Nitric oxide and the regulation of apoptosis in tumour cells

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 12, Issue 34, 2006, Pages 4445-4468

  Tarr, J M ^a   Eggleton, P ^a,b   Winyard, Paul G ^a  

^a PENINSULA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Nitric oxide; Nitric oxide synthase; Tumour cells

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; APOPTOTIC PROTEASE ACTIVATING FACTOR 1; CALCIUM ION; CASPASE; CYCLINE; CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE; DACTINOMYCIN; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 6; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; N(G) METHYLARGININE; NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P53; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RESISTANCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL PROTECTION; CELL SURVIVAL; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LUNG CANCER; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOMACH CARCINOMA; TUMOR PROMOTION; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CASPASES; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; HUMANS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; MITOCHONDRIA; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-BCL-2; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 33751519059     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161206779010477     Document Type: Review

References (313)

1. Furchgott RF, Jothianandan D. Endothelium-dependent and - independent vasodilation involving cyclic GMP: relaxation induced by nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and light. Blood Vessels 1991; 28: 52-61.
2. Furchgott RF, Jothianandan D, Khan MT. Comparison of nitric oxide, S-nitrosocysteine and EDRF as relaxants of rabbit aorta. Jpn J Pharmacol 1992; 58(Suppl 2): 185P-191P.
3. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Byrns RE, Wood KS, Chaudhuri G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor and nitric oxide possess identical pharmacologic properties as relaxants of bovine arterial and venous smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 246: 218-26.
4. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Chaudhuri G. EDRF generation and release from perfused bovine pulmonary artery and vein. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 149: 79-88.
5. Ignarro LJ, Bush PA, Buga GM, Wood KS, Fukuto JM, Rajfer J. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation upon electrical field stimulation cause relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170: 843-50.
6. Murad F, Waldman S, Molina C, Bennett B, Leitman D. Regulation and role of guanylate cyclase-cyclic GMP in vascular relaxation. Prog Clin Biol Res 1987; 249: 65-76.
7. Murad F, Ishii K, Forstermann U, Gorsky L, Kerwin JF Jr, Pollock J, et al. EDRF is an intracellular second messenger and autacoid to regulate cyclic GMP synthesis in many cells. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 1990; 24: 441-8.
8. Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327: 524-6.
9. Lancaster JR, Jr. A tutorial on the diffusibility and reactivity of free nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 1997; 1: 18-30.
10. 2. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 2744-50.
11. Singh S, Evans TW. Nitric oxide, the biological mediator of the decade: fact or fiction? Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 699-707.
12. Huang PL, Huang Z, Mashimo H, Bloch KD, Moskowitz MA, Bevan JA, et al. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 1995; 377: 239-42.
13. Walker BR, Resta TC, Nelin LD. Nitric oxide-dependent pulmonary vasodilation in polycythemic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279: H2382-9.
14. Vallance P, Collier J. Biology and clinical relevance of nitric oxide. Br Med J 1994; 309: 453-7.
15. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S. Comparative pharmacology of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide and prostacyclin in platelets. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 92: 181-7.
16. Azuma H, Ishikawa M, Sekizaki S. Endothelium-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation. Br J Pharmacol 1986; 88: 411-5.
17. Mendelsohn ME, O'Neill S, George D, Loscalzo J. Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to human platelets by S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 19028-34.
18. Schafer A, Wiesmann F, Neubauer S, Eigenthaler M, Bauersachs J, Channon KM. Rapid regulation of platelet activation in vivo by nitric oxide. Circulation 2004; 109: 1819-22.
19. Snyder SH, Ferris CD. Novel neurotransmitters and their neuropsychiatric relevance. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1738-51.
20. Bishop A, Anderson JE. NO signaling in the CNS: from the physiological to the pathological. Toxicology 2005; 208: 193-205.
21. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 682-5.
22. Zhou Y, Ling EA. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the neural pathways of the urinary bladder. J Anat 1999; 194(Pt 4): 481-96.
23. Matini P, Manneschi LI, Mayer B, Faussone-Pellegrini MS. Nitric oxide producing neurons in the human colon: an immunohistochemical and histoenzymatical study. Neurosci Lett 1995; 193: 17-20.
24. Hohler B, Mayer B, Kummer W. Nitric oxide synthase in the rat carotid body and carotid sinus. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 276: 559-64.
25. Fischer A, Hoffmann B. Nitric oxide synthase in neurons and nerve fibers of lower airways and in vagal sensory ganglia of man. Correlation with neuropeptides. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 209-16.
26. Stark ME, Bauer AJ, Szurszewski JH. Effect of nitric oxide on circular muscle of the canine small intestine. J Physiol 1991; 444: 743-61.
27. Zakhary R, Poss KD, Jaffrey SR, Ferris CD, Tonegawa S, Snyder SH. Targeted gene deletion of heme oxygenase 2 reveals neural role for carbon monoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 14848-53.
28. O'Dell TJ, Hawkins RD, Kandel ER, Arancio O. Tests of the roles of two diffusible substances in long-term potentiation: evidence for nitric oxide as a possible early retrograde messenger. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 11285-9.
29. O'Dell TJ, Huang PL, Dawson TM, Dinerman JL, Snyder SH, Kandel ER, et al. Endothelial NOS and the blockade of LTP by NOS inhibitors in mice lacking neuronal NOS. Science 1994; 265: 542-6.
30. Assreuy J, Cunha FQ, Epperlein M, Noronha-Dutra A, O'Donnell CA, Liew FY, et al. Production of nitric oxide and superoxide by activated macrophages and killing of Leishmania major. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 672-6.
31. Frances R, Munoz C, Zapater P, Uceda F, Gascon I, Pascual S, et al. Bacterial DNA activates cell mediated immune response and nitric oxide overproduction in peritoneal macrophages from patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gut 2004; 53: 860-4.
32. Tesei A, Ulivi P, Fabbri F, Rosetti M, Leonetti C, Scarsella M, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of NCX 4040 cytotoxic activity in human colon cancer cell lines. J Transl Med 2005; 3: 7.
33. Schmidt HH, Walter U. NO at work. Cell 1994; 78: 919-25.
34. Schmidt HH, Lohmann SM, Walter U. The nitric oxide and cGMP signal transduction system: regulation and mechanism of action. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1178: 153-75.
35. Schmidt HH. NO, CO and OH. Endogenous soluble guanylyl cyclase-activating factors. FEBS Lett 1992; 307: 102-7.
36. Kim PK, Zamora R, Petrosko P, Billiar TR. The regulatory role of nitric oxide in apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1: 1421-41.
37. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Chaudhuri G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 9265-9.
38. Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J 1992; 6: 3051-64.
39. Panaro MA, Brandonisio O, Acquafredda A, Sisto M, Mitolo V. Evidences for iNOS expression and nitric oxide production in the human macrophages. Curr Drug Targets 2003; 3: 210-21.
40. Downey D, Elborn JS. Nitric oxide, iNOS, and inflammation in cystic fibrosis. J Pathol 2000; 190: 115-6.
41. Schmidt HH, Pollock JS, Nakane M, Forstermann U, Murad F. Ca2+/ calmodulin-regulated nitric oxide synthases. Cell Calcium 1992; 13: 427-34.
42. Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 109-42.
43. Jun CD, Choi BM, Hoon R, Um JY, Kwak HJ, Lee BS, et al. Synergistic cooperation between phorbol ester and IFN-gamma for induction of nitric oxide synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages. J Immunol 1994; 153: 3684-90.
44. Schmidt HH, Murad F. Purification and characterization of a human NO synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181: 1372-7.
45. Leone AM, Palmer RM, Knowles RG, Francis PL, Ashton DS, Moncada S. Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases incorporate molecular oxygen into both nitric oxide and citrulline. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 23790-5.
46. Stuehr DJ. Mammalian nitric oxide synthases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1411: 217-30.
47. Alderton WK, Cooper CE, Knowles RG. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 2001; 357: 593-615.
48. Godber BL, Doel JJ, Sapkota GP, Blake DR, Stevens CR, Eisenthal R, et al. Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide catalyzed by xanthine oxidoreductase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 7757-63.
49. Millar TM, Stevens CR, Benjamin N, Eisenthal R, Harrison R, Blake DR. Xanthine oxidoreductase catalyses the reduction of nitrates and nitrite to nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions. FEBS Lett 1998; 427: 225-8.
50. Zhang Z, Naughton D, Winyard PG, Benjamin N, Blake DR, Symons MC. Generation of nitric oxide by a nitrite reductase activity of xanthine oxidase: a potential pathway for nitric oxide formation in the absence of nitric oxide synthase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 249: 767-72.
51. Zweier JL, Samouilov A, Kuppusamy P. Non-enzymatic nitric oxide synthesis in biological systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1411: 250-62.
52. Benjamin N, O'Driscoll F, Dougall H, Duncan C, Smith L, Golden M, et al. Stomach NO synthesis. Nature 1994; 368: 502.
53. Okamoto M, Tsuchiya K, Kanematsu Y, Izawa Y, Yoshizumi M, Kagawa S, et al. Nitrite-derived nitric oxide formation following ischemia-reperfusion injury in kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288: F182-7.
54. Huang KT, Keszler A, Patel N, Patel RP, Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB, et al. The reaction between nitrite and deoxyhemoglobin. Reassessment of reaction kinetics and stoichiometry. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 31126-31.
55. Grisham MB, Jourd'Heuil D, Wink DA. Nitric oxide. I. Physiological chemistry of nitric oxide and its metabolites: implications in inflammation. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: G315-21.
56. Wink DA, Cook JA, Kim SY, Vodovotz Y, Pacelli R, Krishna MC, et al. Superoxide modulates the oxidation and nitrosation of thiols by nitric oxide-derived reactive intermediates. Chemical aspects involved in the balance between oxidative and nitrosative stress. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 11147-51.
57. Broad RM, Fallahi N, Fredholm BB. Nitric oxide interacts with oxygen free radicals to evoke the release of adenosine and adenine nucleotides from rat hippocampal slices. J Auton Nerv Syst 2000; 81: 82-6.
58. Hiramoto K, Ohkawa T, Kikugawa K. Release of nitric oxide together with carbon-centered radicals from N-nitrosamines by ultraviolet light irradiation. Free Radic Res 2001; 35: 803-13.
59. Rubbo H, Radi R, Trujillo M, Telleri R, Kalyanaraman B, Barnes S, et al. Nitric oxide regulation of superoxide and peroxynitrite-dependent lipid peroxidation. Formation of novel nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivatives. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 26066-75.
60. Coffey MJ, Coles B, O'Donnell VB. Interactions of nitric oxide-derived reactive nitrogen species with peroxidases and lipoxygenases. Free Radic Res 2001; 35: 447-64.
61. Hadjigogos K. The role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Panminerva Med 2003; 45: 7-13.
62. Andreadis AA, Hazen SL, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC. Oxidative and nitrosative events in asthma. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35: 213-25.
63. Van Nassauw L, Bogers J, Van Marck E, Timmermans JP. Role of reactive nitrogen species in neuronal cell damage during intestinal schistosomiasis. Cell Tissue Res 2001; 303: 329-36.
64. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: C1424-37.
65. Pryor WA, Squadrito GL. The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: L699-722.
66. Ignarro LJ, Fukuto JM, Griscavage JM, Rogers NE, Byrns RE. Oxidation of nitric oxide in aqueous solution to nitrite but not nitrate: comparison with enzymatically formed nitric oxide from Larginine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8103-7.
67. Lauer T, Preik M, Rassaf T, Strauer BE, Deussen A, Feelisch M, et al. Plasma nitrite rather than nitrate reflects regional endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity but lacks intrinsic vasodilator action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 12814-9.
68. Dejam A, Hunter CJ, Schechter AN, Gladwin MT. Emerging role of nitrite in human biology. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2004; 32: 423-9.
69. Duranski MR, Greer JJ, Dejam A, Jaganmohan S, Hogg N, Langston W, et al. Cytoprotective effects of nitrite during in vivo ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and liver. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1232-1240.
70. Razavi HM, Hamilton JA, Feng Q. Modulation of apoptosis by nitric oxide: implications in myocardial ischemia and heart failure. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 106: 147-62.
71. Benz D, Cadet P, Mantione K, Zhu W, Stefano G. Tonal nitric oxide and health - a free radical and a scavenger of free radicals. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8: RA1-4.
72. Hogg N, Kalyanaraman B, Joseph J, Struck A, Parthasarathy S. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by nitric oxide. Potential role in atherogenesis. FEBS Lett 1993; 334: 170-4.
73. Kagan VE, Kozlov AV, Tyurina YY, Shvedova AA, Yalowich JC. Antioxidant mechanisms of nitric oxide against iron-catalyzed oxidative stress in cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2001; 3: 189-202.
74. Wink DA, Hanbauer I, Krishna MC, DeGraff W, Gamson J, Mitchell JB. Nitric oxide protects against cellular damage and cytotoxicity from reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 9813-7.
75. Bayir H, Kagan VE, Borisenko GG, Tyurina YY, Janesko KL, Vagni VA, et al. Enhanced oxidative stress in iNOS-deficient mice after traumatic brain injury: support for a neuroprotective role of iNOS. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25: 673-684.
76. Kanner J, Harel S, Granit R. Nitric oxide as an antioxidant. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 289: 130-6.
77. Bai Y, Suzuki AK, Sagai M. The cytotoxic effects of diesel exhaust particles on human pulmonary artery endothelial cells in vitro: role of active oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30: 555-62.
78. Virag L, Szabo E, Gergely P, Szabo C. Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity: mechanism and opportunities for intervention. Toxicol Lett 2003; 140-141: 113-24.
79. Szabo C. Multiple pathways of peroxynitrite cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2003; 140-141: 105-12.
80. Ho YS, Liou HB, Lin JK, Jeng JH, Pan MH, Lin YP, et al. Lipid peroxidation and cell death mechanisms in pulmonary epithelial cells induced by peroxynitrite and nitric oxide. Arch Toxicol 2002; 76: 484-93.
81. Oh-Hashi K, Maruyama W, Isobe K. Peroxynitrite induces GADD34, 45, and 153 via p38 MAPK in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30: 213-21.
82. Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, Freeman BA. Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls. The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 4244-50.
83. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239-57.
84. Fawthrop DJ, Boobis AR, Davies DS. Mechanisms of cell death. Arch Toxicol 1991; 65: 437-44.
85. Macluskey M, Chandrachud LM, Pazouki S, Green M, Chisholm DM, Ogden GR, et al. Apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis in oral tissues. Possible relevance to tumour progression. J Pathol 2000; 191: 368-75.
86. Rajagopalan S, Somers EC, Brook RD, Kehrer C, Pfenninger D, Lewis E, et al. Endothelial cell apoptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a common pathway for abnormal vascular function and thrombosis propensity. Blood 2004; 103: 3677-83.
87. Yin XM, Ding WX. Death receptor activation-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Curr Mol Med 2003; 3: 491-508.
88. Degli Esposti M. Mitochondria in apoptosis: past, present and future. Biochem Soc Trans 2004; 32: 493-5.
89. Brune B. Nitric oxide: NO apoptosis or turning it ON? Cell Death Differ 2003; 10: 864-9.
90. Raff M. Cell suicide for beginners. Nature 1998; 396: 119-22.
91. Cain K. Chemical-induced apoptosis: formation of the Apaf-1 apoptosome. Drug Metab Rev 2003; 35: 337-63.
92. Sun Y, Orrenius S, Pervaiz S, Fadeel B. Plasma membrane sequestration of apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 in human Blymphoma cells: a novel mechanism of chemoresistance. Blood 2005; 105: 4070-7.
93. Tamagiku Y, Sonoda Y, Kunisawa M, Ichikawa D, Murakami Y, Aizu-Yokota E, et al. Down-regulation of procaspase-8 expression by focal adhesion kinase protects HL-60 cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323: 445-52.
94. Brune B, von Knethen A, Sandau KB. Nitric oxide and its role in apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 351: 261-72.
95. Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Nitric oxide and apoptosis: another paradigm for the double-edged role of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 1997; 1: 275-81.
96. Brune B, von Knethen A, Sandau KB. Nitric oxide (NO): an effector of apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6: 969-75.
97. Chung HT, Pae HO, Choi BM, Billiar TR, Kim YM. Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 282: 1075-9.
98. Blaise GA, Gauvin D, Gangal M, Authier S. Nitric oxide, cell signaling and cell death. Toxicology 2005; 208: 177-92.
99. Fehsel K, Kroncke KD, Meyer KL, Huber H, Wahn V, Kolb-Bachofen V. Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. J Immunol 1995; 155: 2858-65.
100. Lopez-Collazo E, Mateo J, Miras-Portugal MT, Bosca L. Requirement of nitric oxide and calcium mobilization for the induction of apoptosis in adrenal vascular endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 1997; 413: 124-8.
101. McDaniel ML, Corbett JA, Kwon G, Hill JR. A role for nitric oxide and other inflammatory mediators in cytokine-induced pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and destruction. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 426: 313-9.
102. Zamora R, Matthys KE, Herman AG. The protective role of thiols against nitric oxide-mediated cytotoxicity in murine macrophage J774 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 321: 87-96.
103. Dash PR, Whitley GS, Ayling LJ, Johnstone AP, Cartwright JE. Trophoblast apoptosis is inhibited by hepatocyte growth factor through the Akt and beta-catenin mediated up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cell Signal 2005; 17: 571-80.
104. Maejima Y, Adachi S, Morikawa K, Ito H, Isobe M. Nitric oxide inhibits myocardial apoptosis by preventing caspase-3 activity via S-nitrosylation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005; 38: 163-74.
105. Pae HO, Choi BM, Oh GS, Lee MS, Ryu DG, Rhew HY, et al. Roles of heme oxygenase-1 in the antiproliferative and antiapoptotic effects of nitric oxide on Jurkat T cells. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66: 122-8.
106. Kim YM, Talanian RV, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide inhibits apoptosis by preventing increases in caspase-3-like activity via two distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 31138-48.
107. Kim YM, de Vera ME, Watkins SC, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide protects cultured rat hepatocytes from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis by inducing heat shock protein 70 expression. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 1402-11.
108. Ou J, Carlos TM, Watkins SC, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Kim YM, et al. Differential effects of nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and selective inducible NOS inhibition on hepatic necrosis, apoptosis, ICAM-1 expression, and neutrophil accumulation during endotoxemia. Nitric Oxide 1997; 1: 404-16.
109. Shen YH, Wang XL, Wilcken DE. Nitric oxide induces and inhibits apoptosis through different pathways. FEBS Lett 1998; 433: 125-31.
110. Qu W, Liu J, Fuquay R, Shimoda R, Sakurai T, Saavedra JE, et al. The nitric oxide prodrug, V-PYRRO/NO, protects against cadmium toxicity and apoptosis at the cellular level. Nitric Oxide 2005; 12: 114-20.
111. Raveendran M, Wang J, Senthil D, Utama B, Shen Y, Dudley D, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide activation protects against cigarette smoking induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579: 733-40.
112. Matsushita T, Fukuda K, Yamazaki K, Yamamoto N, Asada S, Yoshida K, et al. Hypoxia-induced nitric oxide protects chondrocytes from damage by hydrogen peroxide. Inflamm Res 2004; 53: 344-50.
113. Ciani E, Guidi S, Della Valle G, Perini G, Bartesaghi R, Contestabile A. Nitric oxide protects neuroblastoma cells from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation through cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) activation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 49896-902.
114. De Nadai C, Sestili P, Cantoni O, Lievremont JP, Sciorati C, Barsacchi R, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis by reducing the generation of ceramide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 5480-5.
115. Ellis RE, Yuan JY, Horvitz HR. Mechanisms and functions of cell death. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1991; 7: 663-98.
116. Miura M, Hisahara S, Araki T, Okano H. Execution mechanisms of programmed cell death by caspase (ICE/CED-3) family proteases. Heart Vessels 1997; Suppl 12: 66-70.
117. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. Caspases: enemies within. Science 1998; 281: 1312-6.
118. Tatsuta T, Shiraishi A, Mountz JD. The prodomain of caspase-1 enhances Fas-mediated apoptosis through facilitation of caspase-8 activation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 14248-54.
119. Rossig L, Fichtlscherer B, Breitschopf K, Haendeler J, Zeiher AM, Mulsch A, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits caspase-3 by S-nitrosation in vivo. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 6823-6.
120. Nobel CS, Burgess DH, Zhivotovsky B, Burkitt MJ, Orrenius S, Slater AF. Mechanism of dithiocarbamate inhibition of apoptosis: thiol oxidation by dithiocarbamate disulfides directly inhibits processing of the caspase-3 proenzyme. Chem Res Toxicol 1997; 10: 636-43.
121. Kim YM, Chung HT, Kim SS, Han JA, Yoo YM, Kim KM, et al. Nitric oxide protects PC12 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis by cGMP-dependent inhibition of caspase signaling. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 6740-7.
122. Li J, Billiar TR, Talanian RV, Kim YM. Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits seven members of the caspase family via S-nitrosylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 240: 419-24.
123. Jaffrey SR, Snyder SH. The biotin switch method for the detection of S-nitrosylated proteins. Sci STKE 2001; 2001: PL1.
124. Chae IH, Park KW, Kim HS, Oh BH. Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis is mediated by Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression, transition of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 341: 83-91.
125. Gupta S, Knowlton AA. HSP60, Bax, apoptosis and the heart. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9: 51-8.
126. Beere HM. "The stress of dying": the role of heat shock proteins in the regulation of apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2004; 117: 2641-51.
127. Nollen EA, Morimoto RI. Chaperoning signaling pathways: molecular chaperones as stress-sensing 'heat shock' proteins. J Cell Sci 2002; 115: 2809-16.
128. Parsell DA, Lindquist S. The function of heat-shock proteins in stress tolerance: degradation and reactivation of damaged proteins. Annu Rev Genet 1993; 27: 437-96.
129. Beere HM, Wolf BB, Cain K, Mosser DD, Mahboubi A, Kuwana T, et al. Heat-shock protein 70 inhibits apoptosis by preventing recruitment of procaspase-9 to the Apaf-1 apoptosome. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2: 469-75.
130. Mosser DD, Caron AW, Bourget L, Meriin AB, Sherman MY, Morimoto RI, et al. The chaperone function of hsp70 is required for protection against stress-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 7146-59.
131. Wang XW, Harris CC. p53 tumor-suppressor gene: clues to molecular carcinogenesis. J Cell Physiol 1997; 173: 247-55.
132. Liu M, Dhanwada KR, Birt DF, Hecht S, Pelling JC. Increase in p53 protein half-life in mouse keratinocytes following UV-B irradiation. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 1089-92.
133. Forrester K, Ambs S, Lupold SE, Kapust RB, Spillare EA, Weinberg WC, et al. Nitric oxide-induced p53 accumulation and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by wild-type p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 2442-7.
134. Messmer UK, Brune B. Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis: p53-dependent and p53-independent signalling pathways. Biochem J 1996; 319: 299-305.
135. Brockhaus F, Brune B. p53 accumulation in apoptotic macrophages is an energy demanding process that precedes cytochrome c release in response to nitric oxide. Oncogene 1999; 18: 6403-10.
136. Sandau K, Pfeilschifter J, Brune B. Nitric oxide and superoxide induced p53 and Bax accumulation during mesangial cell apoptosis. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 378-86.
137. Genaro AM, Hortelano S, Alvarez A, Martinez C, Bosca L. Splenic B lymphocyte programmed cell death is prevented by nitric oxide release through mechanisms involving sustained Bcl-2 levels. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1884-90.
138. Tamatani M, Ogawa S, Niitsu Y, Tohyama M. Involvement of Bcl-2 family and caspase-3-like protease in NO-mediated neuronal apoptosis. J Neurochem 1998; 71: 1588-96.
139. Pitti RM, Marsters SA, Ruppert S, Donahue CJ, Moore A, Ashkenazi A. Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 12687-90.
140. Chinnaiyan AM, Tepper CG, Seldin MF, O'Rourke K, Kischkel FC, Hellbardt S, et al. FADD/MORT1 is a common mediator of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 4961-5.
141. Hayden MA, Lange PA, Nakayama DK. Nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate stimulate apoptosis via activation of the Fas-FasL pathway. J Surg Res 2001; 101: 183-9.
142. Park IC, Woo SH, Park MJ, Lee HC, Lee SJ, Hong YJ, et al. Ionizing radiation and nitric oxide donor sensitize Fas-induced apoptosis via up-regulation of Fas in human cervical cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2003; 10: 629-33.
143. Hongo F, Garban H, Huerta-Yepez S, Vega M, Jazirehi AR, Mizutani Y, et al. Inhibition of the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 activity by S-nitrosation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336: 692-701.
144. Lee YJ, Lee KH, Kim HR, Jessup JM, Seol DW, Kim TH, et al. Sodium nitroprusside enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway in human colorectal carcinoma CX-1 cells. Oncogene 2001; 20: 1476-85.
145. L expression. Oncogene 2004; 23: 4993-5003.
146. Walczak H, Miller RE, Ariail K, Gliniak B, Griffith TS, Kubin M, et al. Tumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat Med 1999; 5: 157-63.
147. Bucur O, Ray S, Bucur MC, Almasan A. APO2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in prostate cancer therapy. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 1549-68.
148. Lorenzo HK, Susin SA. Mitochondrial effectors in caspase-independent cell death. FEBS Lett 2004; 557: 14-20.
149. Cregan SP, Dawson VL, Slack RS. Role of AIF in caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death. Oncogene 2004; 23: 2785-96.
150. Suzuki Y, Imai Y, Nakayama H, Takahashi K, Takio K, Takahashi R. A serine protease, HtrA2, is released from the mitochondria and interacts with XIAP, inducing cell death. Mol Cell 2001; 8: 613-21.
151. Garrido C, Kroemer G. Life's smile, death's grin: vital functions of apoptosis-executing proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 16: 639-46.
152. Liu B, el Alaoui-Talibi Z, Clanachan AS, Schulz R, Lopaschuk GD. Uncoupling of contractile function from mitochondrial TCA cycle activity and MVO2 during reperfusion of ischemic hearts. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: H72-80.
153. Jiang X, Wang X. Cytochrome C-mediated apoptosis. Annu Rev Biochem 2004; 73: 87-106.
154. Jacobson MD, Raff MC. Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen. Nature 1995; 374: 814-6.
155. Heck DE, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA, Laskin JD. An epigrammatic (abridged) recounting of the myriad tales of astonishing deeds and dire consequences pertaining to nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in mitochondria with an ancillary missive concerning the origins of apoptosis. Toxicology 2005; 208: 259-71.
156. Brown GC, Borutaite V. Nitric oxide inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and its role in cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33: 1440-50.
157. Gibson QH, Palmer G, Wharton DC. The binding of carbon monoxide by cytochrome c oxidase and the ratio of the cytochromes a and A3. J Biol Chem 1965; 240: 915-20.
158. Palacios-Callender M, Quintero M, Hollis VS, Springett RJ, Moncada S. Endogenous NO regulates superoxide production at low oxygen concentrations by modifying the redox state of cytochrome c oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 7630-5.
159. Brunori M, Giuffre A, Forte E, Mastronicola D, Barone MC, Sarti P. Control of cytochrome c oxidase activity by nitric oxide. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1655: 365-71.
160. Moncada S, Erusalimsky JD. Does nitric oxide modulate mitochondrial energy generation and apoptosis? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3: 214-20.
161. Rocks SA, Davies CA, Hicks SL, Webb AJ, Klocke R, Timmins GS, et al. Measurement of S-nitrosothiols in extracellular fluids from healthy human volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis patients, using electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2005: 00-00.
162. Davies CA, Perrett D, Zhang Z, Nielsen BR, Blake DR, Winyard PG. Simultaneous analysis of nitrite, nitrate and the nicotinamide nucleotides by capillary electrophoresis: application to biochemical studies and human extracellular fluids. Electrophoresis 1999; 20: 2111-7.
163. Wenzel U, Kuntz S, De Sousa UJ, Daniel H. Nitric oxide suppresses apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by scavenging mitochondrial superoxide anions. Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 666-75.
164. Dedon PC, Tannenbaum SR. Reactive nitrogen species in the chemical biology of inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 423: 12-22.
165. Bosca L, Hortelano S. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis: involvement of mitochondrial mediators. Cell Signal 1999; 11: 239-44.
166. Ushmorov A, Ratter F, Lehmann V, Droge W, Schirrmacher V, Umansky V. Nitric-oxide-induced apoptosis in human leukemic lines requires mitochondrial lipid degradation and cytochrome C release. Blood 1999; 93: 2342-52.
167. Kobzik L, Stringer B, Balligand JL, Reid MB, Stamler JS. Endothelial type nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle fibers: mitochondrial relationships. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 211: 375-81.
168. Bates TE, Loesch A, Burnstock G, Clark JB. Immunocytochemical evidence for a mitochondrially located nitric oxide synthase in brain and liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 213: 896-900.
169. Gao S, Chen J, Brodsky SV, Huang H, Adler S, Lee JH, et al. Docking of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the mitochondrial outer membrane: a pentabasic amino acid sequence in the autoinhibitory domain of eNOS targets a proteinase K-cleavable peptide on the cytoplasmic face of mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 15968-74.
170. Ghafourifar P, Cadenas E. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26: 190-5.
171. Brookes PS. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Mitochondrion 2004; 3: 187-204.
172. Haynes V, Elfering S, Traaseth N, Giulivi C. Mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase: enzyme expression, characterization, and regulation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2004; 36: 341-6.
173. Giulivi C. Characterization and function of mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34: 397-408.
174. Haynes V, Elfering SL, Squires RJ, Traaseth N, Solien J, Ettl A, et al. Mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase: role in pathophysiology. IUBMB Life 2003; 55: 599-603.
175. Alvarez S, Valdez LB, Zaobornyj T, Boveris A. Oxygen dependence of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305: 771-5.
176. Ghafourifar P, Schenk U, Klein SD, Richter C. Mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase stimulation causes cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. Evidence for intramitochondrial peroxynitrite formation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 31185-8.
177. Sarkela TM, Berthiaume J, Elfering S, Gybina AA, Giulivi C. The modulation of oxygen radical production by nitric oxide in mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 6945-9.
178. Ghafourifar P, Richter C. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase regulates mitochondrial matrix pH. Biol Chem 1999; 380: 1025-8.
179. Xu WM, Liu LZ. Nitric oxide: from a mysterious labile factor to the molecule of the Nobel Prize. Recent progress in nitric oxide research. Cell Res 1998; 8: 251-8.
180. Ogura T, Tatemichi M, Esumi H. Nitric oxide inhibits CPP32-like activity under redox regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 236: 365-9.
181. Maciejewski JP, Selleri C, Sato T, Cho HJ, Keefer LK, Nathan CF, et al. Nitric oxide suppression of human hematopoiesis in vitro. Contribution to inhibitory action of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 1085-92.
182. Geng YJ, Hellstrand K, Wennmalm A, Hansson GK. Apoptotic death of human leukemic cells induced by vascular cells expressing nitric oxide synthase in response to gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 866-74.
183. Lee SK, Huang H, Lee SW, Kim KH, Kim KK, Kim HM, et al. Involvement of iNOS-dependent NO production in the stimulation of osteoclast survival by TNF-alpha. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298: 359-68.
184. Grabowski PS, Wright PK, Van 't Hof RJ, Helfrich MH, Ohshima H, Ralston SH. Immunolocalization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in synovium and cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36: 651-5.
185. van't Hof RJ, Hocking L, Wright PK, Ralston SH. Nitric oxide is a mediator of apoptosis in the rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 1004-8.
186. Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 184-90.
187. Brune B, von Knethen A, Sandau KB. Transcription factors p53 and HIF-1alpha as targets of nitric oxide. Cell Signal 2001; 13: 525-33.
188. Isenberg JS. Nitric oxide modulation of early angiogenesis. Microsurgery 2004; 24: 385-91.
189. Hussain SP, Hofseth LJ, Harris CC. Radical causes of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 276-85.
190. Harris CC. Molecular epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 315-7.
191. Gottlieb TM, Oren M. p53 in growth control and neoplasia. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1287: 77-102.
192. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991; 351: 453-6.
193. Dittmer D, Pati S, Zambetti G, Chu S, Teresky AK, Moore M, et al. Gain of function mutations in p53. Nat Genet 1993; 4: 42-6.
194. Bakalkin G, Selivanova G, Yakovleva T, Kiseleva E, Kashuba E, Magnusson KP, et al. p53 binds single-stranded DNA ends through the C-terminal domain and internal DNA segments via the middle domain. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23: 362-9.
195. Reed M, Woelker B, Wang P, Wang Y, Anderson ME, Tegtmeyer P. The C-terminal domain of p53 recognizes DNA damaged by ionizing radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 9455-9.
196. Wang XW, Vermeulen W, Coursen JD, Gibson M, Lupold SE, Forrester K, et al. The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 1219-32.
197. Firestein GS, Echeverri F, Yeo M, Zvaifler NJ, Green DR. Somatic mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 10895-900.
198. Yamanishi Y, Boyle DL, Green DR, Keystone EC, Connor A, Zollman S, et al. p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from erosion synovium and non-erosion synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7: R12-18.
199. Messmer UK, Ankarcrona M, Nicotera P, Brune B. p53 expression in nitric oxide-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett 1994; 355: 23-6.
200. Wink DA, Kasprzak KS, Maragos CM, Elespuru RK, Misra M, Dunams TM, et al. DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors. Science 1991; 254: 1001-3.
201. Gorsdorf S, Appel KE, Engeholm C, Obe G. Nitrogen dioxide induces DNA single-strand breaks in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11: 37-41.
202. Yermilov V, Rubio J, Becchi M, Friesen MD, Pignatelli B, Ohshima H. Formation of 8-nitroguanine by the reaction of guanine with peroxynitrite in vitro. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 2045-50.
203. Wu Y, Brouet I, Calmels S, Bartsch H, Ohshima H. Increased endogenous N-nitrosamine and nitrate formation by induction of nitric oxide synthase in rats with acute hepatic injury caused by Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide administration. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 7-10.
204. Rubbo H, Tarpey M, Freeman BA. Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in vascular injury. Biochem Soc Symp 1995; 61: 33-45.
205. Wink DA, Laval J. The Fpg protein, a DNA repair enzyme, is inhibited by the biomediator nitric oxide in vitro and in vivo. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 2125-9.
206. Ambs S, Hussain SP, Harris CC. Interactive effects of nitric oxide and the p53 tumor suppressor gene in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. FASEB J 1997; 11: 443-8.
207. Thomsen LL, Lawton FG, Knowles RG, Beesley JE, Riveros-Moreno V, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthase activity in human gynecological cancer. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1352-4.
208. Thomsen LL, Miles DW, Happerfield L, Bobrow LG, Knowles RG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthase activity in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 41-4.
209. Cobbs CS, Brenman JE, Aldape KD, Bredt DS, Israel MA. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in human central nervous system tumors. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 727-30.
210. Jadeski LC, Chakraborty C, Lala PK. Role of nitric oxide in tumour progression with special reference to a murine breast cancer model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 125-35.
211. Millet A, Bettaieb A, Renaud F, Prevotat L, Hammann A, Solary E, et al. Influence of the nitric oxide donor glyceryl trinitrate on apoptotic pathways in human colon cancer cells. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 235-46.
212. Kurimoto M, Endo S, Hirashima Y, Hamada H, Ogiichi T, Takaku A. Growth inhibition and radiosensitization of cultured glioma cells by nitric oxide generating agents. J Neurooncol 1999; 42: 35-44.
213. Mitchell JB, Wink DA, DeGraff W, Gamson J, Keefer LK, Krishna MC. Hypoxic mammalian cell radiosensitization by nitric oxide. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5845-8.
214. Krishna MC, English S, Yamada K, Yoo J, Murugesan R, Devasahayam N, et al. Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for tumor oximetry: coregistration of tumor anatomy and tissue oxygen concentration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 2216-21.
215. Bertuglia S, Giusti A. Role of nitric oxide in capillary perfusion and oxygen delivery regulation during systemic hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288: H525-31.
216. Jordan BF, Sonveaux P, Feron O, Gregoire V, Beghein N, Gallez B. Nitric oxide-mediated increase in tumor blood flow and oxygenation of tumors implanted in muscles stimulated by electric pulses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 55: 1066-73.
217. Chung P, Cook T, Liu K, Vodovotz Y, Zamora R, Finkelstein S, et al. Overexpression of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene enhances radiation-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via a caspase-dependent mechanism. Nitric Oxide 2003; 8: 119-26.
218. Cook T, Wang Z, Alber S, Liu K, Watkins SC, Vodovotz Y, et al. Nitric oxide and ionizing radiation synergistically promote apoptosis and growth inhibition of cancer by activating p53. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 8015-21.
219. Hussain SP, Trivers GE, Hofseth LJ, He P, Shaikh I, Mechanic LE, et al. Nitric oxide, a mediator of inflammation, suppresses tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 6849-53.
220. Cui S, Reichner JS, Mateo RB, Albina JE. Activated murine macrophages induce apoptosis in tumor cells through nitric oxide-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2462-7.
221. Tendler DS, Bao C, Wang T, Huang EL, Ratovitski EA, Pardoll DA, et al. Intersection of interferon and hypoxia signal transduction pathways in nitric oxide-induced tumor apoptosis. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3682-8.
222. Dent P, Yacoub A, Contessa J, Caron R, Amorino G, Valerie K, et al. Stress and radiation-induced activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Radiat Res 2003; 159: 283-300.
223. Johnson GL, Lapadat R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science 2002; 298: 1911-2.
224. Kim PK, Wang Y, Gambotto A, Kim YM, Weller R, Zuckerbraun BS, et al. Hepatocyte Fas-associating death domain protein/mediator of receptor-induced toxicity (FADD/MORT1) levels increase in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 38855-62.
225. O'Connor DS, Grossman D, Plescia J, Li F, Zhang H, Villa A, et al. Regulation of apoptosis at cell division by p34cdc2 phosphorylation of survivin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 13103-7.
226. Li F, Ambrosini G, Chu EY, Plescia J, Tognin S, Marchisio PC, et al. Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin. Nature 1998; 396: 580-4.
227. Wall NR, O'Connor DS, Plescia J, Pommier Y, Altieri DC. Suppression of survivin phosphorylation on Thr34 by flavopiridol enhances tumor cell apoptosis. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 230-5.
228. Chao JI, Kuo PC, Hsu TS. Down-regulation of survivin in nitric oxide-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of the human lung carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 20267-76.
229. Morton S, Davis RJ, McLaren A, Cohen P. A reinvestigation of the multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun. EMBO J 2003; 22: 3876-86.
230. Li L, Feng Z, Porter AG. JNK-dependent phosphorylation of c-Jun on serine 63 mediates nitric oxide-induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 4058-65.
231. Jin HO, Park IC, An S, Lee HC, Woo SH, Hong YJ, et al. Upregulation of Bak and Bim via JNK downstream pathway in the response to nitric oxide in human glioblastoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206: 477-86.
232. Pervin S, Singh R, Freije WA, Chaudhuri G. MKP-1-induced dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is essential for triggering nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines: implications in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 8853-60.
233. Xu W, Liu LZ, Loizidou M, Ahmed M, Charles IG. The role of nitric oxide in cancer. Cell Res 2002; 12: 311-20.
234. Xu W, Liu L, Smith GC, Charles G. Nitric oxide upregulates expression of DNA-PKcs to protect cells from DNA-damaging antitumour agents. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2: 339-45.
235. Schwarz EC, Wissenbach U, Niemeyer BA, Strauss B, Philipp SE, Flockerzi V, et al. TRPV6 potentiates calcium-dependent cell proliferation. Cell Calcium 2005; 39: 163-73.
236. Willmott N, Sethi JK, Walseth TF, Lee HC, White AM, Galione A. Nitric oxide-induced mobilization of intracellular calcium via the cyclic ADP-ribose signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 3699-705.
237. Looms DK, Tritsaris K, Nauntofte B, Dissing S. Nitric oxide and cGMP activate Ca2+-release processes in rat parotid acinar cells. Biochem J 2001; 355: 87-95.
238. Meini A, Benocci A, Frosini M, Sgaragli GP, Garcia JB, Pessina GP, et al. Potentiation of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization by hypoxia-induced NO generation in rat brain striatal slices and human astrocytoma U-373 MG cells and its involvement in tissue damage. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17: 692-700.
239. Deveraux QL, Reed JC. IAP family proteins - suppressors of apoptosis. Genes Dev 1999; 13: 239-52.
240. Manderscheid M, Messmer UK, Franzen R, Pfeilschifter J. Regulation of inhibitor of apoptosis expression by nitric oxide and cytokines: relation to apoptosis induction in rat mesangial cells and raw 264.7 macrophages. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 1151-63.
241. Kim R. Unknotting the roles of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333: 336-43.
242. Tran VV, Chen G, Newgard CB, Hohmeier HE. Discrete and complementary mechanisms of protection of beta-cells against cytokine-induced and oxidative damage achieved by bcl-2 overexpression and a cytokine selection strategy. Diabetes 2003; 52: 1423-32.
243. Maa SH, Wang CH, Liu CY, Lin HC, Huang KH, Kuo HP. Endogenous nitric oxide downregulates the Bcl-2 expression of eosinophils through mitogen-activated protein kinase in bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 761-7.
244. Xu M, Li S, Zheng X, Hu L. The apoptosis and its relationship with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and Bcl-2 proteins in prostate carcinoma. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2004; 10: 39-41.
245. Hemish J, Nakaya N, Mittal V, Enikolopov G. Nitric oxide activates diverse signaling pathways to regulate gene expression. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 42321-9.
246. Bogdan C. Nitric oxide and the regulation of gene expression. Trends Cell Biol 2001; 11: 66-75.
247. Pilz RB, Suhasini M, Idriss S, Meinkoth JL, Boss GR. Nitric oxide and cGMP analogs activate transcription from AP-1-responsive promoters in mammalian cells. FASEB J 1995; 9: 552-8.
248. Berendji D, Kolb-Bachofen V, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Carlberg C, Kroncke KD. Zinc finger transcription factors as molecular targets for nitric oxide-mediated immunosuppression: inhibition of IL-2 gene expression in murine lymphocytes. Mol Med 1999; 5: 721-30.
249. Matthews JR, Botting CH, Panico M, Morris HR, Hay RT. Inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding by nitric oxide. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24: 2236-42.
250. Dhakshinamoorthy S, Porter AG. Nitric oxide-induced transcriptional up-regulation of protective genes by Nrf2 via the antioxidant response element counteracts apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 20096-107.
251. Lee JM, Shih AY, Murphy TH, Johnson JA. NF-E2-related factor-2 mediates neuroprotection against mitochondrial complex I inhibitors and increased concentrations of intracellular calcium in primary cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 37948-56.
252. Leist M, Volbracht C, Kuhnle S, Fava E, Ferrando-May E, Nicotera P. Caspase-mediated apoptosis in neuronal excitotoxicity triggered by nitric oxide. Mol Med 1997; 3: 750-64.
253. Kroncke KD, Fehsel K, Suschek C, Kolb-Bachofen V. Inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in gene regulation, cell death and cell survival. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1: 1407-20.
254. Lala PK, Chakraborty C. Role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2: 149-56.
255. Tanaka H, Kijima H, Tokunaga T, Tajima T, Himeno S, Kenmochi T, et al. Frequent expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Oncol 1999; 14: 1069-73.
256. Yoshitake J, Akaike T, Akuta T, Tamura F, Ogura T, Esumi H, et al. Nitric oxide as an endogenous mutagen for Sendai virus without antiviral activity. J Virol 2004; 78: 8709-19.
257. Martinez A, Urios A, Felipo V, Blanco M. Mutagenicity of nitric oxide-releasing compounds in Escherichia coli: effect of superoxide generation and evidence for two mutagenic mechanisms. Mutat Res 2001; 497: 159-67.
258. Felley-Bosco E, Mirkovitch J, Ambs S, Mace K, Pfeifer A, Keefer LK, et al. Nitric oxide and ethylnitrosourea: relative mutagenicity in the p53 tumor suppressor and hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyl-transferase genes. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 2069-74.
259. Arroyo PL, Hatch-Pigott V, Mower HF, Cooney RV. Mutagenicity of nitric oxide and its inhibition by antioxidants. Mutat Res 1992; 281: 193-202.
260. Routledge MN, Wink DA, Keefer LK, Dipple A. Mutations induced by saturated aqueous nitric oxide in the pSP189 supF gene in human Ad293 and E. coli MBM7070 cells. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 1251-4.
261. Tretyakova NY, Burney S, Pamir B, Wishnok JS, Dedon PC, Wogan GN, et al. Peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage in the supF gene: correlation with the mutational spectrum. Mutat Res 2000; 447: 287-303.
262. Zhuang JC, Lin C, Lin D, Wogan GN. Mutagenesis associated with nitric oxide production in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 8286-91.
263. Dhar A, Brindley JM, Stark C, Citro ML, Keefer LK, Colburn NH. Nitric oxide does not mediate but inhibits transformation and tumor phenotype. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2: 1285-93.
264. Gauthier N, Lohm S, Touzery C, Chantome A, Perette B, Reveneau S, et al. Tumour-derived and host-derived nitric oxide differentially regulate breast carcinoma metastasis to the lungs. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25: 1559-65.
265. Berrazueta JR, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Moncada S. Nitric oxide: from endogenous vasodilator to biologic mediator. Rev Esp Cardiol 1990; 43: 421-31.
266. Thomsen LL, Baguley BC, Rustin GJ, O'Reilly SM. Flavone acetic acid (FAA) with recombinant interleukin-2 (TIL-2) in advanced malignant melanoma. II: Induction of nitric oxide production. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 723-7.
267. Thomsen LL, Miles DW. Role of nitric oxide in tumour progression: lessons from human tumours. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1998; 17: 107-18.
268. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 5193-7.
269. George D. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors: a therapeutic target in solid tumors. Semin Oncol 2001; 28: 27-33.
270. Tsuruo T, Kawabata H, Iida H, Yamori T. Tumor-induced platelet aggregation and growth promoting factors as determinants for successful tumor metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 1986; 4: 25-33.
271. Radomski MW, Jenkins DC, Holmes L, Moncada S. Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells: differential nitric oxide synthesis determines their ability to aggregate platelets. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 6073-8.
272. Chester AH, O'Neil GS, Moncada S, Tadjkarimi S, Yacoub MH. Low basal and stimulated release of nitric oxide in atherosclerotic epicardial coronary arteries. Lancet 1990; 336: 897-900.
273. Li LM, Kilbourn RG, Adams J, Fidler IJ. Role of nitric oxide in lysis of tumor cells by cytokine-activated endothelial cells. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2531-5.
274. Kondakova IV, Zagrebel'naia GV. The influence of peroxide radicals and nitric oxide on DNA synthesis in tumor cells. Biomed Khim 2004; 50: 576-81.
275. Huang CN, Liu KL, Cheng CH, Lin YS, Lin MJ, Lin TH. PGE2 enhances cytokine-elicited nitric oxide production in mouse cortical collecting duct cells. Nitric Oxide 2005; 12: 150-8.
276. Khanduja KL, Avti PK, Kumar S, Pathania V, Pathak CM. Inhibitory effect of vitamin E on proinflammatory cytokines-and endotoxin-induced nitric oxide release in alveolar macrophages. Life Sci 2005; 76: 2669-80.
277. Komatsu M, Kuroda M, Wang Y, St Clair D, Urano M, Akaki S, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression changes plating efficiency bidirectionally according to change in redox for SaOS2 human osteosarcoma cell line. Int J Oncol 2005; 26: 853-62.
278. Druzhyna NM, Musiyenko SI, Wilson GL, LeDoux SP. Cytokines induce nitric oxide-mediated mtDNA damage and apoptosis in oligodendrocytes. Protective role of targeting 8-oxoguanine glycosylase to mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 21673-9.
279. Winyard PG, Zhang Z, Blake DR. Free radicals in rheumatoid arthritis: redox regulation of gene transcription and proteolytic tissue destruction. In: Thomas CE, Kalyanaraman B, editors. Oxygen radicals and the disease process. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1997; pp. 85-99.
280. Lo YYC, Wong JMS, Cheung W, Cruz TF. Reactive oxygen species and the regulation of metalloproteinase expression. In: Winyard PG, Blake DR, Evans CH, editors. Free radicals and inflammation. Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag; 2000; pp. 133-153.
281. Meyer E, Vollmer JY, Bovey R, Stamenkovic I. Matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 10 inhibit protein kinase C-potentiated, p53-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 4261-72.
282. Cawston TE, Murphy G, Mercer E, Galloway WA, Hazleman BL, Reynolds JJ. The interaction of purified rabbit bone collagenase with purified rabbit bone metalloproteinase inhibitor. Biochem J 1983; 211: 313-8.
283. Frears ER, Zhang Z, Blake DR, O'Connell JP, Winyard PG. Inactivation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by peroxynitrite. FEBS Lett 1996; 381: 21-4.
284. Murrell GA, Jang D, Williams RJ. Nitric oxide activates metalloprotease enzymes in articular cartilage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 206: 15-21.
285. Tamura T, Nakanishi T, Kimura Y, Hattori T, Sasaki K, Norimatsu H, et al. Nitric oxide mediates interleukin-1-induced matrix degradation and basic fibroblast growth factor release in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes: a possible mechanism of pathological neovascularization in arthritis. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 3729-37.
286. Siwik DA, Colucci WS. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases by cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in the myocardium. Heart Fail Rev 2004; 9: 43-51.
287. Bing RJ, Miyataka M, Rich KA, Hanson N, Wang X, Slosser HD, et al. Nitric oxide, prostanoids, cyclooxygenase, and angiogenesis in colon and breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 3385-92.
288. Fukumura D, Jain RK. Role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis and microcirculation in tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1998; 17: 77-89.
289. Loibl S, von Minckwitz G, Weber S, Sinn HP, Schini-Kerth VB, Lobysheva I, et al. Expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase in benign and malignant lesions of the breast and measurement of nitric oxide using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cancer 2002; 95: 1191-8.
290. Umansky V, Schirrmacher V. Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in tumor cells. Adv Cancer Res 2001; 82: 107-31.
291. Jadeski LC, Hum KO, Chakraborty C, Lala PK. Nitric oxide promotes murine mammary tumour growth and metastasis by stimulating tumour cell migration, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 30-9.
292. van der Zee R, Murohara T, Luo Z, Zollmann F, Passeri J, Lekutat C, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor augments nitric oxide release from quiescent rabbit and human vascular endothelium. Circulation 1997; 95: 1030-7.
293. Hood JD, Meininger CJ, Ziche M, Granger HJ. VEGF upregulates ecNOS message, protein, and NO production in human endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: H1054-8.
294. Le X, Wei D, Huang S, Lancaster JR, Jr., Xie K. Nitric oxide synthase II suppresses the growth and metastasis of human cancer regardless of its up-regulation of protumor factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 9160-4.
295. Colville-Nash PR, Scott DL. Angiogenesis and rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51: 919-25.
296. Szekanecz Z, Gaspar L, Koch AE. Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Biosci 2005; 10: 1739-53.
297. Gilston V, Blake DR, Winyard PG. The rheumatoid joint: redoxparadox. In: Montagnier L, Olivier R, Pasquier C, editors. Oxidative stress in cancer, AIDS and neurodegenerative diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1998; pp. 517-535.
298. Gilston V, Blake DR, Winyard PG. Inflammatory mediators, free radicals and gene transcription. In: Winyard PG, Blake DR, Evans CH, editors. Free radicals and inflammation. Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag Basel, 2000; pp. 83-98.
299. Taylor PC, Sivakumar B. Hypoxia and angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17: 293-8.
300. Koch AE. Angiogenesis as a target in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62(Suppl 2): 60-7.
301. Clavel G, Bessis N, Boissier MC. Recent data on the role for angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2003; 70: 321-6.
302. Jenkins DC, Charles IG, Baylis SA, Lelchuk R, Radomski MW, Moncada S. Human colon cancer cell lines show a diverse pattern of nitric oxide synthase gene expression and nitric oxide generation. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 847-9.
303. Wang YZ, Cao YQ, Wu JN, Chen M, Cha XY. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in human gastric carcinoma and its relation to p53, PCNA. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 46-50.
304. Yagihashi N, Kasajima H, Sugai S, Matsumoto K, Ebina Y, Morita T, et al. Increased in situ expression of nitric oxide synthase in human colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch 2000; 436: 109-14.
305. Puhakka A, Kinnula V, Napankangas U, Saily M, Koistinen P, Paakko P, et al. High expression of nitric oxide synthases is a favorable prognostic sign in non-small cell lung carcinoma. APMIS 2003; 111: 1137-46.
306. Hiramoto K, Ohkawa T, Oikawa N, Kikugawa K. Is nitric oxide (NO) an antioxidant or a prooxidant for lipid peroxidation? Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003; 51: 1046-50.
307. Masri FA, Comhair SA, Koeck T, Xu W, Janocha A, Ghosh S, et al. Abnormalities in nitric oxide and its derivatives in lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 597-605.
308. Hortelano S, Dallaporta B, Zamzami N, Hirsch T, Susin SA, Marzo I, et al. Nitric oxide induces apoptosis via triggering mitochondrial permeability transition. FEBS Lett 1997; 410: 373-7.
309. Zumsteg U, Frigerio S, Hollander GA. Nitric oxide production and Fas surface expression mediate two independent pathways of cytokine-induced murine beta-cell damage. Diabetes 2000; 49: 39-47.
310. Chang CS, Chen WN, Lin HH, Wu CC, Wang CJ. Increased oxidative DNA damage, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappaB expression and enhanced antiapoptosis-related proteins in Helicobacter pylori-infected non-cardiac gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10: 2232-40.
311. Bernardo A, Minghetti L. PPAR-gamma agonists as regulators of microglial activation and brain inflammation. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(1): 93-109.
312. Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Rajfer J. The pleiotropic effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) on the physiology and pathology of penile erection. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11(31): 4041-6.
313. Selimoglu E. Nitric oxide in health and disease from the point of view of the otorhinolaryngologist. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11(23): 3051-60.