Regulation of human mast cell and basophil function by anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a

Immunology Letters

Volumn 128, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 36-45

  Ali, Hydar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anaphylatoxin; Asthma; Basophil; C3a; C5a; Complement; Desensitization; G protein; Mast cell; Priming; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; ANAPHYLATOXIN; BETA ARRESTIN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3A; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5A; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 3;

ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC DISEASE; B LYMPHOCYTE; BASOPHIL; BRONCHOSPASM; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CROSS LINKING; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DENDRITIC CELL; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOREGULATION; MAST CELL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; TH2 CELL;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; BASOPHILS; CELL DEGRANULATION; COMPLEMENT C3A; COMPLEMENT C5A; DESENSITIZATION, IMMUNOLOGIC; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LUNG; MAST CELLS; MICE; RATS; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 74649083669     PISSN: 01652478     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.007     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Beaven M.A., and Hundley TR. Mast cell related diseases: genetics, signaling pathways, and novel therapies. In: Finkel T.H., and Gutkind J.S. (Eds). Signal Transduction and Human Disease (2003), John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ 307-355
2. US CDC. Forecasted state-specific estimates of self reported asthma prevalence-United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 (1998) 1022-1025
3. Tarantini F., Baiardini I., Passalacqua G., Braido F., and Canonica G.W. Asthma treatment: 'magic bullets which seek their own targets'. Allergy 62 (2007) 605-610
4. Kuhn R. Immunoglobulin E blockade in the treatment of asthma. Pharmacotherapy 27 (2007) 1412-1424
5. Djukanovic R., Wilson S.J., Kraft M., Jarjour N.N., Steel M., Chung K.F., et al. Effects of treatment with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody omalizumab on airway inflammation in allergic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 583-593
6. Masuda E.S., and Schmitz J. Syk inhibitors as treatment for allergic rhinitis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 21 (2008) 461-467
7. Meltzer E.O., Berkowitz R.B., and Grossbard E.B. An intranasal Syk-kinase inhibitor (R112) improves the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis in a park environment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115 (2005) 791-796
8. 4 generation in human basophils: difference in characteristics between acute and late priming effects. J Immunol 164 (2000) 3026-3034
9. Humbles A.A., Lu B., Nilsson C.A., Lilly C., Israel E., Fujiwara Y., et al. A role for the C3a anaphylatoxin receptor in the effector phase of asthma. Nature 406 (2000) 998-1001
10. Drouin S.M., Kildsgaard J., Haviland J., Zabner J., Jia H.P., McCray Jr. P.B., et al. Expression of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a receptors on bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells in models of sepsis and asthma. J Immunol 166 (2001) 2025-2032
11. Zwirner J., Gotze O., Begemann G., Kapp A., Kirchhoff K., and Werfel T. Evaluation of C3a receptor expression on human leucocytes by the use of novel monoclonal antibodies. Immunology 97 (1999) 166-172
12. Bischoff S.C., de Weck A.L., and Dahinden C.A. Interleukin 3 and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor render human basophils responsive to low concentrations of complement component C3a. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 (1990) 6813-6817
13. Zhang X., Lewkowich I.P., Kohl G., Clark J.R., Wills-Karp M., and Kohl J. A protective role for C5a in the development of allergic asthma associated with altered levels of B7-H1 and B7-DC on plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol 182 (2009) 5123-5130
14. Lambrecht B.N. An unexpected role for the anaphylatoxin C5a receptor in allergic sensitization. J Clin Invest 116 (2006) 628-632
15. Kohl J., Baelder R., Lewkowich I.P., Pandey M.K., Hawlisch H., Wang L., et al. A regulatory role for the C5a anaphylatoxin in type 2 immunity in asthma. J Clin Invest 116 (2006) 783-796
16. Dillard P., Wetsel R.A., and Drouin S.M. Complement C3a regulates Muc5ac expression by airway clara cells independently of Th2 responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 (2007) 1250-1258
17. Gerard N.P., and Gerard C. Complement in allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Immunol 14 (2002) 705-708
18. Wust S.K., Blumenthal M.N., Corazalla E.O., Benson B.A., and Dalmasso A.P. Complement in asthma: sensitivity to activation and generation of C3a and C5a via the different complement pathways. Transl Res 148 (2006) 157-163
19. Klos A., Tenner A.J., Johswich K.O., Ager R.R., Reis E.S., and Kohl J. The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease. Mol Immunol 49 (2009) 2753-2766
20. Zaidi A.K., and Ali H. C3a receptors signaling in mast cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 598 (2007) 126-140
21. Ali H., and Panettieri Jr. R.A. Anaphylatoxin C3a receptors in asthma. Respir Res 6 (2005) 19
22. 4 generation and chemokine production. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 22685-22691
23. Ali H., Richardson R.M., Tomhave E.D., Didsbury J.R., and Snyderman R. Differences in phosphorylation of formylpeptide and C5a chemoattractant receptors correlate with differences in desensitization. J Biol Chem 268 (1993) 24247-24254
24. Erdei A., Kerekes K., and Pecht I. Role of C3a and C5a in the activation of mast cells. Exp Clin Immunogenet 14 (1997) 16-18
25. Karasuyama H., Mukai K., Tsujimura Y., and Obata K. Newly discovered roles for basophils: a neglected minority gains new respect. Nat Rev Immunol 9 (2009) 9-13
26. Sokol C.L., Chu N.Q., Yu S., Nish S.A., Laufer T.M., and Medzhitov R. Basophils function as antigen-presenting cells for an allergen-induced T helper type 2 response. Nat Immunol 10 (2009) 713-720
27. + T cells. Nat Immunol 10 (2009) 706-712
28. Boos L., Szalai A.J., and Barnum S.R. C3a expressed in the central nervous system protects against LPS-induced shock. Neurosci Lett 387 (2005) 68-71
29. Kildsgaard J., Hollmann T.J., Matthews K.W., Bian K., Murad F., and Wetsel R.A. Cutting edge: targeted disruption of the C3a receptor gene demonstrates a novel protective anti-inflammatory role for C3a in endotoxin-shock. J Immunol 165 (2000) 5406-5409
30. Bao L., Osawe I., Haas M., and Quigg R.J. Signaling through up-regulated C3a receptor is key to the development of experimental lupus nephritis. J Immunol 175 (2005) 1947-1955
31. Nakano Y., Morita S., Kawamoto A., Suda T., Chida K., and Nakamura H. Elevated complement C3a in plasma from patients with severe acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112 (2003) 525-530
32. Castro F.F., Schmitz-Schumann M., Rother U., and Kirschfink M. Complement activation by house dust: reduced reactivity of serum complement in patients with bronchial asthma. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 96 (1991) 305-310
33. Fregonese L., Swan F.J., Van Schadewijk A., Dolhnikoff M., Santos M.A., Daha M.R., et al. Expression of the anaphylatoxin receptors C3aR and C5aR is increased in fatal asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115 (2005) 1148-1154
34. Hasegawa K., Tamari M., Shao C., Shimizu M., Takahashi N., Mao X.Q., et al. Variations in the C3, C3a receptor, and C5 genes affect susceptibility to bronchial asthma. Hum Genet 115 (2004) 295-301
35. Drouin S.M., Corry D.B., Kildsgaard J., and Wetsel R.A. Cutting edge: the absence of C3 demonstrates a role for complement in Th2 effector functions in a murine model of pulmonary allergy. J Immunol 167 (2001) 4141-4145
36. Taube C., Rha Y.H., Takeda K., Park J.W., Joetham A., Balhorn A., et al. Inhibition of complement activation decreases airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 1333-1341
37. Drouin S.M., Corry D.B., Hollman T.J., Kildsgaard J., and Wetsel R.A. Absence of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a receptor suppresses Th2 effector functions in a murine model of pulmonary allergy. J Immunol 169 (2002) 5926-5933
38. Baelder R., Fuchs B., Bautsch W., Zwirner J., Kohl J., Hoymann H.G., et al. Pharmacological targeting of anaphylatoxin receptors during the effector phase of allergic asthma suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness and airway Inflammation. J Immunol 174 (2005) 783-789
39. Bautsch W., Hoymann H.G., Zhang Q., Meier-Wiedenbach I., Raschke U., Ames R.S., et al. Cutting edge: guinea pigs with a natural C3a-receptor defect exhibit decreased bronchoconstriction in allergic airway disease: evidence for an involvement of the C3a anaphylatoxin in the pathogenesis of asthma. J Immunol 165 (2000) 5401-5405
40. Wills-Karp M., and Koehl J. New insights into the role of the complement pathway in allergy and asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5 (2005) 362-369
41. Gutzmer R., Lisewski M., Zwirner J., Mommert S., Diesel C., Wittmann M., et al. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells are chemoattracted to C3a after up-regulation of the C3a receptor with interferons. Immunology 111 (2004) 435-443
42. Kirchhoff K., Weinmann O., Zwirner J., Begemann G., Gotze O., Kapp A., et al. Detection of anaphylatoxin receptors on CD83+ dendritic cells derived from human skin. Immunology 103 (2001) 210-217
43. Soruri A., Kiafard Z., Dettmer C., Riggert J., Kohl J., and Zwirner J. IL-4 down-regulates anaphylatoxin receptors in monocytes and dendritic cells and impairs anaphylatoxin-induced migration in vivo. J Immunol 170 (2003) 3306-3314
44. Werfel T., Kirchhoff K., Wittmann M., Begemann G., Kapp A., Heidenreich F., et al. Activated human T lymphocytes express a functional C3a receptor. J Immunol 165 (2000) 6599-6605
45. Karp C.L., Grupe A., Schadt E., Ewart S.L., Keane-Moore M., Cuomo P.J., et al. Identification of complement factor 5 as a susceptibility locus for experimental allergic asthma. Nat Immunol 1 (2000) 221-226
46. Taube C., Wei X., Swasey C.H., Joetham A., Zarini S., Lively T., et al. Mast cells, FcεRI, and IL-13 are required for development of airway hyperresponsiveness after aerosolized allergen exposure in the absence of adjuvant. J Immunol 172 (2004) 6398-6406
47. Brightling C.E., and Bradding P. The re-emergence of the mast cell as a pivotal cell in asthma pathogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5 (2005) 130-135
48. Page S., Ammit A.J., Black J.L., and Armour C.L. Human mast cell and airway smooth muscle cell interactions: implications for asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281 (2001) L1313-L1323
49. Thangam E.B., Venkatesha R.T., Zaidi A.K., Jordan-Sciutto K.L., Goncharov D.A., Krymskaya V.P., et al. Airway smooth muscle cells enhance C3a-induced mast cell degranulation following cell-cell contact. FASEB J 19 (2005) 798-800
50. Robinson D.S. The role of the mast cell in asthma: induction of airway hyperresponsiveness by interaction with smooth muscle?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114 (2004) 58-65
51. Casolaro V., Galeone D., Giacummo A., Sanduzzi A., Melillo G., and Marone G. Human basophil/mast cell releasability. V. Functional comparisons of cells obtained from peripheral blood, lung parenchyma, and bronchoalveolar lavage in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 139 (1989) 1375-1382
52. Marone G., Triggiani M., and de Paulis A. Mast cells and basophils: friends as well as foes in bronchial asthma?. Trends Immunol 26 (2005) 25-31
53. Cai Y., Bjermer L., and Halstensen T.S. Bronchial mast cells are the dominating LTC4S-expressing cells in aspirin-tolerant asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29 (2003) 683-693
54. Venkatachalam T.K., Qazi S., Samuel P., and Uckun F.M. Inhibition of mast cell leukotriene release by thiourea derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13 (2003) 485-488
55. Andrade M.V., Hiragun T., and Beaven M.A. Dexamethasone suppresses antigen-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and downstream responses in mast cells. J Immunol 172 (2004) 7254-7262
56. el-Lati S.G., Dahinden C.A., and Church M.K. Complement peptides C3a- and C5a-induced mediator release from dissociated human skin mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 102 (1994) 803-806
57. Woolhiser M.R., Brockow K., and Metcalfe D.D. Activation of human mast cells by aggregated IgG through FcγRI: additive effects of C3a. Clin Immunol 110 (2004) 172-180
58. Venkatesha R.T., Thangam E.B., Zaidi A.K., and Ali H. Distinct regulation of C3a-induced MCP-1/CCL2 and RANTES/CCL5 production in human mast cells by extracellular signal regulated kinase and PI3 kinase. Mol Immunol 42 (2005) 581-587
59. Irani A.A., Schechter N.M., Craig S.S., DeBlois G., and Schwartz L.B. Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 (1986) 4464-4468
60. T type of human lung mast cell. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115 (2005) 1162-1168
61. Gibson P.G., Allen C.J., Yang J.P., Wong B.J., Dolovich J., Denburg J., et al. Intraepithelial mast cells in allergic and nonallergic asthma. Assessment using bronchial brushings. Am Rev Respir Dis 148 (1993) 80-86
62. Juliusson S., Pipkorn U., Karlsson G., and Enerback L. Mast cells and eosinophils in the allergic mucosal response to allergen challenge: changes in distribution and signs of activation in relation to symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 90 (1992) 898-909
63. Brightling C.E., Bradding P., Symon F.A., Holgate S.T., Wardlaw A.J., and Pavord I.D. Mast-cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 1699-1705
64. Schulman E.S., Post T.J., Henson P.M., and Giclas P.C. Differential effects of the complement peptides, C5a and C5a des Arg on human basophil and lung mast cell histamine release. J Clin Invest 81 (1988) 918-923
65. Fureder W., Agis H., Willheim M., Bankl H.C., Maier U., Kishi, et al. Differential expression of complement receptors on human basophils and mast cells. Evidence for mast cell heterogeneity and CD88/C5aR expression on skin mast cells. J Immunol 155 (1995) 3152-3160
66. Xia H.Z., Kepley C.L., Sakai K., Chelliah J., Irani A.M., and Schwartz L.B. Quantitation of tryptase, chymase, FcεRIα, and FcεRγ mRNAs in human mast cells and basophils by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Immunol 154 (1995) 5472-5480
67. TC types of human mast cells by immunohistochemistry using new monoclonal anti-tryptase and anti-chymase antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 37 (1989) 1509-1515
68. Ahamed J., Haribabu B., and Ali H. Cutting edge: differential regulation of chemoattractant receptor-induced degranulation and chemokine production by receptor phosphorylation. J Immunol 167 (2001) 3559-3563
69. Erdei A., Andreev S., and Pecht I. Complement peptide C3a inhibits IgE-mediated triggering of rat mucosal mast cells. Int Immunol 7 (1995) 1433-1439
70. Ahamed J., Venkatesha R.T., Thangam E.B., and Ali H. C3a enhances nerve growth factor-induced NFAT activation and chemokine production in a human mast cell line, HMC-1. J Immunol 172 (2004) 6961-6968
71. Ali H., Ahamed J., Hernandez-Munain C., Baron J.L., Krangel M.S., and Patel D.D. Chemokine production by G protein-coupled receptor activation in a human mast cell line: roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NFAT. J Immunol 165 (2000) 7215-7223
72. Nilsson G., Johnell M., Hammer C.H., Tiffany H.L., Nilsson K., Metcalfe D.D., et al. C3a and C5a are chemotaxins for human mast cells and act through distinct receptors via a pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathway. J Immunol 157 (1996) 1693-1698
73. Hartmann K., Henz B.M., Kruger-Krasagakes S., Kohl J., Burger R., Guhl S., et al. C3a and C5a stimulate chemotaxis of human mast cells. Blood 89 (1997) 2863-2870
74. Huber-Lang M., Sarma J.V., Zetoune F.S., Rittirsch D., Neff T.A., McGuire S.R., et al. Generation of C5a in the absence of C3: a new complement activation pathway. Nat Med 12 (2006) 682-687
75. Huber-Lang M., Younkin E.M., Sarma J.V., Riedemann N., McGuire S.R., Lu K.T., et al. Generation of C5a by phagocytic cells. Am J Pathol 161 (2002) 1849-1859
76. Wetsel R.A., and Kolb W.P. Complement-independent activation of the fifth component (C5) of human complement: limited trypsin digestion resulting in the expression of biological activity. J Immunol 128 (1982) 2209-2216
77. Maruo K., Akaike T., Ono T., Okamoto T., and Maeda H. Generation of anaphylatoxins through proteolytic processing of C3 and C5 by house dust mite protease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100 (1997) 253-260
78. Wiggins R.C., Giclas P.C., and Henson P.M. Chemotactic activity generated from the fifth component of complement by plasma kallikrein of the rabbit. J Exp Med 153 (1981) 1391-1404
79. Fukuoka Y., Xia H.Z., Sanchez-Munoz L.B., Dellinger A.L., Escribano L., and Schwartz L.B. Generation of anaphylatoxins by human β-tryptase from C3, C4, and C5. J Immunol 180 (2008) 6307-6316
80. Ames R.S., Tornetta M.A., Foley J.J., Hugli T.E., and Sarau H.M. Evidence that the receptor for C4a is distinct from the C3a receptor. Immunopharmacology 38 (1997) 87-92
81. Venkatesha R.T., Berla Thangam E., Zaidi A.K., and Ali H. Distinct regulation of C3a-induced MCP-1/CCL2 and RANTES/CCL5 production in human mast cells by extracellular signal regulated kinase and PI3 kinase. Mol Immunol 42 (2005) 581-587
82. ter Laan B., Molenaar J.L., Feltkamp-Vroom T.M., and Pondman K.W. Interaction of human anaphylatoxin C3a with rat mast cells demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Eur J Immunol 4 (1974) 393-395
83. Ferry X., and Landry Y. Agmatine: a mastoparan-like activity related to direct activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 435 (2002) 19-26
84. Aridor M., Rajmilevich G., Beaven M.A., and Sagi-Eisenberg R. Activation of exocytosis by the heterotrimeric G protein Gi3. Science 262 (1993) 1569-1572
85. Mousli M., Hugli T.E., Landry Y., and Bronner C. Peptidergic pathway in human skin and rat peritoneal mast cell activation. Immunopharmacology 27 (1994) 1-11
86. Mousli M., Hugli T.E., Landry Y., and Bronner C. A mechanism of action for anaphylatoxin C3a stimulation of mast cells. J Immunol 148 (1992) 2456-2461
87. Denzel A., Maus U.A., Rodriguez Gomez M., Moll C., Niedermeier M., Winter C., et al. Basophils enhance immunological memory responses. Nat Immunol 9 (2008) 733-742
88. Sokol C.L., Barton G.M., Farr A.G., and Medzhitov R. A mechanism for the initiation of allergen-induced T helper type 2 responses. Nat Immunol 9 (2008) 310-318
89. Mukai K., Matsuoka K., Taya C., Suzuki H., Yokozeki H., Nishioka K., et al. Basophils play a critical role in the development of IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation independently of T cells and mast cells. Immunity 23 (2005) 191-202
90. Mukai K., Obata K., Tsujimura Y., and Karasuyama H. New insights into the roles for basophils in acute and chronic allergy. Allergol Int 58 (2009) 11-19
91. Tsujimura Y., Obata K., Mukai K., Shindou H., Yoshida M., Nishikado H., et al. Basophils play a pivotal role in immunoglobulin-G-mediated but not immunoglobulin-E-mediated systemic anaphylaxis. Immunity 28 (2008) 581-589
92. 4 generation in human basophils. J Immunol 165 (2000) 2183-2189
93. MacGlashan Jr. D.W., and Hubbard W.C. IL-3 alters free arachidonic acid generation in C5a-stimulated human basophils. J Immunol 151 (1993) 6358-6369
94. 4 formation in human blood basophils. Blood 86 (1995) 4039-4049
95. Schroeder J.T., MacGlashan Jr. D.W., Kagey-Sobotka A., White J.M., and Lichtenstein L.M. IgE-dependent IL-4 secretion by human basophils. The relationship between cytokine production and histamine release in mixed leukocyte cultures. J Immunol 153 (1994) 1808-1817
96. Ames R.S., Lee D., Foley J.J., Jurewicz A.J., Tornetta M.A., Bautsch W., et al. Identification of a selective nonpeptide antagonist of the anaphylatoxin C3a receptor that demonstrates antiinflammatory activity in animal models. J Immunol 166 (2001) 6341-6348
97. Schroeder J.T., Chichester K.L., and Bieneman A.P. Human basophils secrete IL-3: evidence of autocrine priming for phenotypic and functional responses in allergic disease. J Immunol 182 (2009) 2432-2438
98. Khodoun M., Strait R., Orekov T., Hogan S., Karasuyama H., Herbert D.R., et al. Peanuts can contribute to anaphylactic shock by activating complement. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 (2009) 342-351
99. Kurimoto Y., de Weck A.L., and Dahinden C.A. Interleukin 3-dependent mediator release in basophils triggered by C5a. J Exp Med 170 (1989) 467-479
100. Ochensberger B., Tassera L., Bifrare D., Rihs S., and Dahinden C.A. Regulation of cytokine expression and leukotriene formation in human basophils by growth factors, chemokines and chemotactic agonists. Eur J Immunol 29 (1999) 11-22
101. MacGlashan Jr. D., and Warner J. Stimulus-dependent leukotriene release from human basophils: a comparative study of C5a and Fmet-leu-phe. J Leukoc Biol 49 (1991) 29-40
102. Riccioni G., Bucciarelli T., Mancini B., Di Ilio C., and D'Orazio N. Antileukotriene drugs: clinical application, effectiveness and safety. Curr Med Chem 14 (2007) 1966-1977
103. Redrup A.C., Howard B.P., MacGlashan Jr. D.W., Kagey-Sobotka A., Lichtenstein L.M., and Schroeder J.T. Differential regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 secretion by human basophils: their relationship to histamine release in mixed leukocyte cultures. J Immunol 160 (1998) 1957-1964
104. Schroeder J.T. Basophils beyond effector cells of allergic inflammation. Adv Immunol 101 (2009) 123-161
105. Faffe D.S., Whitehead T., Moore P.E., Baraldo S., Flynt L., Bourgeois K., et al. IL-13 and IL-4 promote TARC release in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of IL-4 receptor genotype. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285 (2003) L907-L914
106. Laporte J.C., Moore P.E., Baraldo S., Jouvin M.H., Church T.L., Schwartzman I.N., et al. Direct effects of interleukin-13 on signaling pathways for physiological responses in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 141-148
107. Peng Q., Matsuda T., and Hirst S.J. Signaling pathways regulating interleukin-13-stimulated chemokine release from airway smooth muscle. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169 (2004) 596-603
108. Blease K. Therapeutics targeting IL-13 for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 9 (2008) 1180-1184
109. Blease K., Lewis A., and Raymon H.K. Emerging treatments for asthma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 8 (2003) 71-81
110. Dahinden C.A., Rihs S., and Ochsensberger B. Regulation of cytokine expression by human blood basophils. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 113 (1997) 134-137
111. Ochensberger B., Daepp G.C., Rihs S., and Dahinden C.A. Human blood basophils produce interleukin-13 in response to IgE-receptor-dependent and -independent activation. Blood 88 (1996) 3028-3037
112. 4 release in human basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102 (1998) 512-520
113. 4 generation, but not histamine release or IL-4 production from human basophils. J Immunol 162 (1999) 4198-4206
114. Vilarino N., Miura K., and MacGlashan Jr. D.W. Acute IL-3 priming up-regulates the stimulus-induced Raf-1-MEK-ERK cascade independently of IL-3-induced activation of ERK. J Immunol 175 (2005) 3006-3014
115. Miadonna A., Salmaso C., Dimarco M.P., Pugni L., Milazzo N., Tedeschi A., et al. Priming and inducing effects of interleukin-3 on histamine release from cord-blood basophils. Allergy 52 (1997) 992-998
116. Ali H., Haribabu B., Richardson R.M., and Snyderman R. Mechanisms of inflammation and leukocyte activation. Med Clin North Am 81 (1997) 1-28
117. Freedman N.J., and Lefkowitz R.J. Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. Recent Prog Horm Res 51 (1996) 319-351 (discussion 352-313)
118. Ali H., Richardson R.M., Haribabu B., and Snyderman R. Chemoattractant receptor cross-desensitization. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 6027-6030
119. Langkabel P., Zwirner J., and Oppermann M. Ligand-induced phosphorylation of anaphylatoxin receptors C3aR and C5aR is mediated by "G protein-coupled receptor kinases". Eur J Immunol 29 (1999) 3035-3046
120. Ahamed J., Haribabu B., and Ali H. Cutting edge: differential regulation of chemoattractant receptor- induced degranulation and chemokine production by receptor phosphorylation. J Immunol 167 (2001) 3559-3563
121. Richardson R.M., DuBose R.A., Ali H., Tomhave E.D., Haribabu B., and Snyderman R. Regulation of human interleukin-8 receptor A: identification of a phosphorylation site involved in modulating receptor functions. Biochemistry 34 (1995) 14193-14201
122. Richardson R.M., Haribabu B., Ali H., and Snyderman R. Cross-desensitization among receptors for platelet activating factor and peptide chemoattractants. Evidence for independent regulatory pathways. J Biol Chem 271 (1996) 28717-28724
123. Haribabu B., Richardson R.M., Fisher I., Sozzani S., Peiper S.C., Horuk R., et al. Regulation of human chemokine receptors CXCR4. Role of phosphorylation in desensitization and internalization. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 28726-28731
124. Vines C.M., Xue M., Maestas D.C., Cimino D.F., and Prossnitz E.R. Regulation of N-formyl peptide-mediated degranulation by receptor phosphorylation. J Immunol 169 (2002) 6760-6766
125. Braun L., Christophe T., and Boulay F. Phosphorylation of key serine residues is required for internalization of the complement 5a (C5a) anaphylatoxin receptor via a β-arrestin, dynamin, and clathrin-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 4277-4285
126. Christophe T., Rabiet M.J., Tardif M., Milcent M.D., and Boulay F. Human complement 5a (C5a) anaphylatoxin receptor (CD88) phosphorylation sites and their specific role in receptor phosphorylation and attenuation of G protein-mediated responses. Desensitization of C5a receptor controls superoxide production but not receptor sequestration in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 1656-1664
127. Giannini E., Brouchon L., and Boulay F. Identification of the major phosphorylation sites in human C5a anaphylatoxin receptor in vivo. J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 19166-19172
128. Pollok-Kopp B., Huttenrauch F., Rethorn S., and Oppermann M. Dynamics of protein kinase C mediated phosphorylation of the complement C5a receptor on serine-334. J Biol Chem (2006)
129. Chuang T.T., Sallese M., Ambrosini G., Parruti G., and De Blasi A. High expression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase in human peripheral blood leukocytes. Isoproterenol and platelet activating factor can induce kinase translocation. J Biol Chem 267 (1992) 6886-6892
130. Haribabu B., and Snyderman R. Identification of additional members of human G-protein-coupled receptor kinase multigene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (1993) 9398-9402
131. Loudon R.P., Perussia B., and Benovic J.L. Differentially regulated expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor kinases, β-Ark and GRK6, during myelomonocytic cell development in vitro. Blood 88 (1996) 4547-4557
132. Lombardi M.S., Kavelaars A., Schedlowski M., Bijlsma J.W., Okihara K.L., et al. Decreased expression and activity of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. FASEB J 13 (1999) 715-725
133. Oppermann M., Mack M., Proudfoot A.E., and Olbrich H. Differential effects of CC chemokines on CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) phosphorylation and identification of phosphorylation sites on the CCR5 carboxyl terminus. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 8875-8885
134. Penn R.B., Pronin A.N., and Benovic J.L. Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Trends Cardiovasc Med 10 (2000) 81-89
135. Milcent M.D., Christophe T., Rabiet M.J., Tardif M., and Boulay F. Overexpression of wild-type and catalytically inactive forms of GRK2 and GRK6 fails to alter the agonist-induced phosphorylation of the C5a receptor (CD88): evidence that GRK6 is autophosphorylated in COS-7 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 259 (1999) 224-229
136. Tarrant T.K., Rampersad R.R., Esserman D., Rothlein L.R., Liu P., Premont R.T., et al. Granulocyte chemotaxis and disease expression are differentially regulated by GRK subtype in an acute inflammatory arthritis model (K/BxN). Clin Immunol 129 (2008) 115-122
137. Santini F., Penn R.B., Gagnon A.W., Benovic J.L., and Keen J.H. Selective recruitment of arrestin-3 to clathrin coated pits upon stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors. J Cell Sci 113 (2000) 2463-2470
138. Miller W.E., and Lefkowitz R.J. Expanding roles for β-arrestins as scaffolds and adapters in GPCR signaling and trafficking. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13 (2001) 139-145
139. DeWire S.M., Ahn S., Lefkowitz R.J., and Shenoy S.K. β-arrestins and cell signaling. Annu Rev Physiol 69 (2007) 483-510
140. Lefkowitz R.J., and Shenoy S.K. Transduction of receptor signals by β-arrestins. Science 308 (2005) 512-517
141. Lefkowitz R.J., and Whalen E.J. β-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16 (2004) 162-168
142. Wang Q., Lu R., Zhao J., and Limbird L.E. Arrestin serves as a molecular switch, linking endogenous α2-adrenergic receptor to SRC-dependent, but not SRC-independent, ERK activation. J Biol Chem 281 (2006) 25948-25955
143. Luttrell L.M., Roudabush F.L., Choy E.W., Miller W.E., Field M.E., Pierce K.L., et al. Activation and targeting of extracellular signal-regulated kinases by β-arrestin scaffolds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 2449-2454
144. Luttrell L.M., and Lefkowitz R.J. The role of β-arrestins in the termination and transduction of G-protein-coupled receptor signals. J Cell Sci 115 (2002) 455-465
145. Ghosh S., and Karin M. Missing pieces in the NF-κB puzzle. Cell 109 Suppl. (2002) S81-S96
146. Gao H., Sun Y., Wu Y., Luan B., Wang Y., Qu B., et al. Identification of β-arrestin2 as a G protein-coupled receptor-stimulated regulator of NF-κB pathways. Mol Cell 14 (2004) 303-317
147. Witherow D.S., Garrison T.R., Miller W.E., and Lefkowitz R.J. β-Arrestin inhibits NF-κB activity by means of its interaction with the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2004)
148. 2+/calcineurin signaling pathways: inhibition by receptor phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 44606-44612