Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: From physiology to pathological conditions

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 149, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 79-90

  Raffin Sanson, M L ^a,c   de Keyzer, Y ^a   Bertagna, X ^a,b  

^a INSTITUT COCHIN   (France)

^b Hôpital Cochin ^*  (France)

^c HÔPITAL AMBROISE PARÉ   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN; INTERMEDIN; LIPOTROPIN; MELANOCORTIN; MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN;

ADRENAL FUNCTION; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE STRUCTURE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS CELL; MELANOGENESIS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROPEPTIDES; PREGNANCY; PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN;

EID: 0043026937     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1490079     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Steiner DF, Clark JL, Nolan C, Rubenstein AH, Margoliash E, Aten B et al. Proinsulin and the biosynthesis of insulin. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 1969 25 207-282.
2. Li CH, Barnafi L, Chrétien M & Chung D. Isolation and structure of beta LPH from sheep pituitary gland. Nature 1965 208 1093-1094.
3. Yalow RS & Berson SA. Size heterogeneity of immunoreactive human ACTH in plasma and in extracts of pituitary glands and ACTH-producing thymoma. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1971 44 439-445.
4. Mains RE, Eipper BA & Ling N. Common precursor to corticotropins and endorphins. PNAS 1977 74 3014-3018.
5. Bertagna X, Nicholson WE, Sorenson GD, Pettengill OS, Mount CD & Orth DN. Corticotropin, lipotropin, and β-endorphin production by a human nonpituitary tumor in tissue culture: evidence for a common precursor. PNAS 1978 75 5160-5164.
6. Abe K, Nicholson WE, Liddle GW, Orth DN & Island DP. Normal and abnormal regulation of β MSH in men. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1969 45 1580-1585.
7. Nakanishi S, Anoue A, Kita T, Nakamura M, Chang ACY, Cohen SN et al. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-β-lipotropin precursor. Nature 1979 278 423-427.
8. Chang AC, Cochet M & Cohen SN. Structural organization of human genomic DNA encoding the pro-opiomelanocortin peptide. PNAS 1980 77 4890-4894.
9. Drouin J & Goodman HM. Most of the coding region of rat ACTH beta-LPH precursor gene lacks intervening sequences. Nature 1980 11 610-613.
10. Boileau G, Barbeau C, Jeannotte L, Chrétien M & Drouin J. Complete structure of the porcine pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA derived from the nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA. Nucleic Acids Research 1983 11 8063-8071.
11. Cool DR, Fenger M, Snell CR & Loh YP. Identification of the sorting signal motif within pro-opiomelanocortin for the regulated secretory pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995 270 8723-8729.
12. Lacaze-Masmonteil T, de Keyzer Y, Luton J-P, Kahn A & Bertagna X. Characterization of proopiomelanocortin transcripts in human non-pituitary tissues. PNAS 1987 84 7261-7265.
13. DeBold CR, Nicholson WE & Orth DN. Immunoreactive proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides and POMC-like messenger ribonucleic acid are present in many rat nonpituitary tissues. Endocrinology 1988 122 2648-2657.
14. DeBold CR, Menefee JK, Nicholson WE & Orth DN. Proopiomelanocortin gene is expressed in many normal human tissues and in tumors not associated with ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. Molecular Endocrinology 1988 2 862-870.
15. Texier PL, de Keyzer Y, Lacave R, Vieau D, Lenne F, Rojas-Miranda A et al. Proopiomelanocortin gene expression in normal and tumoral human lung. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1991 73 414-420.
16. Jeannotte L, Burbach JP & Drouin J. Unusual proopiomelanocortin ribonucleic acids in extrapituitary tissues: intronless transcripts in testes and long poly(A) tails in hypothalamus. Molecular Endocrinology 1987 1 749-757.
17. Gee CE, Chen CL, Roberts JL, Thompson R & Watson SJ. Identification of proopiomelanocortin neurones in rat hypothalamus by in situ cDNA-mRNA hybridization. Nature 1983 306 374-376.
18. Civelli O, Birnberg N & Herbert E. Detection and quantitation of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA in pituitary and brain tissues from different species. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1982 257 6783-6787.
19. Grigorakis SI, Anastasiou E, Dai K, Souvatzoglou A & Alevizaki M. Three mRNA transcripts of the proopiomelanocortin gene in human placenta at term. European Journal of Endocrinology 2000 142 533-536.
20. Raffin-Sanson ML, Massias JF, Ankotche A, Coste J, de Keyzer Y, Oliver C et al. High precursor level in maternal blood results from the alternate mode of proopiomelanocortin processing in human placenta. Clinical Endocrinology 1999 50 85-94.
21. Schauer E, Trautinger F, Kock A, Schwarz A, Bhardwaj R, Simon M et al. Proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides are synthesized and released by human keratinocytes. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1994 93 2258-2262.
22. Wintzen M, Yaar M, Burbach JP & Gilchrest BA. Proopiomelanocortin gene product and regulation in keratinocytes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1996 106 673-678.
23. Scholzen TE, Kalden DH, Brzoska T, Fisbeck T, Fastrich M, Schiller M et al. Expression of proopiomelanocortin peptides in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells: evidence for a regulation by ultraviolet light and interleukin-1. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 115 1021-1028.
24. Bertagna X, Camus F, Lenne F, Girard F & Luton JP. Human joining peptide: a proopiomelanocortin product secreted as an homodimer. Molecular Endocrinology 1988 2 1108-1114.
25. Bertagna X, Lenne F, Comar D, Massias JF, Wajcman H, Baudin V et al. Human beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone revisited. PNAS 1986 83 9719-9723.
26. 2-terminal end of proopiocortin in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1983 56 489-495.
27. Liotta AS, Advis JP, Krause JE, McKelvy JF & Krieger DT. Demonstration of in vivo synthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin-, beta-endorphin-, and alpha-melanotropin-like species in the adult rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience 1984 4 956-965.
28. Liotta AS & Krieger DT. In vitro biosynthesis and comparative post translational processing of immunoreactive precursor corticotropin/beta endorphin by human placental and pituitary cells. Endocrinology 1980 106 1504-1511.
29. Liotta AS, Houghten R & Krieger DT. Identification of a beta endorphin like peptide in cultured placental cells. Nature 1982 295 593-595.
30. Seidah NG, Marcinkiewicz M, Benjannet S, Gaspar L, Beaubien G, Mattei MG et al. Cloning and primary sequence of a mouse candidate prohormone convertase PC1 homologous to PC2, furin, and Kex2: distinct chromosomal localization and messenger RNA distribution in brain and pituitary compared to PC2. Molecular Endocrinology 1991 5 111-122.
31. Smeekens SP & Steiner DF. Identification of a human insulinoma cDNA encoding a novel mammalian protein structurally related to the yeast dibasic processing protease Kex 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1990 265 2997-3000.
32. Benjannet S, Rondeau N, Day R, Chrétien M & Seidah NG. PC1 and PC2 are proprotein convertases capable of cleaving proopiomelanocortin at distinct pairs of basic residues. PNAS 1991 88 3564-3568.
33. Day R, Schafer MK, Watson SJ, Chrétien M & Seidah NG. Distribution and regulation of the prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in the rat pituitary. Molecular Endocrinology 1992 6 485-497.
34. Zhou A, Bloomquist BT & Mains RE. The prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 mediate distinct endoproteolytic cleavages in a strict temporal order during proopiomelanocortin biosynthetic processing. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1993 268 1763-1769.
35. Friedman TC, Loh YP & Birch NP. In vitro processing of proopiomelanocortin by recombinant PC1 (SPC3). Endocrinology 1994 135 854-862.
36. Phlipponneau M, Lenne F, Proeschel MF, Girard F, Luton JP & Bertagna X. Plasma immunoreactive joining peptide in man: a new marker of proopiomelanocortin processing and corticotroph function. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993 76 325-329.
37. Gibson S, Crosby SR, Stewart MF, Jennings AM, McCall E & White A. Differential release of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides from the human pituitary: evidence from a panel of two-site immunoradiometric assays. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994 78 835-841.
38. Rivier C, Brownstein M, Spiess J, Rivier J & Vale W. In vivo corticotropin-releasing factor-induced secretion of adrenocorticotropin, beta-endorphin, and corticosterone. Endocrinology 1982 110 272-278.
39. Rivier C & Vale W. Interaction of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin on adrenocorticotropin secretion in vivo. Endocrinology 1983 113 939-942.
40. Dong W & Day R. Gene expression of proprotein convertases in individual rat anterior pituitary cells and their regulation in corticotrophs mediated by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2002 143 254-262.
41. Peytremann A, Nicholson WE, Brown RD, Liddle GW & Hardman JG. Comparative effects of angiotensin and ACTH on cyclic AMP and steroidogenesis in isolated bovine adrenal cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1973 52 835-842.
42. Cone R, Lu D, Koppula S, Vage D, Klungland H, Boston B et al. The melanocortin receptors: agonists, antagonists and the hormonal control of pigmentation. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 1996 51 287-318.
43. Simpson ER & Waterman MR. Regulation of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal cortical cells by ACTH. Annual Review of Physiology 1988 50 427-440.
44. Rao AJ, Long JA & Ramachandran J. Effects of antiserum to adrenocorticotropin on adrenal growth and function. Endocrinology 1978 102 371-378.
45. Estivariz FE, Iturriza F, McLean C, Hope J & Lowry PJ. Stimulation of the adrenal mitogenesis by N terminal POMC peptide. Nature 1982 297 419-422.
46. Lowry PJ, Silas L, McLean C, Linton EA & Estivariz FE. Pro gamma MSH hormone cleavage in adrenal gland undergoing compensatory growth. Nature, 1983 306 70-73.
47. Bicknell AB, Lomthaisong K, Woods RJ, Hutchinson EG, Bennett HP, Gladwell RT et al. Characterisation of a serine protease that cleaves pro gamma melanotropin at the adrenal to stimulate growth. Cell 2001 105 903-912.
48. Schioth HB, Phillips SR, Rudzish R, Birch-Machin MA, Wikberg JE & Rees JL. Loss of function mutations of the human melanocortin 1 receptor are common and are associated with red hair. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1999 260 488-491.
49. Catania A, Delgado R, Airaghi L, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, Carlin A et al. Alpha-MSH in systemic inflammation: central and peripheral actions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1999 885 183-187.
50. Cowley MA, Pronchuk N, Fan W, Dinulescu DM, Colmers WF & Cone RD. Integration of NPY, AGRP, and melanocortin signals in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence of a cellular basis for the adipostat. Neuron 1999 24 155-163.
51. Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G & Gruters A. Severe early onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nature Genetics 1998 19 155-157.
52. Yaswen L, Diehl N, Brennan MB & Hochgeschwender U. Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin. Nature Medicine 1999 5 984-985.
53. Sina M, Hinney A, Ziegler A, Neupert T, Mayer H, Siegfried W et al. Phenotypes in three pedigrees with autosomal dominant obesity caused by haploinsufficiency mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene. American Journal of Human Genetics 1999 65 1501-1507.
54. Vaisse C, Clement K, Durand E, Hercberg S, Guy-Grand B & Froguel P. Melanocortin-4 receptor mutations are a frequent and heterogeneous cause of morbid obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2000 106 253-262.
55. Farooki S, Keogh JM, Yeo GSH, Lank EJ, Cheetham T & O'Rahilly S. Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. New England Journal of Medicine 2003 348 1085-1095.
56. Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR et al. Targeted disruption of the melanocortin 4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell 1997 88 131-141.
57. Nijenhuis WA, Oosterom J & Adan RA. AgRP(83-132) acts as an inverse agonist on the human-melanocortin-4 receptor. Molecular Endocrinology 2001 15 164-171.
58. Small CJ, Kim MS, Stanley SA, Mitchell JR, Murphy K, Morgan DG et al. Effects of chronic central nervous system administration of agouti-related protein in pair-fed animals. Diabetes 2001 50 248-254.
59. Feng Y, Cao L, Metzger JM, Strack AM, Camacho RE, Mellin TN et al. Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin 3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nature Genetics 2000 26 97-102.
60. Butler AA, Kesterson RA, Khong K, Cullen MJ, Pelleymounter MA, Dekoning J et al. A unique metabolic syndrome causes obesity in the melanocortin 3 receptor deficient mouse. Endocrinology 2000 141 3518-3521.
61. Fekete C, Sarkar S, Rand WM, Harney JW, Emerson CH, Bianco AC et al. Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis; comparisons between the effect of AGRP and neuropeptide Y on energy homeostasis and the HPT axis. Endocrinology 2002 143 3846-3853.
62. Van der Ploeg LH, Martin WJ, Howard AD, Nargund RP, Austin CP, Guan X et al. A role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in sexual function. PNAS 2002 99 11381-11386.
63. Rees LH, Burke CW, Chard T, Evans SW & Letchworth AT. Possible placental origin of ACTH in normal human pregnancy. Nature 1975 254 620-622.
64. Petraglia F, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J & Vale W. Evidence for local stimulation of ACTH stimulation by CRH. Nature 1987 328 717-719.
65. Raffin-Sanson ML, Ferre F, Coste J, Oliver C, Cabrol D & Bertagna X. Pro-opiomelanocortin in human pregnancy: evolution of maternal plasma levels, concentrations in cord blood, amniotic fluid and at the feto-maternal interface. European Journal of Endocrinology 2000 142 53-59.
66. De Keyzer Y, Bertagna X, Lenne F, Girard F, Luton JP & Kahn A. Altered proopiomelanocortin gene expression in adrenocorticotropin-producing nonpituitary tumors. Comparative studies with corticotropic adenomas and normal pituitaries. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1985 76 1892-1898.
67. Clark AJ, Lavender PM, Besser GM & Rees LH. Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA size heterogeneity in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 1989 2 3-9.
68. de Keyzer Y, Bertagna X, Luton JP & Kahn A. Variable modes of proopiomelanocortin gene transcription in human tumors. Molecular Endocrinology 1989 3 215-223.
69. Steenbergh PH, Hoppener JW, Zandberg J, Roos BA, Jansz HS & Lips CJ. Expression of the proopiomelanocortin gene in human medullary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1984 58 904-908.
70. De Keyzer Y, Lenne F, Massias JF, Vieau D, Luton JP, Kahn A et al. Pituitary-like proopiomelanocortin transcripts in human Leydig cell tumors. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1990 86 871-877.
71. De Keyzer Y, Rousseau-Merck MF, Luton JP, Girard F, Kahn A & Bertagna X. Pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression in human phaeochromocytomas. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 1989 2 175-181.
72. Bertagna X. Proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America: Cushing's Syndrome, 1994 23 467-485.
73. Raffin-Sanson ML, Massias JF, Dumont C, Raux-Demay MC, Proeschel MF, Luton J-P et al. High plasma proopiomelanocortin in aggressive ACTH-secreting tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 4272-4277.
74. Fuller PJ, Lim AT, Barlow JW, White EL, Khalid BA, Copolov DL et al. A pituitary tumor producing high molecular weight adrenocorticotropin-related peptides: clinical and cell culture studies. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1984 58 134-142.
75. White A & Clark A. The cellular and molecular basis of the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 1993 39 131-142.
76. Vieau D, Massias JF, Girard F, Luton J-P & Bertagna X. Corticotrophin-like intermediary lobe peptide as a marker of alternate proopiomelanocortin processing in ACTH-producing non-pituitary tumours. Clinical Endocrinology 1989 31 691-700.
77. Scopsi L, Gullo M, Rilke F, Martin S & Steiner DF. Proprotein convertases (PC1/PC3 and PC2) in normal and neoplastic human tissues: their use as markers of neuroendocrine differentiation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1995 80 294-301.
78. Bertagna X, Seidah N, Massias JF, Lenne F, Luton JP, Girard F et al. Microsequencing evidence for the maturation of human proopiomelanocortin into an 18 amino acid beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone [h beta MSH(5-22)] in non pituitary tissue. Peptides 1989 10 83-87.
79. Vieau D, Seidah NG, Chrétien M & Bertagna X. Expression of the prohormone convertase PC2 correlates with the presence of CLIP in human ACTH secreting tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994 79 1503-1509.
80. de Keyzer Y, Lenne F, Auzan C, Jegou S, René P, Vaudry H et al. The pituitary vasopressin V3 receptor and the corticotroph phenotype in ectopic ACTH syndrome. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1996 97 1311-1318.
81. de Keyzer Y, Clauser E & Bertagna X. The pituitary V3 vasopressin receptor and the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes 1996 3 125-131.
82. Challis BG, Pritchard LE, Creemers JW, Delplanque M, Keogh JMJ, Luan J et al. A missense mutation disrupting a dibasic prohormone processing site in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) increases susceptibility to early-onset obesity through a novel molecular mechanism. Human Molecular Genetics 2002 11 1997-2004.
83. Lamolet B, Pulichino A, Lamonerie T, Gauthier Y, Brue T, Enjalbert A et al. A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, T pit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx homeoproteins. Cell 2001 6 849-859.
84. Jackson RS, Creemers JWM, Ohagi S, Raffin-Sanson ML, Sanders L, Montague C et al. Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase PC1 gene. Nature Genetics 1997 16 303-306.
85. Zhu X, Zhou A, Dey A, Norrbom C, Carroll R, Zhang C et al. Disruption of PC1/3 expression in mice causes dwarfism and multiple neuroendocrine peptide processing defects. PNAS 2002 99 10293-10298.
86. Furuta M, Yano H, Zhou H, Rouillé Y, Holst JJ, Carroll R et al. Defective prohormone processing and altered pancreatic islet morphology in mice lacking active SPC2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998 273 1-7.
87. Johanning K, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Lazure C, Lamango NS, Steiner DF et al. Specificity of prohormone convertase 2 on proenkephalin and proenkephalin-related substrates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998 73 22672-22680.
88. Westphal CH, Muller L, Zhou A, Zhu X, Bonner-Weir S, Schambelan M et al. The neuroendocrine protein 7B2 is required for peptide hormone processing in vivo and provides a novel mechanism for pituitary Cushing's disease. Cell 1999 96 689-700.
89. Laurent V, Kimble A, Peng B, Pintar JE, Steiner DF & Lindberg I. Mortality in 7B2 null mice can be rescued by adrenalectomy: involvement of dopamine in ACTH hypersecretion. PNAS 2002 99 3087-3092.