Fruit and vegetables, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity

Improving the Health-Promoting Properties of Fruit and Vegetable Products

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 95-118

  Amiot, M J ^a   Lairon, D ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 71549129103     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845694289.2.95     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Agarwal S., Rao A.V. Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. Lipids 1998, 33:981-984.
2. Ajani U.A., Ford E.S., Mokdad A.H. Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey data. J Nutr 2004, 134:1181-1185.
3. Appel L.J., Miller E.R., Jee S.H., Stolzenberg-Solomon R., Lin P.H., Erlinger T., Nadeau M.R., Selhub J. Effect of dietary pattern on serum homocysteine: result of a randomized, controlled feeding study. Circulation 2000, 102:852-857.
4. Arts I.C., Hollman P.C. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:317S-325S.
5. Baxter A.J., Coyne T., Mcclintock C. Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome - a review of epidemiologic evidence. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006, 15:134-142.
6. Bazzano L.A., Serdula M.K., Liu S. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003, 5:492-499.
7. Beecher G.R. Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake. J Nutr 2003, 133:3248S-3254S.
8. Bonithon-Kopp C., Coudray C., Berr C., Touboul P.J., Feve J.M., Favier A., Ducimetiere P. Combined effects of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status on carotid atherosclerosis in a population aged 59-71 y: The EVA Study. Etude sur le Vieillisement Arteriel. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65:121-127.
9. Borradaile N.M., Carroll K.K., Kurowska E.M. Regulation of HepG2 cell apolipoprotein B metabolism by the citrus flavanones hesperetin and naringenin. Lipids 1999, 34:591-598.
10. Brat P., George S., Bellamy A., Du Chaffaut L., Scalbert A., Mennen L., Arnault N., Amiot M.J. Daily polyphenol intake in France from fruit and vegetables. J Nutr 2006, 136:2368-2373.
11. Broekmans W.M.R., Klopping-Ketelaars W.A.A., Kluft C., Van Den Berg H., Kok F.J., Van Poppel G. Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular risk profile: a diet controlled intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001, 55:636-642.
12. Brown L., Rosner B., Willett W.W., Sacks F.M. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:30-42.
13. Buijsse B., Feskens E.J., Schlettwein-Gsell D., Ferry M., Kok F.J., Kromhout D., De Groot L.C. Plasma carotene and alpha-tocopherol in relation to 10-y all-cause and cause-specific mortality in European elderly: the Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA). Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:879-886.
14. Cappuccio F.P., Rink E., Perkins-Porras L., Mckay C., Hilton S., Steptoe A. Estimation of fruit and vegetable intake using a two-item dietary questionnaire: a potential tool for primary health care workers. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2003, 13:12-19.
15. Carando S., Teissedre P.-L., Pascual-Martinez L., Cabanis J.-C. Levels of flavan-3-ols in French wines. J Agric Food Chem 1999, 47:4161-4166.
16. Chopra M., O'neill M.E., Keogh N., Wortley G., Southon S., Thurnham D.I. Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Chem 2000, 46:1818-1829.
17. Clarke R., Armitage J. Antioxidant vitamins and risk of cardiovascular disease. Review of large-scale randomized trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2002, 16:411-415.
18. Clifford M.N. Anthocyanins - nature, occurence, and dietary burden. J Sci Food Agric 2000, 80:1063-1072.
19. Colditz G.A., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rosner B., Willett W.C., Speizer F.E. Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 55:1018-1023.
20. Crujeiras A.B., Parra A.D., Rodriguez C., Demorentin B.E.M., Martinez J.A. A role for fruit content in energy-restricted diets in improving antioxidant status in obese women during weight loss. Nutrition 2006, 22:593-599.
21. Czernichow S.B., Lacher J., Hercberg S. Antioxidant vitamins and blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep 2004, 6:27-30.
22. Dauchet L., Amouyel P., Hercberg S., Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr 2006, 136:2588-2593.
23. Demigne C., Sabboh H., Remesy C., Meneton P. Protective effects of high dietary potassium: Nutritional and metabolic aspects. J Nutr 2004, 134:2903-2906.
24. Dragsted L.O., Pedersen A., Hermetter A., Basu S., Hansen M., Haren G.R., Kall M., Breinholt V., Castenmiller J.J., Stagsted J., Jakobsen J., Skibsted L., Rasmussen S.E., Loft S., Sandström B. The 6-a-day study: effects of fruit and vegetables on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in healthy nonsmokers. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:1060-1072.
25. Drewnowski A., Hann C. Food preferences and reported frequencies of food consumption as predictors of current diet in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:28-36.
26. Dwyer J.H., Navab M., Dwyer K.M., Hassan K., Sun P., Shircore A., Hama-Levy S., Hough G., Wang X., Drake T., Merz C.N., Fogelman A.M. Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study. Circulation 2001, 103:2922-2927.
27. El-Agamey A., Lowe G.M., Mcgarvey D.J., Mortensen A., Phillip D.M., Truscott T.G., Young A.J. Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004, 430:37-48.
28. Erkkila A.T., Lichtenstein A.H. Fiber and cardiovascular disease risk: how strong is the evidence?. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2006, 21:3-8.
29. Faggiotto A., Poli A., Catapano A.L. Antioxidants and coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998, 9:541-549.
30. Feskens E.J., Bowles C.H., Kromhout D. Carbohydrate intake and body mass index in relation to the risk of glucose intolerance in an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 54:136-140.
31. Ford E.S., Mokdad A.H. Fruit and vegetable consumption and diabetes mellitus incidence among U.S. adults. Prev Med 2001, 32:33-39.
32. Ford E.S., Mokdad A.H., Giles W.H., Brown D.W. The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes 2003, 52:2346-2352.
33. Freese R., Alfthan G., Jauhiainen M., Basu S., Erlund I., Salminen I., Aro A., Mutanen M. High intakes of vegetables, berries, and apples combined with a high intake of linoleic or oleic acid only slightly affect markers of lipid peroxidation and lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76:950-960.
34. Fuhrman B., Elis A., Aviram M. Hypocholesterolemic effect of lycopene and beta-carotene is related to suppression of cholesterol synthesis and augmentation of LDL receptor activity in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 233:658-662.
35. Gale C.R., Martyn C.N., Winter P.D., Cooper C. Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people. BMJ 1995, 310:1563-1566.
36. Gaziano J.M., Manson J.E., Branch L.G., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Buring J.E. A prospective study of consumption of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables and decreased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Ann Epidemiol 1995, 5:255-260.
37. Gey K.F., Stahelin H.B., Eichholzer M. Poor plasma status of carotene and vitamin C is associated with higher mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke: Basel Prospective Study. Clin Invest 1993, 71:3-6.
38. Greenberg E.R., Baron J.A., Karagas M.R., Stukel T.A., Nierenberg D.W., Stevens M.M., Mandel J.S., Haile R.W. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 1996, 275:699-703.
39. Gu L., Kelm M.A., Hammerstone J.F., Beecher G., Holden J., Haytowitz D., Gebhardt S., Prior R.L. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. J Nutr 2004, 134:613-617.
40. Hak A.E., Stampfer M.J., Campos H., Sesso H.D., Gaziano J.M., Willett W., Ma J. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation 2003, 108:802-807.
41. Hak A.E., Ma J., Powell C.B., Campos H., Gaziano J.M., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J. Prospective study of plasma carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2004, 35:1584-1588.
42. He J., Whelton P.K. Epidemiology and prevention of hypertension. Med Clin North Am 1997, 81:1077-1097.
43. Heart Protection Study Group MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:23-33.
44. Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., Manson J.E., Stampfer M., Rosner B., Cook N.R., Belanger C., Lamotte F., Gaziano J.M., Ridker P.M., Willett W., Peto R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1145-1146.
45. Hirvonen T., Virtamo J., Korhonen P., Albanes D., Pietinen P. Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke 2000, 31:2301-2306.
46. Hu F.B., Willett W.C. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 2002, 288:2569-2578.
47. Huerta M.G., Roemmich J.N., Kington M.L., Bovbjerg V.E., Weltman A.L., Holmes V.F., Patrie J.T., Rogol A.D., Nadler J.L. Magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in obese children. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1175-1181.
48. Gross M.D., Belcher J.D., Eckfeldt J.H., Iribarren C., Folsom A.R., Jacobs D.R.J.R. Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis. A case-control study. The ARIC Study Investigators. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997, 17:1171-1177.
49. John J.H., Ziebland S., Yudkin P., Roe L.S., Neil H.A.W. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pressure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 359:1969-1974.
50. Johnsen S.P., Overvad K., Stripp C., Tjonneland A., Husted S.E., Sorensen H.T. Intake of fruit and vegetables and the risk of ischemic stroke in a cohort of Danish men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78:57-64.
51. Kardinaal A.F., Aro A., Kark J.D., Riemersma R.A., Van 'T Veer P., Gomez-Aracena J., Kohlmeier L., Ringstad J., Martin B.C., Mazaev V.P. Association between beta-carotene and acute myocardial infarction depends on polyunsaturated fatty acid status. The EURAMIC Study. European Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Cancer of the Breast. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995, 15:726-732.
52. Kerkeni M., Addad F., Chauffert M., Myara A., Gerhardt M., Chevenne D., Trivin F., Farhat M.B., Miled A., Maaroufik Hyperhomocysteinaemia, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and risk of coronary artery disease. Ann Clin Biochem 2006, 43:200-206.
53. Keys A., Blackburn H.W., Menotti A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Summary. Circulation 1970, 41:I186-I195.
54. Keys A., Menotti A., Karvonen M.J., Aravanis C., Blackburn H., Buzina R., Djordjevic B.S., Dontas, Asfidanza F., Keys M.H. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 1986, 124:903-915.
55. King D.E., Egan B.M., Geesey M.E. Relation of dietary fat and fiber to elevation of C-reactive protein. Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:1335-1339.
56. Klipstein-Grobusch K., Geleijnse J.M., Den Breeijen J.H., Boeing H., Hofman A., Grobbee D.E., Witteman J.C. Dietary antioxidants and risk of myocardial infarction in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:261-266.
57. Knekt P., Reunanen A., Jarvinen R., Seppanen R., Heliovaara M., Aromaa A. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 139:1180-1189.
58. Knowler W.C., Barrett-Connor E., Fowler S.E., Hamman R.F., Lachin J.M., Walker E.A., Nathan D.M. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:393-403.
59. Kohlmeier L., Kark J.D., Gomez-Gracia E., Martin B.C., Steck S.E., Kardinaal A.F., Ringstad J., Thamm M., Masaev V., Riemersma R., Martin-Moreno J.M., Huttunen J.K., Kok F.J. Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 146:618-626.
60. Kok F.J., Kromhout D. Atherosclerosis-epidemiological studies on the health effects of a Mediterranean diet. Eur J Nutr 2004, 43(Suppl 1):I/2-5.
61. Kristenson M., Zieden B., Kucinskiene Z., Elinder L.S., Bergdahl B., Elwing B., Abaravicius A., Razinkoviene L., Calkauskas H., Olsson A.G. Antioxidant state and mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian and Swedish men: concomitant cross sectional study of men aged 50. BMJ 1997, 314:629-633.
62. Kromhout D., Bosschieter E.B., De Lezenne Coulander C. Dietary fibre and 10-year mortality from coronary heart disease, cancer, and all causes. The Zutphen study. Lancet 1982, 2:518-522.
63. Kühnau J. The flavonoids. A class of semi-essential food components: their role in human nutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet 1976, 24:117-191.
64. Lagiou P., Samoli E., Lagiou A., Tzonou A., Kalandidi A., Peterson J., Dwyer J., Trichopoulos D. Intake of specific flavonoid classes and coronary heart disease - a case-control study in Greece. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:1643-1648.
65. Lagiou P., Samoli E., Lagiou A., Skalkidis Y., Katsouyanni K., Petridou E., Trichopoulos D. Flavonoid classes and risk of peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a case-control study in Greece. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006, 60:214-219.
66. Lairon D., Arnault N., Bertrais S., Planells R., Clero E., Hercberg S., Boutron-Ruault M.C. Dietary fiber intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:1185-1194.
67. Law M.R., Morris J.K. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease?. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998, 52:549-556.
68. Lee S.H., Park Y.B., Bae K.H., Bok S.H., Kwon Y.K., Lee E.S., Choi M.S. Cholesterol-lowering activity of naringenin via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in rats. Ann Nutr Metab 1999, 43:173-180.
69. Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., Valle T.T., Aunola S., Cepaitis Z., Hakumaki M., Hamalainen H., Ilanne-Parikka P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S., Laakso M., Louheranta A., Mannelin M., Martikkala V., Moltchanov V., Rastas M., Salminen V., Sundvall J., Uusitupa M., Tuomilehto J. Prevention of diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:S108-S113.
70. Lindstrom J., Louheranta A., Mannelin M., Rastas M., Salminen V., Eriksson J., Uusitupa M., Tuomilehto J. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:3230-3236.
71. Liu S., Serdula M., Janket S.J., Cook N.R., Sesso H.D., Willett W.C., Manson J.E., Buring J.E. A prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2993-2996.
72. Lundgren H., Bengtsson C., Blohme G., Isaksson B., Lapidus L., Lenner R.A., Saaek A., Winther E. Dietary habits and incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 49:708-712.
73. Manach C., Mazur A., Scalbert A. Polyphenols and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005, 16:77-84.
74. Mangels A.R., Holden J.M., Beecher G.R., Forman M.R., Lanza E. Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. J Am Diet Assoc 1993, 93:284-296.
75. Manson J.E., Gaziano J.M., Jonas M.A., Hennekens C.H. Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1993, 12:426-432.
76. Marlett J.A., Mcburney M.I., Slavin J.L. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 2002, 102:993-1000.
77. Martin A. Apports nutritionnels conseillés pour la population francaise 2001, Tec et Doc, Paris.
78. Martinez-Gonzalez M.A., Fernandez-Jarne E., Serrano-Martinez M., Marti A., Martinez J.A., Martin-Moreno J.M. Mediterranean diet and reduction in the risk of a first acute myocardial infarction: an operational healthy dietary score. Eur J Nutr 2002, 41:153-160.
79. Meyer K.A., Kushi L.H., Jacobs D.R.J.R., Slavin J., Sellers T.A., Folsom A.R. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71:921-930.
80. Miller E.R., Astor-Barriuso R., Dalal D., Riemersma R.A., Appel L.J., Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:37-46.
81. Montonen J., Jarvinen R., Heliovaara M., Reunanen A., Aromaa A., Knekt P. Food consumption and the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59:441-448.
82. Ndiaye M., Chataigneau T., Andriantsitohaina R., Stoclet J.C., Schini-Kerth V.B. Red wine polyphenols cause endothelium-dependent EDHF-mediated relaxations in porcine coronary arteries via a redox-sensitive mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 310:371-377.
83. Ndiaye M., Chataigneau T., Chataigneau M., Schini-Kerth V.B. Red wine polyphenols induce EDHF-mediated relaxations in porcine coronary arteries through the redox-sensitive activation of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2004, 142:1131-1136.
84. Ness A.R., Powles J.W. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26:1-13.
85. Ness A.R., Powles J.W., Khaw K.T. Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996, 3:513-521.
86. Nyyssonen K., Parviainen M.T., Salonen R., Tuomilehto J., Salonen J.T. Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective population study of men from eastern Finland. BMJ 1997, 314:634-638.
87. Obarzanek E., Sacks F.M., Vollmer R.M., Bray G.A., Miller E.R., Lin P.H., Karanja N.M., Most-Windhauser M.M., Moore T.J., Swain J.F., Bales C.W., Proschan M.A. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74:80-89.
88. Olmedilla B., Granado F., Blanco I., Herrero C., Vaquero M., Millan I. Serum status of carotenoids and tocopherols in patients with age-related cataracts: a case-control study. J Nutr Health Aging 2002, 6:66-68.
89. Omenn G.S., Goodman G.E., Thornquist M.D., Balmes J., Cullen M.R., Glass A., Keogh J.P., Meyskens F.L.J.R., Valanis B., Williams J.H.J.R., Barnhart S., Cherniack M.G., Brodkin C.A., Hammar S. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy. Trial, J Natl Cancer Inst 1996, 88:1550-1559.
90. O'neill M.E., Carroll Y., Corridan B., Olmedilla B., Granado F., Blanco I., Van Den Berg H., Hininger I., Rousell A.M., Chopra M., Southon S., Thurnham D.I. A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a fivecountry comparative study. Br J Nutr 2001, 85:499-507.
91. Osganian S.K., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E., Spiegelman D., Manson J.E., Willett W.C. Dietary carotenoids and risk of coronary artery disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:1390-1399.
92. Padayatty S.J., Katz A., Wang Y., Eck P., Kwon O., Lee J.H., Chen S., Corpe C., Dutta A., Dutta S.K., Levine M. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr 2003, 22:18-35.
93. Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C.H., Chrysohoou C., Skoumas J., Papadimitriou L., Stefanadis C., Toutouzas P.K. Status and management of hypertension in Greece: role of the adoption of a Mediterranean diet: the Attica study. J Hypertens 2003, 21:1483-1489.
94. Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., Chrysohoou C., Skoumas J., Tousoulis D., Toutouza M., Toutouzas P., Stefanadis C. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the Attica study. Am Heart J 2004, 147:106-112.
95. Paterson E., Gordon M.H., Niwat C., George T.W., Parr L., Waroonphan S., Lovegrove J.A. Supplementation with fruit and vegetable soups and beverages increases plasma carotenoid concentrations but does not alter markers of oxidative stress or cardiovascular risk factors. J Nutr 2006, 136:2849-2855.
96. Pietinen P., Rimm E.B., Korhonen P., Hartman A.M., Willett W.C., Albanes D., Virtamo J. Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Circulation 1996, 94:2720-2727.
97. Radtke J., Linseisen J., Wolfram G. Phenolic acid intake of adults in a Bavarian subgroup of the national food consumption survey. Z Ernahrungswiss 1998, 37:190-197.
98. Rao A.V. Lycopene, tomatoes, and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002, 227:908-913.
99. Rimm E.B., Stampfer M.J., Ascherio A., Giovannucci E., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1450-1456.
100. Rimm E.B., Ascherio A., Giovannucci E., Spiegelman D., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C. Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 1996, 275:447-451.
101. Rissanen T.H., Voutilainen S., Nyyssonen K., Lakka T.A., Sivenius J., Salonen R., Kaplan G.A., Salonen J.T. Low serum lycopene concentration is associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events and stroke: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Br J Nutr 2001, 85:749-754.
102. Rissanen T.H., Voutilainen S., Nyyssonen K., Salonen R., Kaplan G.A., Salonen J.T. Serum lycopene concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:133-138.
103. Ritenbaugh C., Peng Y.M., Aickin M., Graver E., Branch M., Alberts D.S. New carotenoid values for foods improve relationship of food frequency questionnaire intake estimates to plasma values. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996, 5:907-912.
104. Sauvaget C., Nagano J., Allen N., Kodama K. Vegetable and fruit intake and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. Stroke 2003, 34:2355-2360.
105. Schröder H., Marrugat J., Vila J., Covas M.I., Elosua R. Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in a Spanish population. J Nutr 2004, 134:3355-3361.
106. Sesso H.D., Liu S., Gaziano J.M., Buring J.E. Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr 2003, 133:2336-2341.
107. Sontia B., Touyz R.M. Role of magnesium in hypertension. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007, 458:33-39.
108. Stampfer M.J., Hennekens C.H., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Rosner B., Willett W.C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1444-1449.
109. Stoclet J.C., Chataigneau T., Ndiaye M., Oak M.H., El Bedoui J., Chataigneau M., Schini-Kerth V.B. Vascular protection by dietary polyphenols. Eur J Pharmacol 2004, 500:299-313.
110. Street D.A., Comstock G.W., Salkeld R.M., Schuep W., Klag M.J. Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction. Are low levels of carotenoids and alphatocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction?. Circulation 1994, 90:1154-1161.
111. Tavani A., La Vecchia C. Beta-carotene and risk of coronary heart disease. A review of observational and intervention studies. Biomed Pharmacother 1999, 53:409-416.
112. Tavani A., Negri E., D'avanzo B., La Vecchia C. Beta-carotene intake and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in women. Eur J Epidemiol 1997, 13:631-637.
113. Tavani A., Spertini L., Bosetti C., Parpinel M., Gnagnarella P., Bravi F., Peterson J., Dwyer J., Lagiou P., Negri E., La Vecchia C. Intake of specific flavonoids and risk of acute myocardial infarction in Italy. Public Health Nutr 2006, 9:369-374.
114. Thom T.J., Epstein F.H., Feldman J.J., Leaverton P.E. Trends in total mortality and mortality from heart disease in 26 countries from 1950 to 1978. Int J Epidemiol 1985, 14:510-520.
115. Tornwall M.E., Virtamo J., Korhonen P.A., Virtanen M.J., Taylor P.R., Albanes D., Huttunen J.K. Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on coronary heart disease during the 6-year post-trial follow-up in the ATBC study. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:1171-1178.
116. Trichopoulou A., Naska A., Antoniou A., Friel S., Trygg K., Turrini A. Vegetable and fruit: the evidence in their favour and the public health perspective. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2003, 73:63-69.
117. Tuomilehto J., Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., Valle T.T., Hamalainen H., Ilanne-Parikka P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S., Laakso M., Louheranta A., Rastas M., Salminen V., Uusitupa M. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in life-style among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1343-1350.
118. Van Den Berg R., Van Vliet T., Broekmans W.M.R., Cnubben N.H.P., Vaes W.H.J., Roza L., Haenen G., Bast A., Van Den Berg H. A vegetable/fruit concentrate with high antioxidant capacity has no effect on biomarkers of antioxidant status in male smokers. J Nutr 2001, 131:1714-1722.
119. Vidal R., Hernandez-Vallejo S., Pauquai T., Texier O., Rousset M., Chambaz J., Demignot S., Lacorte J.M. Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes. J Lipid Res 2005, 46:258-268.
120. Virtamo J., Rapola J.M., Ripatti S., Heinonen O.P., Taylor P.R., Albanes D., Huttunen J.K. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158:668-675.
121. Vita J.A., Keaney J.F.J.R., Raby K.E., Morrow J.D., Freedman J.E., Lynch S., Koulouris S.N., Hankin B.R., Frei B. Low plasma ascorbic acid independently predicts the presence of an unstable coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:980-986.
122. Voutilainen S., Nurmi T., Mursu J., Rissanen T.H. Carotenoids and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83:1265-1271.
123. Wald D.S., Wald N.J., Morris J.K., Law M. Folic acid, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease: judging causality in the face of inconclusive trial evidence. BMJ 2006, 333:1114-1117.
124. Wannamethee S.G., Lowe G.D., Rumley A., Bruckdorfer K.R., Whincup P.H. Association of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83:567-574.
125. Whelton P.K., He J., Cutler J.A., Brancati F.L., Appel L.J., Follmann D., Klag M.J. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 1997, 277:1624-1632.
126. Wilcox L.J., Borradaile N.M., De Dreu L.E., Huff M.W. Secretion of hepatocyte apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, via reduced activity and expression of ACAT2 and MTP. J Lipid Res 2001, 42:725-734.
127. Williams R.J., Spencer J.P., Rice-Evans C. Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?. Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 36:838-849.
128. Wolk A., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Hu F.B., Speizer F.E., Hennekens C.H., Willett W.C. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1999, 281:1998-2004.
129. Woods E., Clifford M.N., Gibbs M., Hampton S., Arendt J., Morgan L. Estimation of mean intakes of 14 classes of dietary phenols in a population of male shift workers. Proc Nutr Soc 2003, 62:60A.
130. Wright M.E., Lawson K.A., Weinstein S.J., Pietinen P., Taylor P.R., Virtamo J., Albanes D. Higher baseline serum concentrations of vitamin E are associated with lower total and cause-specific mortality in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 84:1200-1207.
131. Wu X., Beecher G.R., Holden J.M., Haytowitz D.B., Gebhardt S.E., Prior R.L. Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54:4069-4075.
132. Yochum L.A., Folsom A.R., Kushi L.H. Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:476-483.
133. Zern T.L., Fernandez M.L. Cardioprotective effects of dietary polyphenols. J Nutr 2005, 135:2291-2294.