Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) acts as regulator of metabolism linked to multiple cellular functions

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 125, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 423-435

  Wagner, Kay Dietrich ^a,b   Wagner, Nicole ^a,b  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D'AZUR   (France)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; Angiogenesis; Cancer; Heart; Kidney; Metabolism; PPAR ; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

2 [4 [2 [3 (2,4 DIFLUOROPHENYL) 1 HEPTYLUREIDO]ETHYL]PHENYLTHIO] 2 METHYLPROPIONIC ACID; 3 CHLORO 4 [3 (7 PROPYL 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZISOXAZOL 6 YLOXY)PROPYLTHIO]PHENYLACETIC ACID; 4 [4 [3 (4 ACETYL 3 HYDROXY 2 PROPYLPHENOXY)PROPOXY]PHENOXY]ACETIC ACID; [2 METHYL 4 [4 METHYL 2 (4 TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL) 5 THIAZOLYLMETHYLTHIO]PHENOXY]ACETIC ACID; [4 [2 (3 FLUORO 4 TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL) 4 METHYL 5 THIAZOLYLMETHYLTHIO] 2 METHYLPHENOXY]ACETIC ACID; ADIPOPHILIN; CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE I; CD36 ANTIGEN; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GW 2433; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA AGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA AGONIST; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 1; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 2; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 3;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; DNA BINDING; HEART; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; METABOLIC DISORDER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; UPREGULATION;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; CELL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MYOCARDIUM; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PPAR DELTA; PPAR-BETA;

EID: 76749137586     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Agnetti G., Bordoni A., Angeloni C., Leoncini E., Guarnirei C., Caldarera C.M., et al. Green tea modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in hypoxic/reoxygenated cardiomyocytes. Biochimie 87 5 (2005) 457-460
2. Ahmed N., Riley C., and Quinn M.A. An immunohistochemical perspective of PPAR beta and one of its putative targets PDK1 in normal ovaries, benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer 98 8 (2008) 1415-1424
3. Alaynick W.A., Kondo R.P., Xie W., He W., Dufour C.R., Downes M., et al. ERRgamma directs and maintains the transition to oxidative metabolism in the postnatal heart. Cell Metab 6 1 (2007) 13-24
4. Alberti K.G., Eckel R.H., Grundy S.M., Zimmet P.Z., Cleeman J.I., Donato K.A., et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120 16 (2009) 1640-1645
5. Ali F.Y., Davidson S.J., Moraes L.A., Traves S.L., Paul-Clark M., Bishop-Bailey D., et al. Role of nuclear receptor signaling in platelets: antithrombotic effects of PPARbeta. FASEB J 20 2 (2006) 326-328
6. Ali F.Y., Hall M.G., Desvergne B., Warner T.D., and Mitchell J.A. PPARbeta/delta agonists modulate platelet function via a mechanism involving PPAR receptors and specific association/repression of PKCalpha-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29 11 (2009) 1871-1873
7. Allen D.L., Monke S.R., Talmadge R.J., Roy R.R., and Edgerton V.R. Plasticity of myonuclear number in hypertrophied and atrophied mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol 78 5 (1995) 1969-1976
8. Amri E.Z., Bonino F., Ailhaud G., Abumrad N.A., and Grimaldi P.A. Cloning of a protein that mediates transcriptional effects of fatty acids in preadipocytes. Homology to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. J Biol Chem 270 5 (1995) 2367-2371
9. Arany Z., He H., Lin J., Hoyer K., Handschin C., Toka O., et al. Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 alpha controls the energy state and contractile function of cardiac muscle. Cell Metab 1 4 (2005) 259-271
10. Ashrafian H., Frenneaux M.P., and Opie L.H. Metabolic mechanisms in heart failure. Circulation 116 4 (2007) 434-448
11. Barak Y., Liao D., He W., Ong E.S., Nelson M.C., Olefsky J.M., et al. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta on placentation, adiposity, and colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 1 (2002) 303-308
12. Bastie C., Holst D., Gaillard D., Jehl-Pietri C., and Grimaldi P.A. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARdelta promotes induction of PPARgamma and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3C2 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 274 31 (1999) 21920-21925
13. Bastie C., Luquet S., Holst D., Jehl-Pietri C., and Grimaldi P.A. Alterations of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta activity affect fatty acid-controlled adipose differentiation. J Biol Chem 275 49 (2000) 38768-38773
14. Bastie C.C., Nahlé Z., McLoughlin T., Esser K., Zhang W., Unterman T., et al. FoxO1 stimulates fatty acid uptake and oxidation in muscle cells through CD36-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 280 14 (2005) 14222-14229
15. Bedu E., Desplanches D., Pequignot J., Bordier B., and Desvergne B. Double gene deletion reveals the lack of cooperation between PPARalpha and PPARbeta in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 357 4 (2007) 877-881
16. Berger J., Leibowitz M.D., Doebber T.W., Elbrecht A., Zhang B., Zhou G., et al. Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and PPARdelta ligands produce distinct biological effects. J Biol Chem 274 10 (1999) 6718-6725
17. Bishop-Bailey D., and Bystrom J. Emerging roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 124 2 (2009) 141-150
18. Bishop-Bailey D., and Hla T. Endothelial cell apoptosis induced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand 15-deoxy-delta12, 14-prostaglandin J2. J Biol Chem 274 24 (1999) 17042-17048
19. Bishop-Bailey D., and Swales K.E. The role of PPARs in the endothelium: implications for cancer therapy. PPAR Res 2008 (2008) 904251
20. Bortolotto J.W., Margis R., Ferriera A.C., Padoin A.V., Mottin C.C., and Guadagna R.M. Adipose tissue distribution and quantification of PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma1-3 mRNAs: discordant gene expression in subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and visceral adipose tissue of morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 17 7 (2007) 934-940
21. Braissant O., Foufelle F., Scotto C., Dauça M., and Wahli W. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in the adult rat. Endocrinology 137 1 (1996) 354-366
22. Brown P.J., Smith-Oliver T.A., Charifson P.S., Tomkinson N.C., Fivush A.M., Sternbach D.D., et al. Identification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands from a biased chemical library. Chem Biol 4 12 (1997) 909-918
23. Brown P.J., Stuart L.W., Hurley K.P., Lewis M.C., Winegar D.A., Wilson J.G., et al. Identification of a subtype selective human PPARalpha agonist through parallel-array synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11 9 (2001) 1225-1227
24. Bueno O.F., Wilkins B.J., Tymitz K.M., Glascock B.J., Kimball T.F., Lorenz J.N., et al. Impaired cardiac hypertrophic response in calcineurin Abeta-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 7 (2002) 4586-4591
25. Burkart E.M., Sambandam N., Han X., Gross R.W., Courtois M., Gierasch C.M., et al. Nuclear receptors PPARbeta/delta and PPARalpha direct distinct metabolic regulatory programs in the mouse heart. J Clin Invest 117 12 (2007) 3930-3939
26. Buroker N.E., Barboza J., and Huang J.Y. The IkappaBalpha gene is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor cardiac target gene. FEBS J 276 12 (2009) 3247-3255
27. Calle E.E., Rodriguez C., Walker-Thurmond K., and Thun M.J. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 24;348 17 (2003) 1625-1638
28. Carter S.L., Rennie C., and Tarnopolsky M.A. Substrate utilization during endurance exercise in men and women after endurance training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280 (2001) E898-E907
29. Chakkalakal J.V., Miura P., Bélanger G., Michel R.N., and Jasmin B.J. Modulation of utrophin A mRNA stability in fast versus slow muscles via an AU-rich element and calcineurin signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 36 3 (2008) 826-838
30. Cheng L., Ding G., Qin Q., Huang Y., Lewis W., He N., et al. Cardiomyocyte-restricted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta deletion perturbs myocardial fatty acid oxidation and leads to cardiomyopathy. Nat Med 10 11 (2004) 1245-1250
31. Chui P.C., Guan H.P., Lehrke M., and Lazar M.A. PPARgamma regulates adipocyte cholesterol metabolism via oxidized LDL receptor 1. J Clin Invest 115 8 (2005) 2244-2256
32. Chou C.J., Haluzik M., Gregory C., Dietz K.R., Vinson C., Gavrilova O., et al. WY14, 643, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, improves hepatic and muscle steatosis and reverses insulin resistance in lipoatrophic A-ZIP/F-1 mice. J Biol Chem 277 27 (2002) 24484-24489
33. Colangelo L.A., Gapstur S.M., Gann P.H., Dyer A.R., and Liu K. Colorectal cancer mortality and factors related to the insulin resistance syndrome. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 4 (2002) 385-391
34. Compe E., Drané P., Laurent C., Diderich K., Braun C., Hoeijmakers J.H., et al. Dysregulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor target genes by XPD mutations. Mol Cell Biol 25 14 (2005) 6065-6076
35. Cowey S., and Hardy R.W. The metabolic syndrome: a high-risk state for cancer?. Am J Pathol 169 5 (2006) 1505-1522
36. Danesi F., Di Nunzio M., Boschetti E., and Bordoni A. Green tea extract selectively activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta in cultured cardiomyocytes. Br J Nutr 101 12 (2009) 1736-1739
37. Davidson B., Hadar R., Stavnes H.T., Trope' C.G., and Reich R. Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in ovarian carcinoma effusions is associated with poor chemoresponse and shorter survival. Hum Pathol 40 5 (2009) 705-713
38. Debard C., Cozzone D., Ricard N., Vouillarmet J., Disse E., Husson B., et al. Short-term activation of peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta increases fatty acid oxidation but does not restore insulin action in muscle cells from type 2 diabetic patients. J Mol Med 84 9 (2006) 747-752
39. De Duve C. Evolution of the peroxisome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 168 2 (1969) 369-381
40. Degenhardt T., Saramäki A., Malinen M., Rieck M., Väisänen S., Huotari A., et al. Three members of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase gene family are direct targets of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Mol Biol 372 2 (2007) 341-355
41. Di Loreto S., D'Angelo B., D'Amico M.A., Benedetti E., Cristiano L., Cinque B., et al. PPARbeta agonists trigger neuronal differentiation in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. J Cell Physiol 211 3 (2007) 837-847
42. DiRenzo J., Söderstrom M., Kurokawa R., Ogliastro M.H., Ricote M., Ingrey S., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and retinoic acid receptors differentially control the interactions of retinoid X receptor heterodimers with ligands, coactivators, and corepressors. Mol Cell Biol 17 4 (1997) 2166-2176
43. Dressel U., Allen T.L., Pippal J.B., Rohde P.R., Lau P., and Muscat G.E. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta agonist, GW501516, regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells. Mol Endocrinol 17 12 (2003) 2477-2493
44. Dreyer C., Krey G., Keller H., Givel F., Helftenbein G., and Wahli W. Control of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway by a novel family of nuclear hormone receptors. Cell 68 5 (1992) 879-887
45. Dufour C.R., Wilson B.J., Huss J.M., Kelly D.P., Alaynick W.A., Downes M., et al. Genome-wide orchestration of cardiac functions by the orphan nuclear receptors ERRalpha and gamma. Cell Metab 5 5 (2007) 345-356
46. Dulloo A.G., and Samec S. Uncoupling proteins: their roles in adaptive thermogenesis and substrate metabolism reconsidered. Br J Nutr 86 2 (2001) 123-139
47. Fan Y., Wang Y., Tang Z., Zhang H., Qin X., Zhu Y., Guan Y., Wang X., Staels B., Chien S., and Wang N. Suppression of pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules by PPAR-delta in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 2 (2008) 315-321
48. Fauti T., Müller-Brüsselbach S., Kreutzer M., Rieck M., Meissner W., Rapp U., et al. Induction of PPARbeta and prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis by Raf signaling: failure of PGI2 to activate PPARbeta. FEBS J 273 1 (2006) 170-179
49. Feige J.N., Gelman L., Michalik L., Desvergne B., and Wahli W. From molecular action to physiological outputs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions. Prog Lipid Res 45 2 (2006) 120-159
50. Feige J.N., Gelman L., Tudor C., Engelborghs Y., Wahli W., and Desvergne B. Fluorescence imaging reveals the nuclear behavior of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/retinoid X receptor heterodimers in the absence and presence of ligand. J Biol Chem 280 18 (2005) 17880-17890
51. Forman B.M., Chen J., and Evans R.M. Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 9 (1997) 4312-4317
52. Foreman J.E., Sorg J.M., McGinnis K.S., Rigas B., Williams J.L., Clapper M.L., et al. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta by the APC/beta-CATENIN pathway and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Mol Carcinog 48 10 (2009) 942-952
53. Friedlander A.L., Casazza G.A., Horning M.A., Huie M.J., Piacentini M.F., Trimmer J.K., et al. Training-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in women: women respond differently from men. J Appl Physiol 85 (1998) 1175-1186
54. Frohnert B.I., Hui T.Y., and Bernlohr D.A. Identification of a functional peroxisome proliferator-responsive element in the murine fatty acid transport protein gene. J Biol Chem 274 7 (1999) 3970-3977
55. Fu M., Rao M., Bouras T., Wang C., Wu K., Zhang X., et al. Cyclin D1 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated adipogenesis through histone deacetylase recruitment. J Biol Chem 280 17 (2005) 16934-16941
56. Fukumoto K., Yano Y., Virgona N., Hagiwara H., Sato H., Senba H., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta as a molecular target to regulate lung cancer cell growth. FEBS Lett 579 17 (2005) 3829-3836
57. Gaudel C., Schwartz C., Giordano C., Abumrad N.A., and Grimaldi P.A. Pharmacological activation of PPARbeta promotes rapid and calcineurin-dependent fiber remodeling and angiogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295 2 (2008) E297-E304
58. Gearing K.L., Göttlicher M., Teboul M., Widmark E., and Gustafsson J.A. Interaction of the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor and retinoid X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 4 (1993) 1440-1444
59. Ghosh M., Ai Y., Narko K., Wang Z., Peters J.M., and Hla T. PPARdelta is pro-tumorigenic in a mouse model of COX-2-induced mammary cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 88 3-4 (2009) 97-100
60. Giordano C., Rousseau A.S., Wagner N., Gaudel C., Murdaca J., Jehl-Piétri C., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta activation promotes myonuclear accretion in skeletal muscle of adult and aged mice. Pflugers Arch 458 5 (2009) 901-913
61. Girroir E.E., Hollingshead H.E., Billin A.N., Willson T.M., Robertson G.P., Sharma A.K., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) ligands inhibit growth of UACC903 and MCF7 human cancer cell lines. Toxicology 243 1-2 (2008) 236-243
62. Girroir E.E., Hollingshead H.E., He P., Zhu B., Perdew G.H., and Peters J.M. Quantitative expression patterns of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) protein in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 371 3 (2008) 456-461
63. Gizard F., Amant C., Barbier O., Bellosta S., Robillard R., Percevault F., et al. PPAR alpha inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation underlying intimal hyperplasia by inducing the tumor suppressor p16INK4a. J Clin Invest 115 11 (2005) 3228-3238
64. Glinghammar B., Skogsberg J., Hamsten A., and Ehrenborg E. PPARdelta activation induces COX-2 gene expression and cell proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 308 2 (2003) 361-368
65. Graham T.L., Mookherjee C., Suckling K.E., Palmer C.N., and Patel L. The PPARdelta agonist GW0742X reduces atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice. Atherosclerosis 181 1 (2005) 29-37
66. Grimaldi P.A. Regulatory functions of PPARbeta in metabolism: implications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta 1771 8 (2007) 983-990
67. Guerre-Millo M., Gervois P., Raspé E., Madsen L., Poulain P., Derudas B., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators improve insulin sensitivity and reduce adiposity. J Biol Chem 275 22 (2000) 16638-16642
68. Gulick T., Cresci S., Caira T., Moore D.D., and Kelly D.P. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative enzyme gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 23 (1994) 11012-11016
69. Guan H.P., Ishizuka T., Chui P.C., Lehrke M., and Lazar M.A. Corepressors selectively control the transcriptional activity of PPARgamma in adipocytes. Genes Dev 19 4 (2005) 453-461
70. Gupta R.A., Tan J., Krause W.F., Geraci M.W., Willson T.M., Dey S.K., et al. Prostacyclin-mediated activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 24 (2000) 13275-13280
71. Gupta R.A., Wang D., Katkuri S., Wang H., Dey S.K., and DuBois R.N. Activation of nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta accelerates intestinal adenoma growth. Nat Med 10 3 (2004) 245-247
72. Hall G., Hasday J.D., and Rogers T.B. Regulating the regulator: NF-kappaB signaling in heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 41 4 (2006) 580-591
73. Ham S.A., Kim H.J., Kim H.J., Kang E.S., Eun S.Y., Kim G.H., et al. PPARdelta promotes wound healing by upregulating TGF-beta1-dependent or -independent expression of extracellular matrix proteins. J Cell Mol Med (2009) [Electronic publication ahead of print]
74. Han J.K., Lee H.S., Yang H.M., Hur J., Jun S.I., Kim J.Y., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist enhances vasculogenesis by regulating endothelial progenitor cells through genomic and nongenomic activations of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Circulation 118 10 (2008) 1021-1033
75. Han C., Lim K., Xu L., Li G., and Wu T. Regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway by cPLA2alpha and PPARdelta. J Cell Biochem 105 2 (2008) 534-545
76. Han S., Ritzenthaler J.D., Sun X., Zheng Y., and Roman J. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta induces lung cancer growth via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator gamma-1alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 40 3 (2009) 325-331
77. Han S., Ritzenthaler J.D., Wingerd B., and Roman J. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) increases the expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP4. The roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta. J Biol Chem 280 39 (2005) 33240-33249
78. Han S., Ritzenthaler J.D., Zheng Y., and Roman J. PPARbeta/delta agonist stimulates human lung carcinoma cell growth through inhibition of PTEN expression: the involvement of PI3K and NF-kappaB signals. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294 6 (2008) L1238-L1249
79. Harman F.S., Nicol C.J., Marin H.E., Ward J.M., Gonzalez F.J., and Peters J.M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta attenuates colon carcinogenesis. Nat Med 10 5 (2004) 481-483
80. Hase T., Yoshimura R., Mitsuhashi M., Segawa Y., Kawahito Y., Wada S., et al. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in human testicular cancer and growth inhibition by its agonists. Urology 60 3 (2002) 542-547
81. He W., Barak Y., Hevener A., Olson P., Liao D., Le J., et al. Adipose-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma knockout causes insulin resistance in fat and liver but not in muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 26 (2003) 15712-15717
82. He P., Borland M.G., Zhu B., Sharma A.K., Amin S., El-Bayoumy K., et al. Effect of ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) in human lung cancer cell lines. Toxicology 254 1-2 (2008) 112-117
83. He T.C., Chan T.A., Vogelstein B., and Kinzler K.W. PPARdelta is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cell 99 3 (1999) 335-345
84. Heineke J., and Molkentin J.D. Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular signalling pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7 8 (2006) 589-600
85. Hellemans K., Michalik L., Dittie A., Knorr A., Rombouts K., De Jong J., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta signaling contributes to enhanced proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 124 1 (2003) 184-201
86. Hevener A.L., He W., Barak Y., Le J., Bandyopadhyay G., Olson P., et al. Muscle-specific Pparg deletion causes insulin resistance. Nat Med 9 12 (2003) 1491-1497
87. Hollingshead H.E., Borland M.G., Billin A.N., Willson T.M., Gonzalez F.J., and Peters J.M. Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) and inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) attenuate colon carcinogenesis through independent signaling mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 29 1 (2008) 169-176
88. Hollingshead H.E., Killins R.L., Borland M.G., Girroir E.E., Billin A.N., Willson T.M., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) ligands do not potentiate growth of human cancer cell lines. Carcinogenesis 28 12 (2007) 2641-2649
89. Holst D., Luquet S., Kristiansen K., and Grimaldi P.A. Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors delta and gamma in myoblast transdifferentiation. Exp Cell Res 288 1 (2003) 168-176
90. Holst D., Luquet S., Nogueira V., Kristiansen K., Leverve X., and Grimaldi P.A. Nutritional regulation and role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta in fatty acid catabolism in skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 1633 1 (2003) 43-50
91. Horard B., and Vanacker J.M. Estrogen receptor-related receptors: orphan receptors desperately seeking a ligand. J Mol Endocrinol 31 3 (2003) 349-357
92. Hsu I.R., Kim S.P., Kabir M., and Bergman R.N. Metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 86 3 (2007) s867-s871
93. Huss J.M., Imahashi K., Dufour C.R., Weinheimer C.J., Courtois M., Kovacs A., et al. The nuclear receptor ERRalpha is required for the bioenergetic and functional adaptation to cardiac pressure overload. Cell Metab 6 1 (2007) 25-37
94. Huss J.M., and Kelly D.P. Nuclear receptor signaling and cardiac energetics. Circ Res 95 6 (2004) 568-578
95. Huss J.M., Kopp R.P., and Kelly D.P. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) coactivates the cardiac-enriched nuclear receptors estrogen-related receptor-alpha and -gamma. Identification of novel leucine-rich interaction motif within PGC-1alpha. J Biol Chem 277 43 (2002) 40265-40274
96. Huss J.M., Torra I.P., Staels B., Giguère V., and Kelly D.P. Estrogen-related receptor alpha directs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha signaling in the transcriptional control of energy metabolism in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biol 24 20 (2004) 9079-9091
97. Ijpenberg A., Tan N.S., Gelman L., Kersten S., Seydoux J., Xu J., et al. In vivo activation of PPAR target genes by RXR homodimers. EMBO J 23 10 (2004) 2083-2091
98. Issemann I., and Green S. Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 347 6294 (1990) 645-650
99. Issemann I., Prince R., Tugwood J., and Green S. A role for fatty acids and liver fatty acid binding protein in peroxisome proliferation?. Biochem Soc Trans 20 4 (1992) 824-827
100. Issemann I., Prince R.A., Tugwood J.D., and Green S. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor:retinoid X receptor heterodimer is activated by fatty acids and fibrate hypolipidaemic drugs. J Mol Endocrinol 11 1 (1993) 37-47
101. Iwashita A., Muramatsu Y., Yamazaki T., Muramoto M., Kita Y., Yamazaki S., et al. Neuroprotective efficacy of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta-selective agonists in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320 3 (2007) 1087-1096
102. Jaggers J.R., Sui X., Hooker S.P., LaMonte M.J., Matthews C.E., Hand G.A., et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer mortality in men. Eur J Cancer 45 10 (2009) 1831-1838
103. Jee S.H., Ohrr H., Sull J.W., Yun J.E., Ji M., and Samet J.M. Fasting serum glucose level and cancer risk in Korean men and women. JAMA 293 2 (2005) 194-202
104. Jia Y., Qi C., Kashireddi P., Surapureddi S., Zhu Y.J., Rao M.S., et al. Transcription coactivator PBP, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding protein, is required for PPARalpha-regulated gene expression in liver. J Biol Chem 279 23 (2004) 24427-24434
105. Jimenez R., Sanchez M., Zarzuelo M.J., Romero M., Quintela A.M., Lopez-Sepulveda R., et al. Endothelium-dependent vasodilator effects of PPAR {beta} agonists via the PI3K-Akt pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2009, Nov 11) Electronic publication ahead of print
106. Juge-Aubry C., Pernin A., Favez T., Burger A.G., Wahli W., Meier C.A., et al. DNA binding properties of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes on various natural peroxisome proliferator response elements. Importance of the 5′-flanking region. J Biol Chem 272 40 (1997) 25252-25259
107. Kang K., Reilly S.M., Karabacak V., Gangl M.R., Fitzgerald K., Hatano B., et al. Adipocyte-derived Th2 cytokines and myeloid PPARdelta regulate macrophage polarization and insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab 7 6 (2008) 485-495
108. Keith R.L., Miller Y.E., Hoshikawa Y., Moore M.D., Gesell T.L., Gao B., et al. Manipulation of pulmonary prostacyclin synthase expression prevents murine lung cancer. Cancer Res 62 3 (2002) 734-740
109. Keith R.L., Miller Y.E., Hudish T.M., Girod C.E., Sotto-Santiago S., Franklin W.A., et al. Pulmonary prostacyclin synthase overexpression chemoprevents tobacco smoke lung carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Res 64 16 (2004) 5897-5904
110. Keller H., Dreyer C., Medin J., Mahfoudi A., Ozato K., and Wahli W. Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 6 (1993) 2160-2164
111. Kersten S., Seydoux J., Peters J.M., Gonzalez F.J., Desvergne B., and Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates the adaptive response to fasting. J Clin Invest 103 11 (1999) 1489-1498
112. Kim H., Haluzik M., Asghar Z., Yau D., Joseph J.W., Fernandez A.M., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist treatment in a transgenic model of type 2 diabetes reverses the lipotoxic state and improves glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 52 7 (2003) 1770-1778
113. Kim H.J., Ham S.A., Kim S.U., Hwang J.Y., Kim J.H., Chang K.C., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a molecular target for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. Circ Res 102 2 (2008) 193-200
114. Kim H.J., Kim M.Y., Jin H., Kim H.J., Kang S.S., Kim H.J., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta regulates extracellular matrix and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells through the activation of transforming growth factor-{beta}1/Smad3. Circ Res 105 1 (2009) 16-24
115. Kleiner S., Nguyen-Tran V., Baré O., Huang X., Spiegelman B., and Wu Z. PPAR{delta} agonism activates fatty acid oxidation via PGC-1{alpha} but does not increase mitochondrial gene expression and function. J Biol Chem 284 28 (2009) 18624-18633
116. Kliewer S.A., Umesono K., Noonan D.J., Heyman R.A., and Evans R.M. Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors. Nature 358 6389 (1992) 771-774
117. Klimcakova E., Moro C., Mazzucotelli A., Lolmède K., Viguerie N., Galitzky J., et al. Profiling of adipokines secreted from human subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to PPAR agonists. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 358 3 (2007) 897-902
118. Kubota N., Terauchi Y., Miki H., Tamemoto H., Yamauchi T., Komeda K., et al. PPAR gamma mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance. Mol Cell 4 4 (1999) 597-609
119. La Vecchia C., Negri E., Franceschi S., D'Avanzo B., and Boyle P. A case-control study of diabetes mellitus and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 70 5 (1994) 950-953
120. Lee C.H., Olson P., Hevener A., Mehl I., Chong L.W., Olefsky J.M., et al. PPARdelta regulates glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 9 (2006) 3444-3449
121. Lefebvre P., Chinetti G., Fruchart J.C., and Staels B. Sorting out the roles of PPAR alpha in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis. J Clin Invest 116 3 (2006) 571-580
122. Lehman J.J., Barger P.M., Kovacs A., Saffitz J.E., Medeiros D.M., and Kelly D.P. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 promotes cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis. J Clin Invest 106 7 (2000) 847-856
123. Letavernier E., Perez J., Joye E., Bellocq A., Fouqueray B., Haymann J.P., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta exerts a strong protection from ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 8 (2005) 2395-2402
124. Li P., Akimoto T., Zhang M., Williams R.S., and Yan Z. Resident stem cells are not required for exercise-induced fiber-type switching and angiogenesis but are necessary for activity-dependent muscle growth. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290 6 (2006) C1461-C1468
125. Liou J.Y., Lee S., Ghelani D., Matijevic-Aleksic N., and Wu K.K. Protection of endothelial survival by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta mediated 14-3-3 upregulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 7 (2006) 1481-1487
126. Luquet S., Lopez-Soriano J., Holst D., Fredenrich A., Melki J., Rassoulzadegan M., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta controls muscle development and oxidative capability. FASEB J 17 15 (2003) 2299-2301
127. Maher A.C., Fu M.H., Isfort R.J., Varbanov A.R., Qu X.A., and Tarnopolsky M.A. Sex differences in global mRNA content of human skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE 4 7 (2009) e6335
128. Mandard S., Zandbergen F., Tan N.S., Escher P., Patsouris D., Koenig W., et al. The direct peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor target fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF/PGAR/ANGPTL4) is present in blood plasma as a truncated protein that is increased by fenofibrate treatment. J Biol Chem 279 33 (2004) 34411-34420
129. Marin H.E., Peraza M.A., Billin A.N., Willson T.M., Ward J.M., Kennett M.J., et al. Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta inhibits colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 66 8 (2006) 4394-4401
130. Matsusue K., Miyoshi A., Yamano S., and Gonzalez F.J. Ligand-activated PPARbeta efficiently represses the induction of LXR-dependent promoter activity through competition with RXR. Mol Cell Endocrinol 256 1-2 (2006) 23-33
131. Matsuura H., Adachi H., Smart R.C., Xu X., Arata J., and Jetten A.M. Correlation between expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta and squamous differentiation in epidermal and tracheobronchial epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 147 1-2 (1999) 85-92
132. Michalik L., Auwerx J., Berger J.P., Chatterjee V.K., Glass C.K., Gonzalez F.J., et al. International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 58 4 (2006) 726-741
133. Michalik L., Desvergne B., Tan N.S., Basu-Modak S., Escher P., Rieusset J., et al. Impaired skin wound healing in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARbeta mutant mice. J Cell Biol 154 4 (2001) 799-814
134. Michalik L., and Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in skin health, repair and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1771 8 (2007) 991-998
135. Minatoli L., Antonuccio P., Polito F., Bitto A., Squadrito F., Irrora N., et al. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor beta/delta activation prevents extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and protects the testis from ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Urol 181 4 (2009) 1913-1921
136. Miura P., Chakkalakal J.V., Boudreault L., Bélanger G., Hébert R.L., Renaud J.M., et al. Pharmacological activation of PPAR{beta}/{delta} stimulates utrophin A expression in skeletal muscle fibers and restores sarcolemmal integrity in mature mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 18 23 (2009) 4640-4649
137. Montessuit C., Papageorgiou I., and Lerch R. Nuclear receptor agonists improve insulin responsiveness in cultured cardiomyocytes through enhanced signaling and preserved cytoskeletal architecture. Endocrinology 149 3 (2008) 1064-1074
138. Mu J., Brozinick Jr. J.T., Valladares O., Bucan M., and Birnbaum M.J. A role for AMP-activated protein kinase in contraction- and hypoxia-regulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell 7 5 (2001) 1085-1094
139. Mukundan L., Odegaard J.I., Morel C.R., Heredia J.E., Mwangi J.W., Ricardo-Gonzalez R.R., et al. PPAR-delta senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance. Nat Med 15 11 (2009) 1266-1272
140. Müller R., Rieck M., and Müller-Brüsselbach S. Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by PPARbeta/delta. PPAR Res 2008 (2008) 614852
141. Müller-Brüsselbach S., Ebrahimsade S., Jäkel J., Eckhardt J., Rapp U.R., Peters J.M., et al. Growth of transgenic RAF-induced lung adenomas is increased in mice with a disrupted PPARbeta/delta gene. Int J Oncol 31 3 (2007) 607-611
142. Müller-Brüsselbach S., Kömhoff M., Rieck M., Meissner W., Kaddatz K., Adamkiewicz J., et al. Deregulation of tumor angiogenesis and blockade of tumor growth in PPARbeta-deficient mice. EMBO J 26 15 (2007) 3686-3698
143. Munemitsu S., Albert I., Souza B., Rubinfeld B., and Polakis P. Regulation of intracellular beta-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 7 (1995) 3046-3050
144. Nahlé Z., Hsieh M., Pietka T., Coburn C.T., Grimaldi P.A., Zhang M.Q., et al. CD36-dependent regulation of muscle FoxO1 and PDK4 in the PPAR delta/beta-mediated adaptation to metabolic stress. J Biol Chem 283 21 (2008) 14317-14326
145. Narkar V.A., Downes M., Yu R.T., Embler E., Wang Y.X., Banayo E., et al. AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics. Cell 134 3 (2008) 405-415
146. Nuclear Receptors Nomenclature Committee. A unified nomenclature system for the nuclear receptor superfamily. Cell 97 2 (1999) 161-163
147. Oka T., Xu J., and Molkentin J.D. Re-employment of developmental transcription factors in adult heart disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 18 1 (2007) 117-131
148. Oliver Jr. W.R., Shenk J.L., Snaith M.R., Russell C.S., Plunket K.D., Bodkin N.L., et al. A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 9 (2001) 5306-5311
149. Ou Y.C., Yang C.R., Cheng C.L., Raung S.L., Hung Y.Y., and Chen C.J. Indomethacin induces apoptosis in 786-O renal cell carcinoma cells by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and AKT. Eur J Pharmacol 563 1-3 (2007) 49-60
150. Palmer C.N., Hsu M.H., Griffin H.J., and Johnson E.F. Novel sequence determinants in peroxisome proliferator signaling. J Biol Chem 270 27 (1995) 16114-16121
151. Pan D., Fujimoto M., Lopes A., and Wang Y.X. Twist-1 is a PPARdelta-inducible, negative-feedback regulator of PGC-1alpha in brown fat metabolism. Cell 137 1 (2009) 73-86
152. Park B.H., Vogelstein B., and Kinzler K.W. Genetic disruption of PPARdelta decreases the tumorigenicity of human colon cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 5 (2001) 2598-2603
153. Pascual G., Fong A.L., Ogawa S., Gamliel A., Li A.C., Perissi V., et al. A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR-gamma. Nature 437 7059 (2005) 759-763
154. Pedchenko T.V., Gonzalez A.L., Wang D., DuBois R.N., and Massion P.P. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta expression and activation in lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 39 6 (2008) 689-696
155. Pellieux C., Montessuit C., Papageorgiou I., and Lerch R. Inactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms alpha, beta/delta, and gamma mediate distinct facets of hypertrophic transformation of adult cardiac myocytes. Pflugers Arch 455 3 (2007) 443-454
156. Pellieux C., Montessuit C., Papageorgiou I., and Lerch R. Angiotensin II downregulates the fatty acid oxidation pathway in adult rat cardiomyocytes via release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Cardiovasc Res 1;82 2 (2009) 341-350
157. Pesant M., Sueur S., Dutartre P., Tallandier M., Grimaldi P.A., Rochette L., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) activation protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 69 2 (2006) 440-449
158. Peters J.M., and Gonzalez F.J. Sorting out the functional role(s) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) in cell proliferation and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1796 2 (2009) 230-241
159. Peters J.M., Hollingshead H.E., and Gonzalez F.J. Role of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) in gastrointestinal tract function and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 115 4 (2008) 107-127
160. Peters J.M., Lee S.S., Li W., Ward J.M., Gavrilova O., Everett C., et al. Growth, adipose, brain, and skin alterations resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta(delta). Mol Cell Biol 20 14 (2000) 5119-5128
161. Piqueras L., Reynolds A.R., Hodivala-Dilke K.M., Alfranca A., Redondo J.M., Hatae T., et al. Activation of PPARbeta/delta induces endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 1 (2007) 63-69
162. Planavila A., Laguna J.C., and Vázquez-Carrera M. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation leads to down-regulation of fatty acid oxidation during cardiac hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 280 17 (2005) 17464-17471
163. Planavila A., Rodríguez-Calvo R., Jové M., Michalik L., Wahli W., Laguna J.C., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta activation inhibits hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 65 4 (2005) 832-841
164. Puigserver P., Wu Z., Park C.W., Graves R., Wright M., and Spiegelman B.M. A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell 92 6 (1998) 829-839
165. Qi C., Zhu Y., and Reddy J.K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, coactivators, and downstream targets. Cell Biochem Biophys (2000, Spring) 187-204
166. Reed K.R., Sansom O.J., Hayes A.J., Gescher A.J., Winton D.J., Peters J.M., et al. PPARdelta status and Apc-mediated tumourigenesis in the mouse intestine. Oncogene 23 55 (2004) 8992-8996
167. Rieck M., Wedeken L., Müller-Brüsselbach S., Meissner W., and Müller R. Expression level and agonist-binding affect the turnover, ubiquitination and complex formation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor beta. FEBS J 274 19 (2007) 5068-5076
168. Risérus U., Sprecher D., Johnson T., Olson E., Hirschberg S., Liu A., et al. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)delta promotes reversal of multiple metabolic abnormalities, reduces oxidative stress, and increases fatty acid oxidation in moderately obese men. Diabetes 57 2 (2008) 332-339
169. Rivier M., Safonova I., Lebrun P., Griffiths C.E., Ailhaud G., and Michel S. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes during the differentiation of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 111 6 (1998) 1116-1121
170. Rodríguez-Calvo R., Serrano L., Coll T., Moullan N., Sánchez R.M., Merlos M., et al. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in adipocytes by lowering nuclear factor-kappaB activity via extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2. Diabetes 57 8 (2008) 2149-2157
171. Rosen E.D., Sarraf P., Troy A.E., Bradwin G., Moore K., Milstone D.S., et al. PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell 4 4 (1999) 611-617
172. Roy R.R., Monke S.R., Allen D.L., and Edgerton V.R. Modulation of myonuclear number in functionally overloaded and exercised rat plantaris fibers. J Appl Physiol 87 2 (1999) 634-642
173. Russell A.P., Hesselink M.K., Lo S.K., and Schrauwen P. Regulation of metabolic transcriptional co-activators and transcription factors with acute exercise. FASEB J 19 8 (2005) 986-988
174. Schmuth M., Jiang Y.J., Dubrac S., Elias P.M., and Feingold K.R. Thematic review series: skin lipids. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptors in epidermal biology. J Lipid Res 49 3 (2008) 499-509
175. Schoonjans K., Peinado-Onsurbe J., Lefebvre A.M., Heyman R.A., Briggs M., Deeb S., et al. PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators direct a distinct tissue-specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene. EMBO J 15 19 (1996) 5336-5348
176. Schoonjans K., Watanabe M., Suzuki H., Mahfoudi A., Krey G., Wahli W., et al. Induction of the acyl-coenzyme A synthetase gene by fibrates and fatty acids is mediated by a peroxisome proliferator response element in the C promoter. J Biol Chem 270 33 (1995) 19269-19276
177. Schreiber S.N., Knutti D., Brogli K., Uhlmann T., and Kralli A. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 regulates the expression and activity of the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha). J Biol Chem 278 11 (2003) 9013-9018
178. Schug T.T., Berry D.C., Shaw N.S., Travis S.N., and Noy N. Opposing effects of retinoic acid on cell growth result from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors. Cell 129 4 (2007) 723-733
179. Schug T.T., Berry D.C., Toshkov I.A., Cheng L., Nikitin A.Y., and Noy N. Overcoming retinoic acid-resistance of mammary carcinomas by diverting retinoic acid from PPARbeta/delta to RAR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 21 (2008) 7546-7551
180. Schuler M., Ali F., Chambon C., Duteil D., Bornert J.M., Tardivel A., et al. PGC1alpha expression is controlled in skeletal muscles by PPARbeta, whose ablation results in fiber-type switching, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab 4 5 (2006) 407-414
181. Sérée E., Villard P.H., Pascussi J.M., Pineau T., Maurel P., Nguyen Q.B., et al. Evidence for a new human CYP1A1 regulation pathway involving PPAR-alpha and 2 PPRE sites. Gastroenterology 127 5 (2004) 1436-1445
182. Shaw N., Elholm M., and Noy N. Retinoic acid is a high affinity selective ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Biol Chem 278 43 (2003) 41589-41592
183. Shearer B.G., Steger D.J., Way J.M., Stanley T.B., Lobe D.C., Grillot D.A., et al. Identification and characterization of a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (NR1C2) antagonist. Mol Endocrinol 22 2 (2008) 523-529
184. Sheng L., Ye P., Liu Y.X., Han C.G., and Zhang Z.Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta activation improves angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. Clin Exp Hypertens 30 2 (2008) 109-119
185. Shimizu M., Takeshita A., Tsukamoto T., Gonzalez F.J., and Osumi T. Tissue-selective, bidirectional regulation of PEX11 alpha and perilipin genes through a common peroxisome proliferator response element. Mol Cell Biol 24 3 (2004) 1313-1323
186. Spangenburg E.E., Brown D.A., Johnson M.S., and Moore R.L. Alterations in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor mRNA expression in skeletal muscle after acute and repeated bouts of exercise. Mol Cell Biochem 332 1-2 (2009) 225-231
187. Sprecher D.L., Massien C., Pearce G., Billin A.N., Perlstein I., Willson T.M., Hassall D.G., Ancellin N., Patterson S.D., Lobe D.C., and Johnson T.G. Triglyceride:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol effects in healthy subjects administered a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta agonist. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 2 (2007) 359-365
188. Staiger H., Haas C., Machann J., Werner R., Weisser M., Schick F., et al. Muscle-derived angiopoietin-like protein 4 is induced by fatty acids via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-delta and is of metabolic relevance in humans. Diabetes 58 3 (2009) 579-589
189. Stephen R.L., Gustafsson M.C., Jarvis M., Tatoud R., Marshall B.R., Knight D., et al. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta stimulates the proliferation of human breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 64 9 (2004) 3162-3170
190. Suchanek K.M., May F.J., Lee W.J., Holman N.A., and Roberts-Thomson S.J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta expression in human breast epithelial cell lines of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic origin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 34 9 (2002) 1051-1058
191. Suhara W., Koide H., Okuzawa T., Hayashi D., Hashimoto T., and Kojo H. Cow's milk increases the activities of human nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta and retinoid X receptor alpha involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, obesity, and inflammation. J Dairy Sci 92 9 (2009) 4180-4187
192. Sun X., Ritzenthaler J.D., Zhong X., Zheng Y., Roman J., and Han S. Nicotine stimulates PPARbeta/delta expression in human lung carcinoma cells through activation of PI3K/mTOR and suppression of AP-2alpha. Cancer Res 15;69 16 (2009) 6445-6453
193. Sznaidman M.L., Haffner C.D., Maloney P.R., Fivush A., Chao E., Goreham D., et al. Novel selective small molecule agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta)-synthesis and biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13 9 (2003) 1517-1521
194. Tan N.S., Michalik L., Noy N., Yasmin R., Pacot C., Heim M., et al. Critical roles of PPAR beta/delta in keratinocyte response to inflammation. Genes Dev 15 24 (2001) 3263-3277
195. Tanaka T., Yamamoto J., Iwasaki S., Asaba H., Hamura H., Ikeda Y., et al. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta induces fatty acid beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle and attenuates metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 26 (2003) 15924-15929
196. Tarnopolsky L.J., MacDougall J.D., Atkinson S.A., Tarnopolsky M.A., and Sutton J.R. Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 68 (1990) 302-308
197. Teboul L., Febbraio M., Gaillard D., Amri E.Z., Silverstein R., and Grimaldi P.A. Structural and functional characterization of the mouse fatty acid translocase promoter: activation during adipose differentiation. Biochem J 360 Pt 2 (2001) 305-312
198. Tong B.J., Tan J., Tajeda L., Das S.K., Chapman J.A., DuBois R.N., et al. Heightened expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta in human endometrial adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2 6 (2000) 483-490
199. Tontonoz P., Hu E., and Spiegelman B.M. Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPAR gamma 2, a lipid-activated transcription factor. Cell 79 7 (1994) 1147-1156
200. Trevisan M., Liu J., Muti P., Misciagna G., Menotti A., Fucci F., and Risk Factors and Life Expectancy Research Group. Markers of insulin resistance and colorectal cancer mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10 9 (2001) 937-941
201. Varnat F., Heggeler B.B., Grisel P., Boucard N., Corthésy-Theulaz I., Wahli W., et al. PPARbeta/delta regulates paneth cell differentiation via controlling the hedgehog signaling pathway. Gastroenterology 131 2 (2006) 538-553
202. Wagner N., Jehl-Piétri C., Lopez P., Murdaca J., Giordano C., Schwartz C., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta stimulation induces rapid cardiac growth and angiogenesis via direct activation of calcineurin. Cardiovasc Res 83 1 (2009) 61-71
203. Wang Y.X., Lee C.H., Tiep S., Yu R.T., Ham J., Kang H., et al. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity. Cell 113 2 (2003) 159-170
204. Wang D., Wang H., Guo Y., Ning W., Katkuri S., Wahli W., et al. Crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and VEGF stimulates cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 50 (2006) 19069-19074
205. Wang D., Wang H., Shi Q., Katkuri S., Walhi W., Desvergne B., et al. Prostaglandin E(2) promotes colorectal adenoma growth via transactivation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. Cancer Cell 6 3 (2004) 285-295
206. Westergaard M., Henningsen J., Svendsen M.L., Johansen C., Jensen U.B., Schrøder H.D., et al. Modulation of keratinocyte gene expression and differentiation by PPAR-selective ligands and tetradecylthioacetic acid. J Invest Dermatol 116 5 (2001) 702-712
207. Willson T.M., Brown P.J., Sternbach D.D., and Henke B.R. The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J Med Chem 43 4 (2000) 527-550
208. Xu H.E., Lambert M.H., Montana V.G., Parks D.J., Blanchard S.G., Brown P.J., et al. Molecular recognition of fatty acids by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Mol Cell 3 3 (1999) 397-403
209. Xu L., Han C., Lim K., and Wu T. Cross-talk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha/cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E(2) signaling pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 66 24 (2006) 11859-11868
210. Yang X.Y., Yang T.T., Schubert W., Factor S.M., and Chow C.W. Dosage-dependent transcriptional regulation by the calcineurin/NFAT signaling in developing myocardium transition. Dev Biol 303 2 (2007) 825-837
211. Yin Y., Russell R.G., Dettin L.E., Bai R., Wei Z.L., Kozikowski A.P., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and gamma agonists differentially alter tumor differentiation and progression during mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 65 9 (2005) 3950-3957
212. Yu J., Leung W.K., Chen J., Ebert M.P., Malfertheiner P., and Sung J.J. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta in human gastric cancer and its response to specific COX-2 inhibitor. Cancer Lett 223 1 (2005) 11-17
213. Yu S., and Reddy J.K. Transcription coactivators for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1771 8 (2007) 936-951
214. Zhang H., Pi R., Li R., Wang P., Tang F., Zhou S., et al. PPARbeta/delta activation inhibits angiotensin II-induced collagen type I expression in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 460 1 (2007) 25-32
215. Zuo X., Peng Z., Moussalli M.J., Morris J.S., Broaddus R.R., Fischer S.M., et al. Targeted genetic disruption of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta and colonic tumorigenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 20;101 10 (2009) 762-767