Complexity in interpretation of embryonic epithelial-mesenchymal transition in response to transforming growth factor-β signaling

Cells Tissues Organs

Volumn 185, Issue 1-3, 2007, Pages 131-145

  Ahmed, Shaheen ^a   Nawshad, Ali ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Epithelial mesenchymal transitions, embryonic; Transforming growth factor

Indexed keywords

BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; SCATTER FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTOR;

CARCINOGENESIS; CELL KINETICS; CELL STRUCTURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; ENZYME KINETICS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; MORPHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; EMBRYO; EPITHELIAL CELLS; MESODERM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

EID: 34250738303     PISSN: 14226405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000101314     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (126)

1. Adnane, J., E. Seijo, Z. Chen, F. Bizouarn, M. Leal, S.M. Sebti, T. Munoz-Antonia (2002) RhoB, not RhoA, represses the transcription of the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor by a mechanism involving activator protein 1. J Biol Chem 277: 8500-8507.
2. Aspenstrom, P., A. Fransson, J. Saras (2004) Rho GTPases have diverse effects on the organization of the actin filament system. Biochem J 377: 327-337.
3. Asthagiri, A.R., D.A. Lauffenburger (2000) Bioengineering models of cell signaling. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2: 31-53.
4. Asthagiri, A.R., D.A. Lauffenburger (2001) A computational study of feedback effects on signal dynamics in a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway model. Biotechnol Prog 17: 227-239.
5. Bakin, A.V., A.K. Tomlinson, N.A. Bhowmick, H.L. Moses, C.L. Arteaga (2000) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase function is required for transforming growth factor beta-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell migration. J Biol Chem 275: 36803-36810.
6. Batlle, E., E. Sancho, C. Franci, D. Dominguez, M. Monfar, J. Baulida, A. Garcia de Herreros (2000) The transcription factor snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol 2: 84-89.
7. Bhowmick, N.A., M. Ghiassi, A. Bakin, M. Aakre, C.A. Lundquist, M.E. Engel, C.L. Arteaga, H.L. Moses (2001) Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation through a RhoA-dependent mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 12: 27-36.
8. Birchmeier, W., J. Behrens, K.M. Weidner, J. Hulsken, C. Birchmeier (1996) Epithelial differentiation and the control of metastasis in carcinomas. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 213: 117-135.
9. Blavier, L., A. Lazaryev, J. Groffen, N. Heisterkamp, Y.A. DeClerck, V. Kaartinen (2001) TGF-beta3-induced palatogenesis requires matrix metalloproteinases. Mol Biol Cell 12: 1457-1466.
10. Bolos, V., H. Peinado, M.A. Perez-Moreno, M.F. Fraga, M. Esteller, A. Cano (2003) The transcription factor Slug represses E-cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions: a comparison with Snail and E47 repressors. J Cell Sci 116: 499-511.
11. Boyer, A.S., I.I. Ayerinskas, E.B. Vincent, L.A. McKinney, D.L. Weeks, R.B. Runyan (1999) TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 have separate and sequential activities during epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation in the embryonic heart. Dev Biol 208: 530-545.
12. Byfield, S.D., A.B. Roberts (2004) Lateral signaling enhances TGF-beta response complexity. Trends Cell Biol 14: 107-111.
13. Cano, A., M.A. Perez-Moreno, I. Rodrigo, A. Locascio, M.J. Blanco, M.G. del Barrio, F. Portillo, M.A. Nieto (2000) The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2: 76-83.
14. Chow, S., H. Patel, D.W. Hedley (2001) Measurement of MAP kinase activation by flow cytometry using phospho-specific antibodies to MEK and ERK: potential for pharmacodynamic monitoring of signal transduction inhibitors. Cytometry 46: 72-78.
15. Ciruna, B.G., L. Schwartz, K. Harpal, T.P. Yamaguchi, J. Rossant (1997) Chimeric analysis of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (Fgfr1) function: a role for FGFR1 in morphogenetic movement through the primitive streak. Development 124: 2829-2841.
16. Clements, R.T., F.L. Minnear, H.A. Singer, R.S. Keller, P.A. Vincent (2005) RhoA and Rho-kinase dependent and independent signals mediate TGF-beta-induced pulmonary endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization and permeability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288: L294-L306.
17. Cui, X.M., C.F. Shuler (2000) The TGF-beta type III receptor is localized to the medial edge epithelium during palatal fusion. Int J Dev Biol 44: 397-402.
18. DaCosta Byfield, S., C. Major, N.J. Laping, A.B. Roberts (2004) SB-505124 is a selective inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta type I receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7. Mol Pharmacol 65: 744-752.
19. Danuser, G. (2005) Coupling the dynamics of two actin networks - new views on the mechanics of cell protrusion. Biochem Soc Trans 33: 1250-1253.
20. Dennler, S., M.J. Goumans, P. ten Dijke (2002) Transforming growth factor beta signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 71: 731-740.
21. Derynck, R., Y. Zhang, X.H. Feng (1998) Smads: transcriptional activators of TGF-beta responses. Cell 95: 737-740.
22. Derynck, R., Y.E. Zhang (2003) Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling. Nature 425: 577-584.
23. Donovan, J.C., J.M. Rothenstein, J.M. Slingerland (2002) Non-malignant and tumor-derived cells differ in their requirement for p27Kip1 in transforming growth factor-beta-mediated G1 arrest. J Biol Chem 277: 41686-41692.
24. Duband, J.L., F. Monier, M. Delannet, D. New-green (1995) Epithelium-mesenchyme transition during neural crest development. Acta Anat (Basel) 154: 63-78.
25. Dudas, M., V. Kaartinen (2005) Tgf-beta super-family and mouse craniofacial development: interplay of morphogenetic proteins and receptor signaling controls normal formation of the face. Curr Top Dev Biol 66: 65-133.
26. Engel, M.E., M.A. McDonnell, B.K. Law, H.L. Moses (1999) Interdependent SMAD and JNK signaling in transforming growth factor-beta-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem 274: 37413-37420.
27. Fearon, E.R. (2003) Connecting estrogen receptor function, transcriptional repression, and E-cadherin expression in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 3: 307-310.
28. Fell, P.L., A.J. Hudson, M.A. Reynolds, N. Usman, S. Akhtar (1997) Cellular uptake properties of a 2′-amino/2′-O-methyl-modified chimeric hammerhead ribozyme targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 7: 319-326.
29. Galetic, I., S.M. Maira, M. Andjelkovic, B.A. Hemmings (2003) Negative regulation of ERK and Elk by protein kinase B modulates c-Fos transcription. J Biol Chem 278: 4416-4423.
30. Gerhart, J. (1999) 1998 Warkany lecture: signaling pathways in development. Teratology 60: 226-239.
31. Goldberg, P.L., D.E. MacNaughton, R.T. Clements, F.L. Minnear, P.A. Vincent (2002) p38 MAPK activation by TGF-beta1 increases MLC phosphorylation and endothelial monolayer permeability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282: L146-L154.
32. Gotzmann, J., M. Mikula, A. Eger, R. Schulte-Hermann, R. Foisner, H. Beug, W. Mikulits (2004) Molecular aspects of epithelial cell plasticity: implications for local tumor invasion and metastasis. Mutat Res 566: 9-20.
33. Grille, S.J., A. Bellacosa, J. Upson, A.J. Klein-Szanto, F. van Roy, W. Lee-Kwon, M. Donowitz, P.N. Tsichlis, L. Larue (2003) The protein kinase Akt induces epithelial mesenchymal transition and promotes enhanced motility and invasiveness of squamous cell carcinoma lines. Cancer Res 63: 2172-2178.
34. Grunert, S., M. Jechlinger, H. Beug (2003) Diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to epithelial plasticity and metastasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4: 657-665.
35. Gwon, A. (2006) Lens regeneration in mammals: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 51: 51-62.
36. Hajra, K.M., D.Y. Chen, E.R. Fearon (2002) The SLUG zinc-finger protein represses E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Res 62: 1613-1618.
37. Hay, E.D. (2005) The mesenchymal cell, its role in the embryo, and the remarkable signaling mechanisms that create it. Dev Dyn 233: 706-720.
38. Hayes, S., A. Chawla, S. Corvera S (2002) TGF beta receptor internalization into EEA1-enriched early endosomes: role in signaling to Smad2. J Cell Biol 158: 1239-1249.
39. Heinrich, R., B.G. Neel, T.A. Rapoport (2002) Mathematical models of protein kinase signal transduction. Mol Cell 9: 957-970.
40. Herman, I.M., N.J. Crisona, T.D. Pollard (1981) Relation between cell activity and the distribution of cytoplasmic actin and myosin. J Cell Biol 90: 84-91.
41. Hornberg, J.J., B. Binder, F.J. Bruggeman, B. Schoeberl, R. Heinrich, H.V. Westerhoff (2005) Control of MAPK signalling: from complexity to what really matters. Oncogene 24: 5533-5542.
42. Horowitz, J.C., D.Y. Lee, M. Waghray, V.G. Keshamouni, P.E. Thomas, H. Zhang, Z. Cui, V.J. Thannickal (2004) Activation of the prosurvival phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway by transforming growth factorbeta1 in mesenchymal cells is mediated by p38 MAPK-dependent induction of an autocrine growth factor. J Biol Chem 279: 1359-1367.
43. Hu, P.P., X. Shen, D. Huang, Y. Liu, C. Counter, X.F. Wang (1999) The MEK pathway is required for stimulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) by transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem 274: 35381-35387.
44. Hummer, B.T., C. Bartlett, E. Henry, B.E. Weissman (2003) Expression of Smad4 in the FaDu cell line partially restores TGF-beta growth inhibition but is not sufficient to regulate fibronectin expression or suppress tumorigenicity. J Cell Physiol 194: 289-302.
45. Ikenouchi, J., M. Matsuda, M. Furuse, S. Tsukita (2003) Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition: direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occludin by Snail. J Cell Sci 116: 1959-1967.
46. Imamichi, Y., O. Waidmann, R. Hein, P. Eleftheriou, K. Giehl, A. Menke (2005) TGF beta-induced focal complex formation in epithelial cells is mediated by activated ERK and JNK MAP kinases and is independent of Smad4. Biol Chem 386: 225-236.
47. Jamora, C., P. Lee, P. Kocieniewski, M. Azhar, R. Hosokawa, Y. Chai, E. Fuchs (2005) A signaling pathway involving TGF-beta2 and snail in hair follicle morphogenesis. PLoS Biol 3: e11.
48. Janda, E., K. Lehmann, I. Killisch, M. Jechlinger, M. Herzig, J. Downward, H. Beug, S. Grunert (2002) Ras and TGF[beta] cooperatively regulate epithelial cell plasticity and metastasis: dissection of Ras signaling pathways. J Cell Biol 156: 299-313.
49. Javelaud, D., A. Mauviel (2005) Crosstalk mechanisms between the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and Smad signaling downstream of TGF-beta: implications for carcinogenesis. Oncogene 24: 5742-5750.
50. Kamaraju, A.K., A.B. Roberts (2004) Role of Rho/ROCK and p38 MAP kinase pathways in TGF-beta-mediated Smad-dependent growth inhibition of human breast carcinoma cells in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 1024-1036.
51. Kang, Y., J. Massague (2004) Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: twist in development and metastasis. Cell 118: 277-279.
52. Karihaloo, A., C. Nickel, L.G. Cantley (2005) Signals which build a tubule. Nephron Exp Nephrol 100: e40-45.
53. Karreth, F., D.A. Tuveson (2004) Twist induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition to facilitate tumor metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 3: 1058-1059.
54. Kohama, K., K. Nonaka, R. Hosokawa, L. Shum, M. Ohishi (2002) TGF-beta-3 promotes scarless repair of cleft lip in mouse fetuses. J Dent Res 81: 688-694.
55. Kondo, M., E. Cubillo, K. Tobiume, T. Shirakihara, N. Fukuda, H. Suzuki, K. Shimizu, K. Takehara, A. Cano, M. Saitoh, K. Miyazono (2004) A role for Id in the regulation of TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Cell Death Differ 11: 1092-1101.
56. Kowanetz, M., U. Valcourt, R. Bergstrom, C.H. Heldin, A. Moustakas (2004) Id2 and Id3 define the potency of cell proliferation and differentiation responses to transforming growth factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein. Mol Cell Biol 24: 4241-4254.
57. Laping, N.J., E. Grygielko, A. Mathur, S. Butter, J. Bomberger, C. Tweed, W. Martin, J. Fornwald, R. Lehr, J. Harling, L. Gaster, J.F. Callahan, B.A. Olson (2002) Inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced extracellular matrix with a novel inhibitor of the TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity: SB-431542. Mol Pharmacol 62: 58-64.
58. Larue, L., A. Bellacosa (2005) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in development and cancer: role of phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase/AKT pathways. Oncogene 24: 7443-7454.
59. Lenferink, A.E., J. Magoon, C. Cantin, M.D. O'Connor-McCourt (2004) Investigation of three new mouse mammary tumor cell lines as models for transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and Neu pathway signaling studies: identification of a novel model for TGF-beta-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Breast Cancer Res 6: R514-530.
60. Levchenko, A., J. Bruck, P.W. Sternberg (2000) Scaffold proteins may biphasically affect the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and reduce its threshold properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 5818-5823.
61. Liu, Y.N., W.W. Lee, C.Y. Wang, T.H. Chao, Y. Chen, J.H. Chen (2005) Regulatory mechanisms controlling human E-cadherin gene expression. Oncogene 2005; 24: 8277-8290.
62. Luo, K, H.F. Lodish (1996) Signaling by chimeric erythropoietin-TGF-beta receptors: homodimerization of the cytoplasmic domain of the type I TGF-beta receptor and heterodimerization with the type II receptor are both required for intracellular signal transduction. EMBO J 15: 4485-4496.
63. Luo, K., H.F. Lodish (1997) Positive and negative regulation of type II TGF-beta receptor signal transduction by autophosphorylation on multiple serine residues. EMBO J 16: 1970-1981.
64. Luo, K., P. Zhou, H.F. Lodish (1995) The specificity of the transforming growth factor beta receptor kinases determined by a spatially addressable peptide library. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11761-11765.
65. Lutz, M., P. Knaus (2002) Integration of the TGF-beta pathway into the cellular signalling network. Cell Signal 14: 977.
66. Massague, J., J. Seoane, D. Wotton (2005) Smad transcription factors. Genes Dev 19: 2783-2810.
67. Matsuyama, S., M. Iwadate, M. Kondo, M. Saitoh, A. Hanyu, K. Shimizu, H. Aburatani, H.K. Mishima, T. Imamura, K. Miyazono, K. Miyazawa (2003) SB-431542 and Gleevec inhibit transforming growth factor-beta-induced proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Res 63: 7791-7798.
68. Moustakas, A., C.H. Heldin (2005) Non-Smad TGF-beta signals. J Cell Sci 118: 3573-3584.
69. Moustakas, A., H.Y. Lin, Y.I. Henis, J. Plamondon, M.D. O'Connor-McCourt, H.F. Lodish (1993) The transforming growth factor beta receptors types I, II, and III form hetero-oligomeric complexes in the presence of ligand. J Biol Chem 268: 22215-22218.
70. Mukherjee, A., S.S. Dong, T. Clemens, J. Alvarez, R. Serra (2005) Co-ordination of TGF-beta and FGF signaling pathways in bone organ cultures. Mech Dev 122: 557-571.
71. Mulder, K.M. (2000) Role of Ras and Mapks in TGFbeta signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11: 23-35.
72. Muraoka, R.S., N. Dumont, C.A. Ritter, T.C. Dugger, D.M. Brantley, J. Chen, E. Easterly, L.R. Roebuck, S. Ryan, P.J. Gotwals, V. Koteliansky, C.L. Arteaga (2002) Blockade of TGF-beta inhibits mammary tumor cell viability, migration, and metastases. J Clin Invest 109: 1551-1559.
73. Nawshad, A., E.D. Hay (2003) TGFbeta3 signaling activates transcription of the LEF1 gene to induce epithelial mesenchymal transformation during mouse palate development. J Cell Biol 163: 1291-1301.
74. Nawshad, A., D. LaGamba, E.D. Hay (2004) Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signalling in palatal growth, apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Arch Oral Biol 49: 675-689.
75. Nawshad, A., D. LaGamba, A. Polad, E.D. Hay (2005) Transforming growth factor-beta signaling during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation: implications for embryogenesis and tumor metastasis. Cells Tissues Organs 179: 11-23.
76. Nishita, M., M.K. Hashimoto, S. Ogata, M.N. Laurent, N. Ueno, H. Shibuya, K.W. Cho (2000) Interaction between Wnt and TGFbeta signalling pathways during formation of Spemann's organizer. Nature 403: 781-785.
77. Ohnishi, H., T. Miyata, H. Yasuda, Y. Satoh, K. Hanatsuka, H. Kita, A. Ohashi, K. Tamada, N. Makita, T. Iiri, N. Ueda, H. Mashima, K. Sugano (2004) Distinct roles of Smad2-, Smad3-, and ERK-dependent pathways in transforming growth factor-beta1 regulation of pancreatic stellate cellular functions. J Biol Chem 279: 8873-8878.
78. Ozdamar, B., R. Bose, M. Barrios-Rodiles, H.R. Wang, Y. Zhang, J.L. Wrana (2005) Regulation of the polarity protein Par6 by TGFbeta receptors controls epithelial cell plasticity. Science 307: 1603-1609.
79. Pardali, K., M. Kowanetz, C.H. Heldin, A. Moustakas (2005) Smad pathway-specific transcriptional regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1). J Cell Physiol 204: 260-272.
80. Peinado, H., M. Quintanilla, A. Cano (2003) Transforming growth factor beta-1 induces snail transcription factor in epithelial cell lines: mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transitions. J Biol Chem 278: 21113-21123.
81. Penheiter, S.G., H. Mitchell, N. Garamszegi, M. Edens, J.J. Dore, Jr., E.B. Leof (2002) Internalization-dependent and -independent requirements for transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling via the Smad pathway. Mol Cell Biol 22: 4750-4759.
82. Perez-Moreno, M.A., A. Locascio, I. Rodrigo, G. Dhondt, F. Portillo, M.A. Nieto, A. Cano (2001) A new role for E12/E47 in the repression of E-cadherin expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. J Biol Chem 276: 27424-27431.
83. Piek, E., A.B. Roberts (2001) Suppressor and oncogenic roles of transforming growth factorbeta and its signaling pathways in tumorigenesis. Adv Cancer Res 83: 1-54.
84. Rashbass, P., H. Skaer (2000) Cell polarity: nailing Crumbs to the scaffold. Curr Biol 10: R234-236.
85. Rastaldi, M.P., F. Ferrario, L. Giardino, G. Dell'Antonio, C. Grillo, P. Grillo, F. Strutz, G.A. Muller, G. Colasanti, G. D'Amico (2002) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tubular epithelial cells in human renal biopsies. Kidney Int 62: 137-146.
86. Ren, X.D., W.B. Kiosses, M.A. Schwartz (1999) Regulation of the small GTP-binding protein Rho by cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton. EMBO J 18: 578-585.
87. Roberts, A.B. (2002) The ever-increasing complexity of TGF-beta signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13: 3-5.
88. Romano, L.A., R.B. Runyan (2000) Slug is an essential target of TGFbeta2 signaling in the developing chicken heart. Dev Biol 223: 91-102.
89. Rossant, J., B. Ciruna, J. Partanen (1997) FGF signaling in mouse gastrulation and antero-posterior patterning. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 62: 127-133.
90. Runyan, R.B., J.D. Potts, D.L. Weeks (1992) TGF-beta 3-mediated tissue interaction during embryonic heart development. Mol Reprod Dev 32: 152-159.
91. Sasaki, T., H. Suzuki, K. Yagi, M. Furuhashi, R. Yao, S. Susa, T. Noda, Y. Arai, K. Miyazono, M. Kato (2003) Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 makes cells resistant to transforming growth factor beta-induced repression of c-myc. Cancer Res 63: 801-806.
92. Savagner, P. (2001) Leaving the neighborhood: molecular mechanisms involved during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Bioessays 23: 912-923.
93. Savagner, P., K.M. Yamada, J.P. Thiery (1997) The zinc-finger protein slug causes desmosome dissociation, an initial and necessary step for growth factor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Biol 137: 1403-1419.
94. Shi, Y., J. Massague (2003) Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113: 685-700.
95. Shook, D., R. Keller (2003) Mechanisms, mechanics and function of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in early development. Mech Dev 120: 1351-1383.
96. Smith, P.G., C. Roy, Y.N. Zhang, S. Chauduri (2003) Mechanical stress increases RhoA activation in airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 28: 436-442.
97. Stemmann, O., H. Zou, S.A. Gerber, S.P. Gygi, M.W. Kirschner (2001) Dual inhibition of sister chromatid separation at metaphase. Cell 107: 715-726.
98. Stemmler, M.P., A. Hecht, B. Kinzel, R. Kemler (2003) Analysis of regulatory elements of E-cadherin with reporter gene constructs in transgenic mouse embryos. Dev Dyn 227: 238-245.
99. Sun, D., C.R. Vanderburg, G.S. Odierna, E.D. Hay (1998) TGFbeta3 promotes transformation of chicken palate medial edge epithelium to mesenchyme in vitro. Development 125: 95-105.
100. Takahashi, E., N. Funato, N. Higashihori, Y. Hata, T. Gridley, M. Nakamura (2004) Snail regulates p21(WAF/CIP1) expression in cooperation with E2A and Twist. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 325: 1136-1144.
101. Takeichi, M. (1991) Cadherin cell adhesion receptors as a morphogenetic regulator. Science 251: 1451-1455.
102. Takeichi, M. (1993) Cadherins in cancer: implications for invasion and metastasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 5: 806-811.
103. ten Dijke, P., C.S. Hill (2004) New insights into TGF-beta-Smad signalling. Trends Biochem Sci 29: 265-273.
104. Thiery, J.P. (2003a) Cell adhesion in development: a complex signaling network. Curr Opin Genet Dev 13: 365-371.
105. Thiery, J.P. (2003b) Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15: 740-746.
106. Thiery, J.P., J.P. Sleeman (2006) Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 131-142.
107. Tsukazaki, T., T.A. Chiang, A.F. Davison, L. Attisano, J.L. Wrana (1998) SARA, a FYVE domain protein that recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptor. Cell 95: 779-791.
108. Valcourt, U., M. Kowanetz, H. Niimi, C.H. Heldin, A. Moustakas (2005) TGF-beta and the Smad signaling pathway support transcriptomic reprogramming during epithelialmesenchymal cell transition. Mol Biol Cell 16: 1987-2002.
109. Valdes, F., A.M. Alvarez, A. Locascio, S. Vega, B. Herrera, M. Fernandez, M. Benito, M.A. Nieto, I. Fabregat (2002) The epithelial mesenchymal transition confers resistance to the apoptotic effects of transforming growth factor beta in fetal rat hepatocytes. Mol Cancer Res 1: 68-78.
110. Van de Putte, T., M. Maruhashi, A. Francis, L. Nelles, H. Kondoh, D. Huylebroeck, Y. Higashi (2003) Mice lacking ZFHX1B, the gene that codes for Smad-interacting protein-1, reveal a role for multiple neural crest cell defects in the etiology of Hirschsprung disease-mental retardation syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 72: 465-470.
111. Vega, S., A.V. Morales, O.H. Ocana, F. Valdes, I. Fabregat, M.A. Nieto (2004) Snail blocks the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death. Genes Dev 18: 1131-1143.
112. Vongwiwatana, A., A. Tasanarong, D.C. Rayner, A. Melk, P.F. Halloran (2005) Epithelial to mesenchymal transition during late deterioration of human kidney transplants: the role of tubular cells in fibrogenesis. Am J Transplant 5: 1367-1374.
113. Wakefield, L.M., E. Piek, E.P. Bottinger (2001) TGF-beta signaling in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 6: 67-82.
114. Wang, D., Q. Shen, Y.Q. Chen, M.H. Wang (2004) Collaborative activities of macrophage-stimulating protein and transforming growth factor-beta1 in induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition: roles of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 23: 1668-1680.
115. Wang, L., R. Ma, R.A. Flavell, M.E. Choi (2002) Requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3) for activation of p38alpha and p38delta MAPK isoforms by TGF-beta 1 in murine mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 277: 47257-47262.
116. Watanabe, H., M.P. de Caestecker, Y. Yamada (2001) Transcriptional cross-talk between Smad, ERK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways regulates transforming growth factor-beta-induced aggrecan gene expression in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. J Biol Chem 276: 14466-14473.
117. Xia, W., C.Y. Cheng (2005) TGF-beta3 regulates anchoring junction dynamics in the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis via the Ras/ERK signaling pathway: an in vivo study. Dev Biol 280: 321-343.
118. Xie, L., B.K. Law, M.E. Aakre, M. Edgerton, Y. Shyr, N.A. Bhowmick, H.L. Moses (2003) Transforming growth factor beta-regulated gene expression in a mouse mammary gland epithelial cell line. Breast Cancer Res 5: R187-198.
119. Xie, L., B.K. Law, A.M. Chytil, K.A. Brown, M.E. Aakre, H.L. Moses (2004) Activation of the Erk pathway is required for TGF-beta1-induced EMT in vitro. Neoplasia 6: 603-610.
120. Xu, Z., M.X. Shen, D.Z. Ma, L.Y. Wang, X.L. Zha (2003) TGF-beta1-promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation and cell adhesion contribute to TGF-beta1-enhanced cell migration in SMMC-7721 cells. Cell Res 13: 343-350.
121. Yamane, A., O. Amano, H.C. Slavkin (2003) Insulin-like growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha in mouse tongue myogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 45: 1-6.
122. Yan, Z., G.Y. Kim, X. Deng, E. Friedman (2002) Transforming growth factor beta 1 induces proliferation in colon carcinoma cells by Ras-dependent, smad-independent downregulation of p21cip1. J Biol Chem 277: 9870-9879.
123. Yi, J.Y., I. Shin, C.L. Arteaga (2005) Type I transforming growth factor beta receptor binds to and activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 280: 10870-10876.
124. Yoshiji, H., S. Kuriyama, R. Noguchi, Y. Ikenaka, J. Yoshii, K. Yanase, T. Namisaki, M. Kitade, M. Yamazaki, K. Asada, T. Akahane, T. Tsujimoto, M. Uemura, H. Fukui (2006) Amelioration of liver fibrogenesis by dual inhibition of PDGF and TGF-beta with a combination of imatinib mesylate and ACE inhibitor in rats. Int J Mol Med 17: 899-904.
125. Yue, J., K.M. Mulder (2001) Transforming growth factor-beta signal transduction in epithelial cells. Pharmacol Ther 91: 1-34.
126. Zavadil, J., E.P. Bottinger (2005) TGF-beta and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions. Oncogene 24: 5764-5774.