Role of PDX-1 and MafA as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

Volumn 77, Issue 3 SUPPL., 2007, Pages

  Kaneto, Hideaki ^a   Miyatsuka, Takeshi ^a   Fujitani, Yoshio ^a   Noguchi, Hirofumi ^b   Song, Ki Ho ^c   Yoon, Kun Ho ^c   Matsuoka, Taka aki ^a  

^a OSAKA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b KYOTO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c The Catholic University of Korea   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Insulin gene; MafA; PDX 1; Surrogate cells; Transcription factor

Indexed keywords

HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; HYBRID PROTEIN; INSULIN; MESSENGER RNA; NEUROGENIC DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MAFA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NGN 3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PDX 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; ENHANCER REGION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; INSULIN RELEASE; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PROMOTER REGION; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; MAF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, LARGE; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; TRANS-ACTIVATORS;

EID: 34547689222     PISSN: 01688227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.046     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Ohlsson H., Karlsson K., and Edlund T. IPF1, a homeodomain-containing-transactivator of the insulin gene. EMBO J. 12 (1993) 4251-4259
2. Miller C.P., McGehee R.E., and Habener J.F. IDX-1: a new homeodomain transcription factor expressed in rat pancreatic islets and duodenum that transactivates the somatostatin gene. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 1145-1156
3. Leonard J., Peers B., Johnson T., Ferreri K., Lee S., and Montminy M.R. Characterization of somatostatin transactivating factor-1, a novel homeobox factor that stimulates somatostatin expression in pancreatic islet cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 7 (1993) 1275-1283
4. Jonsson J., Carlsson L., Edlund T., and Edlund H. Insulin-promoter-factor 1 is required for pancreas development in mice. Nature 37 (1993) 606-609
5. Guz Y., Montminy M.R., Stein R., Leonard J., Gamer L.W., Wright C.V., et al. Expression of murine STF-1, a putative insulin gene transcription factor, in beta cells of pancreas, duodenal epithelium and pancreatic exocrine and endocrine progenitors during ontogeny. Development 121 (1995) 11-18
6. Ahlgren U., Jonsson J., and Edlund H. The morphogenesis of the pancreatic mesenchyme is uncoupled from that of the pancreatic epithelium in IPF1/PDX1-deficient mice. Development 122 (1996) 1409-1416
7. Offield M.F., Jetton T.L., Labosky P., Ray M., Stein R.W., Magnuson M.A., et al. PDX-1 is required for pancreas outgrowth and differentiation of the rostral duodenum. Development 122 (1996) 983-985
8. Kaneto H., Miyagawa J., KajimotoY, Yamamoto K., Watada H., Umayahara Y., et al. Expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor during pancreas development: a potential role of PDX-1 in the transcriptional activation. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 29137-29143
9. Stoffers D.A., Zinkin N.T., Stanojevic V., Clarke W.L., and Habener J.F. Pancreatic agenesis attributable to a single nucleotide deletion in the human IPF1 gene coding sequence. Nat. Genet. 15 (1997) 106-110
10. Dutta S., Bonner-Weir S., Montminy M., and Wright C. Regulatory factor linked to late-onset diabetes?. Nature 392 (1998) 560
11. Stoffers D.A., Heller R.S., Miller C.P., and Habener J.F. Developmental expression of the homeodomain protein IDX-1 mice transgenic for an IDX-1 promoter/LacZ transcriptional reporter. Endocrinology 140 (1999) 5374-5381
12. Holland A.M., Hale M.A., Kagami H., Hammer R.E., and MacDonald R.J. Experimental control of pancreatic development and maintenance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 12236-12241
13. Melloul D. Transcription factors in islet development and physiology: role of PDX-1 in beta-cell function. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1014 (2004) 28-37
14. Harrison K.A., Thaler J., Pfaff S.L., Gu H., and Kehrl J.H. Pancreas dorsal lobe agenesis and abnormal islets of Langerhans in Hlxb9-deficient mice. Nat. Genet. 23 (1999) 71-75
15. Li H., Arber S., Jessell T.M., and Edlund H. Selective agenesis of the dorsal pancreas in mice lacking homeobox gene Hlxb9. Nat. Genet. 23 (1999) 67-70
16. Ahlgren U., Pfaff S.L., Jessell T.M., Edlund T., and Edlund H. Independent requirement for ISL1 in formation of pancreatic mesenchyme and islet cells. Nature 385 (1997) 257-260
17. Sosa-Pineda B., Chowdhury K., Torres M., Oliver G., and Gruss P. The Pax4 gene is essential for differentiation of insulin-producing beta cells in the mammalian pancreas. Nature 386 (1997) 399-402
18. St-Onge L., Sosa-Pineda B., Chowdhury K., Mansouri A., and Gruss P. Pax6 is required for differentiation of glucagon-producing alpha-cells in mouse pancreas. Nature 387 (1997) 406-409
19. Sander M., Neubuser A., Kalamaras J., Ee H.C., Martin G.R., and German M.S. Genes Dev. 11 (1997) 1662-1673
20. Sander M., Sussel L., Conners J., Scheel D., Kalamaras J., Dela Cruz F., et al. Genetic analysis reveals that PAX6 is required for normal transcription of pancreatic hormone genes and islet development. Development 127 (2000) 5533-5540
21. Sussel L., Kalamaras J., Hartigan-O'Connor D.J., Meneses J.J., Pedersen R.A., Rubenstein J.L., et al. Mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.2 have diabetes due to arrested differentiation of pancreatic beta cells. Development 125 (1998) 2213-2221
22. Fujitani Y., Kajimoto Y., Yasuda T., Matsuoka T., Kaneto H., Umayahara Y., et al. Identification of a portable repression domain and an E1A-responsive activation domain in Pax 4: a possible role of Pax 4 as a transcriptional repressor in the pancreas. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (1999) 8281-8291
23. Smith S.B., Ee H.C., Conners J.R., and German M.S. Paired-homeodomain transcription factor PAX4 acts as a transcriptional repressor in early pancreatic development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (1999) 8272-8280
24. Prado C.L., Pugh-Bernard A.E., Elghazi L., Sosa-Pineda B., and Sussel L. Ghrelin cells replace insulin-producing β cells in two mouse model of pancreas development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 (2004) 2924-2929
25. Heller R.S., Jenny M., Collombat P., Mansouri A., Tomasetto C., Madsen O.D., et al. Genetic determinants of pancreatic ε-cell development. Dev. Biol. 286 (2005) 217-224
26. Pedersen J.K., Nelson S.B., Jorgensen M.C., Henseleit K.D., Fujitani Y., Wright C.V., et al. Serup. Endodermal expression of Nkx6 genes depends differentially on Pdx1. Dev. Biol. 288 (2005) 487-501
27. Jacquemin P., Yoshitomi H., Kashima Y., Rousseau G.G., Lemaigre F.P., and Zaret K.S. An endothelial-mesenchymal relay pathway regulates early phases of pancreas development. Dev. Biol. 290 (2006) 189-199
28. Ferber S., Halkin A., Cohen H., Ber I., Einav Y., Goldberg I., et al. Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 induces expression of insulin genes in liver and ameliorates streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Nat. Med. 6 (2000) 568-572
29. Heller R.S., Stoffers D.A., Bock T., Svenstrup K., Jensen J., Horn T., et al. Improved glucose tolerance and acinar dysmorphogenesis by targeted expression of transcription factor PDX-1 to the exocrine pancreas. Diabetes 50 (2001) 1553-1561
30. Kojima H., Nakamura T., Fujita Y., Kishi A., Fujimiya M., Yamada S., et al. Combined expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 and islet factor 1 induces immature enterocytes to produce insulin. Diabetes 51 (2002) 1398-1408
31. Yoshida S., Kajimoto Y., Yasuda T., Watada H., Fujitani Y., Kosaka H., et al. PDX-1 induces differentiation of intestinal epithelioid IEC-6 into insulin-producing cells. Diabetes 51 (2002) 2505-2513
32. Noguchi H., Kaneto H., Weir G.C., and Bonner-Weir S. PDX-1 protein containing its own Antennapedia-like protein transduction domain can transduce pancreatic duct and islet cells. Diabetes 52 (2003) 1732-1737
33. Taniguchi H., Yamato E., Tashiro F., Ikegami H., Ogihara T., and Miyazaki J. β-Cell neogenesis induced by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of transcription factor pdx-1 into mouse pancreas. Gene Ther. 10 (2003) 15-23
34. Tang D.-Q., Cao L.-Z., Burkhardt B.R., Xia C.-Q., Litherland S.A., Atkinson M.A., et al. In vivo and in vitro characterization of insulin-producing cells obtained from murine bone marrow. Diabetes 53 (2004) 1721-1732
35. Miyatsuka T., Kaneto H., Kajimoto Y., Hirota S., Arakawa Y., Fujitani Y., et al. Ectopically expressed PDX-1 in liver initiates endocrine and exocrine pancreas differentiation but causes dysmorphogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 310 (2003) 1017-1025
36. Kaneto H., Nakatani Y., Miyatsuka T., Matsuoka T., Matsuhisa M., Hori M., et al. PDX-1/VP16 fusion protein, together with NeuroD or Ngn3, markedly induces insulin gene transcription and ameliorates glucose tolerance. Diabetes 54 (2005) 1009-1022
37. Cao L.-Z., Tang D.-Q., Horb M.E., Li S.-W., and Yang L.-J. High glucose is necessary for complete maturation of Pdx 1-VP16-expressing hepatic cells into functional insulin-producing cells. Diabetes 53 (2004) 3168-3178
38. Imai J., Katagiri H., Yamada T., Ishigaki Y., Ogihara T., Uno K., et al. Constitutively active PDX1 induced efficient insulin production in adult murine liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 326 (2005) 402-409
39. Petersen H.V., Serup P., Leonard J., Michelsen B.K., and Madsen O.D. Transcriptional regulation of the human insulin gene is dependent on the homeodomain protein STF1/IPF1 acting through the CT boxes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (1994) 10465-10469
40. Peers B., Leonard J., Sharma S., Teitelman G., and Montminy M.R. Insulin expression in pancreatic islet cells relies on cooperative interactions between the helix loop helix factor E47 and the homeobox factor STF-1. Mol. Endocrinol. 8 (1994) 1798-1806
41. Waeber G., Thompson N., Nicod P., and Bonny C. Transcriptional activation of the GLUT2 gene by the IPF-1/STF-1/IDX-1 homeobox factor. Mol. Endocrinol. 10 (1996) 1327-1334
42. Watada H., Kajimoto Y., Umayahara Y., Matsuoka T., Kaneto H., Fujitani Y., et al. The human glucokinase gene β-cell-type promoter: an essential role of insulin promoter factor 1 (IPF1)/PDX-1 in its activation in HIT-T15 cells. Diabetes 45 (1996) 1478-1488
43. Ahlgren U., Jonsson J., Jonsson L., Simu K., and Edlund H. β-cell-specific inactivation of the mouse Ipf1/Pdx1 gene results in loss of the β-cell phenotype and maturity onset diabetes. Genes Dev. 12 (1998) 1763-1768
44. Wang H., Maechler P., Ritz-Laser B., Hagenfeldt K.A., Ishihara H., Philippe J., et al. Pdx1 level defines pancreatic gene expression pattern and cell lineage differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 25279-25286
45. Brissova M., Shiota M., Nicholson W.E., Gannon M., Knobel S.M., Piston D.W., et al. Reduction in pancreatic transcription factor PDX-1 impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 1125-11232
46. Kulkarni R.N., Jhala U.S., Winnay J.N., Krajewski S., Montminy M., and Kahn C.R. PDX-1 haploinsufficiency limits the compensatory islet hyperplasia that occurs in response to insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 14 (2004) 828-836
47. Holland A.M., Gonez L.J., Naselli G., MacDonald R.J., and Harrison L.C. Conditional expression demonstrates the role of the homeodomain transcription factor Pdx1 in maintenance and regeneration of beta-cells in the adult pancreas. Diabetes 54 (2005) 2586-2595
48. Stoffers D.A., Ferrer J., Clarke W.L., and Habener J.F. Early-onset type-II diabetes mellitus (MODY4) linked to IPF1. Nat. Genet. 17 (1997) 138-139
49. Naya F.J., Stellrecht C.M.M., and Tsai M.-J. Tissue-specific regulation of the insulin gene by a novel basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Genes Dev. 9 (1995) 1009-1019
50. Naya F.J., Huang H., Qiu Y., Mutoh H., DeMayo F., Leiter A.B., et al. Diabetes, defective pancreatic morphogenesis, and abnormal enteroendocrine differentiation in BETA2/neuroD-deficient mice. Genes Dev. 11 (1997) 2323-2334
51. Kojima H., Fujimiya M., Matsumura K., Younan P., Imaeda H., Maeda M., et al. NeuroD-betacellulin gene therapy induces islet neogenesis in the liver and reverses diabetes in mice. Nat. Med. 9 (2003) 595-603
52. Noguchi H., Bonner-Weir S., Wei F.-Y., Matsushita M., and Matsumoto S. BETA2/NeuroD protein can be transduced into cells due to an arginine- and lysine-rich sequence. Diabetes 54 (2005) 2859-2866
53. Sharma A., and Stein R. Glucose-induced transcription of the insulin gene is mediated by factors required for β-cell-type-specific expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (1994) 871-879
54. German M.S., and Wang J. The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (1994) 4067-4075
55. Grapin-Botton A., Majithia A.R., and Melton D.A. Key events of pancreas formation are triggered in gut endoderm by ectopic expression of pancreatic regulatory genes. Genes Dev. 15 (2001) 444-454
56. Apelqvist A., Li H., Sommer L., Beatus P., Anderson D.J., Honjo T., et al. Notch signaling controls pancreatic cell differentiation. Nature 400 (1999) 877-881
57. Schwitzgebel V.M., Scheel D.W., Conners J.R., Kalamaras J., Lee J.E., Anderson D.J., et al. Expression of neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas. Development 127 (2000) 3533-3542
58. Gradwohl G., Dierich A., LeMeur M., and Guillemot F. Neurogenin3 is required for the development of the four endocrine cell lineages of the pancreas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 1607-1611
59. Gu G., Dubauskaite J., and Melton D.A. Direct evidence for the pancreatic lineage: NGN3+ cells are islet progenitors and distinct from duct progenitors. Development 129 (2002) 2447-2457
60. Heremans Y., Casteele M.V.D., Veld P., Gradwohl G., Serup P., Madsen O., et al. Recapitulation of embryonic neuroendocrine differentiation in adult human pancreatic duct cells expressing neurogenin 3. J. Cell Biol. 159 (2002) 303-311
61. Dominguez-Bendala J., Klein D., Ribeiro M., Ricordi C., Inverardi L., Pastori R., et al. TAT-mediated neurogenin 3 protein transduction stimulates pancreatic endocrine differentiation in vitro. Diabetes 54 (2005) 720-726
62. Sharma S., Leonard J., Lee S., Chapman H.D., Leiter E.H., and Montminy M.R. Pancreatic islet expression of the homeobox factor STF-1 relies on an E-box motif that binds USF. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 2294-2299
63. Dutta S., Gannon M., Peers B., Wright C., Bonner-Weir S., and Montiminy M. PDX:PBX complexes are required for normal proliferation of pancreatic cells during development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 1065-1070
64. Gannon M., Gamer L.W., and Wright C.V.E. Regulatory regions driving developmental and tissue-specific expression of the essential pancreatic gene pdx1. Dev. Biol. 238 (2001) 185-201
65. Bell G.I., and Polonsky K.S. Diabetes mellitus and genetically programmed defects in β-cell function. Nature 414 (2001) 788-791
66. Shih D.Q., Heimesaat M., Kuwajima S., Stein R., Wright C.V., and Stoffel M. Profound defects in pancreatic β-cell function in mice with combined heterozygous mutations in Pdx-1, Hnf-1α, and Hnf-3β. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 3818-3823
67. Gerrish K., Gannon M., Shih D., Henderson E., Stoffel M., Wright C.V., et al. β cell-specific transcription of the pdx-1 gene. The role of conserved upstream control regions and their hepatic nuclear factor 3β sites. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 3485-3492
68. Marshak S., Benshushan E., Shoshkes M., Havin L., Cerasi E., and Melloul D. Functional conservation of regulatory elements in the pdx-1 gene: PDX-1 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β transcription factors mediate β-cell-specific expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (2000) 7583-7590
69. Gerrish K., Cissell M.A., and Stein R. The role of hepatic nuclear factor 1α and PDX-1 in transcriptional regulation of the pdx-1 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 47775-47784
70. Ben-Shushan E., Marshak S., Shoshkes M., Cerasi E., and Melloul D. A pancreatic β-cell-specific enhancer in the human PDX-1 gene is regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β (HNF-3β), HNF-1α, and SPs transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 17533-17540
71. Samaras S.E., Cissell M.A., Gerrish K., Wright C.V., Gannon M., and Stein R. Conserved sequences in a tissue-specific regulatory region of the pdx-1 gene mediate transcription in pancreatic β cells: role for hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β and Pax6. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 4702-4713
72. Samaras S.E., Zhao L., Means A., Henderson E., Matsuoka T.A., and Stein R. The islet β cell-enriched RIPE3b1/Maf transcription factor regulates pdx-1 expression. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 12263-12270
73. Jacquemin P., Lemaigre F.P., and Rousseau G.G. The Onecut transcription factor HNF-6 (OC-1) is required for timely specification of the pancreas and acts upstream of Pdx-1 in the specification cascade. Dev. Biol. 258 (2003) 105-116
74. Wu K.L., Gannon M., Peshavaria M., Offield M.F., Henderson E., Ray M., et al. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β is involved in pancreatic β-cell-specific transcription of the pdx-1 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (1997) 6002-6013
75. Fujitani Y., Fujitani S., Boyer D.F., Gannon M., Kawaguchi Y., Ray M., et al. Targeted deletion of a cis-regulatory region reveals differential gene dosage requirements for Pdx1 in foregut organ differentiation and pancreas formation. Genes Dev. 20 (2006) 253-266
76. Song S.Y., Gannon M., Washington M.K., Scoggins C.R., Meszoely I.M., Goldenring J.R., et al. Expansion of Pdx1-expressing pancreatic epithelium and islet neogenesis in transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor α. Gastroenterology 117 (1999) 1416-1426
77. Koizumi M., Doi R., Toyoda E., Masui T., Tulachan S.S., Kawaguchi Y., et al. Increased PDX-1 expression is associated with outcome in patients with pancreatic cancer. Surgery 134 (2003) 260-266
78. Jensen J.N., Cameron E., Garay M.V., Starkey T.W., Gianani R., and Jensen J. Recapitulation of elements of embryonic development in adult mouse pancreatic regeneration. Gastroenterology 128 (2005) 728-741
79. Miyatsuka T., Kaneto H., Shiraiwa T., Matsuoka T., Yamamoto K., Kato K., et al. Persistent expression of PDX-1 causes acinar-to-ductal transition through Stat3 activation. Genes Dev. 20 (2006) 1435-1440
80. Kawaguchi Y., Cooper B., Gannon M., Ray M., MacDonald R.J., and Wright C.V. The role of the transcriptional regulator Ptf1a in converting intestinal to pancreatic progenitors. Nat. Genet. 32 (2002) 128-134
81. Grippo P.J., Nowlin P.S., Cassaday R.D., and Sandgren E.P. Cell-specific transgene expression from a widely transcribed promoter using Cre/lox in mice. Genesis 32 (2002) 277-286
82. Lumelsky N., Blondel O., Laeng P., Velasco I., Ravin R., and McKay R. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting structures similar to pancreatic islets. Science 292 (2001) 1389-1394
83. Soria B., Roche E., Berna G., Leon-Quinto T., Reig J.A., and Martin F. Insulin-secreting cells derived from embryonic stem cells normalize glycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes 49 (2000) 157-162
84. Assady S., Maor G., Amit M., Itskovitz-Eldor J., Skorecki K., and Tzukerman M. Insulin production by human embryonic stem cells. Diabetes 50 (2001) 1691-1697
85. Moritoh Y., Yamato E., Yasui Y., Miyazaki S., and Miyazaki J. Analysis of insulin-producing cells during in vitro differentiation from feeder-free embryonic stem cells. Diabetes 52 (2003) 1163-1168
86. Hori Y., Rulifson I.C., Tsai B.C., Heit J.J., Cahoy J.D., and Kim S.K. Growth inhibitors promote differentiation of insulin-producing tissue from embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 16105-16110
87. Bonner-Weir S., Taneja M., Weir G.C., Tatarkiewicz K., Song K.-H., Sharma A., et al. In vitro cultivation of human islets expanded ductal tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 7999-8004
88. Ramiya V.K., Maraist M., Arfors K.E., Schatz D.A., Peck A.B., and Cornelius J.G. Reversal of insulin-dependent diabetes using islets generated in vitro from pancreatic stem cells. Nat. Med. 6 (2000) 278-282
89. Seaberg R.M., Smukler S.R., Kieffer T.J., Enikolopov G., Asghar Z., Wheeler M.B., et al. Clonal identification of multipotent precursors from adult mouse pancreas that generate neural and pancreatic lineages. Nat. Biotechnol. 22 (2004) 1115-1124
90. Song K.-H., Ko S.H., Ahn Y.-B., Yoo S.-J., Chin H.-M., Kaneto H., et al. In vitro transdifferentiation of adult pancreatic acinar cells into insulin-producing cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 316 (2004) 1094-1100
91. Yang L., Li S., Hatch H., Ahrens K., Cornelius J.G., Petersen B.E., et al. In vitro trans-differentiation of adult hepatic stem cells into pancreatic endocrine hormone-producing cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 8078-8083
92. Zalzman M., Gupta S., Giri R.K., Berkovich I., Sappal B.S., Karnieli O., et al. Reversal of hyperglycemia in mice by using human expandable insulin-producing cells differentiated from fetal liver progenitor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 7253-7258
93. Ianus A., Holz G.G., Theise N.D., and Hussain M.A. In vivo derivation of glucose-competent pancreatic endocrine cells from bone marrow without evidence of cell fusion. J. Clin. Invest. 111 (2003) 843-850
94. Suzuki A., Nakauchi H., and Taniguchi H. Prospective isolation of multipotent pancreatic progenitors using flow-cytometric cell sorting. Diabetes 53 (2004) 2143-2152
95. Horb M.E., Shen C.-N., Tosh D., and Slack J.M.W. Experimental conversion of liver to pancreas. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) 105-115
96. Sharma A., Fusco-DeMane D., Henderson E., Efrat S., and Stein R. The role of the insulin control element and RIPE3b1 activators in glucose-stimulated transcription of the insulin gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 9 (1995) 1468-1488
97. Moran A., Zhang H.-J., Olson L.K., Harmon J.S., Poitout V., and Robertson R.P. Differentiation of glucose toxicity from beta cell exhaustion during the evolution of defective insulin gene expression in the pancreatic islet cell line, HIT-T15. J. Clin. Invest. 99 (1997) 534-539
98. Matsuoka T., Zhao L., Artner I., Jarrett H.W., Friedman D., Means A., et al. Members of the large Maf transcription family regulate insulin gene transcription in islet β cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (2003) 6049-6062
99. Olbrot M., Rud J., Moss L.G., and Sharma A. Identification of β-cell-specific insulin gene transcription factor RIPE3b1 as mammalian MafA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 6737-6742
100. Kataoka K., Han S.I., Shioda S., Hirai M., Nishizawa M., and Handa H. MafA is a glucose-regulated and pancreatic β-cell-specific transcriptional activator for the insulin gene. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 49903-49910
101. Matsuoka T., Artner I., Henderson E., Means A., Sander M., and Stein R. The MafA transcription factor appears to be responsible for tissue-specific expression of insulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 2930-2933
102. Kaneto H., Matsuoka T., Nakatani Y., Miyatsuka T., Matsuhisa M., Hori M., et al. A crucial role of MafA as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 15047-15052
103. Zhang C., Moriguchi T., Kajihara M., Esaki R., Harada A., Shimohata H., et al. MafA is a key regulator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 4969-4976
104. Noguchi H., Matsushita M., Matsumoto S., Lu Y.F., Matsui H., and Bonner-Weir S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 332 (2005) 68-74