Chapter 5 Proinflammatory cytokines in CRP baseline regulation

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 48, Issue , 2009, Pages 111-136

  Eklund, Carita M ^a  

^a TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Finland)

Author keywords

Acute phase protein; C Reactive protein; Immunity; Innate; Interleukin 1; Interleukin 6; Low grade inflammation

Indexed keywords

AUTACOID; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR;

GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOCIOECONOMICS;

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 69449104516     PISSN: 00652423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2423(09)48005-3     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Janeway Jr. C.A., and Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20 (2002) 197-216
2. Volanakis J.E., and Kaplan M.H. Specificity of C-reactive protein for choline phosphate residues of pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 136 (1971) 612-614
3. Robey F.A., Jones K.D., Tanaka T., and Liu T.Y. Binding of C-reactive protein to chromatin and nucleosome core particles. A possible physiological role of C-reactive protein. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 7311-7316
4. Du Clos T.W., Zlock L.T., and Rubin R.L. Analysis of the binding of C-reactive protein to histones and chromatin. J. Immunol. 141 (1988) 4266-4270
5. Salonen E.M., Vartio T., Hedman K., and Vaheri A. Binding of fibronectin by the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 1496-1501
6. Swanson S.J., McPeek M.M., and Mortensen R.F. Characteristics of the binding of human C-reactive protein (CRP) to laminin. J. Cell Biochem. 40 (1989) 121-132
7. Du Clos T.W. C-reactive protein reacts with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. J. Immunol. 143 (1989) 2553-2559
8. Stein M.P., Edberg J.C., Kimberly R.P., Mangan E.K., Bharadwaj D., Mold C., et al. C-reactive protein binding to FcgammaRIIa on human monocytes and neutrophils is allele-specific. J. Clin. Invest. 105 (2000) 369-376
9. de Beer F.C., Soutar A.K., Baltz M.L., Trayner I.M., Feinstein A., and Pepys M.B. Low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein are selectively bound by aggregated C-reactive protein. J. Exp. Med. 156 (1982) 230-242
10. Volanakis J.E., and Wirtz K.W. Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Nature 281 (1979) 155-157
11. Narkates A.J., and Volanakis J.E. C-reactive protein binding specificities: artificial and natural phospholipid bilayers. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 389 (1982) 172-182
12. Gershov D., Kim S., Brot N., and Elkon K.B. C-Reactive protein binds to apoptotic cells, protects the cells from assembly of the terminal complement components, and sustains an antiinflammatory innate immune response: implications for systemic autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 192 (2000) 1353-1364
13. Chang M.K., Binder C.J., Torzewski M., and Witztum J.L. C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 13043-13048
14. Hack C.E., Wolbink G.J., Schalkwijk C., Speijer H., Hermens W.T., and van den Bosch H. A role for secretory phospholipase A2 and C-reactive protein in the removal of injured cells. Immunol. Today 18 (1997) 111-115
15. Li Y.P., Mold C., and Du Clos T.W. Sublytic complement attack exposes C-reactive protein binding sites on cell membranes. J. Immunol. 152 (1994) 2995-3005
16. Volanakis J.E., and Narkates A.J. Interaction of C-reactive protein with artificial phosphatidylcholine bilayers and complement. J. Immunol. 126 (1981) 1820-1825
17. Mold C., Baca R., and Du Clos T.W. Serum amyloid P component and C-reactive protein opsonize apoptotic cells for phagocytosis through Fcgamma receptors. J. Autoimmun. 19 (2002) 147-154
18. Szalai A.J. C-reactive protein (CRP) and autoimmune disease: facts and conjectures. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 11 (2004) 221-226
19. Nathan C. Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420 (2002) 846-852
20. Barton G.M. A calculated response: control of inflammation by the innate immune system. J. Clin. Invest. 118 (2008) 413-420
21. Chen C.J., Kono H., Golenbock D., Reed G., Akira S., and Rock K.L. Identification of a key pathway required for the sterile inflammatory response triggered by dying cells. Nat. Med. 13 (2007) 851-856
22. Ford E.S. The metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and leukocyte count: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis 168 (2003) 351-358
23. Laaksonen D.E., Niskanen L., Nyyssonen K., Punnonen K., Tuomainen T.P., Valkonen V.P., et al. C-reactive protein and the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetologia 47 (2004) 1403-1410
24. Pradhan A.D., Manson J.E., Rifai N., Buring J.E., and Ridker P.M. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 286 (2001) 327-334
25. Festa A., D'Agostino Jr. R., Howard G., Mykkanen L., Tracy R.P., and Haffner S.M. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 102 (2000) 42-47
26. Hansson G.K. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (2005) 1685-1695
27. Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (1999) 115-126
28. Heikkila K., Harris R., Lowe G., Rumley A., Yarnell J., Gallacher J., et al. Associations of circulating C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cancer risk: findings from two prospective cohorts and a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 20 (2009) 15-26
29. Kushner I., Rzewnicki D., and Samols D. What does minor elevation of C-reactive protein signify?. Am. J. Med. 119 166 (2006) e17-e28
30. Pearson T.A., Mensah G.A., Alexander R.W., Anderson J.L., Cannon III R.O., Criqui M., et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107 (2003) 499-511
31. Danesh J., Wheeler J.G., Hirschfield G.M., Eda S., Eiriksdottir G., Rumley A., et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (2004) 1387-1397
32. Ridker P.M., Cushman M., Stampfer M.J., Tracy R.P., and Hennekens C.H. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N. Engl. J. Med. 336 (1997) 973-979
33. Sakkinen P., Abbott R.D., Curb J.D., Rodriguez B.L., Yano K., and Tracy R.P. C-reactive protein and myocardial infarction. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 55 (2002) 445-451
34. Morley J.J., and Kushner I. Serum C-reactive protein levels in disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 389 (1982) 406-418
35. Calabro P., Willerson J.T., and Yeh E.T. Inflammatory cytokines stimulated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circulation 108 (2003) 1930-1932
36. Haider D.G., Leuchten N., Schaller G., Gouya G., Kolodjaschna J., Schmetterer L., et al. C-reactive protein is expressed and secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 146 (2006) 533-539
37. Kuta A.E., and Baum L.L. C-reactive protein is produced by a small number of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 164 (1986) 321-326
38. Dong Q., and Wright J.R. Expression of C-reactive protein by alveolar macrophages. J. Immunol. 156 (1996) 4815-4820
39. Venugopal S.K., Devaraj S., and Jialal I. Macrophage conditioned medium induces the expression of C-reactive protein in human aortic endothelial cells: potential for paracrine/autocrine effects. Am. J. Pathol. 166 (2005) 1265-1271
40. Gould J.M., and Weiser J.N. Expression of C-reactive protein in the human respiratory tract. Infect. Immun. 69 (2001) 1747-1754
41. Calabro P., Chang D.W., Willerson J.T., and Yeh E.T. Release of C-reactive protein in response to inflammatory cytokines by human adipocytes: linking obesity to vascular inflammation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 (2005) 1112-1113
42. Jabs W.J., Logering B.A., Gerke P., Kreft B., Wolber E.M., Klinger M.H., et al. The kidney as a second site of human C-reactive protein formation in vivo. Eur. J. Immunol. 33 (2003) 152-161
43. Yasojima K., Schwab C., McGeer E.G., and McGeer P.L. Human neurons generate C-reactive protein and amyloid P: upregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 887 (2000) 80-89
44. Wilson A.M., Swan J.D., Ding H., Zhang Y., Whitbourn R.J., Gurry J., et al. Widespread vascular production of C-reactive protein (CRP) and a relationship between serum CRP, plaque CRP and intimal hypertrophy. Atherosclerosis 191 (2007) 175-181
45. Yanbaeva D.G., Dentener M.A., Creutzberg E.C., Wesseling G., and Wouters E.F. Systemic effects of smoking. Chest 131 (2007) 1557-1566
46. Tzoulaki I., Jarvelin M.R., Hartikainen A.L., Leinonen M., Pouta A., Paldanius M., et al. Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study. Eur. Heart J. 29 (2008) 1049-1056
47. Sattar N., McConnachie A., O'Reilly D., Upton M.N., Greer I.A., Davey Smith G., et al. Inverse association between birth weight and C-reactive protein concentrations in the MIDSPAN Family Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24 (2004) 583-587
48. Nazmi A., and Victora C.G. Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differentials of C-reactive protein levels: a systematic review of population-based studies. BMC Public Health 7 (2007) 212
49. Gimeno D., Ferrie J.E., Elovainio M., Pulkki-Raback L., Keltikangas-Jarvinen L., Eklund C., et al. When do social inequalities in C-reactive protein start? A life course perspective from conception to adulthood in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37 (2008) 290-298
50. Baer D.J., Judd J.T., Clevidence B.A., and Tracy R.P. Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79 (2004) 969-973
51. Zampelas A., Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., Chrysohoou C., and Stefanadis C. Associations between coffee consumption and inflammatory markers in healthy persons: the ATTICA study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80 (2004) 862-867
52. Imhof A., Froehlich M., Brenner H., Boeing H., Pepys M.B., and Koenig W. Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation. Lancet 357 (2001) 763-767
53. Imhof A., Woodward M., Doering A., Helbecque N., Loewel H., Amouyel P., et al. Overall alcohol intake, beer, wine, and systemic markers of inflammation in western Europe: results from three MONICA samples (Augsburg, Glasgow, Lille). Eur. Heart J. 25 (2004) 2092-2100
54. Albert M.A., Glynn R.J., and Ridker P.M. Alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 107 (2003) 443-447
55. Ajani U.A., Ford E.S., and Mokdad A.H. Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey data. J. Nutr. 134 (2004) 1181-1185
56. King D.E., Egan B.M., and Geesey M.E. Relation of dietary fat and fiber to elevation of C-reactive protein. Am. J. Cardiol. 92 (2003) 1335-1339
57. Ma Y., Hebert J.R., Li W., Bertone-Johnson E.R., Olendzki B., Pagoto S.L., et al. Association between dietary fiber and markers of systemic inflammation in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Nutrition 24 (2008) 941-949
58. Imhof A., Frohlich M., Loewel H., Helbecque N., Woodward M., Amouyel P., et al. Distributions of C-reactive protein measured by high-sensitivity assays in apparently healthy men and women from different populations in Europe. Clin. Chem. 49 (2003) 669-672
59. Ford E.S., Giles W.H., Myers G.L., and Mannino D.M. Population distribution of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among US men: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Clin. Chem. 49 (2003) 686-690
60. Rifai N., and Ridker P.M. Population distributions of C-reactive protein in apparently healthy men and women in the United States: implication for clinical interpretation. Clin. Chem. 49 (2003) 666-669
61. Wener M.H., Daum P.R., and McQuillan G.M. The influence of age, sex, and race on the upper reference limit of serum C-reactive protein concentration. J. Rheumatol. 27 (2000) 2351-2359
62. Garcia-Moll X., Zouridakis E., Cole D., and Kaski J.C. C-reactive protein in patients with chronic stable angina: differences in baseline serum concentration between women and men. Eur. Heart J. 21 (2000) 1598-1606
63. Raitakari M., Mansikkaniemi K., Marniemi J., Viikari J.S., and Raitakari O.T. Distribution and determinants of serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein in a population of young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J. Intern. Med. 258 (2005) 428-434
64. Bazzano L.A., He J., Muntner P., Vupputuri S., and Whelton P.K. Relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med. 138 (2003) 891-897
65. Frohlich M., Sund M., Lowel H., Imhof A., Hoffmeister A., and Koenig W. Independent association of various smoking characteristics with markers of systemic inflammation in men. Results from a representative sample of the general population (MONICA Augsburg Survey 1994/95). Eur. Heart J. 24 (2003) 1365-1372
66. Lowe G.D., Yarnell J.W., Rumley A., Bainton D., and Sweetnam P.M. C-reactive protein, fibrin D-dimer, and incident ischemic heart disease in the Speedwell study: are inflammation and fibrin turnover linked in pathogenesis?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21 (2001) 603-610
67. Wannamethee S.G., Lowe G.D., Shaper A.G., Rumley A., Lennon L., and Whincup P.H. Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur. Heart J. 26 (2005) 1765-1773
68. Winkleby M.A., Kraemer H.C., Ahn D.K., and Varady A.N. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: findings for women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 280 (1998) 356-362
69. Anand S.S., Yusuf S., Vuksan V., Devanesen S., Teo K.K., Montague P.A., et al. Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE). Lancet 356 (2000) 279-284
70. Cooper R., Cutler J., Desvigne-Nickens P., Fortmann S.P., Friedman L., Havlik R., et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation 102 (2000) 3137-3147
71. Cooper R.S. Social inequality, ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. Int. J. Epidemiol. 30 Suppl. 1 (2001) S48-S52
72. Kelley-Hedgepeth A., Lloyd-Jones D.M., Colvin A., Matthews K.A., Johnston J., Sowers M.R., et al. Ethnic differences in C-reactive protein concentrations. Clin. Chem. 54 (2008) 1027-1037
73. Ranjit N., Diez-Roux A.V., Shea S., Cushman M., Ni H., and Seeman T. Socioeconomic position, race/ethnicity, and inflammation in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 116 (2007) 2383-2390
74. Simopoulos A.P. Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother. 60 (2006) 502-507
75. Lopez-Garcia E., Schulze M.B., Fung T.T., Meigs J.B., Rifai N., Manson J.E., et al. Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80 (2004) 1029-1035
76. Fung T.T., McCullough M.L., Newby P.K., Manson J.E., Meigs J.B., Rifai N., et al. Diet-quality scores and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82 (2005) 163-173
77. Lichtenstein A.H., Erkkila A.T., Lamarche B., Schwab U.S., Jalbert S.M., and Ausman L.M. Influence of hydrogenated fat and butter on CVD risk factors: remnant-like particles, glucose and insulin, blood pressure and C-reactive protein. Atherosclerosis 171 (2003) 97-107
78. Bradley R.L., Fisher F.F., and Maratos-Flier E. Dietary fatty acids differentially regulate production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 by murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16 (2008) 938-944
79. Ferrucci L., Cherubini A., Bandinelli S., Bartali B., Corsi A., Lauretani F., et al. Relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids to circulating inflammatory markers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91 (2006) 439-446
80. Tsitouras P.D., Gucciardo F., Salbe A.D., Heward C., and Harman S.M. High omega-3 fat intake improves insulin sensitivity and reduces CRP and IL6, but does not affect other endocrine axes in healthy older adults. Horm. Metab. Res. 40 (2008) 199-205
81. Esposito K., Marfella R., Ciotola M., Di Palo C., Giugliano F., Giugliano G., et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 292 (2004) 1440-1446
82. Esposito K., Ciotola M., and Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet, endothelial function and vascular inflammatory markers. Public Health Nutr. 9 (2006) 1073-1076
83. Chrysohoou C., Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., Das U.N., and Stefanadis C. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet attenuates inflammation and coagulation process in healthy adults: the ATTICA Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44 (2004) 152-158
84. Giugliano D., and Esposito K. Mediterranean diet and metabolic diseases. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 19 (2008) 63-68
85. Estruch R., Martinez-Gonzalez M.A., Corella D., Salas-Salvado J., Ruiz-Gutierrez V., Covas M.I., et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 145 (2006) 1-11
86. Visser M., Bouter L.M., McQuillan G.M., Wener M.H., and Harris T.B. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282 (1999) 2131-2135
87. Selvin E., Paynter N.P., and Erlinger T.P. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (2007) 31-39
88. Cancello R., Henegar C., Viguerie N., Taleb S., Poitou C., Rouault C., et al. Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes 54 (2005) 2277-2286
89. Heilbronn L.K., Noakes M., and Clifton P.M. Energy restriction and weight loss on very-low-fat diets reduce C-reactive protein concentrations in obese, healthy women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21 (2001) 968-970
90. Hotamisligil G.S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444 (2006) 860-867
91. Mohamed-Ali V., Goodrick S., Rawesh A., Katz D.R., Miles J.M., Yudkin J.S., et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (1997) 4196-4200
92. Fain J.N., Madan A.K., Hiler M.L., Cheema P., and Bahouth S.W. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology 145 (2004) 2273-2282
93. Weisberg S.P., McCann D., Desai M., Rosenbaum M., Leibel R.L., and Ferrante Jr. A.W. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J. Clin. Invest. 112 (2003) 1796-1808
94. Ouchi N., Kihara S., Funahashi T., Nakamura T., Nishida M., Kumada M., et al. Reciprocal association of C-reactive protein with adiponectin in blood stream and adipose tissue. Circulation 107 (2003) 671-674
95. Cinti S., Mitchell G., Barbatelli G., Murano I., Ceresi E., Faloia E., et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J. Lipid. Res. 46 (2005) 2347-2355
96. Curat C.A., Wegner V., Sengenes C., Miranville A., Tonus C., Busse R., et al. Macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue: increased accumulation in obesity and a source of resistin and visfatin. Diabetologia 49 (2006) 744-747
97. Charriere G., Cousin B., Arnaud E., Andre M., Bacou F., Penicaud L., et al. Preadipocyte conversion to macrophage. Evidence of plasticity. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 9850-9855
98. Ma Y., Griffith J.A., Chasan-Taber L., Olendzki B.C., Jackson E., Stanek III E.J., et al. Association between dietary fiber and serum C-reactive protein. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83 (2006) 760-766
99. King D.E., Egan B.M., Woolson R.F., Mainous III A.G., Al-Solaiman Y., and Jesri A. Effect of a high-fiber diet vs a fiber-supplemented diet on C-reactive protein level. Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (2007) 502-506
100. Liu S. Whole-grain foods, dietary fiber, and type 2 diabetes: searching for a kernel of truth. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 (2003) 527-529
101. King D.E., Mainous III A.G., Egan B.M., Woolson R.F., and Geesey M.E. Effect of psyllium fiber supplementation on C-reactive protein: the trial to reduce inflammatory markers (TRIM). Ann. Fam. Med. 6 (2008) 100-106
102. King D.E. Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 49 (2005) 594-600
103. Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: from basic science to medicine-40 years in immunology. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23 (2005) 1-21
104. Koj A. Initiation of acute phase response and synthesis of cytokines. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1317 (1996) 84-94
105. Cox G., and Gauldie J. Interleukin-6. In: Remick D., and Friedland J. (Eds). Cytokines in Health and Disease (1997), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
106. Renner U., De Santana E.C., Gerez J., Frohlich B., Haedo M., Pereda M.P., et al. Intrapituitary expression and regulation of the gp130 cytokine interleukin-6 and its implication in pituitary physiology and pathophysiology. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1153 (2009) 89-97
107. Kariagina A., Romanenko D., Ren S.G., and Chesnokova V. Hypothalamic-pituitary cytokine network. Endocrinology 145 (2004) 104-112
108. Peters M., Muller A.M., and Rose-John S. Interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor: direct stimulation of gp130 and hematopoiesis. Blood 92 (1998) 3495-3504
109. Hibi M., Murakami M., Saito M., Hirano T., Taga T., and Kishimoto T. Molecular cloning and expression of an IL-6 signal transducer, gp130. Cell 63 (1990) 1149-1157
110. Hirano T., Taga T., Yamasaki K., Matsuda T., Tang B., Muraguchi A., et al. A multifunctional cytokine (IL-6/BSF-2) and its receptor. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 88 (1989) 29-33
111. Yamasaki K., Taga T., Hirata Y., Yawata H., Kawanishi Y., Seed B., et al. Cloning and expression of the human interleukin-6 (BSF-2/IFN beta 2) receptor. Science 241 (1988) 825-828
112. Kishimoto T., Akira S., Narazaki M., and Taga T. Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130. Blood 86 (1995) 1243-1254
113. Nishikawa T., Hagihara K., Serada S., Isobe T., Matsumura A., Song J., et al. Transcriptional complex formation of C-Fos, STAT3, and hepatocyte NF-1 alpha is essential for cytokine-driven C-reactive protein gene expression. J. Immunol. 180 (2008) 3492-3501
114. Kato K., Yokoi T., Takano N., Kanegane H., Yachie A., Miyawaki T., et al. Detection by in situ hybridization and phenotypic characterization of cells expressing IL-6 mRNA in human stimulated blood. J. Immunol. 144 (1990) 1317-1322
115. Ramji D.P., and Foka P. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins: structure, function and regulation. Biochem. J. 365 (2002) 561-575
116. Dinarello C.A. Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood 87 (1996) 2095-2147
117. Tocci M., and Schmidt J. Interleukin-1: structure and function. In: Remick D., and Friedland J. (Eds). Cytokines in health and disease (1997), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
118. Gabay C., and Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (1999) 448-454
119. Dinarello C.A. Blocking IL-1 in systemic inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 201 (2005) 1355-1359
120. Endres S., Cannon J.G., Ghorbani R., Dempsey R.A., Sisson S.D., Lonnemann G., et al. In vitro production of IL 1 beta, IL 1 alpha, TNF and IL2 in healthy subjects: distribution, effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition and evidence of independent gene regulation. Eur. J. Immunol. 19 (1989) 2327-2333
121. Lonnemann G., Endres S., Van der Meer J.W., Cannon J.G., Koch K.M., and Dinarello C.A. Differences in the synthesis and kinetics of release of interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor from human mononuclear cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 19 (1989) 1531-1536
122. Dinarello C.A., and Wolff S.M. The role of interleukin-1 in disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (1993) 106-113
123. Kawaguchi Y., Nishimagi E., Tochimoto A., Kawamoto M., Katsumata Y., Soejima M., et al. Intracellular IL-1alpha-binding proteins contribute to biological functions of endogenous IL-1alpha in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 14501-14506
124. MacKenzie A., Wilson H.L., Kiss-Toth E., Dower S.K., North R.A., and Surprenant A. Rapid secretion of interleukin-1beta by microvesicle shedding. Immunity 15 (2001) 825-835
125. Hogquist K.A., Unanue E.R., and Chaplin D.D. Release of IL-1 from mononuclear phagocytes. J. Immunol. 147 (1991) 2181-2186
126. Ferrari D., Pizzirani C., Adinolfi E., Lemoli R.M., Curti A., Idzko M., et al. The P2X7 receptor: a key player in IL-1 processing and release. J. Immunol. 176 (2006) 3877-3883
127. Brough D., and Rothwell N.J. Caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-interleukin-1beta is cytosolic and precedes cell death. J. Cell Sci. 120 (2007) 772-781
128. Sims J.E., Gayle M.A., Slack J.L., Alderson M.R., Bird T.A., Giri J.G., et al. Interleukin 1 signaling occurs exclusively via the type I receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 6155-6159
129. Wesche H., Korherr C., Kracht M., Falk W., Resch K., and Martin M.U. The interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) is essential for IL-1-induced activation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and stress-activated protein kinases (SAP kinases). J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 7727-7731
130. Colotta F., Re F., Muzio M., Bertini R., Polentarutti N., Sironi M., et al. Interleukin-1 type II receptor: a decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4. Science 261 (1993) 472-475
131. Li X., and Qin J. Modulation of Toll-interleukin 1 receptor mediated signaling. J. Mol. Med. 83 (2005) 258-266
132. Kramer F., Torzewski J., Kamenz J., Veit K., Hombach V., Dedio J., et al. Interleukin-1beta stimulates acute phase response and C-reactive protein synthesis by inducing an NFkappaB- and C/EBPbeta-dependent autocrine interleukin-6 loop. Mol. Immunol. 45 (2008) 2678-2689
133. Zheng H., Fletcher D., Kozak W., Jiang M., Hofmann K.J., Conn C.A., et al. Resistance to fever induction and impaired acute-phase response in interleukin-1 beta-deficient mice. Immunity 3 (1995) 9-19
134. Ganapathi M.K., May L.T., Schultz D., Brabenec A., Weinstein J., Sehgal P.B., et al. Role of interleukin-6 in regulating synthesis of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in human hepatoma cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157 (1988) 271-277
135. Ganter U., Arcone R., Toniatti C., Morrone G., and Ciliberto G. Dual control of C-reactive protein gene expression by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. EMBO J. 8 (1989) 3773-3779
136. Steel D.M., and Whitehead A.S. Heterogeneous modulation of acute-phase-reactant mRNA levels by interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. Biochem. J. 277 Pt 2 (1991) 477-482
137. Goldman N.D., Liu T., and Lei K.J. Structural analysis of the locus containing the human C-reactive protein gene and its related pseudogene. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 7001-7005
138. Yap S.H., Moshage H.J., Hazenberg B.P.C., Roelofs H.M.J., Bijzet J., Limburg P.C., et al. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibits interleukin (IL)-1 and/or IL-6 stimulated synthesis of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Biochim. Biophy. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1091 (1991) 405-408
139. Arend W.P., Palmer G., and Gabay C. IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines. Immunol. Rev. 223 (2008) 20-38
140. Wakabayashi G., Gelfand J.A., Burke J.F., Thompson R.C., and Dinarello C.A. A specific receptor antagonist for interleukin 1 prevents Escherichia coli-induced shock in rabbits. FASEB J. 5 (1991) 338-343
141. Gabay C., Gigley J., Sipe J., Arend W.P., and Fantuzzi G. Production of IL-1 receptor antagonist by hepatocytes is regulated as an acute-phase protein in vivo. Eur. J. Immunol. 31 (2001) 490-499
142. Tracey K.J. Tumor necrosis factor. In: Remick D., and Friedland J. (Eds). Cytokines in Health and Disease (1997), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
143. Bianchi M., Bloom O., Raabe T., Cohen P.S., Chesney J., Sherry B., et al. Suppression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes by a tetravalent guanylhydrazone. J. Exp. Med. 183 (1996) 927-936
144. Yao Z., Painter S.L., Fanslow W.C., Ulrich D., Macduff B.M., Spriggs M.K., et al. Human IL-17: a novel cytokine derived from T cells. J. Immunol. 155 (1995) 5483-5486
145. Langrish C.L., Chen Y., Blumenschein W.M., Mattson J., Basham B., Sedgwick J.D., et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 201 (2005) 233-240
146. Harrington L.E., Hatton R.D., Mangan P.R., Turner H., Murphy T.L., Murphy K.M., et al. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat. Immunol. 6 (2005) 1123-1132
147. Park H., Li Z., Yang X.O., Chang S.H., Nurieva R., Wang Y.H., et al. A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat. Immunol. 6 (2005) 1133-1141
148. Fossiez F., Djossou O., Chomarat P., Flores-Romo L., Ait-Yahia S., Maat C., et al. T cell interleukin-17 induces stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines. J. Exp. Med. 183 (1996) 2593-2603
149. Moseley T.A., Haudenschild D.R., Rose L., and Reddi A.H. Interleukin-17 family and IL-17 receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 14 (2003) 155-174
150. Shalom-Barak T., Quach J., and Lotz M. Interleukin-17-induced gene expression in articular chondrocytes is associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-kappaB. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 27467-27473
151. Martel-Pelletier J., Mineau F., Jovanovic D., Di Battista J.A., and Pelletier J.P. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappaB together regulate interleukin-17-induced nitric oxide production in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: possible role of transactivating factor mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated proten kinase (MAPKAPK). Arthritis Rheum. 42 (1999) 2399-2409
152. Patel D.N., King C.A., Bailey S.R., Holt J.W., Venkatachalam K., Agrawal A., et al. Interleukin-17 stimulates C-reactive protein expression in hepatocytes and smooth muscle cells via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2-dependent NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta activation. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 27229-27238
153. Broxmeyer H.E. Is interleukin 17, an inducible cytokine that stimulates production of other cytokines, merely a redundant player in a sea of other biomolecules?. J. Exp. Med. 183 (1996) 2411-2415
154. Li S.P., and Goldman N.D. Regulation of human C-reactive protein gene expression by two synergistic IL-6 responsive elements. Biochemistry 35 (1996) 9060-9068
155. Toniatti C., Demartis A., Monaci P., Nicosia A., and Ciliberto G. Synergistic trans-activation of the human C-reactive protein promoter by transcription factor HNF-1 binding at two distinct sites. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 4467-4475
156. Voleti B., and Agrawal A. Regulation of basal and induced expression of C-reactive protein through an overlapping element for OCT-1 and NF-kappaB on the proximal promoter. J. Immunol. 175 (2005) 3386-3390
157. Agrawal A., Cha-Molstad H., Samols D., and Kushner I. Transactivation of C-reactive protein by IL-6 requires synergistic interaction of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP beta) and Rel p50. J. Immunol. 166 (2001) 2378-2384
158. Cha-Molstad H., Agrawal A., Zhang D., Samols D., and Kushner I. The Rel family member P50 mediates cytokine-induced C-reactive protein expression by a novel mechanism. J. Immunol. 165 (2000) 4592-4597
159. Agrawal A., Samols D., and Kushner I. Transcription factor C-Rel enhances C-reactive protein expression by facilitating the binding of C/EBPbeta to the promoter. Mol. Immunol. 40 (2003) 373-380
160. Cao Z., Umek R.M., and McKnight S.L. Regulated expression of three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells. Genes Dev. 5 (1991) 1538-1552
161. Akira S., Isshiki H., Sugita T., Tanabe O., Kinoshita S., Nishio Y., et al. A nuclear factor for IL-6 expression (NF-IL6) is a member of a C/EBP family. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 1897-1906
162. Poli V. The role of C/EBP isoforms in the control of inflammatory and native immunity functions. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 29279-29282
163. Young D.P., Kushner I., and Samols D. Binding of C/EBPbeta to the C-reactive protein (CRP) promoter in Hep3B cells is associated with transcription of CRP mRNA. J. Immunol. 181 (2008) 2420-2427
164. Majello B., Arcone R., Toniatti C., and Ciliberto G. Constitutive and IL-6-induced nuclear factors that interact with the human C-reactive protein promoter. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 457-465
165. Zhang D., Sun M., Samols D., and Kushner I. STAT3 participates in transcriptional activation of the C-reactive protein gene by interleukin-6. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 9503-9509
166. Singh P.P., Voleti B., and Agrawal A. A novel RBP-J kappa-dependent switch from C/EBP beta to C/EBP zeta at the C/EBP binding site on the C-reactive protein promoter. J. Immunol. 178 (2007) 7302-7309
167. Ridker P.M., Pare G., Parker A., Zee R.Y., Danik J.S., Buring J.E., et al. Loci related to metabolic-syndrome pathways including LEPR, HNF1A, IL6R, and GCKR associate with plasma C-reactive protein: the Women's Genome Health Study. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82 (2008) 1185-1192
168. Berrahmoune H., Herbeth B., Siest G., and Visvikis-Siest S. Heritability of serum hs-CRP concentration and 5-year changes in the Stanislas family study: association with apolipoprotein E alleles. Genes Immun. 8 (2007) 352-359
169. Johnson P.T., Betts K.E., Radeke M.J., Hageman G.S., Anderson D.H., and Johnson L.V. Individuals homozygous for the age-related macular degeneration risk-conferring variant of complement factor H have elevated levels of CRP in the choroid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 17456-17461
170. Fisher E., Schulze M.B., Stefan N., Haring H.U., Doring F., Joost H.G., et al. Association of the FTO rs9939609 Single nucleotide polymorphism with C-reactive protein levels. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17 (2009) 330-334
171. Eklund C., Kivimaki M., Islam M.S., Juonala M., Kahonen M., Marniemi J., et al. C-reactive protein genetics is associated with carotid artery compliance in men in The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis 196 (2008) 841-848
172. Berger P., McConnell J.P., Nunn M., Kornman K.S., Sorrell J., Stephenson K., et al. C-reactive protein levels are influenced by common IL-1 gene variations. Cytokine 17 (2002) 171-174
173. Rogus J., Beck J.D., Offenbacher S., Huttner K., Iacoviello L., Latella M.C., et al. IL1B gene promoter haplotype pairs predict clinical levels of interleukin-1beta and C-reactive protein. Hum. Genet. 123 (2008) 387-398
174. Eklund C., Jahan F., Pessi T., Lehtimaki T., and Hurme M. Interleukin 1B gene polymorphism is associated with baseline C-reactive protein levels in healthy individuals. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 14 (2003) 168-171
175. Latkovskis G., Licis N., and Kalnins U. C-reactive protein levels and common polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene cluster and interleukin-6 gene in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Immunogenet. 31 (2004) 207-213
176. D'Aiuto F., Parkar M., Brett P.M., Ready D., and Tonetti M.S. Gene polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with systemic inflammation in patients with severe periodontal infections. Cytokine 28 (2004) 29-34
177. Reiner A.P., Wurfel M.M., Lange L.A., Carlson C.S., Nord A.S., Carty C.L., et al. Polymorphisms of the IL1-receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) are associated with multiple markers of systemic inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28 (2008) 1407-1412
178. Vickers M.A., Green F.R., Terry C., Mayosi B.M., Julier C., Lathrop M., et al. Genotype at a promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene is associated with baseline levels of plasma C-reactive protein. Cardiovasc. Res. 53 (2002) 1029-1034
179. Libra M., Signorelli S.S., Bevelacqua Y., Navolanic P.M., Bevelacqua V., Polesel J., et al. Analysis of G(-174)C IL-6 polymorphism and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral arterial disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 59 (2006) 211-215
180. Walston J.D., Fallin M.D., Cushman M., Lange L., Psaty B., Jenny N., et al. IL-6 gene variation is associated with IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels but not cardiovascular outcomes in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Hum. Genet. 122 (2007) 485-494
181. Saijo Y., Yoshioka E., Fukui T., Kawaharada M., Sata F., Sato H., et al. Effects of the Interaction between Interleukin-6-634C/G Polymorphism and Smoking on Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations. Hypertens. Res. 30 (2007) 593-599
182. Wong L.Y., Leung R.Y., Ong K.L., and Cheung B.M. Plasma levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein are related to interleukin-6 gene -572C > G polymorphism in subjects with and without hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 21 (2007) 875-882
183. Jang Y., Kim O.Y., Hyun Y.J., Chae J.S., Koh S.J., Heo Y.M., et al. Interleukin-6-572C > G polymorphism-association with inflammatory variables in Korean men with coronary artery disease. Transl. Res. 151 (2008) 154-161
184. Ferrari S.L., Ahn-Luong L., Garnero P., Humphries S.E., and Greenspan S.L. Two promoter polymorphisms regulating interleukin-6 gene expression are associated with circulating levels of C-reactive protein and markers of bone resorption in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (2003) 255-259
185. Qi L., Rifai N., and Hu F.B. Interleukin-6 receptor gene, plasma C-reactive protein, and diabetes risk in women. Diabetes 58 (2009) 275-278
186. Lakka H.M., Lakka T.A., Rankinen T., Rice T., Rao D.C., Leon A.S., et al. The TNF-alpha G-308A polymorphism is associated with C-reactive protein levels: the HERITAGE Family Study. Vascul. Pharmacol. 44 (2006) 377-383