardini E, Remuzzi A, Corna D, Remuzzi G: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents glomerular-tubule disconnection and atrophy in passive Heymann nephritis, and effect not observed with a calcium antagonist. Am J Pathol 2001;159: 1743-1750.
94. Remuzzi G, Bertanin T: Pathophysiology of progressive nephropathies. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1448-1456.
95. Yoshioka T, Rennke HG, Salant DJ, Deen WM, Ichikawa I: Role of abnormally high transmural pressure in the permselectivity defect of glomerular capillary wall: a study in early passive Heymann nephritis. Circ Res 1987; 61:531-538.
96. Benigni A, Tomasoni S, Gagliardini E, Zoja C, Grunkemeyer JA, Kalluri R, Remuzzi G: Blocking angiotensin II synthesis/activity preserves glomerular nephrin in rats with severe nephrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:941-948.
97. Franco M, Tapia E, Santamaria J, Zafra I, Garcia-Torres R, Gordon KL, Pons H, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J: Renal cortical vasoconstriction contributes to development of salt-sensitive hypertension after angiotensin II exposure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2263-2271.
98. Ruggenenti P, Schieppati A, Remuzzi G: Progression, remission, regression of chronic renal diseases. Lancet 2001;357:1601-1608.
99. Wenzel UO: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of renal disease: Evidence from clinical studies. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger, 2001, vol 135, pp 200-211.
100. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD: The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1456-1462.
101. Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, Locatelli F, Mann JF, Motolese M, Ponticelli C, Ritz E, Zucchelli P: Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;334:939-945.
102. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, Garini G, Zoccali C, Salvadori M, Scolari F, Schena FP, Remuzzi G: Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria. Lancet 1999;354:359-364.
103. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia): Randomized placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1997;349:1857-1863.
104. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, Gaspari F, Benini R, Remuzzi G. Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet 1998;352:1252-1256.
105. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Benini R, Bertani T, Zoccali C, Maggiore Q, Salvadori M, Remuzzi G: In chronic nephropathies prolonged ACE inhibition can induce remission: dynamics of time-dependent changes in GFR. Investigators of the GISEN Group. Gruppo Italiano Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:997-1006.
106. Parving HH, Hendrik Lehnert DM, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P: The effect of Irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-878.
107. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S: Effects of Losartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. New Engl J Med 2001;345:861-869.
108. Lewis E, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Ratz I: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2001;345:851-860.
109. Hostetter: Prevention of ESRD due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:9110-9112.
110. Bakris GL, Weir MR: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: Is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:685-693.
111. Ruggenenti P, A Perna, G Remuzzi: ACE Inhibitors to prevent end-stage renal disease: when to start and why possibly never to stop: A post hoc analysis of the REIN trial results. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2832-2837.
112. Hebert LA, Wilmer WA, Falkenhain ME, Ladson-Wofford SE, Nahman NS, Rovin BH: Renoprotection: One or many therapies? Kidney Int 2001;59:1211-1226.
113. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, Giatras I, Toto R, Remuzzi G, Maschio G, Brenner BM, Kamper A, Zucchelli P, Becker G, Himmelmann A, Bannister K, Landais P, Shahinfar S, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, Lau J, Levey AS: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease: A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:73-87.