Pectins in processed fruit and vegetables: Part I - Stability and catalytic activity of pectinases

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 75-85

  Duvetter, T ^a   Sila, D N ^a   Van Buggenhout, S ^a   Jolie, R ^a   Van Loey, A ^a   Hendrickx, M ^a  

^a LEUVEN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION RESEARCH CENTRE LFORCE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 63049116610     PISSN: 15414337     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00070.x     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Aguilo-Aguayo I, Soliva-Fortuny R, Martin-Belloso O. 2008. Comparative study on color, viscosity and related enzymes of tomato juice treated by high-intensity pulsed electric fields or heat. Eur Food Res Technol 227 : 599 606.
2. Ali ZM, Brady CJ. 1982. Purification and characterization of the polygalacturonases of tomato fruit. Aust J Plant Physiol 9 : 155 69.
3. Almeida DF, Huber DJ. 2007. Polygalacturonase-mediated dissolution and depolymerization of pectns in solutions mimicking the pH and mineral composition of tomato fruit apoplast. Plant Sci 172 : 1087 94.
4. Alonso J, Rodríguez MT, Canet W. 1996. Purification and characterization of four pectinesterases from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). J Agric Food Chem 44 : 3416 22.
5. Alonso J, HowelL N, Canet W. 1997. Purification and characterization of two pectinmethylesterases from persimmon (Diospyros kaki). J Sci Food Agric 75 : 352 8.
6. Alonso J, Canet W, Howell N, Alique R. 2003. Purification and characterization of carrot (Daucus carota L.) pectinesterase. J Sci Food Agric 83 : 1600 6.
7. Anastasakis M, Lindamood J, Chism G, Hansen P. 1987. Enzymatic hydrolysis of carrot for extraction of a cloud stable juice. Food Hydrocolloid 1 : 247 61.
8. Anthon GE, Barrett DM. 2002. Kinetic parameters for the thermal inactivation of quality-related enzymes in carrots and potatoes. J Agric Food Chem 50 : 4119 25.
9. Anthon GE, Sekine Y, Watanabe N, Barrett M. 2002. Thermal inactivation of pectin methylesterase, polygalaturonase, and peroxidase in tomato juice. J Agric Food Chem 50 (21 6153 9.
10. Arancibia RA, Motsenbocker CE. 2006. Pectin methylesterase activity in vivo differs from activity in vitro and enhances polygalacturonase-mediated pectin degradation in Tabasco pepper. J Plant Physiol 163 : 488 96.
11. Balestrieri C, Castaldo D, Giovane A, Quagliuolo L, Servillo L. 1990. A glycoprotein inhibitor of pectin methylesterase in kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis). Eur J Biochem 193 : 183 7.
12. Balogh T, Smout C, Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. 2004. Thermal and high-pressure inactivation kinetics of carrot pectinmethylesterase (PME): from model systems to real foods. IFSET 5 : 429 36.
13. Balny C, Masson P. 1993. Effects of high pressure on proteins. Food Rev Int 9 : 611 28.
14. Baron A, Dénes J, Durier C. 2006. High-pressure treatment of cloudy apple juice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 39 (9 1005 13.
15. Basak S, Ramaswamy H. 1996. Ultra high-pressure treatment of orange juice: a kinetic study on inactivation of pectin methylesterase. Food Res Int 29 : 601 7.
16. Benen JAE, van Alebeek G-J, Voragen AGJ, Visser J. 2003. Pectic esterases. In : Whitaker JR, Voragen AGJ, Wong DWS, editors. Handbook of food enzymology. New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc. p 849 56.
17. Bordenave M. 1996. Analysis of pectin methyl esterases. In : Linskens HF, editor. Plant cell wall analysis. Berlin, Germany : Springer-Verlag. p 165 80.
18. Brady CJ. 1976. The pectinesterase of the pulp of the banana fruit. Aust J Plant Physiol 3 : 163 72.
19. Bull M, Zerdin K, Howe E, Goicoechea D, Paramanandhan P, Stockman R, Sellahewa J, Szabo E, Johnson R, Stewart C. 2004. The effect of high-pressure processing on the microbial, physical and chemical properties of Valencia and Navel orange juice. IFSET 5 : 135 49.
20. Cameron R, Baker A, Grohmann K. 1998. Multiple forms of pectinmethylesterase from citrus peel and their effects on juice cloud stability. J Food Sci 63 : 253 6.
21. Cano M, Hernandez A, Ancos B. 1997. High pressure and temperature effects on enzyme inactivation in strawberry and orange products. J Food Sci 62 (1 85 8.
22. Castaldo D, Lovoi A, Quagliuolo L, Servillo L, Balestrieri C, Giovane A. 1991. Orange juices and concentrates stabilization by a proteic inhibitor of pectin methylesterase. J Food Sci 56 (6 1632 4.
23. Castro SM, Van Loey A, Saraiva JA, Smout C, Hendrickx M. 2004. Activity and process stability of purified green pepper (Capsicum annuum) pectin methylesterase. J Agric Food Chem 52 : 5724 9.
24. Castro SM, Van Loey A, Saraiva JA, Smout C, Hendrickx M. 2006. Inactivation of pepper (Capsicum annuum) pectin methylesterase by combined high-pressure and temperature treatments. J Food Eng 75 : 50 8.
25. Chaimanee P. 1992. Changes in cell wall hydrolase polygalacturonase during ripening in mango fruit. Acta Horticulturae 321 : 804 10.
26. Chan JHT, Tam SYT. 1982. Partial separation and characterization of papaya endo- and exo-polygalacturonase. J Food Sci 47 : 1478 83.
27. Cheftel JC. 1992. Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on food constituents: an overview. In : Balny C, Hayashi R, Heremans K, Masson P, editors. High pressure and biotechnology. Montrouge, France : John Libbey Eurotext. p 195 209.
28. Coutinho PM, Henrissat B. 1999. Carbohydrate-active enzymes: an integrated data base approach. In : Gilbert HJ, Davies G, Henrissat B, Svensson B, editors. Recent advances in carbohydrate bioengineering. Cambridge : The Royal Society of Chemistry. p 3 12.
29. Crelier S, Tache MC, Raemy A, Renken A, Raetz E. 1995. High pressure for the inactivation of enzymes in food products: thermal and HHP treatment of tomato pectin methyl esterase. Poster presentation at the 9th World Congress on Food Science and Technology, Budapest, Hungary.
30. Crelier S, Robert MC, Claude J, Juillerat MA. 2001. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase behaviors regarding heat- and pressure-induced inactivation. J Agric Food Chem 49 : 5566 75.
31. D'Avino R, Camardella L, Christensen TMIE, Giovane A, Servillo L. 2003. Tomato pectin methylesterase: modeling, fluorescence, and inhibitor interaction studies - comparison with the bacterial (Erwinia chrysanthemi) enzyme. Proteins 53 : 830 9.
32. De Roeck A, Sila DN, Duvetter T, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. 2008. Effect of high-pressure/high-temperature processing on cell wall pectic substances in relation to firmness of carrot tissue. Food Chem 107 (3 1225 35.
33. Denès J, Baron A, Drilleau J. 2000. Purification, properties and heat inactivation of pectin methylesterase from apple (cv. Golden Delicious). J Sci Food Agric 80 : 1503 9.
34. Di Matteo A, Giovane A, Raiola A, Camardella L, Bonivento D, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Bellincampi D, Tsernoglou D. 2005. Structural basis for the interaction between pectin methylesterase and a specific inhibitor protein. Plant Cell 17 (3 849 58.
35. Duvetter T, Fraeye I, Sila DN, Verlent I, Smout C, Clynen E, Schoofs L, Schols H, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. 2006. Effect of temperature and high pressure on the activity and mode of action of fungal pectin methyl esterase. Biotechnol Prog 22 : 1313 20.
36. Elez-Martinez P, Soliva-Fortuny RC, Martin-Belloso O. 2006. Comparative study on shelf life of orange juice processed by high-intensity pulsed electric fields or heat treatment. Eur Food Res Technol 222 : 321 9.
37. Elez-Martinez P, Martin-Belloso O, Rodrigo D, Sampedro F. 2007a. Impact of pulsed electric fields on food enzymes and shelf-life. In : Lelieveld HLM, Notermans S, de Haan SWH, editors. Food preservation by pulsed electric fields. From research to application. Cambridge, U.K. : Woodhead Publishing Limited. p 212 46.
38. Elez-Martinez P, Suarez-Recio M, Martin-Belloso O. 2007b. Modeling the reduction of pectin methyl esterase activity in orange juice by high-intensity pulsed electric fields. J Food Eng 78 : 184 93.
39. Espachs-Barroso A, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M, Martin-Belloso O. 2006. Inactivation of plant pectin methylesterase by thermal or high-intensity pulsed electric field treatments. IFSET 7 : 40 8.
40. Fachin D, Van Loey A, Ly Nguyen B, Verlent I, Indrawat I, Hendrickx ME. 2002. Comparative study of the inactivation kinetics of pectinmethylesterase in tomato juice and purified form. Biotechnol Prog 18 : 739 44.
41. Fachin D, Smout C, Verlent I, Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx M. 2004. Inactivation kinetics of purified polygalacturonase by thermal and high-pressure processing. J Agric Food Chem 52 (9 2697 703.
42. Fayyaz A, Asbi BA, Ghazali HM, Man YBC, Jinap S. 1995. Kinetics of papaya pectinesterase. Food Chem 53 : 129 35.
43. Fraeye I, Duvetter T, Verlent I, Sila DN, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. 2007. Comparison of enzymatic de-esterification of strawberry and apple pectin at elevated pressure by fungal pectinmethylesterase. IFSET 8 (1 93 101.
44. Gayathri T, Mohan TCK, Murugan K. 2007. Purification and characterization of polygalacturonase-3 from Jamaica cherry (Muntingia calabura Linn). J Plant Biochem Biot 16 (2 127 30.
45. Giner J, Gimeno V, Espachs A, Elez P, Barbosa-Canovas GV, Martin O. 2000. Inhibition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pectin methylesterase by pulsed electric fields. IFSET 1 : 57 67.
46. Giner J, Gimeno V, Palomes M, Barbosa-Canovas GV, Martin O. 2003. Lessening polygalacturonase activity in a commercial enzyme preparation by exposure to pulsed electric fields. Eur Food Res Technol 217 : 43 8.
47. Giner J, Grouberman P, Gimeno V, Martin O. 2005. Reduction of pectinesterase activity in a commercial enzyme preparation by pulsed electric fields: comparison of inactivation kinetic models. J Sci Food Agric 85 : 1613 21.
48. Giovane A, Quagliuolo L, Servillo L, Balestrieri C, Laratta B, Loiudice R, Castaldo D. 1994. Purification and characterization of three isoenzymes of petin methylesterase from tomato fruit. J Food Biochem 17 : 339 49.
49. Giovane A, Balestrieri C, Quagliuolo L, Castaldo D, Servillo L. 1995. A glycoprotein inhibitor of pectin methylesterase in kiwi fruit. Purification by affinity chromatography and evidence of a ripening-related precursor. Eur J Biochem 233 : 926 9.
50. Giovane A, Servillo L, Balestrieri C, Raiola A, D'Avino R, Tamburrini M, Ciardiello MA, Camardella L. 2004. Pectin methylesterase inhibitor. Review. BBA Proteins Proteoms 1696 : 245 52.
51. Gross M, Jaenicke R. 1994. Proteins under pressure: the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on structure, function, and assembly of proteins and protein complexes. Eur J Biochem 221 : 617 30.
52. Guiavarc'h YP, Sila DN, Duvetter T, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. 2003. Influence of sugars and polyols on the thermal stability of purified tomato and cucumber pectin methylesterases: a basis for TTI development. Enzyme Microb Tech 33 : 544 55.
53. Guiavarc'h Y, Segovia O, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. 2005. Purification, characterization, thermal and high-pressure inactivation of a pectin methylesterase from white grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). IFSET 6 : 363 71.
54. Heremans K. 1982. High pressure effects on proteins and other biomolecules. Annu Rev Biophys Bio 11 : 1 21.
55. Heremans K. 1993. The behaviour of proteins under pressure. In : Winter R, Jonas J, editors. High pressure chemistry, biochemistry and materials science. Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer. p 443 69.
56. Hodgins AM, Mittal GS, Griffiths MW. 2002. Pasteurization of fresh orange juice using low-energy pulsed electrical field. J Food Sci 67 : 2294 9.
57. Hsu K-C, Tan F-J, Chi H-Y. 2008. Evaluation of microbial inactivation and physicochemical properties of pressurized tomato juice during refrigerated storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 41 (3 367 75.
58. Imsabai W, Ketsa S, van Doorn WG. 2002. Effect of temperature on softening and the activities of polygalacturonase and pectinesterase in durian fruit. Postharvest Biol Tec 26 : 347 51.
59. Inngjerdingen KT, Patel TR, Chen XY, Kenne L, Allen S, Morris GA, Harding SE, Matsumoto T, Diallo D, Yamada H, Michaelsen TE, Inngjerdingen M, Paulsen BS. 2007. Immunological and structural properties of a pectic polymer from Glinus oppositifolius. Glycobiology 17 : 1299 310.
60. Javeri H, Wicker L. 1991. Partial purification and characterization of peach pectinesterase. J Food Biochem 15 : 241 52.
61. Jiang CM, Lai YJ, Chang WH, Wu MC, Chang HM. 2001. Pectinesterase inhibitor in jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) achenes. J Food Sci 66 : 225 8.
62. Jolie RP, Duvetter T, Houben K, Clynen E, Sila DN, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. 2009. Carrot pectin methylesterase and its inhibitor from kiwi fruit: study of activity, stability and inhibition. IFSET (Forthcoming).
63. Krebbers B, Matser A, Hoogerwerf W, Moezelaar F, Tomassen M, van de Berg W. 2003. Combined high pressure and thermal treatments for processing of tomato puree. Evaluation of microbial inactivation and quality parameters. IFSET 4 : 377 85.
64. Ketsa S, Daengkanit T. 1999. Firmness and activities of polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, ß-galactosidase and cellulose in ripening durian harvested at different stages of maturity. Sci Hortic Amsterdam 80 : 181 8.
65. Ketsa S, Chidtragool S, Klein JD, Lurie S. 1998. Effect of heat treatment on changes in softening, pectic substances and activities of polygalacturonase, pectinesterase and ß-galactosidase of ripening mango. J Plant Physiol 153 : 457 61.
66. Klibanov AM. 1983. Stabilization of enzymes against thermal inactivation. Adv Appl Microbiol 29 : 1 28.
67. Knegt E, Vermeer E, Bruinsma J. 1988. Conversion of the polygalacturonase isoenzymes from ripening tomato fruits. Physiol Plantarum 72 : 108 14.
68. Labib AAS, El-Ashwah FA, Omran HT, Askar A. 1995. Heat-inactivation of mango pectinesterase and polygalacturonase. Food Chem 53 : 137 42.
69. Leite K, Tadiotti A, Baldochi D, Oliveira O. 2006. Partial purification, heat stability and kinetic characterization of the pectinmethylesterase from Brazilian guava, Paluma cultivars. Food Chem 94 (4 565 72.
70. Lewis KC, Selzer T, Shahar C, Udi Y, Tworowski D, Sagi I. 2008. Inhibition of pectin methyl esterase activity by green tea catechins. Phytochem 69 : 2586 92.
71. Lopez P, Sanchez AC, Vercet A, Burgos J. 1997. Thermal resistance of tomato polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase at physiological pH. Z Lebensm Unters F A 204 : 146 50.
72. Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey A, Fachin D, Verlent I, Indrawati, Hendrickx M. 2002a. Purification, characterization, thermal and high-pressure inactivation of pectin methylesterase from bananas (cv. Cavendish). Biotechnol Bioeng 78 : 683 91.
73. Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey A, Fachin D, Verlent I, Indrawati, Hendrickx M. 2002b. Partial purification, characterization and thermal and high-pressure inactivation of pectin methylesterase from carrots (Daucus carrota L.). J Agric Food Chem 50 : 5437 44.
74. Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey A, Fachin D, Verlent I, Duvetter T, Vu ST, Smout C, Hendrickx ME. 2002c. Strawberry pectin methylesterase (PME): purification, characterization, thermal and high-pressure inactivation. Biotechnol Prog 18 : 1447 50.
75. Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey AM, Smout C, Ozcan SE, Fachin D, Verlent I, Truong SV, Duvetter T, Hendrickx ME. 2003a. Mild-heat and high-pressure inactivation of carrot pectin methylesterase: a kinetic study. J Food Sci 68 : 1377 83.
76. Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey A, Smout C, Verlent I, Duvetter T, Hendrickx M. 2003b. Effects of mild heat and high pressure processing on banana pectinmethylesterase: a kinetic study. J Agric Food Chem 51 : 7974 9.
77. Ly Nguyen B, Van Loey A, Smout C, Verlent I, Duvetter T, Hendrickx M. 2004. Effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the interaction of plant pectin methylesterase and its proteinaceous inhibitor from kiwi fruit. J Agric Food Chem 52 : 8144 50.
78. MacDonald H, Evans R, Spencer W. 1993. Purification and properties of the major pectinesterases in lemon fruits (Citrus limon). J Sci Food Agric 62 : 163 8.
79. MacFeeters RF, Bell TA, Fleming HP. 1980. An endo-polygalacturonase in cucumber fruit. J Food Biochem 4 : 1 16.
80. Min S, Evrendilek A, Zhang HQ. 2007. Pulsed electric fields: processing system, microbial and enzyme inhibition, and shelf life extension of foods. IEEE T Plasma Sci 35 : 59 73.
81. Moore T, Bennett AB. 1994. Tomato fruit polygalacturonase isozyme. 1. Characterization of the beta-subunit and its state of assembly in vivo. Plant Physiol 106 : 1461 9.
82. Moshrefi M, Luh BS. 1984. Purification and characterization of two tomato polygalacturonase isoenzymes. J Food Biochem 8 : 39 54.
83. Mozhaev VV, Heremans K, Frank J, Masson P, Balny C. 1994. Exploiting the effect of high hydrostatic pressure in biotechnological applications. Trends Biotechnol 12 : 493 501.
84. Mozhaev VV, Lange R, Kudryashova EV, Balny C. 1996. Application of high hydrostatic pressure for increasing activity and stability of enzymes. Biotechnol Bioengin 52 (2 320 31.
85. Mutlu M, Sarioglu K, Demir N, Ercan M, Acar J. 1999. The use of commercial pectinases in fruit juice industry. Part I: viscometric determination of enzyme activity. J Food Eng 41 : 147 50.
86. Nari J, Noat G, Ricard J. 1991. Pectin methylesterase, metal ions and plant cell-wall extension. Hydrolysis of pectin by plant cell-wall pectin methylesterase. Biochem J 279 : 343 50.
87. Nienaber U, Shellhammer TH. 2001. High-pressure processing of orange juice: kinetics of pectinmethylesterase inactivation. J Food Sci 66 : 328 31.
88. Nogata Y, Ohta H, Voragen AGJ. 1993. Polygalacturonase in strawberry fruit. Phytochemistry 34 (3 617 20.
89. Nunes CS, Castro SM, Saraiva JA, Coimbra MA, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM. 2006. Thermal and high-pressure stability of purified pectin methylesterase from plums (Prunus domestica). J Food Biochem 30 (2 138 54.
90. Pathak N, Sanwal GG. 1998. Multiple forms of polygalacturonase from banana fruit. Phytochemistry 54 : 147 52.
91. Peeters L, Fachin D, Smout C, Van Loey A, Hendrickx ME. 2004. Influence of ß-subunit on thermal and high-pressure process stability of tomato polygalacturonase. Biotechnol Bioeng 86 : 543 9.
92. Plaza L, Duvetter T, Monfort S, Clynen E, Schoofs L, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx M. 2007. Purification and thermal and high-pressure inactivation of pectinmethylesterase isoenzymes from tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). A novel pressure-labile isoenzyme. J Agric Food Chem 55 (22 9259 65.
93. Plaza L, Duvetter T, Van der Plancken I, Meersman F, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. 2008. Influence of environmental conditions on thermal stability of recombinant Aspergillus aculeatus pectinmethylesterase. Food Chem 111 : 912 20.
94. Pogson BJ, Brady CJ. 1993. Do multiple forms of tomato fruit endopolygalacturonase exist in situ? Postharvest Biol Tec 3 : 17 26.
95. Prasanna V, Prabha TN, Tharanathan RN. 2006. Multiple forms of polygalacturonase from mango (Magnifera indica L. cv Alphonso) fruit. Food Chem 95 : 30 6.
96. Pressey R. 1984. Purification and characterization of tomato polygalacturonase convertor. Eur J Biochem 144 : 217 21.
97. Pressey R. 1987. Exopolygalacturonase in tomato fruit. Phytochemistry 26 (7 1867 70.
98. Pressey R. 1988. Reevaluation of the changes in polygalacturonases in tomatoes during ripening. Planta 174 : 39 43.
99. Pressey R, Hinton DM, Avants JK. 1971a. Development of polygalacturonase activity and solubilization of pectin in peaches during ripening. J Food Sci 36 : 1070 3.
100. Pressey R, Avants JK. 1971b. Effect of substrate size on the activity of tomato polygalacturonase. J of Food Sci 36 : 486 9.
101. Pressey R, Avants JK. 1973. Two forms of polygalacturonase in tomatoes. Biochim Biophys Acta 309 : 363 9.
102. Pressey R, Avants JK. 1975. Cucumber polygalacturonase. J Food Sci 40 : 937 9.
103. Pressey R, Avants JK. 1976. Pear polygalacturonases. Phytochemistry 15 : 1349 51.
104. Raiola A, Camardella L, Giovane A, Mattei B, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Bellincampi D. 2004. Two Arabidopsis thaliana genes encode functional pectin methylesterase inhibitors. Febs Lett 557 : 199 203.
105. Rivas A, Rodrigo D, Martinez A, Barbosa-Canovas GV, Rodrigo M. 2006. Effect of PEF and heat pasteurization on the physical-chemical characteristics of blended orange and carrot juice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 39 : 1163 70.
106. Rodrigo D, Barbosa-Canovas GV, Martinez A, Rodrigo M. 2003. Pectin methyl esterase and natural microflora of fresh mixed orange and carrot juice treated with pulsed electric fields. J Food Protect 66 : 2336 42.
107. Rodrigo D, Cortes C, Clynen E, Schoofs L, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. 2006. Thermal and high-pressure stability of purified polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase from four different tomato processing varieties. Food Res Int 39 : 440 8.
108. Sampedro F, Rodrigo D, Hendrickx M. 2008. Inactivation kinetics of pectin methyl esterase under combined thermal high-pressure treatment in an orange juice-milk beverage. J Food Eng 86 (1 133 9.
109. Samuelsen AB, Paulsen BS, Wold JK, Otsuka H, Kiyohara H, Yamada H, Knutsen SH. 1996. Characterization of a biologically active pectin from Plantago major L. Carbohyd Polym 30 : 37 44.
110. Sentandreu E, Carbonell L, Rodrigo D, Carbonell JV. 2006. Pulsed electric-fields versus thermal treatment: equivalent processes to obtain equally acceptable citrus juices. J Food Protect 69 : 2016 8.
111. Shook CM, Shellhammer TH, Schwartz SJ. 2001. Polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and lipoxygenase activities in high pressure processed diced tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 49 : 664 8.
112. Sila DN, Smout C, Vu TS, Hendrickx ME. 2004. Effects of high-pressure pretreatment and calcium soaking on the texture degradation kinetics of carrots during thermal processing. J Food Sci 69 (5 205 11.
113. Sila DN, Smout C, Vu ST, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. 2005. Influence of pretreatment conditions on the texture and cell wall components of carrots during thermal processing. J Food Sci 70 (2 E85 91.
114. Sila DN, Smout C, Satara Y, Truong V, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. 2007. Combined thermal and high pressure effect on carrot pectinmethylesterase stability and catalytic activity. J Food Eng 78 : 755 64.
115. Singh P, Dwivedi UN. 2008. Purification and characterization of multiple forms of polygalacturonase from mango (Mangifera indica cv. Dashehari) fruit. Food Chem 111 : 345 9.
116. Sims C, Balaban M, Mathews R. 1993. Optimization of carrot juice color and cloud stability. J Food Sci 58 : 1129 31.
117. Smith CJS, Watson CF, Morris PC, Bird CR, Seymour GB, Gray JE, Arnold C, Tucker GA, Schuch W, Harding S, Grierson D. 1990. Inheritance and effect on ripening of antisense polygalacturonase genes in transgenic tomatoes. Plant Mol Biol 14 : 369 79.
118. Speirs J, Brady CJ. 1991. Modification of gene expression in ripening fruit. Aust J Plant Physiol 18 : 519 32.
119. Tangwongchai R, Ledward DA, Ames JM. 2000. Effect of high-pressure treatment on the texture of cherry tomato. J Agric Food Chem 48 : 1434 41.
120. Tijskens L, Waldron K, Ng A, Ingham L, Van Dijk C. 1997. The kinetics of pectin methylesterase in potatoes and carrots during blanching. J Food Eng 34 : 371 85.
121. Tomassen MM, Barrett DM, van der Valk HM, Woltering EJ. 2007. Isolation and characterization of a tomato non-specific lipid transfer protein involved in polygalacturonase-mediated pectin degradation. J Exp Bot 58 (5 1151 60.
122. Tucker GA, Robertsons NG, Grierson D. 1980. The conversion of tomato-fruit polygalacturonase isoenzyme 2 into isoenzyme 1 in vitro. Eur J Biochem 115 : 87 90.
123. Tucker GA, Robertsons NG, Grierson D. 1981. The conversion of tomato-fruit polygalacturonase isoenzyme 2 into isoenzyme 1 in vitro. Eur J Biochem 115 : 87 90.
124. Van den Broeck I, Ludikhuyze LR, Weemaes CA, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. 1999. Thermal inactivation kinetics of pectinesterase extracted from oranges. J Food Process Pres 23 : 391 406.
125. Van den Broeck I, Ludikhuyze L, Van Loey AM, Weemaes CA, Hendrickx ME. 2000a. Inactivation of orange pectin methylesterase by combined high-pressure and temperature treatments: a kinetic study. J Agric Food Chem 48 : 1960 70.
126. Van den Broeck I, Ludikhuyze LR, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. 2000b. Effect of temperature and/or pressure on tomato pectinesterase activity. J Agric Food Chem 48 : 551 8.
127. Van Loey A, Verachtert B, Hendrickx M. 2002. Effects of high electric field pulses on enzymes. Trends Food Sci Technol 12 : 94 102.
128. Verlent I, Van Loey A, Smout C, Duvetter T, Hendrickx M. 2004. Purified tomato polygalacturonase activity during thermal and high-pressure treatment. Biotech Bioeng 86 (1 63 71.
129. Verlent I, Smout C, Duvetter T, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey A. 2005. Effect of temperature and pressure on the activity of purified tomato polygalacturonase in the presence of pectins with different patterns of methyl esterification. IFSET 6 : 293 303.
130. Verlent I, Hendrickx M, Verbeyst L, Van Loey F. 2007. Effect of temperature and pressure on the combined action of purified tomato pectinmethylesterase and polygalacturonase in presence of pectin. Enzyme Microb Tech 40 : 1141 6.
131. Versteeg C, Rombouts FM, Pilnik W. 1978. Purification and some characteristics of 2 pectinesterase isozymes from orange. Lebensm Wiss Technol 11 : 267 74.
132. Versteeg C, Rombouts F, Spaansen C, Pilnik W. 1980. Thermostability and orange juice cloud stabilization properties of multiple pectinesterases from orange. J Food Sci 45 : 969, 971 98.
133. Vivar-Vera A, Salazar-Montoya J, Calva-Calva G, Ramos-Ramírez E. 2007. Extraction, thermal stability and kinetic behavior of pectinmethylesterase from hawthorn (Crataegus pubescens) fruit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 40 : 278 84.
134. Voragen F, Schols H, Visser R, editors. 2003. Advances in pectin and pectinase research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 491 p.
135. Wakabayashi K, Huber DJ. 2001. Purification and catalytic properties of polygalacturonase isoforms from ripe avocado (Persea americana) fruit mesocarp. Physiol Plantarum 113 : 210 6.
136. Waldron KW, Parker ML, Smith AC. 2003. Plant cell walls and food quality. Compr Rev Food Sci F 2 : 101 19.
137. Whitaker JR, Voragen AGJ, Wong DWS, editors. 2003. Handbook of food enzymology. New York : Marcel Dekker. 1108 p.
138. Wicker L, Temmelli F. 1988. Heat inactivation of pectinesterase in orange juice pulp. J Food Sci 53 : 162 4.
139. Wong D. 2008. Enzymatic deconstruction of backbone structures of the ramified regions in pectins. Protein J 27 : 30 42.
140. Wu Q, Szakacs-Dobozi M, Hemmat M, Hrazdina G. 1993. Endopolygalacturonase in apples (Malus domestica) and its expression during fruit ripening. Plant Physiol 102 : 219 25.
141. Yano J, Poulos T. 2003. New understandings on thermostable and peizostable enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14 : 360 5.
142. Yeom HW, Streaker CB, Zhang QH, Min DB. 2000. Effects of pulsed electric fields on the activities of microorganisms and pectin methyl esterase in orange juice. J Food Sci 65 : 1359 63.
143. Yeom HW, Zhang QH, Chism GW. 2002. Inactivation of pectin methyl esterase in orange juice by pulsed electric fields. J Food Sci 67 : 2154 9.