Calories and carcinogenesis: Lessons learned from 30 years of calorie restriction research

Carcinogenesis

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 83-89

  Hursting, Stephen D ^a,b   Smith, Sarah M ^a   Lashinger, Laura M ^a,b   Harvey, Alison E ^a   Perkins, Susan N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; FLAVONOID; GROWTH FACTOR; INSULIN; ISOFLAVONE DERIVATIVE; LEPTIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; RAPAMYCIN; RESVERATROL; RETINOID; SIRTUIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; STEROID HORMONE;

BREAST CANCER; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; DISEASE MODEL; ENERGY BALANCE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTECTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL TRANSFORMATION;

CALORIC RESTRICTION; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS;

EID: 74049092809     PISSN: 01433334     EISSN: 14602180     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp280     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Hursting, S.D. et al. (2007) Energy balance and carcinogenesis: underlying pathways and targets for intervention. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets, 7, 484-491.
2. Colman, R.J. et al. (2009) Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science, 325, 201-204.
3. Howell, A. et al. (2009) Energy restriction for breast cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res., 181, 97-111.
4. Hursting, S.D. et al. (2003) Calorie restriction, aging, and cancer prevention: mechanisms of action and applicability to humans. Annu. Rev. Med., 54, 131-152.
5. Vallejo, E.A. (1957) [Hunger diet on alternate days in the nutrition of the aged.]. Prensa Med. Argent., 44, 119-120.
6. Kagawa, Y. (1978) Impact of Westernization on the nutrition of Japanese: changes in physique, cancer, longevity and centenarians. Prev. Med., 7, 205-217.
7. Michels, K.B. et al. (2004) Caloric restriction and incidence of breast cancer. JAMA, 291, 1226-1230.
8. Beals, K.A. et al. (2007) Female athlete triad update. Clin. Sports Med., 26, 69-89.
9. Tretli, S. et al. (1996) Lifestyle changes during adolescence and risk of breast cancer: an ecologic study of the effect of World War II in Norway. Cancer Causes Control, 7, 507-512.
10. Elias, S.G. et al. (2005) The 1944-1945 Dutch famine and subsequent overall cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14, 1981-1985.
11. Keinan-Boker, L. et al. (2009) Cancer incidence in Israeli Jewish survivors of World War II. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 101, 1489-1500.
12. Koupil, I. et al. (2009) Cancer mortality in women and men who survived the siege of Leningrad (1941-1944). Int. J. Cancer, 124, 1416-1421.
13. Pariza, M.W. et al. (1987) Historical perspective: calories and energy expenditure in carcinogenesis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 45, 151-156.
14. Doll, R. et al. (1981) The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 66, 1191-1308.
15. Heilbronn, L.K. et al. (2006) Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation, and oxidative stress in overweight individuals: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 295, 1539-1548.
16. Redman, L.M. et al. (2009) Metabolic and behavioral compensations in response to caloric restriction: implications for the maintenance of weight loss. PLoS One, 4, e4377.
17. Walford, R.L. et al. (1992) The calorically restricted low-fat nutrient-dense diet in Biosphere 2 significantly lowers blood glucose, total leukocyte count, cholesterol, and blood pressure in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 11533-11537.
18. Velthuis-te Wierik, E.J. et al. (1994) Energy restriction, a useful intervention to retard human ageing? Results of a feasibility study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 48, 138-148.
19. Caballero, B. (2007) The global epidemic of obesity: an overview. Epidemiol. Rev., 29, 1-5.
20. Hursting, S.D. et al. (2007) The obesity-cancer link: lessons learned from a fatless mouse. Cancer Res., 67, 2391-2393.
21. Calle, E.E. et al. (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1625-1638.
22. Calle, E.E. et al. (2004) Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4, 579-591.
23. Yakar, S. et al. (2005) The role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis in tumor growth and progression: lessons from animal models. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 16, 407-420.
24. Abate, N. (1996) Insulin resistance and obesity. The role of fat distribution pattern. Diabetes Care, 19, 292-294.
25. Grimm, J.J. (1999) Interaction of physical activity and diet: implications for insulin-glucose dynamics. Public Health Nutr., 2, 363-368.
26. Sara, V.R. et al. (1990) Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins. Physiol. Rev., 70, 591-614.
27. Baserga, R. (1994) Oncogenes and the strategy of growth factors. Cell, 79, 927-930.
28. Dunn, S.E. et al. (1998) A dominant negative mutant of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibits the adhesion, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer Res., 58, 3353-3361.
29. Resnicoff, M. et al. (1995) The insulin-like growth factor I receptor protects tumor cells from apoptosis in vivo. Cancer Res., 55, 2463-2469.
30. Macaulay, V.M. (1992) Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 65, 311-320.
31. LeRoith, D. et al. (1995) Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Ann. Intern. Med., 122, 54-59.
32. Singh, P. et al. (1996) Proliferation and differentiation of a human colon cancer cell line (CaCo2) is associated with significant changes in the expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) IGF-II and IGF binding protein-4: role of IGF-II. Endocrinology, 137, 1764- 1774.
33. Fenton, J.I. et al. (2005) Leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulinlike growth factor-2 are mitogens in ApcMin/+ but not Apc+/+ colonic epithelial cell lines. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14, 1646-1652.
34. Hankinson, S.E. et al. (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet, 351, 1393-1396.
35. Chan, J.M. et al. (1998) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science, 279, 563-566.
36. Wolk, A. et al. (1998) Insulin-like growth factor 1 and prostate cancer risk: a population-based, case-control study. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 90, 911-915.
37. Yu, H. et al. (1999) Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and lung cancer risk: a case-control analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 91, 151-156.
38. Ma, J. et al. (1999) Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 91, 620-625.
39. Giovannucci, E. et al. (2000) A prospective study of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding protein-3 and risk of colorectal neoplasia in women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 345-349.
40. Petridou, E. et al. (1999) Insulin-like growth factor-I and binding protein-3 in relation to childhood leukaemia. Int. J. Cancer, 80, 494-496.
41. Buckbinder, L. et al. (1995) Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53. Nature, 377, 646-649.
42. Takahashi, K. et al. (1993) Association of insulin-like growth-factor-Iinduced DNA synthesis with phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of p53 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Int. J. Cancer, 55, 453-458.
43. Hursting, S.D. et al. (1993) The growth hormone: insulin-like growth factor 1 axis is a mediator of diet restriction-induced inhibition of mononuclear cell leukemia in Fischer rats. Cancer Res., 53, 2750-2757.
44. LeRoith, D. et al. (2001) The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocr. Rev., 22, 53-74.
45. Gems, D. et al. (2001) Insulin/IGF signalling and ageing: seeing the bigger picture. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 11, 287-292.
46. Dunn, S.E. et al. (1997) Dietary restriction reduces insulin-like growth factor I levels, which modulates apoptosis, cell proliferation, and tumor progression in p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res., 57, 4667-4672.
47. Zhu, Z. et al. (2005) Effects of dietary energy repletion and IGF-1 infusion on the inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by dietary energy restriction. Mol. Carcinog., 42, 170-176.
48. Yakar, S. et al. (2006) Increased tumor growth in mice with diet-induced obesity: impact of ovarian hormones. Endocrinology, 147, 5826-5834.
49. Pollak, M.N. et al. (2004) Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4, 505-518.
50. Pollak, M. (2008) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 8, 915-928.
51. Yuan, T.L. et al. (2008) PI3K pathway alterations in cancer: variations on a theme. Oncogene, 27, 5497-5510.
52. Engelman, J.A. (2009) Targeting PI3K signalling in cancer: opportunities, challenges and limitations. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 9, 550-562.
53. Franke, T.F. (2008) PI3K/Akt: getting it right matters. Oncogene, 27, 6473-6488.
54. Brazil, D.P. et al. (2004) Advances in protein kinase B signalling: AKTion on multiple fronts. Trends Biochem. Sci., 29, 233-242.
55. Guertin, D.A. et al. (2005) An expanding role for mTOR in cancer. Trends Mol. Med., 11, 353-361.
56. Shaw, R.J. et al. (2004) The LKB1 tumor suppressor negatively regulates mTOR signaling. Cancer Cell, 6, 91-99.
57. Corradetti, M.N. et al. (2004) Regulation of the TSC pathway by LKB1: evidence of a molecular link between tuberous sclerosis complex and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Genes Dev., 18, 1533-1538.
58. Shaw, R.J. et al. (2004) The tumor suppressor LKB1 kinase directly activates AMP-activated kinase and regulates apoptosis in response to energy stress. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 3329-3335.
59. Astrinidis, A. et al. (2005) Tuberous sclerosis complex: linking growth and energy signaling pathways with human disease. Oncogene, 24, 7475-7481.
60. Inoki, K. et al. (2005) Dysregulation of the TSC-mTOR pathway in human disease. Nat. Genet., 37, 19-24.
61. Tee, A.R. et al. (2005) mTOR, translational control and human disease. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 16, 29-37.
62. Woods, S.C. et al. (1998) Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. Science, 280, 1378-1383.
63. Zhang, Y. et al. (1998) Molecular physiology of leptin and its receptor. Growth Genet. Horm., 14, 17-35.
64. Moore, T. et al. (2008) Dietary energy balance modulates signaling through the Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin pathways in multiple epithelial tissues. Cancer Prev. Res., 1, 65-76.
65. Huang, X.F. et al. (2009) Obesity, the PI3K/Akt signal pathway and colon cancer. Obes. Rev.
66. Jiang, W. et al. (2008) Dietary energy restriction modulates the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin in mammary carcinomas, mammary gland, and liver. Cancer Res., 68, 5492-5499.
67. Moore, T. et al. (2008) Reduced susceptibility to two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice with low circulating IGF-1 levels. Cancer Res., 68, 3680-3688.
68. Avruch, J. et al. (2006) Insulin and amino-acid regulation of mTOR signaling and kinase activity through the Rheb GTPase. Oncogene, 25, 6361-6372.
69. Memmott, R.M. et al. (2009) Akt-dependent and -independent mechanisms of mTOR regulation in cancer. Cell. Signal., 21, 656-664.
70. Lonnqvist, F. et al. (1997) Relationship between circulating leptin and peripheral fat distribution in obese subjects. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 21, 255-260.
71. Montague, C.T. et al. (1997) Depot- and sex-specific differences in human leptin mRNA expression: implications for the control of regional fat distribution. Diabetes, 46, 342-347.
72. Brennan, A.M. et al. (2006) Drug Insight: the role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology-emerging clinical applications. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab., 2, 318-327.
73. Stattin, P. et al. (2004) Obesity and colon cancer: does leptin provide a link? Int. J. Cancer, 109, 149-152.
74. Chang, S. et al. (2001) Leptin and prostate cancer. Prostate, 46, 62-67.
75. Saglam, K. et al. (2003) Leptin influences cellular differentiation and progression in prostate cancer. J. Urol., 169, 1308-1311.
76. Bouloumie, A. et al. (1998) Leptin, the product of Ob gene, promotes angiogenesis. Circ. Res., 83, 1059-1066.
77. Ostlund, R.E., Jr. et al. (1996) Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet, age, and metabolic covariates. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 3909-3913.
78. Villanueva, E.C. et al. (2008) Leptin receptor signaling and the regulation of mammalian physiology. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.), 32 (suppl. 7), S8-S12.
79. Rajala, M.W. et al. (2003) Minireview: the adipocyte-at the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Endocrinology, 144, 3765-3773.
80. Gonzalez, R.R. et al. (2006) Leptin signaling promotes the growth of mammary tumors and increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor type two (VEGF-R2). J. Biol. Chem., 281, 26320-26328.
81. Loffreda, S. et al. (1998) Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses. FASEB J., 12, 57-65.
82. Brakenhielm, E. et al. (2004) Adiponectin-induced antiangiogenesis and antitumor activity involve caspase-mediated endothelial cell apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 2476-2481.
83. Ryan, A.S. et al. (2003) Adiponectin levels do not change with moderate dietary induced weight loss and exercise in obese postmenopausal women. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 27, 1066-1071.
84. Diker, D. et al. (2006) Impact of gastric banding on plasma adiponectin levels. Obes. Surg., 16, 1057-1061.
85. Grossmann, M.E. et al. (2008) Effects of adiponectin on breast cancer cell growth and signaling. Br. J. Cancer, 98, 370-379.
86. Ray, A. et al. (2007) Effects of leptin on human breast cancer cell lines in relationship to estrogen receptor and HER2 status. Int. J. Oncol., 30, 1499-1509.
87. Kaaks, R. et al. (2002) Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 11, 1531-1543.
88. Birt, D.F. et al. (2004) Identification of molecular targets for dietary energy restriction prevention of skin carcinogenesis: an idea cultivated by Edward Bresnick. J. Cell. Biochem., 91, 258-264.
89. Jiang, W. et al. (2002) Mechanisms of energy restriction: effects of corticosterone on cell growth, cell cycle machinery, and apoptosis. Cancer Res., 62, 5280-5287.
90. Pashko, L.L. et al. (1992) Reversal of food restriction-induced inhibition of mouse skin tumor promotion by adrenalectomy. Carcinogenesis, 13, 1925-1928.
91. Boutwell, R.K. (1964) Some biological aspects of skin carcinogenisis. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res., 19, 207-250.
92. Coussens, L.M. et al. (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature, 420, 860-867.
93. Sohal, R.S. et al. (1996) Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science, 273, 59-63.
94. Tilg, H. et al. (1997) IL-6 and APPs: anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators. Immunol. Today, 18, 428-432.
95. Ceciliani, F. et al. (2002) The systemic reaction during inflammation: the acute-phase proteins. Protein Pept. Lett., 9, 211-223.
96. Dinarello, C.A. (2000) The role of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in blocking inflammation mediated by interleukin-1. N. Engl. J. Med., 343, 732-734.
97. Moore, K.W. et al. (1993) Interleukin-10. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 11, 165-190
98. Pretolani, M. (1999) Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory cytokine with therapeutic potential. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 29, 1164-1171.
99. Lumeng, C.N. et al. (2007) Increased inflammatory properties of adipose tissue macrophages recruited during diet-induced obesity. Diabetes, 56, 16-23.
100. Mantovani, A. et al. (2002) Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol., 23, 549-555.
101. Sica, A. et al. (2008) Macrophage polarization in tumour progression. Semin. Cancer Biol., 18, 349-355.
102. Longo, V.D. et al. (2006) Sirtuins in aging and age-related disease. Cell, 126, 257-268.
103. Anastasiou, D. et al. (2006) SIRT1: linking adaptive cellular responses to aging-associated changes in organismal physiology. Physiology (Bethesda), 21, 404-410.
104. Yang, T. et al. (2006) SIRT1 and endocrine signaling. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 17, 186-191.
105. Cohen, H.Y. et al. (2004) Calorie restriction promotes mammalian cell survival by inducing the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science, 305, 390-392.
106. Metoyer, C.F. et al. (2008) The role of sirtuin proteins in obesity. Pathophysiology, 15, 103-108.
107. Lin, S.J. et al. (2000) Requirement of NAD and SIR2 for life-span extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science, 289, 2126-2128.
108. Anderson, R.M. et al. (2003) Nicotinamide and PNC1 govern lifespan extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature, 423, 181-185.
109. Tissenbaum, H.A. et al. (2001) Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 410, 227-230.
110. Picard, F. et al. (2004) Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-gamma. Nature, 429, 771-776.
111. Qiang, L. et al. (2007) Adiponectin secretion is regulated by SIRT1 and the endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase Ero1-L alpha. Mol. Cell. Biol., 27, 4698-4707.
112. Qiao, L. et al. (2006) SIRT1 regulates adiponectin gene expression through Foxo1-C/enhancer-binding protein alpha transcriptional complex. J. Biol. Chem., 281, 39915-39924.
113. Bordone, L. et al. (2007) SIRT1 transgenic mice show phenotypes resembling calorie restriction. Aging Cell, 6, 759-767.
114. Ramsey, K.M. et al. (2008) Age-associated loss of Sirt1-mediated enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in beta cell-specific Sirt1-overexpressing (BESTO) mice. Aging Cell, 7, 78-88.
115. Nemoto, S. et al. (2005) SIRT1 functionally interacts with the metabolic regulator and transcriptional coactivator PGC-1{alpha}. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 16456-16460.
116. Nisoli, E. et al. (2005) Calorie restriction promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing the expression of eNOS. Science, 310, 314-317.
117. Galli, A. et al. (2006) The potential of antidiabetic thiazolidinediones for anticancer therapy. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 15, 1039-1049.
118. Jarrar, M.H. et al. (2007) PPARgamma activation by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) may modulate breast carcinoma outcome: the importance of interplay with TGFbeta signalling. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 11, 71-87.
119. Yechoor, V.K. et al. (2004) Distinct pathways of insulin-regulated versus diabetes-regulated gene expression: an in vivo analysis in MIRKO mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 16525-16530.
120. Lim, C.S. (2006) SIRT1: tumor promoter or tumor suppressor? Med. Hypotheses, 67, 341-344.
121. Ford, J. et al. (2005) Cancer-specific functions of SIRT1 enable human epithelial cancer cell growth and survival. Cancer Res., 65, 10457-10463.
122. Chen, W.Y. et al. (2005) Tumor suppressor HIC1 directly regulates SIRT1 to modulate p53-dependent DNA-damage responses. Cell, 123, 437-448.
123. Huffman, D.M. et al. (2007) SIRT1 is significantly elevated in mouse and human prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 67, 6612-6618.
124. Kim, J.E. et al. (2008) DBC1 is a negative regulator of SIRT1. Nature, 451, 583-586.
125. Zhao, W. et al. (2008) Negative regulation of the deacetylase SIRT1 by DBC1. Nature, 451, 587-590.
126. Firestein, R. et al. (2008) The SIRT1 deacetylase suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis and colon cancer growth. PLoS One, 3, e2020.
127. Baur, J.A. et al. (2006) Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 5, 493-506.
128. Carew, J.S. et al. (2008) Histone deacetylase inhibitors: mechanisms of cell death and promise in combination cancer therapy. Cancer Lett., 269, 7-17.
129. Schrump, D.S. (2009) Cytotoxicity mediated by histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer cells: mechanisms and potential clinical implications. Clin. Cancer Res., 15, 3947-3957.
130. Lee, C.K. et al. (1999) Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction. Science, 285, 1390-1393.
131. Lee, C.K. et al. (2000) Gene-expression profile of the ageing brain in mice. Nat. Genet., 25, 294-297.
132. Weindruch, R. et al. (2002) Gene expression profiling of aging using DNA microarrays. Mech. Ageing Dev., 123, 177-193.
133. Pletcher, S.D. et al. (2002) Genome-wide transcript profiles in aging and calorically restricted Drosophila melanogaster. Curr. Biol., 12, 712-723.
134. Cao, S.X. et al. (2001) Genomic profiling of short- and long-term caloric restriction effects in the liver of aging mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 10630-10635.
135. Kayo, T. et al. (2001) Influences of aging and caloric restriction on the transcriptional profile of skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 5093-5098.
136. Vogt, A. et al. (1998) Disruption of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling and down-regulation of cdc2 by SC-alphaalphadelta9, a novel small molecule antisignaling agent identified in a targeted array library. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 287, 806-813.
137. Scotlandi, K. et al. (2002) Effectiveness of insulin-like growth factor I receptor antisense strategy against Ewing's sarcoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther., 9, 296-307.
138. Granerus, M. et al. (2001) Effects of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and an IGF-type I receptor-blocking antibody on apoptosis in human teratocarcinoma cells in vitro. Cell Biol. Int., 25, 825-828.
139. Friedl, A. et al. (1993) Suppression of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in breast cancer patients during adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Eur. J. Cancer, 29A, 1368-1372.
140. Shojamanesh, H. et al. (2002) Prospective study of the antitumor efficacy of long-term octreotide treatment in patients with progressive metastatic gastrinoma. Cancer, 94, 331-343.
141. Decensi, A. et al. (2001) Long-term effects of fenretinide, a retinoic acid derivative, on the insulin-like growth factor system in women with early breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 1047-1053.
142. Zujewski, J. (2002) Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and retinoids in breast cancer chemoprevention. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 39, 264-270.
143. Harrison, D.E. et al. (2009) Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature, 460, 392-395.
144. Signorelli, P. et al. (2005) Resveratrol as an anticancer nutrient: molecular basis, open questions and promises. J. Nutr. Biochem., 16, 449-466.
145. Liu, T. et al. (2009) The critical role of the class III histone deacetylase SIRT1 in cancer. Cancer Res., 69, 1702-1705.
146. Kalaany, N.Y. et al. (2009) Tumours with PI3K activation are resistant to dietary restriction. Nature, 458, 725-731.