Endosomal colocalization of melanocortin-3 receptor and β-arrestins in CAD cells with altered modification of AKT/PKB

Neuropeptides

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 355-366

  Nyan, D C ^a   Anbazhagan, R ^a   Hughes Darden, C A ^a   Wachira, S J M ^a  

^a MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

AKT PKB; Arrestins; Cell proliferation; Endocytosis; MC3R; Melanocortin; Triciribine; Ubiquitin; Wortmannin

Indexed keywords

BETA ARRESTIN 1; BETA ARRESTIN 2; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN 3 RECEPTOR; PROTEIN KINASE B; TRICIRIBINE;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; BRAIN NERVE CELL; BRAIN STEM; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDOSOME; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STIMULATION;

ANDROSTADIENES; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ARRESTINS; BLOTTING, WESTERN; BRAIN STEM; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELLS, CULTURED; ENDOSOMES; HUMANS; MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE; ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-AKT; PLASMIDS; RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE 3; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; RIBONUCLEOSIDES; TETRAZOLIUM SALTS; THIAZOLES; TRANSFECTION; UBIQUITIN;

EID: 44649104515     PISSN: 01434179     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.12.007     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Adan R.A., and Kas M.J. Inverse agonism gains weight. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 (2003) 315-321
2. Adan R.A. Constitutive receptor activity series: endogenous inverse agonists and constitutive receptor activity in the melanocortin system. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 27 (2006) 183-186
3. Altomare D.A., and Testa J.R. Perturbations of the AKT signaling pathway in human cancer. Oncogene 24 (2005) 7455-7464
4. Bagnol D., Lu X.Y., Kaelin C.B., Day H.E., Ollmann M., Gantz I., Akil H., Barsh G.S., and Watson S.J. Anatomy of an endogenous antagonist: relationship between Agouti-related protein and proopiomelanocortin in brain. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) RC26
5. Baillie G.S., Sood A., McPhee I., Gall I., Perry S.J., Lefkowitz R.J., and Houslay M.D. beta-Arrestin-mediated PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase recruitment regulates beta-adrenoceptor switching from Gs to Gi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 940-945
6. Barrett T., Suzek T.O., Troup D.B., Wilhite S.E., Ngau W.C., Ledoux P., Rudnev D., Lash A.E., Fujibuchi W., and Edgar R. NCBI GEO: mining millions of expression profiles-database and tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 33 Database issue (2005) D562-D566
7. Barsh G.S., Ollmann M.M., Wilson B.D., Miller K.A., and Gunn T.M. Molecular pharmacology of Agouti protein in vitro and in vivo. Ann. NY Acad Sci. 885 (1999) 143-152
8. Bayascas J.R., and Alessi D.R. Regulation of Akt/PKB Ser473 phosphorylation. Mol. Cell. 2005 18 (2005) 143-145
9. Beaulieu J.M., Sotnikova T.D., Marion S., Lefkowitz R.J., Gainetdinov R.R., and Caron M.G. An Akt/beta-arrestin 2/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior. Cell 122 (2005) 261-273
10. Bellacosa A., Kumar C.C., Di Cristofano A., and Testa J.R. Activation of AKT kinases in cancer: implications for therapeutic targeting. Adv. Cancer Res. 94 (2005) 29-86
11. Bicknell A.B. Identification of a serine protease involved with the regulation of adrenal growth. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 994 (2003) 118-122
12. Bolger G.B., Baillie G.S., Li X., Lynch M.J., Herzyk P., Mohamed A., Mitchell L.H., McCahill A., Hundsrucker C., Klussmann E., Adams D.R., and Houslay M.D. Scanning peptide array analyses identify overlapping binding sites for the signalling scaffold proteins, beta-arrestin and RACK1, in cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D5. Biochem. J. 398 (2006) 23-36
13. Bolte S., and Cordelieres F.P. A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy. J. Microsc. 224 (2006) 213-232
14. Brady A.E., and Limbird L.E. G protein-coupled receptor interacting proteins: emerging roles in localization and signal transduction. Cell Signal. 14 (2002) 297-309
15. Breit A., Wolff K., Kalwa H., Jarry H., Buch T., and Gudermann T. The natural inverse agonist agouti-related protein induces arrestin-mediated endocytosis of melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 37447-37456
16. Buchanan F.G., Gorden D.L., Matta P., Shi Q., Matrisian L.M., and DuBois R.N. Role of beta-arrestin 1 in the metastatic progression of colorectal cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 103 (2006) 1492-1497
17. Burger K.N., Demel R.A., Schmid S.L., and de Kruijff B. Dynamin is membrane-active: lipid insertion is induced by phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 12485-12493
18. Butler A.A., and Cone R.D. Knockout studies defining different roles for melanocortin receptors in energy homeostasis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 994 (2003) 240-245
19. Cantley L.C. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science 296 (2002) 1655-1657
20. Chai B., Li J.Y., Zhang W., Ammori J.B., and Mulholland M.W. Melanocortin-3 receptor activates MAP kinase via PI3 kinase. Regulat. Pept. 139 (2007) 115-121
21. Chen A.S., Marsh D.J., Trumbauer M.E., Frazier E.G., Guan X.M., Yu H., Rosenblum C.I., Vongs A., Feng Y., Cao L., Metzger J.M., Strack A.M., Camacho R.E., Mellin T.N., Nunes C.N., Min W., Fisher J., Gopal-Truter S., MacIntyre D.E., Chen H.Y., and Van der Ploeg L.H. Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nat. Genet. 26 (2000) 97-102
22. Chhajlani V. Distribution of cDNA for melanocortin receptor subtypes in human tissues. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 38 (1996) 73-80
23. DeWire S.M., Ahn S., Lefkowitz R.J., and Shenoy S.K. Beta-arrestins and cell signaling. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 69 (2007) 483-510
24. Engelman J.A., Luo J., and Cantley L.C. The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7 8 (2006) 606-619 Aug
25. Feng N., Young S.F., Aguilera G., Puricelli E., Adler-Wailes D.C., Sebring N.G., and Yanovski J.A. Co-occurrence of two partially inactivating polymorphisms of MC3R is associated with pediatric-onset obesity. Diabetes 54 (2005) 2663-2667
26. Ferguson S.S. Evolving concepts in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis: the role in receptor desensitization and signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 53 (2001) 1-24
27. Fredriksson R., Lagerstrom M.C., Lundin L.G., and Schioth H.B. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. Mol. Pharmacol. 63 (2003) 1256-1272
28. Gether U. Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Endocr. Rev. 21 (2000) 90-113
29. Getting S.J., Di Filippo C., Christian H.C., Lam C.W., Rossi F., D'Amico M., and Perretti M. MC-3 receptor and the inflammatory mechanisms activated in acute myocardial infarct. J. Leukoc. Biol. 6 (2004) 845-853
30. Goldsmith Z.G., and Dhanasekaran D.N. G protein regulation of MAPK networks. Oncogene 26 (2007) 3122-3142
31. Hepler J.R., and Gilman A.G. G proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (1992) 383-387
32. Hill E., van Der Kaay J., Downes C.P., and Smythe E. The role of dynamin and its binding partners in coated pit invagination and scission. J. Cell Biol. 152 (2001) 309-323
33. Holst B., and Schwartz T.W. Molecular mechanism of agonism and inverse agonism in the melanocortin receptors: Zn(2+) as a structural and functional probe. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 994 (2003) 1-11
34. Holst B., Mokrosinski J., Lang M., Brandt E., Nygaard R., Frimurer T.M., Beck-Sickinger A.G., and Schwartz T.W. Identification of an efficacy switch region in the ghrelin receptor responsible for interchange between agonism and inverse agonism. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 15799-15811
35. Houslay M.D., and Baillie G.S. Beta-arrestin-recruited phosphodiesterase-4 desensitizes the AKAP79/PKA-mediated switching of beta2-adrenoceptor signalling to activation of ERK. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (2005) 1333-1336
36. Huang B.X., and Kim H.Y. Interdomain conformational changes in Akt activation revealed by chemical cross-linking and tandem mass spectrometry. Mol. Cell Proteom. 5 (2006) 1045-1053
37. Humphreys M.H. Gamma-MSH, sodium metabolism, and salt-sensitive hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regulat. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 286 (2004) R417-R430
38. Innamorati G., Le Gouill C., Balamotis M., and Birnbaumer M. The long and the short cycle. Alternative intracellular routes for trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 13096-13103
39. Kang J., Shi Y., Xiang B., Qu B., Su W., Zhu M., Zhang M., Bao G., Wang F., Zhang X., Yang R., Fan F., Chen X., Pei G., and Ma L. A nuclear function of beta-arrestin1 in GPCR signaling: regulation of histone acetylation and gene transcription. Cell 123 (2005) 833-847
40. Karpac J., Ostwald D., Li G.Y., Bui S., Hunnewell P., Brennan M.B., and Hochgeschwender U. Proopiomelanocortin heterozygous and homozygous null mutant mice develop pituitary adenomas. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand) 52 (2006) 47-52
41. Karpac J., Kern A., and Hochgeschwender U. Pro-opiomelanocortin peptides and the adrenal gland. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. (2007) 29-33
42. Kauser S., Thody A.J., Schallreuter K.U., Gummer C.L., and Tobin D.J. A fully functional proopiomelanocortin/melanocortin-1 receptor system regulates the differentiation of human scalp hair follicle melanocytes. Endocrinology 146 (2005) 532-543
43. Kim C.S., Lee S.H., Kim R.Y., Kim B.J., Li S.Z., Lee I.H., Lee E.J., Lim S.K., Bae Y.S., Lee W., and Baik J.H. Identification of domains directing specificity of coupling to G-proteins for the melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 31310-31317
44. Kobayashi H., Narita Y., Nishida M., and Kurose H. Beta-arrestin2 enhances beta2-adrenergic receptor-mediated nuclear translocation of ERK. Cell Signal. 17 (2005) 1248-1253
45. Konda Y., Gantz I., DelValle J., Shimoto Y., Miwa H., and Yamada T. Interaction of dual intracellular signaling pathways activated by the melanocortin-3 receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 13162-13166
46. Kristiansen K. Molecular mechanisms of ligand binding, signaling, and regulation within the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors: molecular modeling and mutagenesis approaches to receptor structure and function. Pharmacol. Ther. 103 (2004) 21-80
47. Krugmann S., Hawkins P.T., Pryer N., and Braselmann S. Characterizing the interactions between the two subunits of the p101/p110gamma phosphoinositide 3-kinase and their role in the activation of this enzyme by G beta gamma subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 17152-17158
48. Laporte S.A., Miller W.E., Kim K.M., and Caron M.G. beta-Arrestin/AP-2 interaction in G protein-coupled receptor internalization: identification of a beta-arrestin binging site in beta 2-adaptin. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 9247-9254
49. Lazaroff M., Dunlap K., and Chikaraishi D.M. A CNS catecholaminergic cell line expresses voltage-gated currents. J. Membr. Biol. 151 (1996) 279-291
50. Lee E.J., Lee S.H., Jung J.W., Lee W., Kim B.J., Park K.W., Lim S.K., Yoon C.J., and Baik J.H. Differential regulation of cAMP-mediated gene transcription and ligand selectivity by MC3R and MC4R melanocortin receptors. Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (2001) 582-591
51. Lefkowitz R.J., and Shenoy S.K. Transduction of receptor signals by beta-arrestins. Science 308 (2005) 512-517
52. Liang W., Curran P.K., Hoang Q., Moreland R.T., and Fishman P.H. Differences in endosomal targeting of human (beta)1- and (beta)2-adrenergic receptors following clathrin mediated endocytosis. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 723-734
53. Li X., Lu Y., Jin W., Liang K., Mills G.B., and Fan Z. Autophosphorylation of Akt at threonine 72 and serine 246. A potential mechanism of regulation of Akt kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 13837-13843
54. Luttrell L.M. Composition and function of g protein-coupled receptor signalsomes controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. J. Mol. Neurosci. 26 (2005) 253-264
55. Luttrell L.M., and Lefkowitz R.J. The role of beta-arrestins in the termination and transduction of G-protein-coupled receptor signals. J. Cell Sci. 115 (2002) 455-465
56. Luttrell D.K., and Luttrell L.M. Not so strange bedfellows: G-protein-coupled receptors and Src family kinases. Oncogene 23 (2004) 7969-7978
57. Lynch M.J., Baillie G.S., Mohamed A., Li X., Maisonneuve C., Klussmann E., van Heeke G., and Houslay M.D. RNA silencing identifies PDE4D5 as the functionally relevant cAMP phosphodiesterase interacting with beta arrestin to control the protein kinase A/AKAP79-mediated switching of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to activation of ERK in HEK293B2 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 33178-33189
58. Ma L., and Pei G. Beta-arrestin signaling and regulation of transcription. J. Cell Sci. 120 (2007) 213-218
59. Maier U., Babich A., and Nurnberg B. Roles of non-catalytic subunits in gbetagamma-induced activation of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase isoforms beta and gamma. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 29311-29317
60. Marks B., Stowell M.H., Vallis Y., Mills I.G., Gibson A., Hopkins C.R., and McMahon H.T. GTPase activity of dynamin and resulting conformation change are essential for endocytosis. Nature 410 (2001) 231-235
61. Marks D.L., Hruby V., Brookhart G., and Cone R.D. The regulation of food intake by selective stimulation of the type 3 melanocortin receptor (MC3R). Peptides 27 (2006) 259-264
62. Metjian A., Roll R.L., Ma A.D., and Abrams C.S. Agonists cause nuclear translocation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma. A Gbetagamma-dependent pathway that requires the p110gamma amino terminus. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 27943-27947
63. Mohammad S., Baldini G., Granell S., Narducci P., Martelli A.M., and Baldini G. Constitutive traffic of melanocortin-4 receptor in Neuro2A cells and immortalized hypothalamic neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 282 7 (2007) 4963-4974
64. Mountjoy K.G., Kong P.L., Taylor J.A., Willard D.H., and Wilkison W.O. Melanocortin receptor-mediated mobilization of intracellular free calcium in HEK293 cells. Physiol. Genom. 5 (2001) 11-19
65. Mountjoy K.G., Wu C.S., Cornish J., and Callon K.E. alpha-MSH and desacetyl-alpha-MSH signaling through melanocortin receptors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 994 (2003) 58-65
66. Mousavi S.A., Malerod L., Berg T., and Kjeken R. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Biochem. J. 377 (2004) 1-16
67. Natarajan K., and Berk B.C. Crosstalk coregulation mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Methods Mol. Biol. 332 (2006) 51-77
68. Nelson C.D., Perry S.J., Regier D.S., Prescott S.M., Topham M.K., and Lefkowitz R.J. Targeting of diacylglycerol degradation to M1 muscarinic receptors by beta-arrestins. Science 315 (2007) 663-666
69. New D.C., and Wong Y.H. Molecular mechanisms mediating the G protein-coupled receptor regulation of cell cycle progression. J. Mol. Signal. 2 (2007) 1-15
70. Newman E.A., Chai B.X., Zhang W., Li J.Y., Ammori J.B., and Mulholland M.W. Activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor mobilizes intracellular free calcium in immortalized hypothalamic neurons. J. Surg. Res. 132 (2006) 201-207
71. Ni X.P., Pearce D., Butler A.A., Cone R.D., and Humphreys M.H. Genetic disruption of gamma melanocyte-stimulating hormone signaling leads to salt-sensitive hypertension in the mouse. J. Clin. Invest. 111 (2003) 1251-1258
72. Ni X.P., Bhargava A., Pearce D., and Humphreys M.H. Modulation by dietary sodium intake of melanocortin 3 receptor mRNA and protein abundance in the rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Regulat. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290 (2006) R560-R567
73. Norman D., Isidori A.M., Frajese V., Caprio M., Chew S.L., Grossman A.B., Clark A.J., Michael Besser G., and Fabbri A. ACTH and alpha-MSH inhibit leptin expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: model for a central-peripheral melanocortin-leptin pathway. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 200 (2003) 99-109
74. Oliveira L., Paiva A.C., and Vriend G. A low resolution model for the interaction of G proteins with G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Eng. 12 (1999) 1087-1095
75. Oliver C.J., and Shenolikar S. Physiologic importance of protein phosphatase inhibitors. Front Biosci. 3 (1998) D961-D972
76. Ollmann M.M., Wilson B.D., Yang Y.K., Kerns J.A., Chen Y., Gantz I., and Barsh G.S. Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science 278 (1997) 135-138
77. Palczewski K., Kumasaka T., Hori T., Behnke C.A., Motoshima H., Fox B.A., Le Trong I., Teller D.C., Okada T., Stenkamp R.E., Yamamoto M., and Miyano M. Crystal structure of rhodopsin: a G protein-coupled receptor. Science 289 (2000) 739-745
78. Powis G., Bonjouklian R., Berggren M.M., Gallegos A., Abraham R., Ashendel C., Zalkow L., Matter W.F., Dodge J., and Grindey G. Wortmannin, a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Cancer Res. 54 (1994) 2419-2423
79. Qi Y., Wang J.K., McMillian M., and Chikaraishi D.M. Characterization of a CNS cell line, CAD, in which morphological differentiation is initiated by serum deprivation. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 1217-1225
80. Raffin-Sanson M.L., de Keyzer Y., and Bertagna X. Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 149 (2003) 79-90
81. Rappoport J.Z., Kemal S., Benmerah A., and Simon S.M. Dynamics of clathrin and adaptor proteins during endocytosis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 291 (2006) C1072-C1081
82. Reiter E., and Lefkowitz R.J. GRKs and beta-arrestins: roles in receptor silencing, trafficking and signaling. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17 (2006) 159-165
83. Resjo S., Goransson O., Harndahl L., Zolnierowicz S., Manganiello V., and Degerman E. Protein phosphatase 2A is the main phosphatase involved in the regulation of protein kinase B in rat adipocytes. Cell Signal. 14 (2002) 231-238
84. Rutanen J., Pihlajamaki J., Vanttinen M., Salmenniemi U., Ruotsalainen E., Kuulasmaa T., Kainulainen S., and Laakso M. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the melanocortin-3 receptor gene are associated with substrate oxidation and first-phase insulin secretion in offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (2007) 1112-1117
85. Sánchez-Laorden B.L., Jiménez-Cervantes C., and Garcia-Borrón J.C. Regulation of human melanocortin 1 receptor signaling and trafficking by Thr-308 and Ser-316 and its alteration in variant alleles associated with red hair and skin cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 3241-3251
86. Sanchez-Mas J., Guillo L.A., Zanna P., Jimenez-Cervantes C., and Garcia-Borron J.C. Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases in the homologous desensitization of the human and mouse melanocortin 1 receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 19 (2005) 1035-1048
87. Schultz R.M., Worzalla J.F., and Vlahos C.J. Studies on the mechanism of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition by wortmannin and related analogs. J. Med. Chem. 39 (1996) 1106-1111
88. Seidah N.G., Benjannet S., Hamelin J., Mamarbachi A.M., Basak A., Marcinkiewicz J., Mbikay M., Chretien M., and Marcinkiewicz M. The subtilisin/kexin family of precursor convertases. Emphasis on PC1, PC2/7B2, POMC and the novel enzyme SKI-1. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 885 (1999) 57-74
89. Shinyama H., Masuzaki H., Fang H., and Flier J.S. Regulation of melanocortin-4 receptor signaling: agonist-mediated desensitization and internalization. Endocrinology 144 (2003) 1301-1314
90. Song B.D., Leonard M., and Schmid S.L. Dynamin GTPase domain mutants that differentially affect GTP binding, GTP hydrolysis, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 40431-40436
91. Srinivasan S., Lubrano-Berthelier C., Govaerts C., Picard F., Santiago P., Conklin B.R., and Vaisse C. Constitutive activity of the melanocortin-4 receptor is maintained by its N-terminal domain and plays a role in energy homeostasis in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 114 (2004) 1158-1164
92. Suire S., Coadwell J., Ferguson G.J., Davidson K., Hawkins P., and Stephens L. p84, a new Gbetagamma-activated regulatory subunit of the type IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110gamma. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 566-570
93. Suri C., Fung B.P., Tischler A.S., and Chikaraishi D.M. Catecholaminergic cell lines from the brain and adrenal glands of tyrosine hydroxylase-SV40 T antigen transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 13 (1993) 1280-1291
94. Svennilson J., and Aperia A. Dopamine in the developing kidney. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 43 (1999) 441-443
95. Svenningsson P., Nairn A.C., and Greengard P. DARPP-32 mediates the actions of multiple drugs of abuse. AAPS J. 7 (2005) E353-E360
96. Takei K., Yoshida Y., and Yamada H. Regulatory mechanisms of dynamin-dependent endocytosis. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 137 (2005) 243-247
97. Tang X., and Downes C.P. Purification and characterization of Gbetagamma responsive phosphoinositide 3-kinases from pig platelet cytosol. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 14193-14199
98. Wachira S.J., Hughes-Darden C.A., Taylor C.V., Ochillo R., and Robinson T.J. Evidence for the interaction of protein kinase C and melanocortin 3-receptor signaling pathways. Neuropeptides 37 (2003) 201-210
99. Wachira S.J., Hughes-Darden C.A., Nicholas Jr. H.B., Taylor C.V., and Robinson T.J. Neural melanocortin receptors are differentially expressed and regulated by stress in rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 50 (2004) 703-713
100. Wachira S.J., Temoney S., Ramlochansingh C., and Hughes-Darden C.A. Prevalence of melanocortin system transcripts in rat salt homeostasis endocrine tissues. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 53 (2007) 8-14
101. Wachira S.J., Guruswamy B., Uradu L., Hughes-Darden C.A., and Denaro F.J. Activation and endocytic internalization of melanocortin 3 receptor in neuronal cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1096 (2007) 271-286
102. Walker E.H., Pacold M.E., Perisic O., Stephens L., Hawkins P.T., Wymann M.P., and Williams R.L. Structural determinants of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition by wortmannin, LY294002, quercetin, myricetin, and staurosporine. Mol. Cell. 6 (2000) 909-919
103. Wang P., and DeFea K.A. Protease-activated receptor-2 simultaneously directs beta-arrestin-1-dependent inhibition and Galphaq-dependent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Biochemistry 45 (2006) 9374-9385
104. Wei H., Ahn S., Barnes W.G., and Lefkowitz R.J. Stable interaction between beta arrestin 2 and angiotensin type 1A receptor is required for beta-arrestin 2-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 48255-48261
105. Wilson K.R., Todorovic A., Proneth B., and Haskell-Luevano C. Overview of endogenous and synthetic melanocortin peptides. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 52 (2006) 3-20
106. Wolfe B.L., and Trejo J. Clathrin-dependent mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis. Traffic 8 (2007) 462-470
107. Wood J.M., Gibbons N.C., and Schallreuter K.U. Melanocortins in human melanocytes. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 52 (2006) 75-78
108. Woolf P.J., and Linderman J.J. Untangling ligand induced activation and desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors. Biophys. J. 84 (2003) 3-13
109. Yan D., Guo L., and Wang Y. Requirement of dendritic Akt degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system for neuronal polarity. J. Cell Biol. 174 (2006) 415-424
110. Yang L., Dan H.C., Sun M., Liu Q., Sun X.M., Feldman R.I., Hamilton A.D., Polokoff M., Nicosia S.V., Herlyn M., Sebti S.M., and Cheng J.Q. Akt/protein kinase B signaling inhibitor-2, a selective small molecule inhibitor of Akt signaling with antitumor activity in cancer cells overexpressing Akt. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 4394-4399
111. Yang Y., Chen M., Loux T.J., Georgeson K.E., and Harmon C.M. Molecular mechanism of the intracellular segments of the melanocortin-4 receptor for NDP-MSH signaling. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 6971-6979
112. Yeagle P.L., and Albert A.D. G-protein coupled receptor structure. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768 (2007) 808-824
113. Yiannakouris N., Melistas L., Kontogianni M., Heist K., and Mantzoros C.S. The Val81 missense mutation of the melanocortin 3 receptor gene, but not the 1908c/T nucleotide polymorphism in lamin A/C gene, is associated with hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia in obese Greek caucasians. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 27 (2004) 714-720
114. Zhang Y., Kilroy G.E., Henagan T.M., Prpic-Uhing V., Richards W.G., Bannon A.W., Mynatt R.L., and Gettys T.W. Targeted deletion of melanocortin receptor subtypes 3 and 4, but not CART, alters nutrient partitioning and compromises behavioral and metabolic responses to leptin. FASEB J. 19 (2005) 1482-1491